EP1120801A2 - Method for monitoring wear of contacts of a step switch - Google Patents

Method for monitoring wear of contacts of a step switch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1120801A2
EP1120801A2 EP00127394A EP00127394A EP1120801A2 EP 1120801 A2 EP1120801 A2 EP 1120801A2 EP 00127394 A EP00127394 A EP 00127394A EP 00127394 A EP00127394 A EP 00127394A EP 1120801 A2 EP1120801 A2 EP 1120801A2
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Prior art keywords
contact
switching
erosion
burn
contacts
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EP00127394A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1120801A3 (en
EP1120801B1 (en
Inventor
Dieter Dr.-Ing. Dohnal
Rainer Dipl.-Ing. Frotscher (Tu)
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Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gebrueder Scheubeck GmbH and Co KG
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Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gebrueder Scheubeck GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP1120801A2 publication Critical patent/EP1120801A2/en
Publication of EP1120801A3 publication Critical patent/EP1120801A3/en
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Publication of EP1120801B1 publication Critical patent/EP1120801B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/0015—Means for testing or for inspecting contacts, e.g. wear indicator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H2009/0061—Monitoring tap change switching devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for monitoring the contact erosion in tap changers, especially the contact erosion of arcing contacts, where these contacts as mechanical switch contacts are formed.
  • Step switches have been used for uninterrupted switching between different for many years Winding taps of step transformers in large numbers in use worldwide.
  • Such Tap changers usually consist of a selector to select the respective one without power Winding tap of the step transformer to be switched to, and one Diverter switch for the actual switchover from the previous to the new, preselected Winding tapping.
  • the diverter switch usually has switch contacts and Resistance contacts. The switch contacts serve for the direct connection of the respective Winding tapping with the load discharge, the resistance contacts for short-term wiring, d. H. Bridging by means of one or more series resistors.
  • the switching and resistance contacts of such tap changers usually consist of one Arc-resistant copper-tungsten alloy. When switching these contacts arise Regular arcs that melt or burn small amounts of the contact material and thus lead to contact erosion. The contact erosion of switching and resistance contacts is thus an important criterion for assessing the status of a tap changer and for Prediction of necessary inspections. All diverter switch systems of tap changers their kinematics are somewhat dependent on the switching and Resistance contacts. If the contacts burn to different extents, the switching and Overlapping times of the individual switching steps within the sequence when switching the load change in such a way that safe functioning is no longer guaranteed. Therefore, in the Inspection instructions for on-load tap-changers usually show the permissible differences in combustion Burn-up limits specified. If these limits are exceeded, the contacts must either replaced by new ones or switching and resistance contacts must be against each other it will be exchanged. If a contact has completely burned down, it must be replaced anyway.
  • WO97 / 28549 describes a corresponding basic monitoring of the respective switching movement, that is to say the time sequence during the switching operation.
  • WO96 / 13732 describes a method with an additional signal line, the insulation destruction of which should be a criterion for a worn switch contact.
  • Japanese Laid-Open Hei-4-64206 describes a method in which a calculation is made depending on the number of circuits performed by a tap changer.
  • DE-OS 27 27 378 is a device for checking the operability of Switching devices are generally known, the burn-off from load current measurements a current transformer. This device is for the special conditions at tap changers not suitable.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for monitoring the contact erosion Step switches to indicate that in a reliable and simple way and yet accurate the contacts burn off without the need for a visual inspection or measurements on each contact is permitted and in the event of deviations beyond a predetermined level corresponding error messages are generated.
  • the contact erosion is each in the inventive method Contact determined using a burn rate A.
  • the individual process steps can be carried out in one Computer are carried out in advance of the characteristic parameters of each Type of tap changer on whose contacts the contact erosion is to be monitored, and Burn-up limit values, above which a warning or other message is generated should not be saved volatile.
  • the contact erosion of the respective switching or resistance contact is determined in volume units of the erosable contact material, for example in mm 3 , on the basis of a specific erosion rate A.
  • This burn rate A with the physical unit mm 3 / circuit, ie volume unit / circuit, is a material and current-dependent parameter.
  • the burn-up rate A is particularly advantageously as follows:
  • J is the current to be switched off by the contact of the tap changer to be monitored. It arises in a known manner from the current load current of the transformer that is measured, the current step voltage between two adjacent winding taps, between which switching takes place, and the respective version of the step switch.
  • Sizes a and b are tap-changer-specific parameters that are not saved in a volatile manner beforehand - as has already been explained above.
  • the factor a is in the range of 10 -5 ... 10 -2 .
  • a is preferably 8.5 ⁇ 10 -5 .
  • the value for b is in the range of 0.8 ... 2.2.
  • b is preferably 1.16.
  • the described determination of the Burn-up rate a is framed by a tolerance band, which is taken into account for reliable statements must become.
  • the burn-up rate it is also possible to increase the accuracy of the determination of the burn-up rate even further, for example to predict the service life of the contacts, by adjusting the burn-up rate, so that a safety margin is no longer applied across the board, but is determined iteratively becomes.
  • the actual contact erosion is measured according to a representative number of operations. This can be done as part of a routine inspection that is required anyway.
  • the actual volume burnup for each contact is determined from the measured values and compared with the volume burnup determined according to the invention.
  • a correction factor f Volume erosion measured accumulated volume burn-up calculated can then be used to determine the burn rate as follows:
  • the arithmetically determined burn rate A is converted into one method integrated to monitor contact erosion.
  • the overall method according to the invention thus includes both the determination of the burn rate A and the subsequent determination of the cumulative contact erosion at the respective switching contact and the subsequent one Generation of situation-related warnings or other messages.
  • the particular advantage of the method according to the invention is that it is simple Way of monitoring the contact erosion of the contacts in the tap changer, without these contacts even for visual inspections, measurements on them or in any other way must be accessible.
  • Another advantage of the invention is that the method according to the invention can be carried out without further into a complex tap changer and / or transformer monitoring system can be implemented.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to reliably state when a Replacement of the contacts in the respective tap changer is actually necessary. On the one hand Avoided that contacts are exchanged prematurely for supposed security reasons, which is unnecessary and costly, but on the other hand also avoids that one actually necessary contact exchange is not recognized or delayed unacceptably, which leads to Malfunction and serious damage.
  • This first method step initiates initialization, ie the adaptation to the respective tap changer whose contacts are to be monitored.
  • An index n is set to zero; the system is now ready for use.
  • the current tap changer position is also determined by a position indicator. If the tap changer is now actuated by a switching pulse, a corresponding motor drive moves the tap changer in the "higher” or “lower” direction depending on the direction of rotation. With this and every further actuation, the index n is increased by 1. At the same time, the load current J L is measured.
  • the corresponding nominal step voltage for the current circuit is read from the non-volatile memory.
  • the direction in which the switching was carried out is determined, and both the new tap changer position and the respective diverter switch side, the contacts of which are arcing, are determined.
  • ParSek means the number of parallel sectors of the diverter switch, ie the parallel connection of individual switch contacts, U S is the respective nominal step voltage and S res is the resulting current division.
  • R ü is the size of the transition resistance.
  • burn-up rates are calculated below. Various options for calculating these burn-up rates have already been discussed above.
  • the cumulative volume erosion is subsequently determined, ie for each switching and resistance contact, the arithmetically determined erosion for this circuit is added to the total erosion, which has resulted from all the previous circuits, and stored as a new volume erosion.
  • n denotes the index already explained, which is increased by 1 each time the tap changer is actuated.
  • the accumulation in mm contact thickness is then calculated from this cumulative volume erosion in mm 3 .
  • F is the respective contact surface of the corresponding contact
  • k is a switch-specific one Correction factor.
  • the combustion values calculated in this way thus represent the total accumulated erosion of the respective contact in mm, d. H. the deviation from the contact thickness in the New condition.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further developed method according to the invention. Additional method steps are added to the method already explained with reference to FIG. 1, which make the entire method capable of learning. So far it has been described that the contact erosion is subject to certain fluctuations, which are taken into account by the security surcharge. If the accuracy of the burn-up calculation is now to be increased, this can be done according to these further method steps by adapting the burn-up rate. For this purpose, after a representative number of operations of the tap changer, for. B. after 10,000 switching operations per contact, the actual contact erosion, usually measured in mm contact thickness. This can be done as part of a routine inspection. The volume erosion for each contact is determined from the measured values and compared with the calculated volume erosion of this contact using the method according to the invention.
  • the index i denotes the number of inspections carried out, i. H. Measurements of the actual volume erosion. This is the accuracy of the method according to the invention continuously improved; the system is self-learning.

Landscapes

  • Testing Electric Properties And Detecting Electric Faults (AREA)
  • Housings And Mounting Of Transformers (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
  • Protection Of Transformers (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)

Abstract

A method of monitoring contact burnoff in tap changers operating under load in which the load current is measured and for nominal variation of the voltage of the particular tap parameters are stored which are used to calculate the burnoff rate per contact per switching operation. From these values the cumulative burnoff rate of both the switching contact and resistance contact are determined and compared with limits or threshold values.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Überwachung des Kontaktabbrandes bei Stufenschaltern, speziell des Kontaktabbrandes von Lichtbogen schaltenden Kontakten, bei denen diese Kontakte als mechanische Schaltkontakte ausgebildet sind.The invention relates to a method for monitoring the contact erosion in tap changers, especially the contact erosion of arcing contacts, where these contacts as mechanical switch contacts are formed.

Stufenschalter sind seit vielen Jahren zur unterbrechungslosen Umschaltung zwischen verschiedenen Wicklungsanzapfungen von Stufentransformatoren in großen Zahlen weltweit im Einsatz. Solche Stufenschalter bestehen üblicherweise aus einem Wähler zur leistungslosen Anwahl der jeweiligen Wicklungsanzapfung des Stufentransformators, auf die umgeschaltet werden soll, und einem Lastumschalter zur eigentlichen Umschaltung von der bisherigen auf die neue, vorgewählte Wicklungsanzapfung. Der Lastumschalter weist dazu üblicherweise Schaltkontakte und Widerstandskontakte auf. Die Schaltkontakte dienen dabei zur direkten Verbindung der jeweiligen Wicklungsanzapfung mit der Lastableitung, die Widerstandskontakte zur kurzzeitigen Beschaltung, d. h. Überbrückung mittels eines oder mehrerer Überschaltwiderstände. Zwar sind in den letzten Jahren auch bereits Lastumschalter mit Thyristoren oder auch Vakuumschaltzellen als Schaltelementen bekannt geworden, dennoch weist die überwiegende Zahl aller in Betrieb befindlichen Lastumschalter heute und wohl auch in nächster Zeit noch mechanische Kontakte auf.Step switches have been used for uninterrupted switching between different for many years Winding taps of step transformers in large numbers in use worldwide. Such Tap changers usually consist of a selector to select the respective one without power Winding tap of the step transformer to be switched to, and one Diverter switch for the actual switchover from the previous to the new, preselected Winding tapping. The diverter switch usually has switch contacts and Resistance contacts. The switch contacts serve for the direct connection of the respective Winding tapping with the load discharge, the resistance contacts for short-term wiring, d. H. Bridging by means of one or more series resistors. Although in the last Load switch with thyristors or vacuum switch cells as Switching elements have become known, however, the vast majority of everyone in operation transfer switch located today and probably in the near future still mechanical contacts.

Die Schalt- und Widerstandskontakte solcher Stufenschalter bestehen üblicherweise aus einer lichtbogenresistenten Kupfer-Wolfram-Legierung. Beim Schalten dieser Kontakte entstehen regelmäßig Lichtbögen, die geringe Mengen des Kontaktmaterials abschmelzen bzw. verbrennen und so zu einem Kontaktabbrand führen. Der Kontaktabbrand von Schalt- und Widerstandskontakten ist somit ein wichtiges Kriterium zur Beurteilung des Zustandes eines Stufenschalters sowie zur Vorhersage notwendig werdender Inspektionen. Alle Lastumschalter-Systeme von Stufenschaltern sind in ihrer Kinematik in gewisser Weise abhängig vom Abbrand der Schalt- und Widerstandskontakte. Brennen die Kontakte unterschiedlich stark ab, so können sich die Schalt- und Überlappungszeiten der einzelnen Schaltschritte innerhalb der Sequenz bei einer Lastumschaltung derart verändern, dass ein sicheres Funktionieren nicht mehr gewährleistet ist. Daher sind in den Inspektionsanleitungen von Stufenschaltern üblicherweise die zulässigen Abbrandunterschiede bzw. Abbrandgrenzwerte angegeben. Werden diese Grenzen überschritten, müssen die Kontakte entweder durch neue ersetzt werden oder es müssen Schalt- und Widerstandskontakte gegeneinander getauscht werden. Ist ein Kontakt vollständig abgebrannt, muss er ohnehin ersetzt werden.The switching and resistance contacts of such tap changers usually consist of one Arc-resistant copper-tungsten alloy. When switching these contacts arise Regular arcs that melt or burn small amounts of the contact material and thus lead to contact erosion. The contact erosion of switching and resistance contacts is thus an important criterion for assessing the status of a tap changer and for Prediction of necessary inspections. All diverter switch systems of tap changers their kinematics are somewhat dependent on the switching and Resistance contacts. If the contacts burn to different extents, the switching and Overlapping times of the individual switching steps within the sequence when switching the load change in such a way that safe functioning is no longer guaranteed. Therefore, in the Inspection instructions for on-load tap-changers usually show the permissible differences in combustion Burn-up limits specified. If these limits are exceeded, the contacts must either replaced by new ones or switching and resistance contacts must be against each other it will be exchanged. If a contact has completely burned down, it must be replaced anyway.

Es sind bereits zahlreiche Verfahren bekannt geworden, mit denen eine solche Kontaktverschleißüberwachung bzw. - daraus abgeleitet - eine Restlebensdauerermittlung an Stufenschaltern oder an anderen Hochspannungsschaltkontakten erfolgen soll. Die bekannten Verfahren lassen sich in verschiedene Gruppen einteilen:
Aus der DE-GM 296 19 365 und EP 0 948 006 sind rein optische Verfahren zur Restlebensdaueranzeige bzw. zur Abbrandanzeige bekannt.
Aus den DE-OS 35 15 027 und DE-PS 40 28 721 sind Verfahren bekannt, bei denen der Bogenstrom zwischen den Kontakten ermittelt und als Kriterium verwendet wird.
Aus der DE-PS 195 44 926 ist ein Verfahren unter Verwendung der Lichtbogenspannung bekannt.
Die DE-OS 44 27 006 beschreibt ein Verfahren, bei dem der Kontaktdurchdruck der Schaltstücke als Ersatzkriterium für den Kontaktabbrand verwendet wird. Numerous methods have already become known with which such contact wear monitoring or, derived therefrom, a residual service life determination is to be carried out on tap changers or on other high-voltage switching contacts. The known methods can be divided into different groups:
From DE-GM 296 19 365 and EP 0 948 006 purely optical methods for displaying the remaining service life or for displaying burn-up are known.
From DE-OS 35 15 027 and DE-PS 40 28 721 methods are known in which the arc current between the contacts is determined and used as a criterion.
From DE-PS 195 44 926 a method using the arc voltage is known.
DE-OS 44 27 006 describes a method in which the contact pressure of the contact pieces is used as a replacement criterion for the contact erosion.

Die WO97/28549 beschreibt eine entsprechende zugrundeliegende Überwachung der jeweiligen Schaltbewegung, d. h. der zeitlichen Sequenz bei der Schalthandlung.
In der WO96/13732 ist ein Verfahren mit einer zusätzlichen Signalleitung beschrieben, deren Isolationszerstörung Kriterium für einen abgenutzten Schaltkontakt sein soll.
Die japanische Offenlegung Hei-4-64206 beschreibt ein Verfahren, bei dem eine Berechnung in Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der von einem Stufenschalter durchgeführten Schaltungen erfolgt.WO97 / 28549 describes a corresponding basic monitoring of the respective switching movement, that is to say the time sequence during the switching operation.
WO96 / 13732 describes a method with an additional signal line, the insulation destruction of which should be a criterion for a worn switch contact.
Japanese Laid-Open Hei-4-64206 describes a method in which a calculation is made depending on the number of circuits performed by a tap changer.

Aus der DE 195 30 776 C1 ist weiterhin ein Verfahren zur Überwachung eines Lastumschalters für einen Stufenschalter bekannt, wobei während der Lastumschaltung auftretende Lichtbögen zeitlich erfasst werden und durch Vergleich der Zeiten zwischen den einzelnen Lichtbögen sowie ggf. einen zusätzlichen Vergleich der Länge der einzelnen Lichtbögen mit jeweils vorgegebenen Sollwerten, die als charakteristische Größen des jeweiligen Stufenschalters nicht flüchtig gespeichert sind, eine Funktionsüberwachung erfolgt. Mit diesem Verfahren lässt sich durch den Vergleich der jeweiligen tatsächlichen Zeiten zwischen den einzelnen Lichtbögen mit den entsprechenden Sollwerten indirekt erkennen, wenn die Lebensdauer von Kontakten überschritten, d. h. deren Kontaktabbrand über das zulässige Maß hinaus fortgeschritten ist. Eine direkte Erfassung und Überwachung des Kontaktabbrandes ist jedoch nicht möglich.From DE 195 30 776 C1 there is also a method for monitoring a diverter switch for a tap changer known, arcing occurring during the load switching in time can be recorded and by comparing the times between the individual arcs as well as, if applicable Additional comparison of the length of the individual arcs with the specified target values are stored as characteristic variables of the respective tap changer, one Function monitoring takes place. This method can be compared by comparing each actual times between the individual arcs with the corresponding setpoints indirectly detect when contacts have exceeded their lifespan, d. H. whose contact burns off over the permissible level has advanced. Direct recording and monitoring of the Contact erosion is not possible.

Aus der DE-OS 27 27 378 schließlich ist eine Einrichtung zur Kontrolle der Betriebsfähigkeit von Schaltgeräten ganz allgemein bekannt, wobei der Abbrand hierbei aus Laststrommessungen mittels eines Stromwandlers erfolgt. Für die speziellen Verhältnisse an Stufenschaltern ist diese Einrichtung nicht geeignet.Finally, from DE-OS 27 27 378 is a device for checking the operability of Switching devices are generally known, the burn-off from load current measurements a current transformer. This device is for the special conditions at tap changers not suitable.

Die beschriebenen Verfahren haben sich bei Stufenschaltern aus den unterschiedlichsten Gründen bisher nicht durchsetzen können. Direkte optische und mechanische Verfahren sind wegen der Lage der zu überwachenden Kontakte im Inneren des - üblicherweise ölgefüllten - Stufenschalters nicht praktikabel, Verfahren, die zusätzliche Messleitungen oder ähnliches erfordern, die vom Inneren des Stufenschalters nach außen geführt werden müssen, sind aus Gründen der Spannungsfestigkeit ungeeignet. Verfahren, die den Bogenstrom, die Bogenspannung oder die Zahl der absolvierten Schaltungen zugrunde legen, führen nicht zu zuverlässigen Ergebnissen.The methods described have changed for tap changers for a variety of reasons so far not been able to enforce. Direct optical and mechanical processes are because of the location of the contacts to be monitored inside the - usually oil-filled - tap changer practical, procedures that require additional test leads or the like, which are from the inside of the On-load tap changers must be routed outwards for reasons of dielectric strength not suitable. Procedures that the arc current, the arc tension or the number of completed Using circuits does not lead to reliable results.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur Überwachung des Kontaktabbrandes bei Stufenschaltern anzugeben, das auf zuverlässige und möglichst einfache Weise und dennoch exakt den Abbrand der Kontakte ohne erforderliche Sichtprüfung oder erforderliche Messungen am jeweiligen Kontakt gestattet und bei Abweichungen über ein vorab festgelegtes Maß hinaus entsprechende Fehlermeldungen generiert.The object of the invention is to provide a method for monitoring the contact erosion Step switches to indicate that in a reliable and simple way and yet accurate the contacts burn off without the need for a visual inspection or measurements on each contact is permitted and in the event of deviations beyond a predetermined level corresponding error messages are generated.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch ein Verfahren gemäß Patentanspruch 1 gelöst. Die Unteransprüche betreffen besonders vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung.This object is achieved by a method according to claim 1. The Subclaims relate to particularly advantageous developments of the invention.

Auf besonders vorteilhafte Weise wird beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren der Kontaktabbrand jedes Kontaktes an Hand einer Abbrandrate A ermittelt. Die einzelnen Verfahrensschritte können in einem Rechner durchgeführt werden, in dem vorab die charakteristischen Parameter des jeweiligen Stufenschaltertyps, an dessen Kontakten der Kontaktabbrand überwacht werden soll, sowie Abbrandgrenzwerte, bei deren Überschreitung eine Warnung oder sonstige Meldung generiert werden soll, nicht flüchtig gespeichert werden. In a particularly advantageous manner, the contact erosion is each in the inventive method Contact determined using a burn rate A. The individual process steps can be carried out in one Computer are carried out in advance of the characteristic parameters of each Type of tap changer on whose contacts the contact erosion is to be monitored, and Burn-up limit values, above which a warning or other message is generated should not be saved volatile.

Wie bereits ausgeführt, wird beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren der Kontaktabbrand des jeweiligen Schalt- oder Widerstandskontaktes in Volumeneinheiten des abbrennbaren Kontaktmaterials, etwa in mm3, an Hand einer spezifischen Abbrandrate A ermittelt. Diese Abbrandrate A mit der physikalischen Einheit mm3/Schaltung, d. h. Volumeneinheit/Schaltung, ist dabei eine material- und stromabhängige Kenngröße.
Die Abbrandrate A ergibt sich dabei besonders vorteilhaft folgendermaßen:

Figure 00030001
Dabei ist J der von dem zu überwachenden Kontakt des Stufenschalters abzuschaltende Strom. Er ergibt sich rechnerisch auf bekannte Weise aus dem aktuellen Laststrom des Transformators, der gemessen wird, der aktuellen Stufenspannung zwischen zwei benachbarten Wicklungsanzapfungen, zwischen denen umgeschaltet wird, und der jeweiligen Ausführung des Stufenschalters.
Die Größen a und b sind stufenschalterspezifische Kenngrößen, die vorab - wie weiter oben bereits erläutert wurde - nicht flüchtig gespeichert werden. Der Faktor a liegt dabei im Bereich von 10-5 ...10-2. Für den bekannten Stufenschalter Typ M der Anmelderin etwa beträgt a vorzugsweise 8,5 · 10-5.
Der Wert für b liegt im Bereich von 0,8...2,2. Für den bereits erwähnten Stufenschalter Typ M beträgt b vorzugsweise 1,16.As already stated, in the method according to the invention, the contact erosion of the respective switching or resistance contact is determined in volume units of the erosable contact material, for example in mm 3 , on the basis of a specific erosion rate A. This burn rate A with the physical unit mm 3 / circuit, ie volume unit / circuit, is a material and current-dependent parameter.
The burn-up rate A is particularly advantageously as follows:
Figure 00030001
Here J is the current to be switched off by the contact of the tap changer to be monitored. It arises in a known manner from the current load current of the transformer that is measured, the current step voltage between two adjacent winding taps, between which switching takes place, and the respective version of the step switch.
Sizes a and b are tap-changer-specific parameters that are not saved in a volatile manner beforehand - as has already been explained above. The factor a is in the range of 10 -5 ... 10 -2 . For the known type M step switch of the applicant, for example, a is preferably 8.5 × 10 -5 .
The value for b is in the range of 0.8 ... 2.2. For the M type tap changer mentioned above, b is preferably 1.16.

Nach einer besonders vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird die beschriebene Ermittlung der Abbrandrate a von einem Toleranzband umrahmt, das für zuverlässige Aussagen berücksichtigt werden muss.According to a particularly advantageous development of the invention, the described determination of the Burn-up rate a is framed by a tolerance band, which is taken into account for reliable statements must become.

Es hat sich nämlich gezeigt, dass der Kontaktabbrand vielfältigen, nicht vorhersehbaren und schwer rechnerisch beschreibbaren Einflüssen unterliegt, die zu gewissen Schwankungen führen können. Somit wird ein Sicherheitszuschlag s in der Größenordnung von etwa 10...12 % eingeführt. Damit sind alle üblichen in der Praxis vorkommenden Schwankungen abgedeckt. Nach dieser Weiterbildung der Erfindung ergibt sich dann die Abbrandrate A wie folgt:

Figure 00030002
Bei dieser Ermittlung der Abbrandrate wird, wie erläutert, gewissen Schwankungen durch den Sicherheitszuschlag s pauschal Rechnung getragen.It has been shown that contact erosion is subject to diverse, unforeseeable and difficult to describe influences that can lead to certain fluctuations. A safety surcharge of around 10 ... 12% is thus introduced. This covers all the usual fluctuations that occur in practice. According to this development of the invention, the burn rate A then results as follows:
Figure 00030002
As explained, certain fluctuations due to the safety surcharge are taken into account in this determination of the burn-up rate.

Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist es auch möglich, die Genauigkeit der Ermittlung der Abbrandrate noch weiter zu erhöhen, beispielsweise zur Lebensdauer-Vorhersage der Kontakte, indem eine Anpassung der Abbrandrate vorgenommen wird, ein Sicherheitszuschlag also nicht mehr pauschal angesetzt, sondern iterativ ermittelt wird. Dazu werden die tatsächlichen Kontaktabbrände nach einer repräsentativen Schaltzahl gemessen. Dies kann etwa im Rahmen einer ohnehin erforderlich werdenden Routineinspektion geschehen. Aus den Messwerten wird der tatsächliche Volumenabbrand für jeden Kontakt ermittelt und mit dem erfindungsgemäß ermittelten Volumenabbrand verglichen. Ein Korrekturfaktor f = Volumenabbrandgemessen kumulierterVolumenabbranderrechnet lässt sich dann zur Ermittlung der Abbrandrate wie folgt einsetzen:

Figure 00040001
According to a further advantageous development of the invention, it is also possible to increase the accuracy of the determination of the burn-up rate even further, for example to predict the service life of the contacts, by adjusting the burn-up rate, so that a safety margin is no longer applied across the board, but is determined iteratively becomes. For this purpose, the actual contact erosion is measured according to a representative number of operations. This can be done as part of a routine inspection that is required anyway. The actual volume burnup for each contact is determined from the measured values and compared with the volume burnup determined according to the invention. A correction factor f = Volume erosion measured accumulated volume burn-up calculated can then be used to determine the burn rate as follows:
Figure 00040001

Beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird die rechnerisch ermittelte Abbrandrate A in ein Verfahren zur Überwachung des Kontaktabbrandes integriert. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren insgesamt beinhaltet also sowohl die Ermittlung der Abbrandrate A als auch die nachfolgende Ermittlung des kumulierten Kontaktabbrandes am jeweiligen Schaltkontakt sowie die wiederum nachfolgende Generierung von situationsbezogenen Warn- oder sonstige Meldungen.In the method according to the invention, the arithmetically determined burn rate A is converted into one method integrated to monitor contact erosion. The overall method according to the invention thus includes both the determination of the burn rate A and the subsequent determination of the cumulative contact erosion at the respective switching contact and the subsequent one Generation of situation-related warnings or other messages.

Der besondere Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens liegt dabei darin, dass sich auf einfache Weise eine Überwachungsmöglichkeit des Kontaktabbrandes der Kontakte im Stufenschalter ergibt, ohne dass diese Kontakte selbst für Sichtprüfungen, Messungen an ihnen oder auf andere Weise zugänglich sein müssen.The particular advantage of the method according to the invention is that it is simple Way of monitoring the contact erosion of the contacts in the tap changer, without these contacts even for visual inspections, measurements on them or in any other way must be accessible.

Ein weiterer Vorteil der Erfindung besteht darin, dass sich das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ohne weiteres in ein komplexes Stufenschalter- und/oder Transformatoren-Monitoringsystem implementieren lässt.Another advantage of the invention is that the method according to the invention can be carried out without further into a complex tap changer and / or transformer monitoring system can be implemented.

Insgesamt lässt sich durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zuverlässig angeben, wann ein Austausch der Kontakte im jeweiligen Stufenschalter tatsächlich erforderlich ist. Damit wird einerseits vermieden, dass etwa aus vermeintlichen Sicherheitsgründen vorschnell Kontakte getauscht werden, was unnötig und kostenaufwendig ist, andererseits wird jedoch auch vermieden, dass ein tatsächlich notwendiger Kontakttausch nicht erkannt oder unzulässig hinausgezögert wird, was zu Funktionsstörungen und schweren Schäden führen kann.Overall, the method according to the invention makes it possible to reliably state when a Replacement of the contacts in the respective tap changer is actually necessary. On the one hand Avoided that contacts are exchanged prematurely for supposed security reasons, which is unnecessary and costly, but on the other hand also avoids that one actually necessary contact exchange is not recognized or delayed unacceptably, which leads to Malfunction and serious damage.

Die Erfindung soll nachfolgend beispielhaft noch näher erläutert werden.

Figur 1
zeigt den Ablaufplan eines ersten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens
Figur 2
zeigt den Ablaufplan eines weiter entwickelten zweiten erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.
The invention will be explained in more detail below by way of example.
Figure 1
shows the flow chart of a first method according to the invention
Figure 2
shows the flow chart of a further developed second method according to the invention.

Zunächst soll das in Figur 1 dargestellte Verfahren näher erläutert werden.First, the method shown in Figure 1 will be explained in more detail.

Zu Beginn erfolgt eine Eingabe und nicht flüchtige Speicherung spezifischer Stufenschalterparameter bzw. -kenndaten, der jeweiligen zulässigen Abbrandgrenzwerte der einzelnen Kontakte sowie der Nenn-Stufenspannungen jeder möglichen Schaltung, d. h. Betriebsstellung des Stufenschalters. Durch diesen ersten Verfahrensschritt erfolgt eine Initialisierung, d. h. die Anpassung an den jeweiligen Stufenschalter, dessen Kontakte überwacht werden sollen. Ein Index n wird auf Null gesetzt; das System ist damit betriebsbereit. Weiterhin wird durch eine Stellungsmeldeeinrichtung die aktuelle Stufenschalterstellung ermittelt. Erfolgt jetzt eine Betätigung des Stufenschalters durch einen Schaltimpuls, so bewegt ein entsprechender Motorantrieb den Stufenschalter je nach Drehrichtung in Richtung "höher" oder "tiefer". Bei dieser und jeder weiteren Betätigung wird der Index n um 1 erhöht. Gleichzeitig wird der Laststrom JL gemessen. Weiterhin wird die entsprechende Nenn-Stufenspannung für die aktuelle Schaltung aus dem nicht flüchtigen Speicher ausgelesen. Gleichzeitig wird erfasst, in welche Richtung die Schaltung erfolgte, und es wird sowohl die neue Stufenschalterstellung als auch die jeweils abschaltende Lastumschalter-Seite, deren Kontakte jeweils Lichtbogen schaltend sind, ermittelt.At the beginning there is an entry and non-volatile storage of specific tap changer parameters or characteristic data, the respective permissible burn-up limit values of the individual contacts as well as the nominal tap voltages of every possible switching, ie operating position of the tap changer. This first method step initiates initialization, ie the adaptation to the respective tap changer whose contacts are to be monitored. An index n is set to zero; the system is now ready for use. The current tap changer position is also determined by a position indicator. If the tap changer is now actuated by a switching pulse, a corresponding motor drive moves the tap changer in the "higher" or "lower" direction depending on the direction of rotation. With this and every further actuation, the index n is increased by 1. At the same time, the load current J L is measured. Furthermore, the corresponding nominal step voltage for the current circuit is read from the non-volatile memory. At the same time, the direction in which the switching was carried out is determined, and both the new tap changer position and the respective diverter switch side, the contacts of which are arcing, are determined.

Nachfolgend werden, getrennt für den Schaltkontakt und den Widerstandskontakt, die entsprechenden Schaltströme berechnet. Der Schaltstrom des Schaltkontaktes JSK ergibt sich dabei nach: JSK = JL ParSek The corresponding switching currents are calculated separately for the switching contact and the resistance contact. The switching current of the switch contact J SK results from: J SK = J L ParSec

Der Schaltstrom des Widerstandskontakte JWK ergibt sich nach: JWK = US + JL ·Rü Sres 2·Rü The switching current of the resistance contact J WK results from: J WK = U S + J L · R ü S res 2R ü

In diesen Formeln bedeutet ParSek die Zahl der parallelen Sektoren des Lastumschalters, d. h. der Parallelschaltungen von einzelnen Schaltkontakten, US ist die jeweilige Nenn-Stufenspannung und Sres ist die resultierende Stromteilung. Rü ist die Größe des Überschaltwiderstandes.In these formulas, ParSek means the number of parallel sectors of the diverter switch, ie the parallel connection of individual switch contacts, U S is the respective nominal step voltage and S res is the resulting current division. R ü is the size of the transition resistance.

Nachfolgend werden die Abbrandraten berechnet. Auf verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Berechnung dieser Abbrandraten ist weiter oben bereits eingegangen worden. In diesem in Figur 1 dargestellten Fall errechnet sich die Abbrandrate des Schaltkontaktes ASK nach ASK = a · JSK b · S und die Abbrandrate des Widerstandskontaktes nach AWK = a · JWK b · S The burn-up rates are calculated below. Various options for calculating these burn-up rates have already been discussed above. In the case shown in FIG. 1, the burn-up rate of the switching contact A SK is calculated A SK = a · J SK b · S and the burn rate of the resistance contact after A WK = a · J WK b · S

Dabei sind a und b die bereits erläuterten spezifischen Faktoren, s ist der ebenfalls erläuterte Sicherheitszuschlag, der hier pauschal angesetzt ist.Here a and b are the specific factors already explained, s is the one also explained Security surcharge, which is applied here across the board.

Nachfolgend wird der kumulierte Volumenabbrand ermittelt, d. h. es wird für Schalt- und Widerstandskontakt bei jeder Schaltung der bei dieser Schaltung rechnerisch ermittelte Abbrand zum Gesamtabbrand, der sich aus allen vorangegangenen Schaltungen ergeben hat, aufaddiert und als neuer Volumenabbrand gespeichert. Der kumulierte Volumenabbrand für den Schaltkontakt ergibt sich zu: GAn SK = GAn-1 SK + ASK und für den Widerstandskontakt zu GAn WK = GAn-1 WK + AWK The cumulative volume erosion is subsequently determined, ie for each switching and resistance contact, the arithmetically determined erosion for this circuit is added to the total erosion, which has resulted from all the previous circuits, and stored as a new volume erosion. The cumulative volume burn-up for the switch contact results in: GA n SK = GA n-1 SK + A SK and for the resistance contact too GA n WK = GA n-1 WK + A WK

Die Variable n bezeichnet dabei den bereits erläuterten Index, der bei jeder Betätigung des Stufenschalters um 1 erhöht wird. Anschließend wird aus diesem jeweils kumulierten Volumenabbrand in mm3 der Abbrand in mm Kontaktdicke berechnet. Für den Schaltkontakt ergibt sich GAdn SK = GAn SK F ·k und für den Widerstandskontakt ergibt sich GAdn WK = GAn WK F ·k The variable n denotes the index already explained, which is increased by 1 each time the tap changer is actuated. The accumulation in mm contact thickness is then calculated from this cumulative volume erosion in mm 3 . For the switch contact it follows GAd n SK = GA n SK F · K and for the resistance contact results GAd n WK = GA n WK F · K

F ist dabei die jeweilige Kontaktfläche des entsprechenden Kontaktes, k ist ein schalterspezifischer Korrekturfaktor. Die auf diese Weise berechneten Abbrandwerte repräsentieren damit den gesamten, kumulierten Abbrand des jeweiligen Kontaktes in mm, d. h. die Abweichung von der Kontaktdicke im Neuzustand.F is the respective contact surface of the corresponding contact, k is a switch-specific one Correction factor. The combustion values calculated in this way thus represent the total accumulated erosion of the respective contact in mm, d. H. the deviation from the contact thickness in the New condition.

Mit diesen Werten erfolgt schließlich ein Vergleich mit den vorab nicht flüchtig gespeicherten Grenzwerten. Dabei wird geprüft, ob ein entsprechender Prozentsatz des jeweils zulässigen Kontaktabbrandes erreicht ist bzw. ob ein gewisser Prozentsatz der zulässigen Abbrandunterschiede zwischen Schaltkontakt einerseits und Widerstandskontakt andererseits erreicht ist. In beiden Fällen können entsprechende Warnmeldungen ausgegeben werden oder es kann der Stufenschalter auch auf an sich bekannte Weise stillgesetzt werden. Im ersten Fall, wenn der zulässige Kontaktabbrand eines Kontaktes erreicht ist, ist ein Austausch notwendig. Wird eine entsprechende Warnmeldung etwa schon bei 90 % dieses Grenzwertes generiert, kann eine entsprechend Inspektion vorbereitet werden. Im zweiten Fall, wenn der zulässige Abbrandunterschied zwischen Schalt- und Widerstandskontakt überschritten ist, der Kontaktabbrand selbst aber noch nicht den Grenzwert erreicht hat, müssen die Kontakte nicht notwendigerweise gegen neue ausgetauscht werden. In solchen Fällen kann es ausreichend sein, Schalt- und Widerstandskontakt zu vertauschen.These values are then used to compare them with those that have not been stored in advance Limits. It is checked whether a corresponding percentage of the respectively permissible Contact erosion is reached or whether a certain percentage of the permissible erosion differences between switch contact on the one hand and resistance contact on the other hand is reached. In both cases appropriate warning messages can be issued or the tap changer can be stopped in a manner known per se. In the first case, if the permissible contact erosion exchange is necessary. A corresponding warning message A corresponding inspection can be prepared to generate around 90% of this limit value become. In the second case, if the permissible burnup difference between switching and Resistance contact is exceeded, but the contact erosion itself does not yet reach the limit the contacts do not necessarily have to be replaced with new ones. In In such cases, it may be sufficient to swap the switching and resistance contacts.

Figur 2 zeigt ein entsprechend weiter entwickeltes weiteres erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren. Hierbei sind an das bereits an Hand Figur 1 erläuterte Verfahren weitere Verfahrensschritte angefügt, die das gesamte Verfahren lernfähig machen. Bisher wurde beschrieben, dass der Kontaktabbrand gewissen Schwankungen unterliegt, denen durch den Sicherheitszuschlag s pauschal Rechnung getragen wird. Soll nun die Genauigkeit der Abbrandberechnung erhöht werden, so kann dies gemäß dieser weiteren Verfahrensschritte durch eine Anpassung der Abbrandrate geschehen. Hierzu werden nach einer repräsentativen Schaltzahl des Stufenschalters, z. B. nach 10.000 Schaltungen pro Kontakt, die tatsächlichen Kontaktabbrände, üblicherweise in mm Kontaktdicke, gemessen. Dies kann im Rahmen einer Routineinspektion geschehen. Aus den Messwerten wird der Volumenabbrand für jeden Kontakt ermittelt und mit dem jeweiligen errechneten Volumenabbrand dieses Kontaktes nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren verglichen. Der Quotient f = Volumenabbrandgemessen kumulierterVolumenabbranderrechnet lässt sich als Korrekturfaktor in die Berechnung der Abbrandrate wie folgt einbringen:

Figure 00070001
oder anders: Aneu = f · Aalt. Damit ergeben sich korrigierte Abbrandraten für jeden Kontakt, die nun nicht mehr ausschließlich vom Schaltstrom abhängig sind, sondern auch durch den Korrekturfaktor f bestimmt werden.Figure 2 shows a further developed method according to the invention. Additional method steps are added to the method already explained with reference to FIG. 1, which make the entire method capable of learning. So far it has been described that the contact erosion is subject to certain fluctuations, which are taken into account by the security surcharge. If the accuracy of the burn-up calculation is now to be increased, this can be done according to these further method steps by adapting the burn-up rate. For this purpose, after a representative number of operations of the tap changer, for. B. after 10,000 switching operations per contact, the actual contact erosion, usually measured in mm contact thickness. This can be done as part of a routine inspection. The volume erosion for each contact is determined from the measured values and compared with the calculated volume erosion of this contact using the method according to the invention. The quotient f = Volume erosion measured accumulated volume burn-up calculated can be used as a correction factor in the calculation of the burn-up rate as follows:
Figure 00070001
or different: A new = f · A old . This results in corrected burn-up rates for each contact, which are no longer dependent solely on the switching current, but are also determined by the correction factor f.

Bei jeder Inspektion werden neue Korrekturfaktoren f ermittelt und wiederum berücksichtigt; es ergibt sich folgende Rekursion: Ai = fi · Ai-1. With each inspection, new correction factors f are determined and again taken into account; the following recursion results: A i = f i · A i-1.

Der Index i bezeichnet dabei die Zahl der vorgenommenen Inspektionen, d. h. Messungen des tatsächlichen Volumenabbrandes. Damit wird die Genauigkeit des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens laufend verbessert; das System ist selbstlernend.The index i denotes the number of inspections carried out, i. H. Measurements of the actual volume erosion. This is the accuracy of the method according to the invention continuously improved; the system is self-learning.

Claims (3)

Verfahren zur Überwachung des Kontaktabbrandes bei Stufenschaltern mit folgenden Merkmalen: permanentes Speichern der Werte der jeweiligen Nenn-Stufenspannung (Us), der Grenzwerte für den zulässigen Kontaktabbrand der Schaltkontakte und Widerstandskontakte sowie der stufenschalterspezifischen Kenngröße a, b und k, Ermittlung der aktuellen Stellung des Stufenschalters, Erhöhung eines Indexes n bei jeder Umschaltung, d. h. Betätigung des Stufenschalters, Messung des jeweiligen Wertes des Laststromes (JL), und Auslesen des permanent gespeicherten korrespondierenden Wertes für die Nenn-Stufenspannung (Us), Berechnung der Schaltströme des jeweils abschaltenden Schaltkontaktes (JSK) sowie des Widerstandskontaktes (JWK) mittels der Beziehungen JSK = JL ParSek JWK = US + JL ·Rü Sres 2·Rü , wobei ParSek die Zahl der parallelen Sektoren, RÜ die Größe des Überschaltwiderstandes und sres die resultierende Stromteilung darstellen, Berechnung der jeweiligen Abbrandraten des Schaltkontaktes (ASK) sowie des Widerstandskontaktes (AWK) mittels der Beziehungen ASK = a · JSK b AWK = a · JWK b Aufsummieren der Abbrandraten (ASK, AWK) zum Gesamtvolumenabbrand für den Schaltkontakt (GA n / SK) sowie für den Widerstandskontakt (GA n / WK) mittels der Beziehungen GAn SK = GAn-1 SK + ASK GAn WK = GAn-1 WK + AWK Berechnung des jeweiligen Abbrandes in Millimeter Kontaktdicke für den Schaltkontakt (GAd n / SK) sowie für den Widerstandskontakt (GAd n / WK) unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Kontaktfläche (F) nach den Beziehungen GAn SK = GAn SK F · k GAn WK = GAn WK F · k Vergleich dieser Werte (GAd n / SK) und (GAd n / WK) mit den permanent gespeicherten Grenzwerten und Generierung von Meldungen beim Überschreiten der Grenzwerte oder prozentualer Grenzen davon. Procedure for monitoring the contact erosion with tap changers with the following features: permanent storage of the values of the respective nominal step voltage (U s ), the limit values for the permissible contact erosion of the switching contacts and resistance contacts as well as the step switch-specific parameters a, b and k, Determination of the current position of the tap changer, Increasing an index n with each changeover, ie actuating the tap changer, measuring the respective value of the load current (J L ), and reading out the permanently stored corresponding value for the nominal tap voltage (U s ), Calculation of the switching currents of the respective switching contact (J SK ) and the resistance contact (J WK ) using the relationships J SK = J L ParSec J WK = U S + J L · R ü S res 2R ü , where ParSek represents the number of parallel sectors, R Ü the size of the transition resistance and s res the resulting current division, Calculation of the respective burn-up rates of the switching contact (A SK ) and the resistance contact (A WK ) using the relationships A SK = a · J SK b A WK = a · J WK b Sum up the burn-up rates (A SK , A WK ) to the total volume burn-up for the switching contact (GA n / SK) and for the resistance contact (GA n / WK) using the relationships GA n SK = GA n-1 SK + A SK GA n WK = GA n-1 WK + A WK Calculation of the respective erosion in millimeter contact thickness for the switching contact (GAd n / SK) and for the resistance contact (GAd n / WK) taking into account the respective contact area (F) according to the relationships GA n SK = GA n SK F · K GA n WK = GA n WK F · K Comparison of these values (GAd n / SK) and (GAd n / WK) with the permanently stored limit values and generation of messages when the limit values or percentage limits thereof are exceeded. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei aus den berechneten Schaltströmen (JSK, JWK) die jeweiligen Abbrandraten (ASK, AWK) nach den Beziehungen ASK = a · JSK b · s AWK = a · JWK b · s ermittelt werden, wobei s ein zusätzlicher Sicherheitszuschlag ist.The method of claim 1, wherein from the calculated switching currents (J SK , J WK ) the respective burn rates (A SK , A WK ) according to the relationships A SK = a · J SK b · S A WK = a · J WK b · S can be determined, where s is an additional safety margin. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei nach einer größeren Zahl von Schaltungen der tatsächliche Kontaktabbrand gemessen wird, daraus ein tatsächlicher Volumenabbrand errechnet wird, daraus ein Faktor f nach der Beziehung Volumenabbrand gemessen kumulierter Volumenabbrand errechnet = f ermittelt und anschließend die jeweilige Abbrandrate jeweils nach der Beziehung Aneu = f · Aalt korrigiert wird und zukünftig die korrigierten Werte (Aneu) im Verfahren verwendet werden.Method according to Claim 1 or 2, the actual contact erosion being measured after a larger number of circuits, from which an actual volume erosion is calculated, from which a factor f according to the relationship Volume erosion measured accumulated volume burnup calculated = f determined and then the respective burn rate is corrected according to the relationship A new = f · A old and the corrected values (A new ) will be used in the method in the future.
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US20010013784A1 (en) 2001-08-16
ES2275469T3 (en) 2007-06-16
DE50013904D1 (en) 2007-02-08
ATE349761T1 (en) 2007-01-15
EP1120801A3 (en) 2003-01-29
DE10003918C1 (en) 2001-07-05
EP1120801B1 (en) 2006-12-27
US6518771B2 (en) 2003-02-11

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