EP1088884A1 - Tablets with improved water solubility - Google Patents

Tablets with improved water solubility Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1088884A1
EP1088884A1 EP00120368A EP00120368A EP1088884A1 EP 1088884 A1 EP1088884 A1 EP 1088884A1 EP 00120368 A EP00120368 A EP 00120368A EP 00120368 A EP00120368 A EP 00120368A EP 1088884 A1 EP1088884 A1 EP 1088884A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
acid
weight
ether
salts
sulfates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP00120368A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Manfred Dr. Weuthen
Bernd Dr. Fabry
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BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH
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Cognis Deutschland GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP1088884A1 publication Critical patent/EP1088884A1/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
    • C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
    • C11D17/0073—Tablets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
    • C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
    • C11D17/0073—Tablets
    • C11D17/0078—Multilayered tablets

Definitions

  • the invention is in the field of solid washing, rinsing and cleaning agents and relates to new moldings with improved water solubility, which are characterized by a content of disintegrants and special coated anionic surfactants.
  • a method is also claimed Production of the moldings which are particularly suitable for tablet production.
  • anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate
  • granules of anionic surfactants have been obtained either by drying the corresponding aqueous solutions or pastes or by direct neutralization of the acidic precursors of the surfactant, ie generally the sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid semiesters.
  • the acidic precursors of the surfactant ie generally the sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid semiesters.
  • spray mixing processes and drying in the thin layer are suitable. These processes share the task of producing products with a high surfactant content in order to be able to add the surfactants in high concentrations to detergents, dishwashing detergents and cleaning agents.
  • Both water-soluble (eg sodium sulfate) and water-insoluble (eg zeolite) additives which serve as carriers, are incorporated into the solids, which are preferably granules.
  • Other additives such as defoamers, builders and the like can also be used.
  • the additives or additives are distributed essentially homogeneously during the shaping, for example in the manufacture of tablets [cf. eg WO 94/18291, WO 94/18293 (Henkel)].
  • Detergent of this type are by no means entirely satisfactory in their properties, but show a strong tendency to stick together and - especially when introduced into the dosing chamber of a washing machine - low solubility in cold water.
  • the object of the present invention was therefore to create new moldings, especially tablets for detergents, dishwashing detergents and cleaning agents, based on anionic surfactants have a lower tendency to stick during manufacture and at the same time are characterized by a improved solubility, especially in the dosing chamber of washing machines and in cold water, distinguish or where the proportion of disintegrants are reduced with the same solubility can.
  • the invention relates to moldings with improved water solubility, containing surface-active Compounds and disintegrants which are distinguished by the fact that they contain additives, which consist of anionic surfactants as the core and a layer enveloping them, with the proviso that that the coating substances have a water solubility of at least 10 g / l at 20 ° C.
  • anionic surfactants which form the core of the coated additives, are Soaps, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkane sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfonates, glycerol ether sulfonates, ⁇ -methyl ester sulfonates, sulfo fatty acids, alkyl sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, glycerol ether sulfates, Hydroxy mixed ether sulfates, monoglyceride (ether) sulfates, fatty acid amide (ether) sulfates, mono- and Dialkyl sulfosuccinates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinamates, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and their salts, fatty acid isethionates, fatty
  • anionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, these have a conventional, but preferably a narrowed homolog distribution.
  • these Preferably are alkyl sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, methyl ester sulfonates and their Mixtures coated.
  • Preferred alkylbenzenesulfonates follow the formula (I) in which R stands for a branched, but preferably linear alkyl radical having 10 to 18 carbon atoms, Ph for a phenyl radical and X for an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium.
  • R stands for a branched, but preferably linear alkyl radical having 10 to 18 carbon atoms
  • Ph for a phenyl radical
  • X for an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium.
  • dodecylbenzenesulfonates, tetradecylbenzenesulfonates, hexadecylbenzenesulfonates and their technical mixtures in the form of the sodium salts are particularly suitable.
  • Alkyl and / or alkenyl sulfates which are also often referred to as fatty alcohol sulfates, are to be understood as meaning the sulfation products of primary and / or secondary alcohols, which preferably follow the formula (II) in which R 2 represents a linear or branched, aliphatic alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and Y represents an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium.
  • R 2 represents a linear or branched, aliphatic alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms
  • Y represents an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium.
  • alkyl sulfates which can be used in the context of the invention are the sulfation products of capron alcohol, caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, petroselachcohol, elaidyl alcohol, Behenyl alcohol and erucyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, which are obtained from high pressure hydrogenation of technical methyl ester fractions or aldehydes from Roelen's oxosynthesis.
  • the sulfation products can preferably be used in the form of their alkali metal salts and in particular their sodium salts.
  • Alkyl sulfates based on C 16/18 tallow fatty alcohols or vegetable fatty alcohols of comparable C chain distribution in the form of their sodium salts are particularly preferred.
  • these are oxo alcohols, as are obtainable, for example, by converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alpha-olefins using the shop method.
  • Such alcohol mixtures are commercially available under the trade names Dobanol® or Neodol®. Suitable alcohol mixtures are Dobanol 91®, 23®, 25®, 45®.
  • oxo alcohols such as those obtained after the classic Enichema or Condea oxo process by adding carbon monoxide and hydrogen to olefins.
  • These alcohol mixtures are a mixture of strongly branched alcohols.
  • Such alcohol mixtures are commercially available under the trade name Lial®.
  • Suitable alcohol mixtures are Lial 91®, 111®, 123®, 125®, 145®.
  • the additives contain the substances enveloping the anionic surfactant grain - based on solids - preferably in total amounts from 1 to 25, preferably from 5 to 20 and in particular from 10 to 15 % By weight.
  • These coating substances are preferably compounds which have a Have water solubility at 20 ° C of at least 50 g / l and in particular 100 g / l and advantageously have further properties that are useful for the overall formulation, such as, for example the complexation of hardness and heavy metal ions.
  • the coating can also from the melt as long as the coating substances have the required water solubility after drying exhibit.
  • these coating materials can be the salts of inorganic mineral acids .
  • these coating materials are the alkali and / or alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum or zinc salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid and silicic acid, in particular the alkali metal sulfate, alkali borates and perborates, the various alkali metal silicates ( Water glasses ”) and alkali phosphates should be mentioned.
  • Typical examples are magnesium sulfate heptahydrate or borax.
  • the salts of organic carboxylic acids are also suitable. Typical examples are the alkali and / or alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum or zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids with 1 to 22 carbon atoms, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
  • the use of sodium acetate is particularly preferred.
  • corresponding C 2 -C 6 dicarboxylic acids can also be used, so that the appropriate salts in the same manner as above are the corresponding salts of succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid.
  • salts of hydroxy-functionalized polyvalent carboxylic acids can also be used, such as the above-mentioned salts of malic acid, tartaric acid and in particular citric acid.
  • alkali metal citrates is particularly preferred here.
  • the third group of suitable coating substances are the water-soluble polymers , which can be, for example, protein hydrolyzates, polyamides, polyacrylates and polyurethanes. Urea and polyurea are also suitable. Saccharides and polysaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose or starch hydrolysates, are also suitable.
  • the moldings can contain the coated anionic surfactants in amounts of 1 to 50, preferably 5 to 35 and in particular 10 to 20 wt .-% - based on the moldings.
  • the coated anionic surfactants can be manufactured using processes that are already in production of detergents are known and are the subject of a further patent application by the applicant. Basically, the anionic surfactant grain is first dried and optionally granulated a corresponding aqueous solution or paste, which is then mixed with an aqueous Solution of the coating substance is brought into contact. This is preferably done at higher temperatures, whereby the coating substance is deposited on the grain and essentially encloses it.
  • the production of the coated anionic surfactants takes place in such a way that one first dries an aqueous solution or paste of the anionic surfactant and forms on it Grain precipitates a coating substance from an aqueous solution or melt, if appropriate while the water evaporates.
  • the process has one stage or can be carried out in two stages. In the latter case, you first become an appropriate surfactant solution or paste and dry the dried powder, which in turn is also can trade a conventional market product, then coat. In one stage, preferably continuous processes are either the aqueous surfactant solutions or pastes or the dried surfactant powder used together with the coating agents.
  • the drying device into which the surfactant solutions or pastes are introduced, preferably sprayed can be any drying apparatus.
  • the drying is carried out as spray drying in a drying tower.
  • Aqueous gas solutions or pastes are exposed in a known manner to a drying gas stream in finely divided form.
  • Anionic surfactant powders are obtained, which are then intimately mixed with the required amount of coating substances in the form of an aqueous solution in a second step.
  • components such as paddle mixers from Lödige or in particular spray mixers from Schugi are advantageous, in which the anionic surfactant powder is placed in the mixing chamber and the aqueous solutions of the coating materials are sprayed on. It is also possible to carry out the drying of the anionic surfactant solutions or pastes and the mixing simultaneously in a fluidized bed dryer.
  • a particularly preferred option is then to use the aqueous surfactant precursors in a fluidized bed granulation ( SKET "granulation).
  • SKET "granulation” This is to be understood as granulation with simultaneous drying, which is preferably carried out batchwise or continuously.
  • the anionic surfactants can be used both in the dried state and as an aqueous preparation.
  • the aqueous solutions or melts of the coating materials become simultaneous or introduced one after the other into the fluidized bed via one or more nozzles.
  • anionic surfactant powder is continuously blown into a fluidized bed approximately filled with seed material via a nozzle and the coating materials are metered through a second nozzle.
  • Fluidized bed apparatuses which are preferably used have base plates with dimensions of 0.4 to 5 m.
  • the granulation is preferably carried out at fluidizing air speeds in the range from 1 to 8 m / s.
  • the granules are preferably discharged from the fluidized bed via a size classification of the granules.
  • the classification can take place, for example, by means of a sieve device or by means of an opposed air flow (classifier air) which is regulated in such a way that only particles of a certain particle size are removed from the fluidized bed and smaller particles are retained in the fluidized bed.
  • the inflowing air is usually composed of the heated or unheated classifier air and the heated bottom air.
  • the soil air temperature is between 80 and 400, preferably 90 and 350 ° C.
  • a starting mass for example an anionic surfactant granulate from an earlier test batch, is advantageously introduced at the start of the granulation.
  • the water evaporates from the emulsions or dispersions, producing dried to dried germs, which are coated with further amounts of defoamer, granulated and, in turn, dried at the same time.
  • the aqueous solutions of the coating substances can also be used together with the surfactant precursors, but this can lead to some of the coating materials ending up in the grain and the coating of the grain being incomplete.
  • disintegrant is to be understood as meaning substances which are added to the shaped bodies in order to accelerate their disintegration when they come into contact with water. Overviews can be found, for example, in J.Pharm.Sci. 61 (1972) or Römpp Chemilexikon, 9th edition, volume 6, p. 4440.
  • the disintegrants can be macroscopically distributed homogeneously in the molded body, but microscopically they form zones of increased concentration due to the manufacturing process.
  • the preferred disintegrants include polysaccharides, such as, for example, natural starch and its derivatives (carboxymethyl starch, starch glycolates in the form of their alkali salts, agar agar, guar gum, pectins etc.), celluloses and their derivatives (carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidone, collidone, alginic acid and their alkali salts, amorphous or also partially crystalline layered silicates (bentonites), polyurethanes, polyethylene glycols and gas-generating systems.
  • polysaccharides such as, for example, natural starch and its derivatives (carboxymethyl starch, starch glycolates in the form of their alkali salts, agar agar, guar gum, pectins etc.), celluloses and their derivatives (carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidone, collidone, alg
  • disintegrants which may be present in the sense of the invention are, for example, the publications WO 98/40462 (Rettenmeyer), WO 98/55583 and WO 98/55590 (Unilever) and WO 98/40463, DE 19709991 and DE 19710254 (Henkel) refer to. Reference is expressly made to the teaching of these writings.
  • the moldings can contain the disintegrants in amounts of 0.1 to 25, preferably 1 to 20 and in particular 5 to 15% by weight, based on the moldings.
  • the molded articles are generally produced by tableting or press agglomeration.
  • the particulate press agglomerates obtained can either be used directly as detergents or aftertreated and / or prepared beforehand by customary methods.
  • the usual aftertreatments include, for example, powdering with finely divided ingredients from washing or cleaning agents, which generally further increases the bulk density.
  • a preferred aftertreatment is also the procedure according to German patent applications DE 19524287 A1 and DE 19547457 A1 , in which dusty or at least finely divided ingredients (the so-called fine fractions) are adhered to the particulate end products of the process, which serve as the core, and thus give rise to agents , which have these so-called fines as an outer shell. In turn, this advantageously takes place by melting agglomeration.
  • the solid detergents are in tablet form, these tablets preferably having rounded corners and edges, in particular for storage and transport reasons.
  • the base of these tablets can be circular or rectangular, for example.
  • Multi-layer tablets, in particular tablets with 2 or 3 layers, which can also have different colors, are particularly preferred. Blue-white or green-white or blue-green-white tablets are particularly preferred.
  • the tablets can also contain pressed and unpressed parts.
  • Shaped articles with a particularly advantageous dissolution rate are obtained if the granular constituents of the coated anionic surfactants, before pressing, have a proportion of particles which have a diameter outside the range from 0.02 to 6 mm of less than 20, preferably less than 10,% by weight. % exhibit.
  • a particle size distribution in the range from 0.05 to 2.0 and particularly preferably from 0.2 to 1.0 mm is preferred.
  • inorganic and organic Builder substances are inorganic and organic Builder substances, whereby as inorganic builder substances mainly zeolites, crystalline Layered silicates and amorphous silicates with builder properties and - where permitted - also phosphates how tripolyphosphates are used.
  • the builder substances are preferably in the final formulations in amounts of 10 to 60 wt .-% - based on the agent - included. If the substances are water soluble are, at the same time, they can also be used as envelopes for the inclusion of the surfactant grain. This applies, for example, to the silicates, dextrins, polyacrylates and the like described below to.
  • the fine crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite which is frequently used as a detergent builder is preferably zeolite A and / or P.
  • zeolite P for example, zeolite MAP (R) (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred.
  • zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P and Y are also suitable.
  • a cocrystallized sodium / potassium aluminum silicate made of zeolite A and zeolite X, which as VEGOBOND AX® (commercial product from Condea Augusta SpA) is commercially available.
  • the zeolite can be used as a spray-dried powder or as an undried stabilized suspension that is still moist from its manufacture.
  • the zeolite may contain minor additions of nonionic surfactants as stabilizers, for example 1 to 3% by weight, based on zeolite, of ethoxylated C 12 -C 18 fatty alcohols with 2 to 5 ethylene oxide groups , C 12 -C 14 fatty alcohols with 4 to 5 ethylene oxide groups or ethoxylated isotridecanols.
  • Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.
  • Suitable substitutes or partial substitutes for phosphates and zeolites are crystalline, layered sodium silicates of the general formula NaMSi x O 2x + 1 .yH 2 O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4.
  • Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP 0164514 A1 .
  • Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3.
  • both ⁇ - and ⁇ -sodium disilicate Na 2 Si 2 O 5 .yH 2 O are preferred, it being possible, for example, to obtain ⁇ -sodium disilicate by the process described in international patent application WO 91/08171 .
  • Further suitable layered silicates are known, for example, from patent applications DE 2334899 A1, EP 0026529 A1 and DE 3526405 A1 . Their usability is not limited to a special composition or structural formula. However, smectites, in particular bentonites, are preferred here.
  • small amounts of iron can be incorporated into the crystal lattice of the layered silicates according to the above formulas.
  • the layered silicates can contain hydrogen, alkali, alkaline earth ions, in particular Na + and Ca 2+ .
  • the amount of water of hydration is usually in the range of 8 to 20% by weight and depends on the swelling condition or the type of processing.
  • Useful layer silicates are known, for example, from US 3,966,629, US 4,062,647, EP 0026529 A1 and EP 0028432 A1 .
  • Layer silicates are preferably used which are largely free of calcium ions and strongly coloring iron ions due to an alkali treatment.
  • the preferred builder substances also include amorphous sodium silicates with a modulus Na 2 O: SiO 2 from 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2, 6, which are delayed release and have secondary washing properties.
  • the delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying.
  • the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”.
  • silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle.
  • it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred.
  • Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates which also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE 4400024 A1 .
  • Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.
  • phosphates As builders, provided that such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons.
  • the sodium salts of orthophosphates, pyrophosphates and in particular tripolyphosphates are particularly suitable. Their content is generally not more than 25% by weight, preferably not more than 20% by weight, in each case based on the finished composition. In some cases, it has been shown that tripolyphosphates in particular, even in small amounts up to a maximum of 10% by weight, based on the finished agent, in combination with other builder substances lead to a synergistic improvement in the secondary washing ability.
  • Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids that can be used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these.
  • Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these. The acids themselves can also be used.
  • the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH value of detergents or cleaning agents.
  • Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.
  • dextrins for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches.
  • the hydrolysis can be carried out by customary processes, for example acid-catalyzed or enzyme-catalyzed. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molecular weights in the range from 400 to 500,000.
  • DE dextrose equivalent
  • Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2,000 to 30,000 can be used.
  • a preferred dextrin is described in British patent application GB 9419091 A1 .
  • the oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function.
  • Such oxidized dextrins and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP 0232202 A1, EP 0427349 A1, EP 0472042 A1 and EP 0542496 A1 as well as from international patent applications WO 92/18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94 / 28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95112619 and WO 95/20608 are known.
  • An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE 19600018 A1 is also suitable.
  • a product oxidized at C 6 of the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.
  • Suitable cobuilders are oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediamine disuccinate .
  • glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are particularly preferred in this context, as described, for example, in US Pat. Nos . 4,524,009, 4,639,325 , in European patent application EP 0150930 A1 and in Japanese patent application JP 93/339896 .
  • Suitable amounts used in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are 3 to 15% by weight.
  • organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups.
  • Such cobuilders are described, for example, in international patent application WO 95/20029 .
  • Suitable polymeric polycarboxylates are, for example, the sodium salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 800 to 150,000 (based on acid and measured in each case against polystyrene sulfonic acid).
  • Suitable copolymeric polycarboxylates are, in particular, those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable.
  • the relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 5,000 to 200,000, preferably 10,000 to 120,000 and in particular 50,000 to 100,000 (measured in each case against polystyrene sulfonic acid).
  • the (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution, with 20 to 55% by weight aqueous solutions being preferred.
  • Granular polymers are usually subsequently mixed into one or more basic granules.
  • biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which, according to DE 4300772 A1, as salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives or as DE 4221381 C2 as monomer salts of acrylic acid and the 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives.
  • Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE 4303320 A1 and DE 4417734 A1 and which preferably have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.
  • polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids their salts or their precursor substances. Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred.
  • polyacetals which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups, for example as described in European patent application EP 0280223 A1 .
  • Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.
  • the agents can also contain components that make the oil and fat washable made of textiles.
  • the preferred oil and fat dissolving components include, for example nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose a proportion of methoxyl groups from 15 to 30 wt .-% and of hydroxypropoxyl groups from 1 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the nonionic cellulose ether, and those from the prior art Polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known in the art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionic and / or nonionically modified derivatives of these. Of these are particularly preferred the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers.
  • Suitable ingredients of the agents are water-soluble inorganic salts such as bicarbonates, carbonates, amorphous silicates, normal water glasses, which have no outstanding builder properties, or mixtures of these; in particular, alkali carbonate and / or amorphous alkali silicate, especially sodium silicate with a molar ratio Na 2 O: SiO 2 of 1: 1 to 1: 4.5, preferably of 1: 2 to 1: 3.5, are used.
  • the content of sodium carbonate in the final preparations is preferably up to 40% by weight, advantageously between 2 and 35% by weight.
  • the content of sodium silicate in the agents (without special builder properties) is generally up to 10% by weight and preferably between 1 and 8% by weight.
  • the agents can be other known detergents, dishwashing detergents and cleaning agents commonly used additives, for example salts of polyphosphonic acids, optical brighteners, enzymes, enzyme stabilizers, small amounts of neutral filling salts as well as color and Contain fragrances, opacifiers or pearlescent agents.
  • bleaching agents which serve as bleaching agents and supply H 2 O 2 in water
  • sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance.
  • Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H 2 O 2 -producing peracid salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid.
  • the bleaching agent content of the agents is preferably 5 to 35% by weight and in particular up to 30% by weight, advantageously using perborate monohydrate or percarbonate.
  • Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups.
  • Multi-acylated alkylenediamines in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, in particular phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, in particular triacetyloxy, 2,5-acetiacetyl, ethylene glycol 2,5-dihydrofuran and the enol esters known
  • hydrophilically substituted acylacetals known from German patent application DE 19616769 A1 and the acyl lactams described in German patent application DE 196 16 770 and international patent application WO 95/14075 are also preferably used.
  • the combinations of conventional bleach activators known from German patent application DE 4443177 A1 can also be used. Bleach activators of this type are present in the customary quantitative range, preferably in amounts of 1% by weight to 10% by weight, in particular 2% by weight to 8% by weight, based on the total agent.
  • the sulfonimines and / or bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes known from European patents EP 0446982 B1 and EP 0453 003 B1 can also be present as so-called bleaching catalysts.
  • the transition metal compounds in question include in particular the manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium or molybdenum-salt complexes known from German patent application DE 19529905 A1 and their N-analog compounds known from German patent application DE 19620267 A1 , which are known from German Patent application DE 19536082 A1 known manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium or molybdenum carbonyl complexes, the manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium described in German patent application DE 196 05 688 - and copper complexes with nitrogen-containing tripod ligands known from the German patent application DE 19620411 A1 cobalt, iron, copper and ruthenium-ammine complexes, the manganese described in the German patent application DE 4416438 A1, copper and cobalt complexes, the cobalt complexes described in European patent application EP 0272030 A1, which are known from the European patent application EP 0693550 A1 manganes
  • Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, are used in customary amounts, preferably in an amount of up to 1% by weight, in particular 0.0025% by weight. % to 0.25% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.01% by weight to 0.1% by weight, in each case based on the total agent.
  • Particularly suitable enzymes are those from the class of hydrolases, such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases contribute to the removal of stains, such as stains containing protein, fat or starch, and graying in the laundry. By removing pilling and microfibrils, cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can help maintain color and increase the softness of the textile. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching or for inhibiting color transfer.
  • hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases contribute to the removal of stains, such as stains containing protein, fat or starch, and graying in the laundry. By removing pilling and micro
  • Enzymes obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces griseus and Humicola insolens are particularly suitable.
  • Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used.
  • Enzyme mixtures for example, from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytic enzymes and cellulase, but especially protease- and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytic enzymes of particular interest.
  • Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes.
  • Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases.
  • Suitable amylases include in particular ⁇ -amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases.
  • Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and ⁇ -glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Since the different cellulase types differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.
  • the enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or embedded in coating substances around them protect against premature decomposition.
  • the percentage of enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to about 2% by weight.
  • the agents can contain further enzyme stabilizers .
  • enzyme stabilizers 0.5 to 1% by weight sodium formate can be used.
  • proteases which are stabilized with soluble calcium salts and a calcium content of preferably about 1.2% by weight, based on the enzyme.
  • calcium salts magnesium salts also serve as stabilizers.
  • boron compounds for example boric acid, boron oxide, borax and other alkali metal borates such as the salts of orthoboric acid (H 3 BO 3 ), metaboric acid (HBO 2 ) and pyrobic acid (tetraboric acid H 2 B 4 O 7 ), is particularly advantageous.
  • Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed.
  • Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether carboxylic acids or ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch.
  • Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used.
  • cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers, such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, for example in amounts of 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the detergent, are preferred used.
  • the agents can contain derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or its alkali metal salts. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of similar structure which instead of the morpholino- Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group.
  • Brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may also be present, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.
  • Uniformly white granules are obtained if, in addition to the usual brighteners, the agents are present in customary amounts, for example between 0.1 and 0.5% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight, and also in small amounts, for example Contain 10 -6 to 10 -3 wt .-%, preferably by 10 -5 wt .-%, of a blue dye.
  • a particularly preferred dye is Tinolux® (commercial product from Ciba-Geigy).
  • dirt-repellent polymers are those substances which preferably contain ethylene terephthalate and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalate groups, the molar ratio of ethylene terephthalate to polyethylene glycol terephthalate being in the range from 50:50 to 90:10 .
  • the molecular weight of the linking polyethylene glycol units is in particular in the range of 750 to 5000, ie the degree of ethoxylation of the polymers containing polyethylene glycol groups can be approximately 15 to 100.
  • the polymers are characterized by an average molecular weight of approximately 5000 to 200,000 and can have a block, but preferably a random structure with molar ratios of ethylene terephthalate / polyethylene glycol terephthalate from about 65:35 to about 90:10, preferably from about 70:30 to 80:20. Also preferred are those polymers which have linking polyethylene glycol units with a molecular weight of 750 to 5000, preferably of 1000 to about 3000 and a molecular weight of the polymer from about 10,000 to about 50,000. Examples of commercially available polymers are the products Milease® T (ICI) or Repelotex® SRP 3 (Rhône-Poulenc).
  • Wax-like compounds can be used as defoamers .
  • “Waxy” are understood to mean those compounds which have a melting point at atmospheric pressure above 25 ° C. (room temperature), preferably above 50 ° C. and in particular above 70 ° C.
  • the wax-like defoamer substances are practically insoluble in water, ie at 20 ° C. a solubility of less than 0.1% by weight in 100 g of water. In principle, all wax-like defoamer substances known from the prior art can be present.
  • Suitable wax-like compounds are, for example, bisamides, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, carboxylic acid esters of mono- and polyhydric alcohols and paraffin waxes or mixtures thereof, or alternatively the silicone compounds known for this purpose can of course also be used.
  • Suitable paraffin waxes generally represent a complex mixture of substances without a sharp melting point. For characterization, one usually determines its melting range by differential thermal analysis (DTA), as described in "The Analyst” 87 (1962), 420 , and / or its solidification point . This is the temperature at which the paraffin changes from the liquid to the solid state by slow cooling. Paraffins which are completely liquid at room temperature, that is to say those having a solidification point below 25 ° C., cannot be used according to the invention. For example, the paraffin wax mixtures known from EP 0309931 A1 of, for example, 26% by weight to 49% by weight of microcrystalline paraffin wax with a solidification point of 62 ° C.
  • paraffins or paraffin mixtures which solidify in the range from 30 ° C. to 90 ° C. are preferably used. It should be noted that even paraffin wax mixtures that appear solid at room temperature can contain different proportions of liquid paraffin.
  • this liquid fraction is as low as possible and is preferably absent entirely.
  • Particularly preferred paraffin wax mixtures at 30 ° C have a liquid fraction of less than 10% by weight, in particular from 2% by weight to 5% by weight, at 40 ° C a liquid fraction of less than 30% by weight, preferably of 5 % By weight to 25% by weight and in particular from 5% by weight to 15% by weight, at 60 ° C. a liquid fraction of 30% by weight to 60% by weight, in particular 40% by weight % to 55% by weight, at 80 ° C a liquid content of 80% by weight to 100% by weight, and at 90 ° C a liquid content of 100% by weight.
  • the temperature at which a liquid content of 100% by weight of the paraffin wax is reached is still below 85 ° C. in particularly preferred paraffin wax mixtures, in particular at 75 ° C. to 82 ° C.
  • the paraffin waxes can be petrolatum, microcrystalline waxes or hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated paraffin waxes.
  • Suitable bisamides as defoamers are those which are derived from saturated fatty acids with 12 to 22, preferably 14 to 18 C atoms and from alkylenediamines with 2 to 7 C atoms.
  • Suitable fatty acids are lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid and behenic acid and mixtures thereof, as can be obtained from natural fats or hydrogenated oils, such as tallow or hydrogenated palm oil.
  • Suitable diamines are, for example, ethylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine and toluenediamine.
  • Preferred diamines are ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine.
  • Particularly preferred bisamides are bismyristoylethylene diamine, bispalmitoylethylene diamine, bisstearoylethylene diamine and mixtures thereof and the corresponding derivatives of hexamethylene diamine.
  • Suitable carboxylic acid esters as defoamers are derived from carboxylic acids with 12 to 28 carbon atoms.
  • these are esters of behenic acid, stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and / or lauric acid.
  • the alcohol part of the carboxylic acid ester contains a mono- or polyhydric alcohol with 1 to 28 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
  • suitable alcohols are behenyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, coconut alcohol, 12-hydroxystearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol as well as ethylene glycol, glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol, sucrose, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitan and / or sorbitol.
  • Preferred esters are those of ethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitan, the acid part of the ester being selected in particular from behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid or mystonic acid.
  • Eligible esters of polyhydric alcohols are, for example, xylitol monopalmitate, pentarythritol monostearate, glycerol monostearate, ethylene glycol monostearate and sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan dilaurate, sorbitan dististearate, sorbitan dandghenoate and mixed sorbitan dibehenate, and sorbitan dandebehenate, and sorbitan dandebehenate, and sorbitan dandebehenate, as well as sorbitan dandebehenate and mixed sorbitan dibehenate.
  • Glycerol esters which can be used are the mono-, di- or triesters of glycerol and the carboxylic acids mentioned, the mono- or diesters being preferred. Glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol monobehenate and glycerol distearate are examples of this.
  • Suitable natural esters as defoamers are beeswax, which mainly consists of the esters CH 3 (CH 2 ) 24 COO (CH 2 ) 27 CH 3 and CH 3 (CH 2 ) 26 COO (CH 2 ) 25 CH 3 , and camauba wax , which is a mixture of camauba acid alkyl esters, often in combination with small amounts of free carnauba acid, other long-chain acids, high molecular weight alcohols and hydrocarbons.
  • Suitable carboxylic acids as a further defoamer compound are, in particular, behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid and mixtures thereof, as can be obtained from natural fats or optionally hardened oils, such as tallow or hydrogenated palm oil. Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 22, in particular 18 to 22, carbon atoms are preferred.
  • Suitable fatty alcohols as a further defoamer compound are the hydrogenated products of the fatty acids described.
  • Dialkyl ethers may also be present as defoamers.
  • the ethers can be constructed asymmetrically or symmetrically, ie contain two identical or different alkyl chains, preferably with 8 to 18 carbon atoms. Typical examples are di-n-octyl ether, di-i-octyl ether and di-n-stearyl ether; dialkyl ethers which have a melting point above 25 ° C., in particular above 40 ° C., are particularly suitable.
  • Suitable defoamer compounds are fatty ketones , which can be obtained by the relevant methods of preparative organic chemistry. For their preparation, one starts, for example, from carboxylic acid magnesium salts which are pyrolyzed at temperatures above 300 ° C. with the elimination of carbon dioxide and water, for example according to the German laid-open specification DE 2553900 OS .
  • Suitable fat ketones are those which are prepared by pyrolysis of the magnesium salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid or erucic acid.
  • Suitable defoamers are fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters , which are preferably obtained by base-homogeneously catalyzed addition of ethylene oxide to fatty acids.
  • the addition of ethylene oxide to the fatty acids takes place in the presence of alkanolamines as catalysts.
  • alkanolamines especially triethanolamine, leads to an extremely selective ethoxylation of the fatty acids, especially when it comes to producing low-ethoxylated compounds.
  • those with a melting point above 25 ° C, especially above 40 are preferred ° C.
  • the paraffin waxes described are particularly preferably used alone as wax-like defoamers or in a mixture with one of the other wax-like defoamers, the proportion of paraffin waxes in the mixture preferably making up more than 50% by weight, based on the wax-like defoamer mixture.
  • the paraffin waxes can be applied to carriers if necessary. All known inorganic and / or organic carrier materials are suitable as carrier materials. Examples of typical inorganic carrier materials are alkali carbonates, aluminosilicates, water-soluble sheet silicates, alkali silicates, alkali sulfates, for example sodium sulfate, and alkali phosphates.
  • the alkali silicates are preferably a compound with a molar ratio of alkali oxide to SiO 2 of 1: 1.5 to 1: 3.5.
  • the use of such silicates results in particularly good grain properties, in particular high abrasion stability and nevertheless high dissolution rate in water.
  • the aluminosilicates referred to as carrier material include, in particular, the zeolites, for example zeolite NaA and NaX.
  • the compounds referred to as water-soluble layered silicates include, for example, amorphous or crystalline water glass. Silicates which are commercially available under the name Aerosil® or Sipernat® can also be used.
  • suitable organic carrier materials are film-forming polymers, for example polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, poly (meth) acrylates, polycarboxylates, cellulose derivatives and starch.
  • Usable cellulose ethers are, in particular, alkali carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and so-called cellulose mixed ethers, such as, for example, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
  • Particularly suitable mixtures are composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose, the carboxymethyl cellulose usually having a degree of substitution of 0.5 to 0.8 carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit and the methyl cellulose having a degree of substitution of 1.2 to 2 methyl groups per anhydroglucose unit.
  • the mixtures preferably contain alkali carboxymethyl cellulose and nonionic cellulose ethers in weight ratios from 80:20 to 40:60, in particular from 75:25 to 50:50.
  • native starch which is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Starch is referred to as native starch, as it is available as an extract from natural sources, for example from rice, potatoes, corn and wheat.
  • Carrier materials which can be used individually or more than one of the abovementioned compounds, in particular selected from the group of alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal sulfates, alkali metal phosphates, zeolites, water-soluble sheet silicates, alkali metal silicates, polycarboxylates, cellulose ethers, polyacrylate / polymethacrylate and starch.
  • alkali carbonates in particular sodium carbonate, alkali silicates, in particular sodium silicate, alkali sulfates, in particular sodium sulfate and zeolites are particularly suitable.
  • Suitable silicones are conventional organopolysiloxanes, which can have a content of finely divided silica, which in turn can also be silanized. Such organopolysiloxanes are described, for example, in European patent application EP 0496510 A1 . Polydiorganosiloxanes which are known from the prior art are particularly preferred. However, compounds crosslinked via siloxane can also be used, as are known to the person skilled in the art under the name silicone resins. As a rule, the polydiorganosiloxanes contain finely divided silica, which can also be silanized. Silica-containing dimethylpolysiloxanes are particularly suitable.
  • the polydiorganosiloxanes advantageously have a Brookfield viscosity at 25 ° C. in the range from 5,000 mPas to 30,000 mPas, in particular from 15,000 to 25,000 mPas.
  • the silicones are preferably applied to carrier materials. Suitable carrier materials have already been described in connection with the paraffins.
  • the carrier materials are generally present in amounts of 40 to 90% by weight, preferably in amounts of 45 to 75% by weight, based on defoamers.
  • fragrance compounds for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances .
  • Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenylglycinate, allylcyclohexylpropylatepylatepylatepylatepionate, stally.
  • the ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether
  • the aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal
  • the ketones include, for example, the jonones, ⁇ -isomethylionone and methylcedryl ketone the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol
  • the hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes such as limonene and pinene.
  • Perfume oils of this type can also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are obtainable from plant sources, for example pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.
  • the fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but they can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances on carriers, which the perfume adheres to the laundry intensify and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles through a slower fragrance release.
  • Cyclodextrins for example, have proven successful as such carrier materials, the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can also be coated with other auxiliaries.
  • the final preparations can also contain inorganic salts as fillers or fillers, such as sodium sulfate, which is preferably present in amounts of 0 to 10, in particular 1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition.
  • inorganic salts such as sodium sulfate, which is preferably present in amounts of 0 to 10, in particular 1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition.
  • a fluidized bed was filled with powdered dodecylbenzenesulfonate sodium salt as the seed material with up to 70% of the fluidized bed capacity. Subsequently, at a soil air temperature of 160 ° C. (ie a temperature of approx. 95 ° C. in the fluidized bed), further surfactant powder was introduced continuously using a first nozzle. A 50% by weight aqueous sodium acetate solution was introduced through a second nozzle to coat the surfactant grain. The material flows were adjusted by regularly checking the discharged and classified coated granules from the fluidized bed in such a way that the acetate content in the end product was 42% by weight.
  • Example H2 was repeated using powdered coconut alcohol sulfate sodium salt (Sulfopon® 1218 G, Cognis GmbH, Dusseldorf / FRG). The coating was carried out with a 37% by weight aqueous solution of sodium citrate dihydrate. The material flows were adjusted so that the content of sodium citrate in the end product was 20% by weight.
  • the two coated anionic surfactant granules H1 and H2 and the two uncoated starting materials were used in detergent formulations.
  • the preparations were pressed into tablets (weight 40 g), packed airtight and then stored at 40 ° C. for 2 weeks.
  • the composition of the detergent tablets is shown in Table 1.
  • Formulations 1 and 2 are according to the invention, formulations V1 and V2 are used for comparison.
  • To assess the dissolution behavior the tablets were placed on a wire frame which was in water (0 ° d, 25 ° C). The tablets were completely surrounded by water. The disintegration time from immersion to complete dissolution was measured. The disintegration times are also shown in Table 1.
  • Test formulation for detergent tablets and solubility tests (figures in% by weight, water ad 100%) composition 1 2nd V1 V2 Anionic surfactant granules H1 13.4 - - - Anionic surfactant granules H2 - 9.2 - - Dodecylbenzenesulfonate sodium salt - - 7.8 - Coconut alcohol sulfate sodium salt - - - 7.4 C 12/18 coconut fatty alcohol + 7EO 6.2 6.2 6.2 Palm kernel fatty acid sodium salt 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Sodium sulfate 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 Sodium silicate 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sodium percarbonate 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Zeolite A 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 TAED 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 Dehydran®

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Abstract

Molded article with improved water solubility containing surface active compounds and disintegrating agent contains additives comprising an anionic surfactant core and a covering layer of solubility at least 10 g/l at 20 degrees C.

Description

Gebiet der ErfindungField of the Invention

Die Erfindung befindet sich auf dem Gebiet der festen Wasch-, Spül- und Reinigungsmittel und betrifft neue Formkörper mit verbesserter Wasserlöslichkeit, welche sich durch einen Gehalt an Sprengmitteln und speziellen beschichteten Aniontensiden auszeichnen. Weiter beansprucht wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung der Formkörper, die sich insbesondere für die Tablettenherstellung eignen.The invention is in the field of solid washing, rinsing and cleaning agents and relates to new moldings with improved water solubility, which are characterized by a content of disintegrants and special coated anionic surfactants. A method is also claimed Production of the moldings which are particularly suitable for tablet production.

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Bislang werden Granulate anionischer Tenside, wie z.B. Natriumlaurylsulfat, entweder durch Trocknung der entsprechenden wäßrigen Lösungen bzw. Pasten oder durch direkte Neutralisation der sauren Vorstufen des Tensids, also in der Regel der Sulfonsäuren bzw. Schwefelsäurehalbester gewonnen. Zur Herstellung der Feststoffe eignen sich beispielsweise die Wirbelschichttrocknung, Sprühmischverfahren, sowie Trocknungen in der dünnen Schicht. Gemeinsam ist diesen Verfahren die Aufgabe, Produkte mit hohem Tensidgehalt herzustellen, um die Tenside in hohen Konzentrationen den Wasch-, Spül- und Reinigungsmitteln beimischen zu können. Dabei werden in die Feststoffe, bei denen es sich vorzugsweise um Granulate handelt, sowohl wasserlösliche (z.B. Natriumsulfat) als auch wasserunlösliche (z.B. Zeolith) Zuschlagstoffe eingearbeitet, die als Träger dienen. Auch weitere Zusatzstoffe, wie z.B. Entschäumer, Builder und dergleichen können mitverwendet werden. Als Folge der Herstellverfahren des Stands der Technik werden die Zuschlag- bzw. Zusatzstoffe während der Formgebung, also beispielsweise bei der Herstellung von Tabletten, im wesentlichen homogen verteilt [vgl. z.B. WO 94/18291, WO 94/18293 (Henkel)]. Detergentien dieser Art sind indes in ihren Eigenschaften keineswegs völlig zufriedenstellend, sondern zeigen eine starke Tendenz zum Verkleben und - zumal beim Einbringen in die Dosierkammer einer Waschmaschine - eine geringe Kaltwasserlöslichkeit.So far, granules of anionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, have been obtained either by drying the corresponding aqueous solutions or pastes or by direct neutralization of the acidic precursors of the surfactant, ie generally the sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid semiesters. For the production of the solids, for example, fluidized-bed drying, spray mixing processes and drying in the thin layer are suitable. These processes share the task of producing products with a high surfactant content in order to be able to add the surfactants in high concentrations to detergents, dishwashing detergents and cleaning agents. Both water-soluble (eg sodium sulfate) and water-insoluble (eg zeolite) additives, which serve as carriers, are incorporated into the solids, which are preferably granules. Other additives such as defoamers, builders and the like can also be used. As a result of the manufacturing processes of the prior art, the additives or additives are distributed essentially homogeneously during the shaping, for example in the manufacture of tablets [cf. eg WO 94/18291, WO 94/18293 (Henkel)]. Detergent of this type, however, are by no means entirely satisfactory in their properties, but show a strong tendency to stick together and - especially when introduced into the dosing chamber of a washing machine - low solubility in cold water.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung hat somit darin bestanden, neue Formkörper, speziell Tabletten für Wasch-, Spül- und Reinigungsmittel, auf Basis anionischer Tenside zur Verfügung zu stellen, die bei der Herstellung eine geringere Tendenz zum Verkleben aufweisen und sich gleichzeitig durch eine verbesserte Löslichkeit, insbesondere in der Dosierkammer von Waschmaschinen und in kaltem Wasser, auszeichnen bzw. bei denen der Anteil an Sprengmitteln bei gleicher Löslichkeit reduziert werden kann. The object of the present invention was therefore to create new moldings, especially tablets for detergents, dishwashing detergents and cleaning agents, based on anionic surfactants have a lower tendency to stick during manufacture and at the same time are characterized by a improved solubility, especially in the dosing chamber of washing machines and in cold water, distinguish or where the proportion of disintegrants are reduced with the same solubility can.

Beschreibung der ErfindungDescription of the invention

Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Formkörper mit verbesserter Wasserlöslichkeit, enthaltend oberflächenaktive Verbindungen und Sprengmittel, die sich dadurch auszeichnen, daß sie Zusatzstoffe enthalten, die aus Aniontensiden als Kern und einer sie umhüllenden Schicht bestehen, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Hüllsubstanzen bei 20 °C eine Wasserlöslichkeit von wenigstens 10 g/l aufweisen.The invention relates to moldings with improved water solubility, containing surface-active Compounds and disintegrants which are distinguished by the fact that they contain additives, which consist of anionic surfactants as the core and a layer enveloping them, with the proviso that that the coating substances have a water solubility of at least 10 g / l at 20 ° C.

Überraschenderweise wurde gefunden, daß sich unter Mitverwendung von beschichteten Aniontensiden Tabletten herstellen lassen, die gegenüber Vergleichsprodukten des Marktes eine so rasche Auflösung zeigen, daß sie nicht mehr in die Trommel, sondern direkt über die Einspülkammer der Waschmaschine eindosiert werden können. Die Tabletten besitzen in der Herstellung zudem eine verminderte Klebrigkeit, so daß die Menge an Sprengmitteln gegenüber herkömmlichen Produkten verringert werden kann.Surprisingly, it was found that with the use of coated anionic surfactants Have tablets manufactured that are so quick to dissolve compared to other products on the market show that they are no longer in the drum, but directly over the washing machine's dispenser can be metered. The tablets also have a reduced production Tackiness, so that the amount of disintegrants is reduced compared to conventional products can.

Anionische oberflächenaktive VerbindungenAnionic surfactant compounds

Typische Beispiele für anionische Tenside, die den Kern der beschichteten Zusatzstoffe bilden, sind Seifen, Alkylbenzolsulfonate, Alkansulfonate, Olefinsulfonate, Alkylethersulfonate, Glycerinethersulfonate, α-Methylestersulfonate, Sulfofettsäuren, Alkylsulfate, Fettalkoholethersulfate, Glycerinethersulfate, Hydroxymischethersulfate, Monoglycerid(ether)sulfate, Fettsäureamid(ether)sulfate, Mono- und Dialkyl-sulfosuccinate, Mono- und Dialkylsulfosuccinamate, Sulfotriglyceride, Amidseifen, Ethercarbonsäuren und deren Salze, Fettsäureisethionate, Fettsäuresarcosinate, Fettsäuretauride, N-Acylaminosäuren wie beispielsweise Acyllactylate, Acyltartrate, Acylglutamate und Acylaspartate, Alkyloligoglucosidsulfate, Proteinfettsäurekondensate (insbesondere pflanzliche Produkte auf Weizenbasis) und Alkyl(ether)phosphate. Sofern die anionischen Tenside Polyglycoletherketten enthalten, können diese eine konventionelle, vorzugsweise jedoch eine eingeengte Homologenverteilung aufweisen. Vorzugsweise werden Alkylsulfate, Alkylbenzolsulfonate, Olefinsulfonate, Methylestersulfonate sowie deren Gemische beschichtet. Der Anteil der anionischen oberflächenaktiven Verbindungen an den Zusatzstoffen (= Kern) kann 20 bis 99, vorzugsweise 50 bis 95 und insbesondere 85 bis 90 Gew.-% betragen.Typical examples of anionic surfactants, which form the core of the coated additives, are Soaps, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkane sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfonates, glycerol ether sulfonates, α-methyl ester sulfonates, sulfo fatty acids, alkyl sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, glycerol ether sulfates, Hydroxy mixed ether sulfates, monoglyceride (ether) sulfates, fatty acid amide (ether) sulfates, mono- and Dialkyl sulfosuccinates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinamates, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and their salts, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, N-acylamino acids such as, for example, acyl lactylates, acyl tartrates, acyl glutamates and acyl aspartates, alkyl oligoglucoside sulfates, Protein fatty acid condensates (especially vegetable products based on wheat) and alkyl (ether) phosphates. If the anionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, these have a conventional, but preferably a narrowed homolog distribution. Preferably are alkyl sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, methyl ester sulfonates and their Mixtures coated. The proportion of anionic surface-active compounds in the additives (= Core) can be 20 to 99, preferably 50 to 95 and in particular 85 to 90% by weight be.

Bevorzugte Alkylbenzolsulfonate folgen der Formel (I),

Figure 00020001
in der R für einen verzweigten, vorzugsweise jedoch linearen Alkylrest mit 10 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen, Ph für einen Phenylrest und X für ein Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetall, Ammonium, Alkylammonium, Alkanolammonium oder Glucammonium steht. Insbesondere von diesen geeignet sind Dodecylbenzolsulfonate, Tetradecylbenzolsulfonate, Hexadecylbenzolsulfonate sowie deren technische Gemische in Form der Natriumsalze.Preferred alkylbenzenesulfonates follow the formula (I)
Figure 00020001
in which R stands for a branched, but preferably linear alkyl radical having 10 to 18 carbon atoms, Ph for a phenyl radical and X for an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium. Of these, dodecylbenzenesulfonates, tetradecylbenzenesulfonates, hexadecylbenzenesulfonates and their technical mixtures in the form of the sodium salts are particularly suitable.

Unter Alkyl- und/oder Alkenylsulfaten, die auch häufig als Fettalkoholsulfate bezeichnet werden, sind die Sulfatierungsprodukte primärer und/oder sekundärer Alkohole zu verstehen, die vorzugsweise der Formel (II) folgen,

Figure 00030001
in der R2 für einen linearen oder verzweigten, aliphatischen Alkyl- und/oder Alkenylrest mit 6 bis 22, vorzugsweise 12 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen und Y für ein Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalimetall, Ammonium, Alkylammonium, Alkanolammonium oder Glucammonium steht. Typische Beispiele für Alkylsulfate, die im Sinne der Erfindung Anwendung finden können, sind die Sulfatierungsprodukte von Capronalkohol, Caprylalkohol, Caprinalkohol, 2-Ethylhexylalkohol, Laurylalkohol, Myristylalkohol, Cetylalkohol, Palmoleylalkohol, Stearylalkohol, Isostearylalkohol, Oleylalkohol, Elaidylalkohol, Petroselinylalkohol, Arachylalkohol, Gadoleylalkohol, Behenylalkohol und Erucylalkohol sowie deren technischen Gemischen, die durch Hochdruckhydrierung technischer Methylesterfraktionen oder Aldehyden aus der Roelenschen Oxosynthese erhalten werden. Die Sulfatierungsprodukte können vorzugsweise in Form ihrer Alkalisalze und insbesondere ihrer Natriumsalze eingesetzt werden. Besonders bevorzugt sind Alkylsulfate auf Basis von C16/18-Talg-Fettalkoholen bzw. pflanzliche Fettalkohole vergleichbarer C-Kettenverteilung in Form ihrer Natriumsalze. Im Falle von verzweigten primären Alkoholen handelt es sich um Oxoalkohole, wie sie z.B. durch Umsetzung von Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff an alpha-ständige Olefine nach dem Shop-Verfahren zugänglich sind. Solche Alkoholmischungen sind im Handel unter dem Handelsnamen Dobanol® oder Neodol® erhältlich. Geeignete Alkoholmischungen sind Dobanol 91®, 23®, 25®, 45®. Eine weitere Möglichkeit sind Oxoalkohole, wie sie nach dem klassischen Oxoprozeß der Enichema bzw. der Condea durch Anlagerung von Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff an Olefine erhalten werden. Bei diesen Alkoholmischungen handelt es sich um eine Mischung aus stark verzweigten Alkoholen. Solche Alkoholmischungen sind im Handel unter dem Handelsnamen Lial® erhältlich. Geeignete Alkoholmischungen sind Lial 91®, 111®, 123®, 125®, 145®. Alkyl and / or alkenyl sulfates, which are also often referred to as fatty alcohol sulfates, are to be understood as meaning the sulfation products of primary and / or secondary alcohols, which preferably follow the formula (II)
Figure 00030001
in which R 2 represents a linear or branched, aliphatic alkyl and / or alkenyl radical having 6 to 22, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms and Y represents an alkali and / or alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium or glucammonium. Typical examples of alkyl sulfates which can be used in the context of the invention are the sulfation products of capron alcohol, caprylic alcohol, capric alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, palmoleyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, petroselachcohol, elaidyl alcohol, Behenyl alcohol and erucyl alcohol and their technical mixtures, which are obtained from high pressure hydrogenation of technical methyl ester fractions or aldehydes from Roelen's oxosynthesis. The sulfation products can preferably be used in the form of their alkali metal salts and in particular their sodium salts. Alkyl sulfates based on C 16/18 tallow fatty alcohols or vegetable fatty alcohols of comparable C chain distribution in the form of their sodium salts are particularly preferred. In the case of branched primary alcohols, these are oxo alcohols, as are obtainable, for example, by converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alpha-olefins using the shop method. Such alcohol mixtures are commercially available under the trade names Dobanol® or Neodol®. Suitable alcohol mixtures are Dobanol 91®, 23®, 25®, 45®. Another possibility are oxo alcohols, such as those obtained after the classic Enichema or Condea oxo process by adding carbon monoxide and hydrogen to olefins. These alcohol mixtures are a mixture of strongly branched alcohols. Such alcohol mixtures are commercially available under the trade name Lial®. Suitable alcohol mixtures are Lial 91®, 111®, 123®, 125®, 145®.

Wasserlösliche VerbindungenWater soluble compounds

Die Zusatzstoffe enthalten die das Aniontensidkorn umhüllenden Substanzen - bezogen auf Feststoff - vorzugsweise in Gesamtmengen von 1 bis 25, bevorzugt von 5 bis 20 und insbesondere von 10 bis 15 Gew.-%. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei diesen Hüllsubstanzen um Verbindungen, welche eine Wasserlöslichkeit bei 20 °C von mindestens 50 g/l und insbesondere 100 g/l aufweisen und dabei vorteilhafterweise weitere, für die Gesamtrezeptur nützliche Eigenschaften aufweisen, wie beispielsweise die Komplexierung von Härtebildnern und Schwermetallionen. Alternativ kann die Beschichtung auch aus der Schmelze erfolgen, solange die Hüllsubstanzen nach dem Trocken die erforderliche Wasserlöslichkeit aufweisen.The additives contain the substances enveloping the anionic surfactant grain - based on solids - preferably in total amounts from 1 to 25, preferably from 5 to 20 and in particular from 10 to 15 % By weight. These coating substances are preferably compounds which have a Have water solubility at 20 ° C of at least 50 g / l and in particular 100 g / l and advantageously have further properties that are useful for the overall formulation, such as, for example the complexation of hardness and heavy metal ions. Alternatively, the coating can also from the melt as long as the coating substances have the required water solubility after drying exhibit.

In einer ersten Ausführungsform der Erfindung kann es sich bei diesen Hüllstoffen um die Salze anorganischer Mineralsäuren handeln. Typische Beispiele sind die Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalisalze, Aluminium- oder Zinksalze der Salzsäure, Schwefelsäure, Salpetersäure, Phosphorsäure, Borsäure und Kieselsäure, wobei insbesondere die Alkalisulfat, Alkaliborate und -perborate, die verschiedenen Alkalisilicate (

Figure 00040001
Wassergläser") und Alkaliphosphate genannt werden sollen. Typische Beispiele sind Magnesiumsulfat-Heptahydrat oder Borax.In a first embodiment of the invention, these coating materials can be the salts of inorganic mineral acids . Typical examples are the alkali and / or alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum or zinc salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid and silicic acid, in particular the alkali metal sulfate, alkali borates and perborates, the various alkali metal silicates (
Figure 00040001
Water glasses ") and alkali phosphates should be mentioned. Typical examples are magnesium sulfate heptahydrate or borax.

Ferner kommen auch die Salze organischer Carbonsäuren in Frage. Typische Beispiele sind die Alkali- und/oder Erdalkalisalze, Aluminium- oder Zinksalze von Monocarbonsäuren mit 1 bis 22 Kohlenstoffatomen, als da sind Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, Buttersäure, Valeriansäure, Capronsäure, Caprylsäure, 2-Ethylhexansäure. Besonders bevorzugt ist der Einsatz von Natriumacetat. Anstelle der Monocarbonsäuren können auch entsprechende C2-C6-Dicarbonsäuren eingesetzt werden, so daß als geeignete Hüllsubstanzen in gleicher Weise wie oben auch die entsprechenden Salze der Bernsteinsäure, Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure, Glutarsäure und Adipinsäure in Frage kommen. Schließlich können auch Salze hydroxyfunktionalisierter mehrwertiger Carbonsäuren eingesetzt werden, wie z.B. die oben genannten Salze von Äpfelsäure, Weinsäure und insbesondere Citronensäure. Hier ist ganz besonders der Einsatz von Alkalicitraten bevorzugt.The salts of organic carboxylic acids are also suitable. Typical examples are the alkali and / or alkaline earth metal salts, aluminum or zinc salts of monocarboxylic acids with 1 to 22 carbon atoms, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid. The use of sodium acetate is particularly preferred. Instead of the monocarboxylic acids, corresponding C 2 -C 6 dicarboxylic acids can also be used, so that the appropriate salts in the same manner as above are the corresponding salts of succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, glutaric acid and adipic acid. Finally, salts of hydroxy-functionalized polyvalent carboxylic acids can also be used, such as the above-mentioned salts of malic acid, tartaric acid and in particular citric acid. The use of alkali metal citrates is particularly preferred here.

Als dritte Gruppe geeigneter Hüllsubstanzen seien die wasserlöslichen Polymeren genannt, bei denen es sich beispielsweise um Proteinhydrolysate, Polyamide, Polyacrylate und Polyurethane handeln kann. Auch Harnstoff und Polyharnstoff sind geeignet. Weiterhin in Frage kommen Saccharide und Polysaccharide, wie z.B. Saccharose, Maltose oder Stärkehydrolysate.The third group of suitable coating substances are the water-soluble polymers , which can be, for example, protein hydrolyzates, polyamides, polyacrylates and polyurethanes. Urea and polyurea are also suitable. Saccharides and polysaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose or starch hydrolysates, are also suitable.

Die Formkörper können die beschichteten Aniontenside in Mengen von 1 bis 50, vorzugsweise 5 bis 35 und insbesondere 10 bis 20 Gew.-% - bezogen auf die Formkörper - enthalten.The moldings can contain the coated anionic surfactants in amounts of 1 to 50, preferably 5 to 35 and in particular 10 to 20 wt .-% - based on the moldings.

Herstellung der beschichteten AniontensidePreparation of the coated anionic surfactants

Die beschichteten Aniontenside lassen sich nach Verfahren herstellen, die bereits für die Produktion von Waschmitteln bekannt und Gegenstand einer weiteren Patentanmeldung der Anmelderin sind. Grundsätzlich wird dabei zunächst das Aniontensidkorn durch Trocknung und gegebenenfalls Granulierung einer entsprechenden wäßrigen Lösung oder Paste hergestellt, welches dann mit einer wäßrigen Lösung der Hüllsubstanz in Kontakt gebracht wird. Dies geschieht vorzugsweise bei höheren Temperaturen, wobei sich die Hüllsubstanz auf dem Korn niederschlägt und es ganz wesentlich dabei einschließt. Verallgemeinert erfolgt die Herstellung der beschichteten Aniontenside also dergestalt, daß man zunächst eine wäßrige Lösung oder Paste des Aniontensids trocknet und auf dem sich dabei bildenden Korn aus einer wäßrigen Lösung oder Schmelze eine Hüllsubstanz niederschlägt, gegebenenfalls während das Wasser verdampft. Es ist dabei natürlich sofort klar, daß sich das Verfahren einstufig oder auch zweistufig durchführen läßt. Im letzteren Fall wird man zunächst eine entsprechende Tensidlösung oder -paste trocknen und das getrocknete Pulver, bei dem es sich dann seinerseits auch um ein konventionelles Marktprodukt handeln kann, anschließend beschichten. Im einstufigen, vorzugsweise kontinuierlichen Verfahren werden entweder die wäßrigen Tensidlösungen oder -pasten oder aber die getrockneten Tensidpulver zusammen mit den Beschichtungsmitteln eingesetzt.The coated anionic surfactants can be manufactured using processes that are already in production of detergents are known and are the subject of a further patent application by the applicant. Basically, the anionic surfactant grain is first dried and optionally granulated a corresponding aqueous solution or paste, which is then mixed with an aqueous Solution of the coating substance is brought into contact. This is preferably done at higher temperatures, whereby the coating substance is deposited on the grain and essentially encloses it. Generally speaking, the production of the coated anionic surfactants takes place in such a way that one first dries an aqueous solution or paste of the anionic surfactant and forms on it Grain precipitates a coating substance from an aqueous solution or melt, if appropriate while the water evaporates. It is of course immediately clear that the process has one stage or can be carried out in two stages. In the latter case, you first become an appropriate surfactant solution or paste and dry the dried powder, which in turn is also can trade a conventional market product, then coat. In one stage, preferably continuous processes are either the aqueous surfactant solutions or pastes or the dried surfactant powder used together with the coating agents.

Bei der Trockeneinrichtung, in die die Tensidlösungen oder -pasten eingebracht, vorzugsweise versprüht werden, kann es sich um beliebige Trockenapparaturen handeln. In einer Verfahrensführung wird die Trocknung als Sprühtrocknung in einem Trockenturm durchgeführt. Dabei werden wäßrigen Lösungen oder Pasten in bekannter Weise einem Trocknungsgasstrom in feinverteilter Form ausgesetzt. Es werden Aniontensidpulver erhalten, die dann in einem zweiten Schritt mit der erforderlichen Menge der Hüllsubstanzen in Form einer wäßrigen Lösung innig vermischt werden. Für diesen Vorgang sind Bauteile wie beispielsweise Schaufelmischer der Firma Lödige oder insbesondere Sprühmischer der Firma Schugi von Vorteil, bei denen man das Aniontensidpulver in der Mischkammer vorlegt und die wäßrigen Lösungen der Hüllstoffe aufdüst. Ferner ist es möglich, die Trocknung der Aniontensidlösungen oder -pasten und das Vermischen gleichzeitig in einem Wirbelschichttrockner durchzuführen.The drying device into which the surfactant solutions or pastes are introduced, preferably sprayed, can be any drying apparatus. In one process control, the drying is carried out as spray drying in a drying tower. Aqueous gas solutions or pastes are exposed in a known manner to a drying gas stream in finely divided form. Anionic surfactant powders are obtained, which are then intimately mixed with the required amount of coating substances in the form of an aqueous solution in a second step. For this process, components such as paddle mixers from Lödige or in particular spray mixers from Schugi are advantageous, in which the anionic surfactant powder is placed in the mixing chamber and the aqueous solutions of the coating materials are sprayed on. It is also possible to carry out the drying of the anionic surfactant solutions or pastes and the mixing simultaneously in a fluidized bed dryer.

Eine besonders bevorzugte Möglichkeit besteht dann, die wäßrigen Tensidvorprodukte einer Wirbelschichtgranulierung ( SKET"-Granulierung) zu unterwerfen. Hierunter ist eine Granulierung unter gleichzeitiger Trocknung zu verstehen, die vorzugsweise batchweise oder kontinuierlich erfolgt. Dabei können die Aniontenside sowohl in getrocknetem Zustand als auch als wäßrige Zubereitung eingesetzt werden. Die wäßrigen Lösungen oder Schmelzen der Hüllstoffe werden gleichzeitig oder aber nacheinander über eine oder mehrere Düsen in die Wirbelschicht eingebracht. Vorzugsweise wird man über eine Düse in eine mit Keimmaterial annähernd gefüllte Wirbelschicht kontinuierlich Aniontensidpulver einblasen und über eine zweite Düse die Hüllstoffe dosieren. Dies entspricht einer kontinuierlichen fest/flüssig-Herstellung, setzt jedoch voraus, daß entsprechend getrocknetes Aniontensidpulver schon vorliegt. Man kann das Verfahren auch kontinuierlich flüssig/flüssig durchführen. In diesem Fall ist jedoch darauf zu achten, daß die wäßrigen Tensidvorprodukte bei einer so hohen Temperatur eingebracht wird, daß die Tröpfchen unmittelbar nach Verlassen der Düse getrocknet werden, ohne daß sich das Tensid jedoch zersetzt. Umgekehrt müssen die Hüllstoffe, zumal die wäßrigen Lösungen, bei einer solch niedrigen Temperatur eingedüst werden, daß sie nicht unmittelbar nach Verlassen der Düse abtrocknen, sondern sich auf dem Aniontensidkorn niederschlagen können. Die dafür erforderlichen Bedingungen hängen insbesondere vom Querschnitt der Anlage ab und können vom Fachmann durch routinemäßiges Optimieren gefunden werden.A particularly preferred option is then to use the aqueous surfactant precursors in a fluidized bed granulation ( SKET "granulation). This is to be understood as granulation with simultaneous drying, which is preferably carried out batchwise or continuously. The anionic surfactants can be used both in the dried state and as an aqueous preparation. The aqueous solutions or melts of the coating materials become simultaneous or introduced one after the other into the fluidized bed via one or more nozzles. Preferably, anionic surfactant powder is continuously blown into a fluidized bed approximately filled with seed material via a nozzle and the coating materials are metered through a second nozzle. This corresponds to a continuous solid / liquid production, but sets The process can also be carried out continuously in liquid / liquid form, but in this case it must be ensured that the aqueous surfactant precursors are introduced at such a high temperature d that the droplets are dried immediately after leaving the nozzle without the surfactant decomposing. Conversely, the coating materials, especially the aqueous solutions, have to be injected at such a low temperature that they do not dry out immediately after leaving the nozzle, but can be deposited on the anionic surfactant grain. The conditions required for this depend in particular on the cross section of the system and can be found by the person skilled in the art by routine optimization.

Bevorzugt eingesetzte Wirbelschicht-Apparate besitzen Bodenplatten mit Abmessungen von 0,4 bis 5 m. Vorzugsweise wird die Granulierung bei Wirbelluftgeschwindigkeiten im Bereich von 1 bis 8 m/s durchgeführt. Der Austrag der Granulate aus der Wirbelschicht erfolgt vorzugsweise über eine Größenklassierung der Granulate. Die Klassierung kann beispielsweise mittels einer Siebvorrichtung oder durch einen entgegengeführten Luftstrom (Sichterluft) erfolgen, der so reguliert wird, daß erst Teilchen ab einer bestimmten Teilchengröße aus der Wirbelschicht entfernt und kleinere Teilchen in der Wirbelschicht zurückgehalten werden. Üblicherweise setzt sich die einströmende Luft aus der beheizten oder unbeheizten Sichterluft und der beheizten Bodenluft zusammen. Die Bodenlufttemperatur liegt dabei zwischen 80 und 400, vorzugsweise 90 und 350 °C. Vorteilhafterweise wird zu Beginn der Granulierung eine Startmasse, beispielsweise ein Aniontensidgranulat aus einem früheren Versuchsansatz, vorgelegt. In der Wirbelschicht verdampft das Wasser aus den Emulsionen bzw. Dispersionen, wobei angetrocknete bis getrocknete Keime entstehen, die mit weiteren Mengen Entschäumer umhüllt, granuliert und wiederum gleichzeitig getrocknet werden. Wie schon erläutert, kann man die wäßrigen Lösungen der Hüllsubstanzen auch zusammen mit den Tensidvorprodukten einsetzen, dies kann jedoch dazu führen, daß ein Teil der Hüllstoffe im Korn landen und die Umhüllung des Korns unvollständig ist. Dies mag in manchen Fällen durchaus für die beabsichtigte Wirkung ausreichen, es ist jedoch vorteilhafter die wäßrigen Lösungen erst gegen Ende des Trocknungsprozesses der Granulierung zuzuführen, um sicherzustellen, daß das Korn ganz wesentlich beschichtet ist. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf die Lehre der Deutschen Patentanmeldungen DE 4303211 A1 und DE 4303176 A1 verwiesen, deren Inhalt hiermit ausdrücklich eingeschlossen wird. Im Sinne der Erfindung können auch Agglomerate eingesetzt werden, die durch Zusammenbacken der Granulate entstehen.Fluidized bed apparatuses which are preferably used have base plates with dimensions of 0.4 to 5 m. The granulation is preferably carried out at fluidizing air speeds in the range from 1 to 8 m / s. The granules are preferably discharged from the fluidized bed via a size classification of the granules. The classification can take place, for example, by means of a sieve device or by means of an opposed air flow (classifier air) which is regulated in such a way that only particles of a certain particle size are removed from the fluidized bed and smaller particles are retained in the fluidized bed. The inflowing air is usually composed of the heated or unheated classifier air and the heated bottom air. The soil air temperature is between 80 and 400, preferably 90 and 350 ° C. A starting mass, for example an anionic surfactant granulate from an earlier test batch, is advantageously introduced at the start of the granulation. In the fluidized bed, the water evaporates from the emulsions or dispersions, producing dried to dried germs, which are coated with further amounts of defoamer, granulated and, in turn, dried at the same time. As already explained, the aqueous solutions of the coating substances can also be used together with the surfactant precursors, but this can lead to some of the coating materials ending up in the grain and the coating of the grain being incomplete. In some cases this may be sufficient for the intended effect, but it is more advantageous to add the aqueous solutions to the granulation only at the end of the drying process in order to ensure that the grain is coated to a very substantial extent. In this context, reference is made to the teaching of German patent applications DE 4303211 A1 and DE 4303176 A1 , the content of which is hereby expressly included. For the purposes of the invention, it is also possible to use agglomerates which result from the granules caking together.

SprengmittelExplosives

Unter dem Begriff Sprengmittel sind Stoffe zu verstehen, die den Formkörpern zugegeben werden, um deren Zerfall beim Inkontaktbringen mit Wasser zu beschleunigen. Übersichten hierzu finden sich z.B. in J.Pharm.Sci. 61 (1972) oder Römpp Chemilexikon, 9. Auflage, Band 6, S. 4440. Die Sprengmittel können im Formkörper makroskopisch betrachtet homogen verteilt vorliegen, mikroskopisch gesehen bilden sie jedoch herstellungsbedingt Zonen erhöhter Konzentration. Zu den bevorzugten Sprengmitteln gehören Polysaccharide, wie z.B. natürliche Stärke und deren Derivate (Carboxymethylstärke, Stärkeglycolate in Form ihrer Alkalisalze, Agar Agar, Guar Gum, Pektine usw.), Cellulosen und deren Derivate (Carboxymethylcellulose, mikrokristalline Cellulose), Polyvinylpyrrolidon, Kollidon, Alginsäure und deren Alkalisalze, amorphe oder auch teilweise kristalline Schichtsilicate (Bentonite), Polyurethane, Polyethylenglycole sowie gaserzeugende Systeme. Weitere Sprengmittel, die im Sinne der Erfindung zugegen sein können, sind beispielsweise den Druckschriften WO 98/40462 (Rettenmeyer), WO 98/55583 und WO 98/55590 (Unilever) und WO 98/40463, DE 19709991 und DE 19710254 (Henkel) zu entnehmen. Auf die Lehre dieser Schriften wird ausdrücklich Bezug genommen. Die Formkörper können die Sprengmittel in Mengen von 0,1 bis 25, vorzugsweise 1 bis 20 und insbesondere 5 bis 15 Gew.-% - bezogen auf die Formkörper enthalten.The term disintegrant is to be understood as meaning substances which are added to the shaped bodies in order to accelerate their disintegration when they come into contact with water. Overviews can be found, for example, in J.Pharm.Sci. 61 (1972) or Römpp Chemilexikon, 9th edition, volume 6, p. 4440. The disintegrants can be macroscopically distributed homogeneously in the molded body, but microscopically they form zones of increased concentration due to the manufacturing process. The preferred disintegrants include polysaccharides, such as, for example, natural starch and its derivatives (carboxymethyl starch, starch glycolates in the form of their alkali salts, agar agar, guar gum, pectins etc.), celluloses and their derivatives (carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidone, collidone, alginic acid and their alkali salts, amorphous or also partially crystalline layered silicates (bentonites), polyurethanes, polyethylene glycols and gas-generating systems. Further disintegrants which may be present in the sense of the invention are, for example, the publications WO 98/40462 (Rettenmeyer), WO 98/55583 and WO 98/55590 (Unilever) and WO 98/40463, DE 19709991 and DE 19710254 (Henkel) refer to. Reference is expressly made to the teaching of these writings. The moldings can contain the disintegrants in amounts of 0.1 to 25, preferably 1 to 20 and in particular 5 to 15% by weight, based on the moldings.

Herstellung der FormkörperProduction of the moldings

Die Herstellung der Formkörper erfolgt in der Regel durch Tablettierung bzw. Preßagglomerierung. Die erhaltenen teilchenförmigen Preßagglomerate können entweder direkt als Waschmittel eingesetzt oder zuvor nach üblichen Methoden nachbehandelt und/oder aufbereitet werden. Zu den üblichen Nachbehandlungen zählen beispielsweise Abpuderungen mit feinteiligen Inhaltsstoffen von Wasch- oder Reinigungsmitteln, wodurch das Schüttgewicht im allgemeinen weiter erhöht wird. Eine bevorzugte Nachbehandlung stellt jedoch auch die Verfahrensweise gemäß den deutschen Patentanmeldungen DE 19524287 A1 und DE 19547457 A1 dar, wobei staubförmige oder zumindest feinteilige Inhaltsstoffe (die sogenannten Feinanteile) an die erfindungsgemäß hergestellten teilchenförmigen Verfahrensendprodukte, welche als Kern dienen, angeklebt werden und somit Mittel entstehen, welche diese sogenannten Feinanteile als Außenhülle aufweisen. Vorteilhafterweise geschieht dies wiederum durch eine Schmelzagglomeration. Zur Schmelzagglomerierung der Feinanteile an wird ausdrücklich auf die Offenbarung in den deutschen Patentanmeldungen DE 19524287 A1 und DE 19547457 A1 verwiesen. In der bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung liegen die festen Waschmittel in Tablettenform vor, wobei diese Tabletten insbesondere aus lager- und transporttechnischen Gründen vorzugsweise abgerundete Ecken und Kanten aufweisen. Die Grundfläche dieser Tabletten kann beispielsweise kreisförmig oder rechteckig sein. Mehrschichtentabletten, insbesondere Tabletten mit 2 oder 3 Schichten, welche auch farblich verschieden sein können, sind vor allem bevorzugt. Blau-weiße oder grün-weiße oder blau-grün-weiße Tabletten sind dabei besonders bevorzugt. Die Tabletten können dabei auch gepreßte und ungepreßte Anteile enthalten. Formkörper mit besonders vorteilhafter Auflösegeschwindigkeit werden erhalten, wenn die granularen Bestandteile der beschichteten Aniontenside vor dem Verpressen einen Anteil an Teilchen, die einen Durchmesser außerhalb des Bereiches von 0,02 bis 6 mm besitzen, von weniger als 20, vorzugsweise weniger als 10 Gew.-% aufweisen. Bevorzugt ist eine Teilchengrößenverteilung im Bereich von 0,05 bis 2,0 und besonders bevorzugt von 0,2 bis 1,0 mm.The molded articles are generally produced by tableting or press agglomeration. The particulate press agglomerates obtained can either be used directly as detergents or aftertreated and / or prepared beforehand by customary methods. The usual aftertreatments include, for example, powdering with finely divided ingredients from washing or cleaning agents, which generally further increases the bulk density. However, a preferred aftertreatment is also the procedure according to German patent applications DE 19524287 A1 and DE 19547457 A1 , in which dusty or at least finely divided ingredients (the so-called fine fractions) are adhered to the particulate end products of the process, which serve as the core, and thus give rise to agents , which have these so-called fines as an outer shell. In turn, this advantageously takes place by melting agglomeration. For melt agglomeration of the fine fractions, reference is expressly made to the disclosure in German patent applications DE 19524287 A1 and DE 19547457 A1 . In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the solid detergents are in tablet form, these tablets preferably having rounded corners and edges, in particular for storage and transport reasons. The base of these tablets can be circular or rectangular, for example. Multi-layer tablets, in particular tablets with 2 or 3 layers, which can also have different colors, are particularly preferred. Blue-white or green-white or blue-green-white tablets are particularly preferred. The tablets can also contain pressed and unpressed parts. Shaped articles with a particularly advantageous dissolution rate are obtained if the granular constituents of the coated anionic surfactants, before pressing, have a proportion of particles which have a diameter outside the range from 0.02 to 6 mm of less than 20, preferably less than 10,% by weight. % exhibit. A particle size distribution in the range from 0.05 to 2.0 and particularly preferably from 0.2 to 1.0 mm is preferred.

Hilfs- und ZusatzstoffeAuxiliaries and additives

Weitere bevorzugte Inhaltsstoffe der erfindungsgemäßen Formkörper sind anorganische und organische Buildersubstanzen, wobei als anorganische Buildersubstanzen hauptsächlich Zeolithe, kristalline Schichtsilikate und amorphe Silikate mit Buildereigenschaften sowie - wo zulässig - auch Phosphate wie Tripolyphosphate zum Einsatz kommen. Die Buildersubstanzen sind vorzugsweise in den Endzubereitungen in Mengen von 10 bis 60 Gew.-% - bezogen auf die Mittel - enthalten. Sofern die Stoffe wasserlöslich sind, kommen sie gleichzeitig auch als Hüllstoffe zum Einschluß des Tensidkorns in Frage. Dies trifft beispielsweise für die im folgenden beschriebenen Silicate, Dextrine, Polyacrylate und dergleichen zu.Other preferred ingredients of the shaped bodies according to the invention are inorganic and organic Builder substances, whereby as inorganic builder substances mainly zeolites, crystalline Layered silicates and amorphous silicates with builder properties and - where permitted - also phosphates how tripolyphosphates are used. The builder substances are preferably in the final formulations in amounts of 10 to 60 wt .-% - based on the agent - included. If the substances are water soluble are, at the same time, they can also be used as envelopes for the inclusion of the surfactant grain. This applies, for example, to the silicates, dextrins, polyacrylates and the like described below to.

Der als Waschmittelbuilder häufig eingesetzte feinkristalline, synthetische und gebundenes Wasser enthaltende Zeolith ist vorzugsweise Zeolith A und/oder P. Als Zeolith P wird beispielsweise Zeolith MAP(R) (Handelsprodukt der Firma Crosfield) besonders bevorzugt. Geeignet sind jedoch auch Zeolith X sowie Mischungen aus A, X und/oder P wie auch Y. Von besonderem Interesse ist auch ein cokristallisiertes Natrium/Kalium-Aluminiumsilikat aus Zeolith A und Zeolith X, welches als VEGOBOND AX® (Handelsprodukt der Firma Condea Augusta S.p.A.) im Handel erhältlich ist. Der Zeolith kann als sprühgetrocknetes Pulver oder auch als ungetrocknete, von ihrer Herstellung noch feuchte, stabilisierte Suspension zum Einsatz kommen. Für den Fall, daß der Zeolith als Suspension eingesetzt wird, kann diese geringe Zusätze an nichtionischen Tensiden als Stabilisatoren enthalten, beispielsweise 1 bis 3 Gew.-%, bezogen auf Zeolith, an ethoxylierten C12-C18-Fettalkoholen mit 2 bis 5 Ethylenoxidgruppen, C12-C14-Fettalkoholen mit 4 bis 5 Ethylenoxidgruppen oder ethoxylierten Isotridecanolen. Geeignete Zeolithe weisen eine mittlere Teilchengröße von weniger als 10 µm (Volumenverteilung; Meßmethode: Coulter Counter) auf und enthalten vorzugsweise 18 bis 22 Gew.-%, insbesondere 20 bis 22 Gew.-% an gebundenem Wasser.The fine crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite which is frequently used as a detergent builder is preferably zeolite A and / or P. As zeolite P, for example, zeolite MAP (R) (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred. However, zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P and Y are also suitable. Of particular interest is also a cocrystallized sodium / potassium aluminum silicate made of zeolite A and zeolite X, which as VEGOBOND AX® (commercial product from Condea Augusta SpA) is commercially available. The zeolite can be used as a spray-dried powder or as an undried stabilized suspension that is still moist from its manufacture. In the event that the zeolite is used as a suspension, it may contain minor additions of nonionic surfactants as stabilizers, for example 1 to 3% by weight, based on zeolite, of ethoxylated C 12 -C 18 fatty alcohols with 2 to 5 ethylene oxide groups , C 12 -C 14 fatty alcohols with 4 to 5 ethylene oxide groups or ethoxylated isotridecanols. Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 μm (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.

Geeignete Substitute bzw. Teilsubstitute für Phosphate und Zeolithe sind kristalline, schichtförmige Natriumsilikate der allgemeinen Formel NaMSixO2x+1·yH2O, wobei M Natrium oder Wasserstoff bedeutet, x eine Zahl von 1,9 bis 4 und y eine Zahl von 0 bis 20 ist und bevorzugte Werte für x 2, 3 oder 4 sind. Derartige kristalline Schichtsilikate werden beispielsweise in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0164514 A1 beschrieben. Bevorzugte kristalline Schichtsilikate der angegebenen Formel sind solche, in denen M für Natrium steht und x die Werte 2 oder 3 annimmt. Insbesondere sind sowohl β- als auch δ-Natriumdisilikate Na2Si2O5·yH2O bevorzugt, wobei β-Natriumdisilikat beispielsweise nach dem Verfahren erhalten werden kann, das in der internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 91/08171 beschrieben ist. Weitere geeignete Schichtsilicate sind beispielsweise aus den Patentanmeldungen DE 2334899 A1, EP 0026529 A1 und DE 3526405 A1 bekannt. Ihre Verwendbarkeit ist nicht auf eine spezielle Zusammensetzung bzw. Strukturformel beschränkt. Bevorzugt sind hier jedoch Smectite, insbesondere Bentonite. Geeignete Schichtsilicate, die zur Gruppe der mit Wasser quellfähigen Smectite zählen, sind z.B. solche der allgemeinen Formeln (OH)4Si8-yAly(MgxAl4-x)O20 (OH)4Si8-yAly(Mg6-zLiz)O20 (OH)4Si8-yAly(Mg6-zAlz)O20 mit x = 0 bis 4, y = 0 bis 2, z = 0 bis 6. Zusätzlich kann in das Kristallgitter der Schichtsilicate gemäß den vorstehenden Formeln geringe Mengen an Eisen eingebaut sein. Ferner können die Schichtsilicate aufgrund ihrer ionenaustauschenden Eigenschaften Wasserstoff-, Alkali-, Erdalkaliionen, insbesondere Na+ und Ca2+ enthalten. Die Hydratwassermenge liegt meist im Bereich von 8 bis 20 Gew.-% und ist vom Quellzustand bzw. von der Art der Bearbeitung abhängig. Brauchbare Schichtsilicate sind beispielsweise aus US 3,966,629, US 4,062,647, EP 0026529 A1 und EP 0028432 A1 bekannt. Vorzugsweise werden Schichtsilicate verwendet, die aufgrund einer Alkalibehandlung weitgehend frei von Calclumionen und stark färbenden Eisenionen sind.Suitable substitutes or partial substitutes for phosphates and zeolites are crystalline, layered sodium silicates of the general formula NaMSi x O 2x + 1 .yH 2 O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x are 2, 3 or 4. Such crystalline layered silicates are described, for example, in European patent application EP 0164514 A1 . Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicate Na 2 Si 2 O 5 .yH 2 O are preferred, it being possible, for example, to obtain β-sodium disilicate by the process described in international patent application WO 91/08171 . Further suitable layered silicates are known, for example, from patent applications DE 2334899 A1, EP 0026529 A1 and DE 3526405 A1 . Their usability is not limited to a special composition or structural formula. However, smectites, in particular bentonites, are preferred here. Suitable sheet silicates, which belong to the group of water-swellable smectites, are, for example, those of the general formulas (OH) 4 Si 8-y Al y (Mg x Al 4-x ) O 20 (OH) 4 Si 8-y Al y (Mg 6-z Li z ) O 20 (OH) 4 Si 8-y Al y (Mg 6-z Al z ) O 20 with x = 0 to 4, y = 0 to 2, z = 0 to 6. In addition, small amounts of iron can be incorporated into the crystal lattice of the layered silicates according to the above formulas. Furthermore, due to their ion-exchanging properties, the layered silicates can contain hydrogen, alkali, alkaline earth ions, in particular Na + and Ca 2+ . The amount of water of hydration is usually in the range of 8 to 20% by weight and depends on the swelling condition or the type of processing. Useful layer silicates are known, for example, from US 3,966,629, US 4,062,647, EP 0026529 A1 and EP 0028432 A1 . Layer silicates are preferably used which are largely free of calcium ions and strongly coloring iron ions due to an alkali treatment.

Zu den bevorzugten Buildersubstanzen gehören auch amorphe Natriumsilikate mit einem Modul Na2O : SiO2 von 1 : 2 bis 1 : 3,3, vorzugsweise von 1 : 2 bis 1 : 2,8 und insbesondere von 1 : 2 bis 1 : 2,6, welche löseverzögert sind und Sekundärwascheigenschaften aufweisen. Die Löseverzögerung gegenüber herkömmlichen amorphen Natriumsilikaten kann dabei auf verschiedene Weise, beispielsweise durch Oberflächenbehandlung, Compoundierung, Kompaktierung/Verdichtung oder durch Übertrocknung hervorgerufen worden sein. Im Rahmen dieser Erfindung wird unter dem Begriff "amorph" auch "röntgenamorph" verstanden. Dies heißt, daß die Silikate bei Röntgenbeugungsexperimenten keine scharfen Röntgenreflexe liefern, wie sie für kristalline Substanzen typisch sind, sondern allenfalls ein oder mehrere Maxima der gestreuten Röntgenstrahlung, die eine Breite von mehreren Gradeinheiten des Beugungswinkels aufweisen. Es kann jedoch sehr wohl sogar zu besonders guten Buildereigenschaften führen, wenn die Silikatpartikel bei Elektronenbeugungsexperimenten verwaschene oder sogar scharfe Beugungsmaxima liefern. Dies ist so zu interpretieren, daß die Produkte mikrokristalline Bereiche der Größe 10 bis einige Hundert nm aufweisen, wobei Werte bis max. 50 nm und insbesondere bis max. 20 nm bevorzugt sind. Derartige sogenannte röntgenamorphe Silikate, welche ebenfalls eine Löseverzögerung gegenüber den herkömmlichen Wassergläsern aufweisen, werden beispielsweise in der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 4400024 A1 beschrieben. Insbesondere bevorzugt sind verdichtete/kompaktierte amorphe Silikate, compoundierte amorphe Silikate und übertrocknete röntgenamorphe Silikate. The preferred builder substances also include amorphous sodium silicates with a modulus Na 2 O: SiO 2 from 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2, 6, which are delayed release and have secondary washing properties. The delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”. This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates, which also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses, are described, for example, in German patent application DE 4400024 A1 . Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.

Selbstverständlich ist auch ein Einsatz der allgemein bekannten Phosphate als Buildersubstanzen möglich, sofern ein derartiger Einsatz nicht aus ökologischen Gründen vermieden werden sollte. Geeignet sind insbesondere die Natriumsalze der Orthophosphate, der Pyrophosphate und insbesondere der Tripolyphosphate. Ihr Gehalt beträgt im allgemeinen nicht mehr als 25 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 20 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf das fertige Mittel. In einigen Fällen hat es sich gezeigt, daß insbesondere Tripolyphosphate schon in geringen Mengen bis maximal 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das fertige Mittel, in Kombination mit anderen Buildersubstanzen zu einer synergistischen Verbesserung des Sekundärwaschvermögens führen.Of course, it is also possible to use the generally known phosphates as builders, provided that such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons. The sodium salts of orthophosphates, pyrophosphates and in particular tripolyphosphates are particularly suitable. Their content is generally not more than 25% by weight, preferably not more than 20% by weight, in each case based on the finished composition. In some cases, it has been shown that tripolyphosphates in particular, even in small amounts up to a maximum of 10% by weight, based on the finished agent, in combination with other builder substances lead to a synergistic improvement in the secondary washing ability.

Brauchbare organische Gerüstsubstanzen sind beispielsweise die in Form ihrer Natriumsalze einsetzbaren Polycarbonsäuren, wie Citronensäure, Adipinsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Glutarsäure, Weinsäure, Zuckersäuren, Aminocarbonsäuren, Nitrilotriessigsäure (NTA), sofern ein derartiger Einsatz aus ökologischen Gründen nicht zu beanstanden ist, sowie Mischungen aus diesen. Bevorzugte Salze sind die Salze der Polycarbonsäuren wie Citronensäure, Adipinsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Glutarsäure, Weinsäure, Zuckersäuren und Mischungen aus diesen. Auch die Säuren an sich können eingesetzt werden. Die Säuren besitzen neben ihrer Builderwirkung typischerweise auch die Eigenschaft einer Säuerungskomponente und dienen somit auch zur Einstellung eines niedrigeren und milderen pH-Wertes von Wasch- oder Reinigungsmitteln. Insbesondere sind hierbei Citronensäure, Bernsteinsäure, Glutarsäure, Adipinsäure, Gluconsäure und beliebige Mischungen aus diesen zu nennen.Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids that can be used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these. The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder action, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH value of detergents or cleaning agents. Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.

Weitere geeignete organische Buildersubstanzen sind Dextrine, beispielsweise Oligomere bzw. Polymere von Kohlenhydraten, die durch partielle Hydrolyse von Stärken erhalten werden können. Die Hydrolyse kann nach üblichen, beispielsweise säure- oder enzymkatalysierten Verfahren durchgeführt werden. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich um Hydrolyseprodukte mit mittleren Molmassen im Bereich von 400 bis 500 000. Dabei ist ein Polysaccharid mit einem Dextrose-Äquivalent (DE) im Bereich von 0,5 bis 40, insbesondere von 2 bis 30 bevorzugt, wobei DE ein gebräuchliches Maß für die reduzierende Wirkung eines Polysaccharids im Vergleich zu Dextrose, welche ein DE von 100 besitzt, ist. Brauchbar sind sowohl Maltodextrine mit einem DE zwischen 3 und 20 und Trockenglucosesirupe mit einem DE zwischen 20 und 37 als auch sogenannte Gelbdextrine und Weißdextrine mit höheren Molmassen im Bereich von 2 000 bis 30 000. Ein bevorzugtes Dextrin ist in der britischen Patentanmeldung GB 9419091 A1 beschrieben. Bei den oxidierten Derivaten derartiger Dextrine handelt es sich um deren Umsetzungsprodukte mit Oxidationsmitteln, welche in der Lage sind, mindestens eine Alkoholfunktion des Sacchandrings zur Carbonsäurefunktion zu oxidieren. Derartige oxidierte Dextrine und Verfahren ihrer Herstellung sind beispielsweise aus den europäischen Patentanmeldungen EP 0232202 A1, EP 0427349 A1, EP 0472042 A1 und EP 0542496 A1 sowie den internationalen Patentanmeldungen WO 92/18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94/28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95112619 und WO 95/20608 bekannt. Ebenfalls geeignet ist ein oxidiertes Oligosaccharid gemäß der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19600018 A1. Ein an C6 des Saccharidrings oxidiertes Produkt kann besonders vorteilhaft sein.Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins , for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary processes, for example acid-catalyzed or enzyme-catalyzed. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molecular weights in the range from 400 to 500,000. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure for the reducing effect of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose syrups with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2,000 to 30,000 can be used. A preferred dextrin is described in British patent application GB 9419091 A1 . The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. Such oxidized dextrins and processes for their preparation are known, for example, from European patent applications EP 0232202 A1, EP 0427349 A1, EP 0472042 A1 and EP 0542496 A1 as well as from international patent applications WO 92/18542, WO 93/08251, WO 93/16110, WO 94 / 28030, WO 95/07303, WO 95112619 and WO 95/20608 are known. An oxidized oligosaccharide according to German patent application DE 19600018 A1 is also suitable. A product oxidized at C 6 of the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Weitere geeignete Cobuilder sind Oxydisuccinate und andere Derivate von Disuccinaten, vorzugsweise Ethylendiamindisuccinat. Besonders bevorzugt sind in diesem Zusammenhang auch Glycerindisuccinate und Glycerintrisuccinate, wie sie beispielsweise in den US-amerikanischen Patentschriften US 4,524,009, US 4,639,325, in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0150930 A1 und der japanischen Patentanmeldung JP 93/339896 beschrieben werden. Geeignete Einsatzmengen liegen in zeolithhaltigen und/oder silikathaltigen Formulierungen bei 3 bis 15 Gew.-%.Other suitable cobuilders are oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediamine disuccinate . Also particularly preferred in this context are glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates , as described, for example, in US Pat. Nos . 4,524,009, 4,639,325 , in European patent application EP 0150930 A1 and in Japanese patent application JP 93/339896 . Suitable amounts used in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are 3 to 15% by weight.

Weitere brauchbare organische Cobuilder sind beispielsweise acetylierte Hydroxycarbonsäuren bzw. deren Salze, welche gegebenenfalls auch in Lactonform vorliegen können und welche mindestens 4 Kohlenstoffatome und mindestens eine Hydroxygruppe sowie maximal zwei Säuregruppen enthalten. Derartige Cobuilder werden beispielsweise in der internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 95/20029 beschrieben.Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups. Such cobuilders are described, for example, in international patent application WO 95/20029 .

Geeignete polymere Polycarboxylate sind beispielsweise die Natriumsalze der Polyacrylsäure oder der Polymethacrylsäure, beispielsweise solche mit einer relativen Molekülmasse von 800 bis 150 000 (auf Säure bezogen und jeweils gemessen gegen Polystyrolsulfonsäure). Geeignete copolymere Polycarboxylate sind insbesondere solche der Acrylsäure mit Methacrylsäure und der Acrylsäure oder Methacrylsäure mit Maleinsäure. Als besonders geeignet haben sich Copolymere der Acrylsäure mit Maleinsäure erwiesen, die 50 bis 90 Gew.-% Acrylsäure und 50 bis 10 Gew.-% Maleinsäure enthalten. Ihre relative Molekülmasse, bezogen auf freie Säuren, beträgt im allgemeinen 5 000 bis 200 000, vorzugsweise 10 000 bis 120 000 und insbesondere 50 000 bis 100 000 (jeweils gemessen gegen Polystyrolsulfonsäure). Die (co-)polymeren Polycarboxylate können entweder als Pulver oder als wäßrige Lösung eingesetzt werden, wobei 20 bis 55 Gew.-%ige wäßrige Lösungen bevorzugt sind. Granulare Polymere werden zumeist nachträglich zu einem oder mehreren Basisgranulaten zugemischt. Insbesondere bevorzugt sind auch biologisch abbaubare Polymere aus mehr als zwei verschiedenen Monomereinheiten, beispielsweise solche, die gemäß der DE 4300772 A1 als Monomere Salze der Acrylsäure und der Maleinsäure sowie Vinylalkohol bzw. Vinylalkohol-Derivate oder gemäß der DE 4221381 C2 als Monomere Salze der Acrylsäure und der 2-Alkylallylsulfonsäure sowie Zucker-Derivate enthalten. Weitere bevorzugte Copolymere sind solche, die in den deutschen Patentanmeldungen DE 4303320 A1 und DE 4417734 A1 beschrieben werden und als Monomere vorzugsweise Acrolein und Acrylsäure/Acrylsäuresalze bzw. Acrolein und Vinylacetat aufweisen. Ebenso sind als weitere bevorzugte Buildersubstanzen polymere Aminodicarbonsäuren, deren Salze oder deren Vorläufersubstanzen zu nennen. Besonders bevorzugt sind Polyasparaginsäuren bzw. deren Salze und Derivate. Suitable polymeric polycarboxylates are, for example, the sodium salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 800 to 150,000 (based on acid and measured in each case against polystyrene sulfonic acid). Suitable copolymeric polycarboxylates are, in particular, those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 5,000 to 200,000, preferably 10,000 to 120,000 and in particular 50,000 to 100,000 (measured in each case against polystyrene sulfonic acid). The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution, with 20 to 55% by weight aqueous solutions being preferred. Granular polymers are usually subsequently mixed into one or more basic granules. Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which, according to DE 4300772 A1, as salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives or as DE 4221381 C2 as monomer salts of acrylic acid and the 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives. Further preferred copolymers are those which are described in German patent applications DE 4303320 A1 and DE 4417734 A1 and which preferably have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers. Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred.

Weitere geeignete Buildersubstanzen sind Polyacetale, welche durch Umsetzung von Dialdehyden mit Polyolcarbonsäuren, welche 5 bis 7 C-Atome und mindestens 3 Hydroxylgruppen aufweisen, beispielsweise wie in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0280223 A1 beschrieben, erhalten werden können. Bevorzugte Polyacetale werden aus Dialdehyden wie Glyoxal, Glutaraldehyd, Terephthalaldehyd sowie deren Gemischen und aus Polyolcarbonsäuren wie Gluconsäure und/oder Glucoheptonsäure erhalten.Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals , which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups, for example as described in European patent application EP 0280223 A1 . Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Zusätzlich können die Mittel auch Komponenten enthalten, welche die Öl- und Fett-Auswaschbarkeit aus Textilien positiv beeinflussen. Zu den bevorzugten öl- und fettlösenden Komponenten zählen beispielsweise nichtionische Celluloseether wie Methylcellulose und Methylhydroxypropylcellulose mit einem Anteil an Methoxyl-Gruppen von 15 bis 30 Gew.-% und an Hydroxypropoxyl-Gruppen von 1 bis 15 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf den nichtionischen Celluloseether, sowie die aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Polymere der Phthalsäure und/oder der Terephthalsäure bzw. von deren Derivaten, insbesondere Polymere aus Ethylenterephthalaten und/oder Polyethylenglykolterephthalaten oder anionisch und/oder nichtionisch modifizierten Derivaten von diesen. Besonders bevorzugt von diesen sind die sulfonierten Derivate der Phthalsäure- und der Terephthalsäure-Polymere.In addition, the agents can also contain components that make the oil and fat washable made of textiles. The preferred oil and fat dissolving components include, for example nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose a proportion of methoxyl groups from 15 to 30 wt .-% and of hydroxypropoxyl groups from 1 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the nonionic cellulose ether, and those from the prior art Polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known in the art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionic and / or nonionically modified derivatives of these. Of these are particularly preferred the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers.

Weitere geeignete Inhaltsstoffe der Mittel sind wasselösliche anorganische Salze wie Bicarbonate, Carbonate, amorphe Silikate, normale Wassergläser, welche keine herausragenden Buildereigenschaften aufweisen, oder Mischungen aus diesen; insbesondere werden Alkalicarbonat und/oder amorphes Alkalisilikat, vor allem Natriumsilikat mit einem molaren Verhältnis Na2O : SiO2 von 1 : 1 bis 1 : 4,5, vorzugsweise von 1 : 2 bis 1 : 3,5, eingesetzt. Der Gehalt an Natriumcarbonat in den endzubereitungen beträgt dabei vorzugsweise bis zu 40 Gew.-%, vorteilhafterweise zwischen 2 und 35 Gew.-%. Der Gehalt der Mittel an Natriumsilikat (ohne besondere Buildereigenschaften) beträgt im allgemeinen bis zu 10 Gew.-% und vorzugsweise zwischen 1 und 8 Gew.-%.Other suitable ingredients of the agents are water-soluble inorganic salts such as bicarbonates, carbonates, amorphous silicates, normal water glasses, which have no outstanding builder properties, or mixtures of these; in particular, alkali carbonate and / or amorphous alkali silicate, especially sodium silicate with a molar ratio Na 2 O: SiO 2 of 1: 1 to 1: 4.5, preferably of 1: 2 to 1: 3.5, are used. The content of sodium carbonate in the final preparations is preferably up to 40% by weight, advantageously between 2 and 35% by weight. The content of sodium silicate in the agents (without special builder properties) is generally up to 10% by weight and preferably between 1 and 8% by weight.

Außer den genannten Inhaltsstoffen können die Mittel weitere bekannte, in Wasch-, Spül- und Reinigungsmitteln üblicherweise eingesetzte Zusatzstoffe, beispielsweise Salze von Polyphosphonsäuren, optische Aufheller, Enzyme, Enzymstabilisatoren, geringe Mengen an neutralen Füllsalzen sowie Farb- und Duftstoffe, Trübungsmittel oder Perglanzmittel enthalten.In addition to the ingredients mentioned, the agents can be other known detergents, dishwashing detergents and cleaning agents commonly used additives, for example salts of polyphosphonic acids, optical brighteners, enzymes, enzyme stabilizers, small amounts of neutral filling salts as well as color and Contain fragrances, opacifiers or pearlescent agents.

Unter den als Bleichmittel dienenden, in Wasser H2O2 liefernden Verbindungen haben das Natriumperborattetrahydrat und das Natriumperboratmonohydrat besondere Bedeutung. Weitere brauchbare Bleichmittel sind beispielsweise Natriumpercarbonat, Peroxypyrophosphate, Citratperhydrate sowie H2O2 liefernde persaure Salze oder Persäuren, wie Perbenzoate, Peroxophthalate, Diperazelainsäure, Phthaloiminopersäure oder Diperdodecandisäure. Der Gehalt der Mittel an Bleichmitteln beträgt vorzugsweise 5 bis 35 Gew.-% und insbesondere bis 30 Gew.-%, wobei vorteilhafterweise Perboratmonohydrat oder Percarbonat eingesetzt wird.Among the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and supply H 2 O 2 in water, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance. Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H 2 O 2 -producing peracid salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid. The bleaching agent content of the agents is preferably 5 to 35% by weight and in particular up to 30% by weight, advantageously using perborate monohydrate or percarbonate.

Als Bleichaktivatoren können Verbindungen, die unter Perhydrolysebedingungen aliphatische Peroxocarbonsäuren mit vorzugsweise 1 bis 10 C-Atomen, insbesondere 2 bis 4 C-Atomen, und/oder gegebenenfalls substituierte Perbenzoesäure ergeben, eingesetzt werden. Geeignet sind Substanzen, die O- und/oder N-Acylgruppen der genannten C-Atomzahl und/oder gegebenenfalls substituierte Benzoylgruppen tragen. Bevorzugt sind mehrfach acylierte Alkylendiamine, insbesondere Tetraacetylethylendiamin (TAED), acylierte Triazinderivate, insbesondere 1,5-Diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazin (DADHT), acylierte Glykolurile, insbesondere Tetraacetylglykoluril (TAGU), N-Acylimide, insbesondere N-Nonanoylsuccinimid (NOSI), acylierte Phenolsulfonate, insbesondere n-Nonanoyl- oder Isononanoyloxybenzolsulfonat (n- bzw. iso-NOBS), Carbonsäureanhydride, insbesondere Phthalsäureanhydrid, acylierte mehrwertige Alkohole, insbesondere Triacetin, Ethylenglykoldiacetat, 2,5-Diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran und die aus den deutschen Patentanmeldungen DE 19616693 A1 und DE 19616767 A1 bekannten Enolester sowie acetyliertes Sorbitol und Mannitol beziehungsweise deren in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0525239 A1 beschnebene Mischungen (SORMAN), acylierte Zuckerderivate, insbesondere Pentaacetylglukose (PAG), Pentaacetylfruktose, Tetraacetylxylose und Octaacetyllactose sowie acetyliertes, gegebenenfalls N-alkyliertes Glucamin und Gluconolacton, und/oder N-acylierte Lactame, beispielsweise N-Benzoylcaprolactam, die aus den internationalen Patentanmeldungen WO 94/27970, WO 94/28102, WO 94/28103, WO 95/00626, WO 95/14759 und WO 95/17498 bekannt sind. Die aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19616769 A1 bekannten hydrophil substituierten Acylacetale und die in der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 196 16 770 sowie der internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 95/14075 beschriebenen Acyllactame werden ebenfalls bevorzugt eingesetzt. Auch die aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 4443177 A1 bekannten Kombinationen konventioneller Bleichaktivatoren können eingesetzt werden. Derartige Bleichaktivatoren sind im üblichen Mengenbereich, vorzugsweise in Mengen von 1 Gew.-% bis 10 Gew.-%, insbesondere 2 Gew.-% bis 8 Gew.-%, bezogen auf gesamtes Mittel, enthalten. Zusätzlich zu den oben aufgeführten konventionellen Bleichaktivatoren oder an deren Stelle können auch die aus den europäischen Patentschriften EP 0446982 B1 und EP 0453 003 B1 bekannten Sulfonimine und/oder bleichverstärkende Übergangsmetallsalze beziehungsweise Übergangsmetallkomplexe als sogenannte Bleichkatalysatoren enthalten sein. Zu den in Frage kommenden Übergangsmetallverbindungen gehören insbesondere die aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19529905 A1 bekannten Mangan-, Eisen-, Kobalt-, Ruthenium- oder Molybdän-Salenkomplexe und deren aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19620267 A1 bekannte N-Analogverbindungen, die aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19536082 A1 bekannten Mangan-, Eisen-, Kobalt-, Ruthenium- oder Molybdän-Carbonylkomplexe, die in der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 196 05 688 beschriebenen Mangan-, Eisen-, Kobalt-, Ruthenium-, Molybdän-, Titan-, Vanadium- und Kupfer-Komplexe mit stickstoffhaltigen Tripod-Liganden, die aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19620411 A1 bekannten Kobalt-, Eisen-, Kupfer- und Ruthenium-Aminkomplexe, die in der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 4416438 A1 beschriebenen Mangan-, Kupfer- und Kobalt-Komplexe, die in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0272030 A1 beschriebenen Kobalt-Komplexe, die aus der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0693550 A1 bekannten Mangan-Komplexe, die aus der europäischen Patentschrift EP 0392592 A1 bekannten Mangan-, Eisen-, Kobalt- und Kupfer-Komplexe und/oder die in der europäischen Patentschrift EP 0443651 B1 oder den europäischen Patentanmeldungen EP 0458397 A1, EP 0458398 A1, EP 0549271 A1, EP 0549272 A1, EP 0544490 A1 und EP 0544519 A1 beschriebenen Mangan-Komplexe. Kombinationen aus Bleichaktivatoren und Übergangsmetall-Bleichkatalysatoren sind beispielsweise aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung DE 19613103 A1 und der internationalen Patentanmeldung WO 95/27775 bekannt. Bleichverstärkende Übergangsmetallkomplexe, insbesondere mit den Zentralatomen Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti und/oder Ru, werden in üblichen Mengen, vorzugsweise in einer Menge bis zu 1 Gew.-%, insbesondere von 0,0025 Gew.-% bis 0,25 Gew.-% und besonders bevorzugt von 0,01 Gew.-% bis 0,1 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf gesamtes Mittel, eingesetzt. Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Multi-acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, in particular phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, in particular triacetyloxy, 2,5-acetiacetyl, ethylene glycol 2,5-dihydrofuran and the enol esters known from German patent applications DE 19616693 A1 and DE 19616767 A1, as well as acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or their mixtures (SORMAN), which are snow-covered in European patent application EP 0525239 A1 , acylated sugar derivatives, in particular pentaacetylglucose (PAG), pentaacetylfructose , Tetraacetylxylose and Octaacetyllactose as well as acetylated, optionally N-alkyli first glucamine and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated lactams, for example N-benzoylcaprolactam, which are known from international patent applications WO 94/27970 , WO 94/28102 , WO 94/28103 , WO 95/00626 , WO 95/14759 and WO 95 / 17498 are known. The hydrophilically substituted acylacetals known from German patent application DE 19616769 A1 and the acyl lactams described in German patent application DE 196 16 770 and international patent application WO 95/14075 are also preferably used. The combinations of conventional bleach activators known from German patent application DE 4443177 A1 can also be used. Bleach activators of this type are present in the customary quantitative range, preferably in amounts of 1% by weight to 10% by weight, in particular 2% by weight to 8% by weight, based on the total agent. In addition to the conventional bleach activators listed above or in their place, the sulfonimines and / or bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes known from European patents EP 0446982 B1 and EP 0453 003 B1 can also be present as so-called bleaching catalysts. The transition metal compounds in question include in particular the manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium or molybdenum-salt complexes known from German patent application DE 19529905 A1 and their N-analog compounds known from German patent application DE 19620267 A1 , which are known from German Patent application DE 19536082 A1 known manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium or molybdenum carbonyl complexes, the manganese, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium described in German patent application DE 196 05 688 - and copper complexes with nitrogen-containing tripod ligands known from the German patent application DE 19620411 A1 cobalt, iron, copper and ruthenium-ammine complexes, the manganese described in the German patent application DE 4416438 A1, copper and cobalt complexes, the cobalt complexes described in European patent application EP 0272030 A1, which are known from the European patent application EP 0693550 A1 manganese Complexes, the manganese, iron, cobalt and copper complexes known from European patent EP 0392592 A1 and / or those described in European patent EP 0443651 B1 or European patent applications EP 0458397 A1 , EP 0458398 A1 , EP 0549271 A1 , Manganese complexes described in EP 0549272 A1 , EP 0544490 A1 and EP 0544519 A1 . Combinations of bleach activators and transition metal bleach catalysts are known, for example, from German patent application DE 19613103 A1 and international patent application WO 95/27775 . Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes, in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, are used in customary amounts, preferably in an amount of up to 1% by weight, in particular 0.0025% by weight. % to 0.25% by weight and particularly preferably from 0.01% by weight to 0.1% by weight, in each case based on the total agent.

Als Enzyme kommen insbesondere solche aus der Klasse der Hydrolasen, wie der Proteasen, Esterasen, Lipasen bzw. lipolytisch wirkenden Enzyme, Amylasen, Cellulasen bzw. andere Glykosylhydrolasen und Gemische der genannten Enzyme in Frage. Alle diese Hydrolasen tragen in der Wäsche zur Entfernung von Verfleckungen, wie protein-, fett- oder stärkehaltigen Verfleckungen, und Vergrauungen bei. Cellulasen und andere Glykosylhydrolasen können durch das Entfernen von Pilling und Mikrofibrillen zur Farberhaltung und zur Erhöhung der Weichheit des Textils beitragen. Zur Bleiche bzw. zur Hemmung der Farbübertragung können auch Oxidoreduktasen eingesetzt werden. Besonders gut geeignet sind aus Bakterienstämmen oder Pilzen, wie Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces griseus und Humicola insolens gewonnene enzymatische Wirkstoffe. Vorzugsweise werden Proteasen vom Subtilisin-Typ und insbesondere Proteasen, die aus Bacillus lentus gewonnen werden, eingesetzt. Dabei sind Enzymmischungen, beispielsweise aus Protease und Amylase oder Protease und Lipase bzw. lipolytisch wirkenden Enzymen oder Protease und Cellulase oder aus Cellulase und Lipase bzw. lipolytisch wirkenden Enzymen oder aus Protease, Amylase und Lipase bzw. lipolytisch wirkenden Enzymen oder Protease, Lipase bzw. lipolytisch wirkenden Enzymen und Cellulase, insbesondere jedoch Protease- und/oder Lipase-haltige Mischungen bzw. Mischungen mit lipolytisch wirkenden Enzymen von besonderem Interesse. Beispiele für derartige lipolytisch wirkende Enzyme sind die bekannten Cutinasen. Auch Peroxidasen oder Oxidasen haben sich in einigen Fällen als geeignet erwiesen. Zu den geeigneten Amylasen zählen insbesondere α-Amylasen, Iso-Amylasen, Pullulanasen und Pektinasen. Als Cellulasen werden vorzugsweise Cellobiohydrolasen, Endoglucanasen und β-Glucosidasen, die auch Cellobiasen genannt werden, bzw. Mischungen aus diesen eingesetzt. Da sich die verschiedenen Cellulase-Typen durch ihre CMCase- und Avicelase-Aktivitäten unterscheiden, können durch gezielte Mischungen der Cellulasen die gewünschten Aktivitäten eingestellt werden. Particularly suitable enzymes are those from the class of hydrolases, such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases contribute to the removal of stains, such as stains containing protein, fat or starch, and graying in the laundry. By removing pilling and microfibrils, cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can help maintain color and increase the softness of the textile. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching or for inhibiting color transfer. Enzymes obtained from bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces griseus and Humicola insolens are particularly suitable. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from Bacillus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example, from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytic enzymes and cellulase, but especially protease- and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytic enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular α-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and β-glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Since the different cellulase types differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.

Die Enzyme können an Trägerstoffen adsorbiert und/oder in Hüllsubstanzen eingebettet sein, um sie gegen vorzeitige Zersetzung zu schützen. Der Anteil der Enzyme, Enzymmischungen oder Enzymgranulate kann beispielsweise etwa 0,1 bis 5 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,1 bis etwa 2 Gew.-% betragen.The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers and / or embedded in coating substances around them protect against premature decomposition. The percentage of enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.1 to about 2% by weight.

Zusätzlich zu den mono- und polyfunktionellen Alkoholen können die Mittel weitere Enzymstabilisatoren enthalten. Beispielsweise können 0,5 bis 1 Gew.-% Natriumformiat eingesetzt werden. Möglich ist auch der Einsatz von Proteasen, die mit löslichen Calciumsalzen und einem Calciumgehalt von vorzugsweise etwa 1,2 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Enzym, stabilisiert sind. Außer Calciumsalzen dienen auch Magnesiumsalze als Stabilisatoren. Besonders vorteilhaft ist jedoch der Einsatz von Borverbindungen, beispielsweise von Borsäure, Boroxid, Borax und anderen Alkalimetallboraten wie den Salzen der Orthoborsäure (H3BO3), der Metaborsäure (HBO2) und der Pyroborsäure (Tetraborsäure H2B4O7). Vergrauungsinhibitoren haben die Aufgabe, den von der Faser abgelösten Schmutz in der Flotte suspendiert zu halten und so das Wiederaufziehen des Schmutzes zu verhindern. Hierzu sind wasserlösliche Kolloide meist organischer Natur geeignet, beispielsweise die wasserlöslichen Salze polymerer Carbonsäuren, Leim, Gelatine, Salze von Ethercarbonsäuren oder Ethersulfonsäuren der Stärke oder der Cellulose oder Salze von sauren Schwefelsäureestern der Cellulose oder der Stärke. Auch wasserlösliche, saure Gruppen enthaltende Polyamide sind für diesen Zweck geeignet. Weiterhin lassen sich lösliche Stärkepräparate und andere als die obengenannten Stärkeprodukte verwenden, z.B. abgebaute Stärke, Aldehydstärken usw.. Auch Polyvinylpyrrolidon ist brauchbar. Bevorzugt werden jedoch Celluloseether, wie Carboxymethylcellulose (Na-Salz), Methylcellulose, Hydroxyalkylcellulose und Mischether, wie Methylhydroxyethylcellulose, Methylhydroxypropylcellulose, Methylcarboxymethylcellulose und deren Gemische, sowie Polyvinylpyrrolidon beispielsweise in Mengen von 0,1 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Mittel, eingesetzt.In addition to the mono- and polyfunctional alcohols, the agents can contain further enzyme stabilizers . For example, 0.5 to 1% by weight sodium formate can be used. It is also possible to use proteases which are stabilized with soluble calcium salts and a calcium content of preferably about 1.2% by weight, based on the enzyme. In addition to calcium salts, magnesium salts also serve as stabilizers. However, the use of boron compounds, for example boric acid, boron oxide, borax and other alkali metal borates such as the salts of orthoboric acid (H 3 BO 3 ), metaboric acid (HBO 2 ) and pyrobic acid (tetraboric acid H 2 B 4 O 7 ), is particularly advantageous. Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether carboxylic acids or ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, for example degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. However, cellulose ethers, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers, such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof, and polyvinylpyrrolidone, for example in amounts of 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the detergent, are preferred used.

Die Mittel können als optische Aufheller Derivate der Diaminostilbendisulfonsäure bzw. deren Alkalimetallsalze enthalten. Geeignet sind z.B. Salze der 4,4'-Bis(2-anilino-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazinyl-6-amino)stilben-2,2'-disulfonsäure oder gleichartig aufgebaute Verbindungen, die anstelle der Morpholino-Gruppe eine Diethanolaminogruppe, eine Methylaminogruppe, eine Anilinogruppe oder eine 2-Methoxyethylaminogruppe tragen. Weiterhin können Aufheller vom Typ der substituierten Diphenylstyryle anwesend sein, z.B. die Alkalisalze des 4,4'-Bis(2-sulfostyryl)-diphenyls, 4,4'-Bis(4-chlor-3-sulfostyryl)-diphenyls, oder 4-(4-Chlorstyryl)-4'-(2-sulfostyryl)-diphenyls. Auch Gemische der vorgenannten Aufheller können verwendet werden. Einheitlich weiße Granulate werden erhalten, wenn die Mittel außer den üblichen Aufhellem in üblichen Mengen, beispielsweise zwischen 0,1 und 0,5 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise zwischen 0,1 und 0,3 Gew.-%, auch geringe Mengen, beispielsweise 10-6 bis 10-3 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise um 10-5 Gew.-%, eines blauen Farbstoffs enthalten. Ein besonders bevorzugter Farbstoff ist Tinolux® (Handelsprodukt der Ciba-Geigy). As optical brighteners, the agents can contain derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid or its alkali metal salts. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis (2-anilino-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazinyl-6-amino) stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of similar structure which instead of the morpholino- Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. Brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may also be present, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used. Uniformly white granules are obtained if, in addition to the usual brighteners, the agents are present in customary amounts, for example between 0.1 and 0.5% by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight, and also in small amounts, for example Contain 10 -6 to 10 -3 wt .-%, preferably by 10 -5 wt .-%, of a blue dye. A particularly preferred dye is Tinolux® (commercial product from Ciba-Geigy).

Als schmutzabweisende Polymere ( soil repellants") kommen solche Stoffe in Frage, die vorzugsweise Ethylenterephthalat- und/oder Polyethylenglycolterephthalatgruppen enthalten, wobei das Molverhältnis Ethylenterephthalat zu Polyethylenglycolterephthalat im Bereich von 50 : 50 bis 90 : 10 liegen kann. Das Molekulargewicht der verknüpfenden Polyethylenglycoleinheiten liegt insbesondere im Bereich von 750 bis 5000, d.h., der Ethoxylierungsgrad der Polyethylenglycolgruppenhaltigen Polymere kann ca. 15 bis 100 betragen. Die Polymeren zeichnen sich durch ein durchschnittliches Molekulargewicht von etwa 5000 bis 200.000 aus und können eine Block-, vorzugsweise aber eine Random-Struktur aufweisen. Bevorzugte Polymere sind solche mit Molverhältnissen Ethylenterephthalat/Polyethylenglycolterephthalat von etwa 65 : 35 bis etwa 90 : 10, vorzugsweise von etwa 70 : 30 bis 80 : 20. Weiterhin bevorzugt sind solche Polymeren, die verknüpfende Polyethylenglycoleinheiten mit einem Molekulargewicht von 750 bis 5000, vorzugsweise von 1000 bis etwa 3000 und ein Molekulargewicht des Polymeren von etwa 10.000 bis etwa 50.000 aufweisen. Beispiele für handelsübliche Polymere sind die Produkte Milease® T (ICI) oder Repelotex® SRP 3 (Rhône-Poulenc).As dirt-repellent polymers ( Soil repellants ") are those substances which preferably contain ethylene terephthalate and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalate groups, the molar ratio of ethylene terephthalate to polyethylene glycol terephthalate being in the range from 50:50 to 90:10 . The molecular weight of the linking polyethylene glycol units is in particular in the range of 750 to 5000, ie the degree of ethoxylation of the polymers containing polyethylene glycol groups can be approximately 15 to 100. The polymers are characterized by an average molecular weight of approximately 5000 to 200,000 and can have a block, but preferably a random structure with molar ratios of ethylene terephthalate / polyethylene glycol terephthalate from about 65:35 to about 90:10, preferably from about 70:30 to 80:20. Also preferred are those polymers which have linking polyethylene glycol units with a molecular weight of 750 to 5000, preferably of 1000 to about 3000 and a molecular weight of the polymer from about 10,000 to about 50,000. Examples of commercially available polymers are the products Milease® T (ICI) or Repelotex® SRP 3 (Rhône-Poulenc).

Als Entschäumer können wachsartige Verbindungen eingesetzt werden. Als wachsartig" werden solche Verbindungen verstanden, die einen Schmelzpunkt bei Atmosphärendruck über 25 °C (Raumtemperatur), vorzugsweise über 50 °C und insbesondere über 70 °C aufweisen. Die wachsartigen Entschäumersubstanzen sind in Wasser praktisch nicht löslich, d.h. bei 20 °C weisen sie in 100 g Wasser eine Löslichkeit unter 0,1 Gew.-% auf. Prinzipiell können alle aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten wachsartigen Entschäumersubstanzen enthalten sein. Geeignete wachsartige Verbindungen sind beispielsweise Bisamide, Fettalkohole, Fettsäuren, Carbonsäureester von ein- und mehrwertigen Alkoholen sowie Paraffinwachse oder Mischungen derselben. Alternativ können natürlich auch die für diesen Zweck bekannten Silikonverbindungen eingesetzt werden.Wax-like compounds can be used as defoamers . As "Waxy" are understood to mean those compounds which have a melting point at atmospheric pressure above 25 ° C. (room temperature), preferably above 50 ° C. and in particular above 70 ° C. The wax-like defoamer substances are practically insoluble in water, ie at 20 ° C. a solubility of less than 0.1% by weight in 100 g of water. In principle, all wax-like defoamer substances known from the prior art can be present. Suitable wax-like compounds are, for example, bisamides, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, carboxylic acid esters of mono- and polyhydric alcohols and paraffin waxes or mixtures thereof, or alternatively the silicone compounds known for this purpose can of course also be used.

Geeignete Paraffinwachse stellen im allgemeinen ein komplexes Stoffgemisch ohne scharfen Schmelzpunkt dar. Zur Charakterisierung bestimmt man üblicherweise seinen Schmelzbereich durch Differential-Thermo-Analyse (DTA), wie in "The Analyst" 87 (1962), 420, beschrieben, und/oder seinen Erstarrungspunkt. Darunter versteht man die Temperatur, bei der das Paraffin durch langsames Abkühlen aus dem flüssigen in den festen Zustand übergeht. Dabei sind bei Raumtemperatur vollständig flüssige Paraffine, das heißt solche mit einem Erstarrungspunkt unter 25 °C, erfindungsgemäß nicht brauchbar. Eingesetzt werden können beispielsweise die aus EP 0309931 A1 bekannten Paraffinwachsgemische aus beispielsweise 26 Gew.-% bis 49 Gew.-% mikrokristallinem Paraffinwachs mit einem Erstarrungspunkt von 62 °C bis 90 °C, 20 Gew.-% bis 49 Gew.-% Hartparaffin mit einem Erstarrungspunkt von 42 °C bis 56 °C und 2 Gew.-% bis 25 Gew.-% Weichparaffin mit einem Erstarrungspunkt von 35 °C bis 40 °C. Vorzugsweise werden Paraffine bzw. Paraffingemische verwendet, die im Bereich von 30 °C bis 90 °C erstarren. Dabei ist zu beachten, daß auch bei Raumtemperatur fest erscheinende Paraffinwachsgemische unterschiedliche Anteile an flüssigem Paraffin enthalten können. Suitable paraffin waxes generally represent a complex mixture of substances without a sharp melting point. For characterization, one usually determines its melting range by differential thermal analysis (DTA), as described in "The Analyst" 87 (1962), 420 , and / or its solidification point . This is the temperature at which the paraffin changes from the liquid to the solid state by slow cooling. Paraffins which are completely liquid at room temperature, that is to say those having a solidification point below 25 ° C., cannot be used according to the invention. For example, the paraffin wax mixtures known from EP 0309931 A1 of, for example, 26% by weight to 49% by weight of microcrystalline paraffin wax with a solidification point of 62 ° C. to 90 ° C., 20% by weight to 49% by weight hard paraffin can be used with a solidification point of 42 ° C to 56 ° C and 2 wt .-% to 25 wt .-% soft paraffin with a solidification point of 35 ° C to 40 ° C. Paraffins or paraffin mixtures which solidify in the range from 30 ° C. to 90 ° C. are preferably used. It should be noted that even paraffin wax mixtures that appear solid at room temperature can contain different proportions of liquid paraffin.

Bei den erfindungsgemäß brauchbaren Paraffinwachsen liegt dieser Flüssiganteil so niedrig wie möglich und fehlt vorzugsweise ganz. So weisen besonders bevorzugte Paraffinwachsgemische bei 30 °C einen Flüssiganteil von unter 10 Gew.-%, insbesondere von 2 Gew.-% bis 5 Gew.-%, bei 40 °C einen Flüssiganteil von unter 30 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise von 5 Gew.-% bis 25 Gew.-% und insbesondere von 5 Gew.-% bis 15 Gew.-%, bei 60 °C einen Flüssiganteil von 30 Gew.-% bis 60 Gew.-%, insbesondere von 40 Gew.-% bis 55 Gew.-%, bei 80 °C einen Flüssiganteil von 80 Gew.-% bis 100 Gew.-%, und bei 90 °C einen Flüssiganteil von 100 Gew.-% auf. Die Temperatur, bei der ein Flüssiganteil von 100 Gew.-% des Paraffinwachses erreicht wird, liegt bei besonders bevorzugten Paraffinwachsgemischen noch unter 85 °C, insbesondere bei 75 °C bis 82 °C. Bei den Paraffinwachsen kann es sich um Petrolatum, mikrokristalline Wachse bzw. hydrierte oder partiell hydrierte Paraffinwachse handeln. Geeignete Bisamide als Entschäumer sind solche, die sich von gesättigten Fettsäuren mit 12 bis 22, vorzugsweise 14 bis 18 C-Atomen sowie von Alkylendiaminen mit 2 bis 7 C-Atomen ableiten. Geeignete Fettsäuren sind Laurin-, Myristin-, Stearin-, Arachin- und Behensäure sowie deren Gemische, wie sie aus natürlichen Fetten beziehungsweise gehärteten Ölen, wie Talg oder hydriertem Palmöl, erhältlich sind. Geeignete Diamine sind beispielsweise Ethylendiamin, 1,3-Propylendiamin, Tetramethylendiamin, Pentamethylendiamin, Hexamethylendiamin, p-Phenylendiamin und Toluylendiamin. Bevorzugte Diamine sind Ethylendiamin und Hexamethylendiamin. Besonders bevorzugte Bisamide sind Bismyristoylethylendiamin, Bispalmitoylethylendiamin, Bisstearoylethylendiamin und deren Gemische sowie die entsprechenden Derivate des Hexamethylendiamins.In the paraffin waxes which can be used according to the invention, this liquid fraction is as low as possible and is preferably absent entirely. Particularly preferred paraffin wax mixtures at 30 ° C have a liquid fraction of less than 10% by weight, in particular from 2% by weight to 5% by weight, at 40 ° C a liquid fraction of less than 30% by weight, preferably of 5 % By weight to 25% by weight and in particular from 5% by weight to 15% by weight, at 60 ° C. a liquid fraction of 30% by weight to 60% by weight, in particular 40% by weight % to 55% by weight, at 80 ° C a liquid content of 80% by weight to 100% by weight, and at 90 ° C a liquid content of 100% by weight. The temperature at which a liquid content of 100% by weight of the paraffin wax is reached is still below 85 ° C. in particularly preferred paraffin wax mixtures, in particular at 75 ° C. to 82 ° C. The paraffin waxes can be petrolatum, microcrystalline waxes or hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated paraffin waxes. Suitable bisamides as defoamers are those which are derived from saturated fatty acids with 12 to 22, preferably 14 to 18 C atoms and from alkylenediamines with 2 to 7 C atoms. Suitable fatty acids are lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid and behenic acid and mixtures thereof, as can be obtained from natural fats or hydrogenated oils, such as tallow or hydrogenated palm oil. Suitable diamines are, for example, ethylenediamine, 1,3-propylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine and toluenediamine. Preferred diamines are ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine. Particularly preferred bisamides are bismyristoylethylene diamine, bispalmitoylethylene diamine, bisstearoylethylene diamine and mixtures thereof and the corresponding derivatives of hexamethylene diamine.

Geeignete Carbonsäureester als Entschäumer leiten sich von Carbonsäuren mit 12 bis 28 Kohlenstoffatomen ab. Insbesondere handelt es sich um Ester von Behensäure, Stearinsäure, Hydroxystearinsäure, Ölsäure, Palmitinsäure, Myristinsäure und/oder Laurinsäure. Der Alkoholteil des Carbonsäureesters enthält einen ein- oder mehrwertigen Alkohol mit 1 bis 28 Kohlenstoffatomen in der Kohlenwasserstoffkette. Beispiele von geeigneten Alkoholen sind Behenylalkohol, Arachidylalkohol, Kokosalkohol, 12-Hydroxystearylalkohol, Oleylalkohol und Laurylalkohol sowie Ethylenglykol, Glycerin, Polyvinylalkohol, Saccharose, Erythrit, Pentaerythrit, Sorbitan und/oder Sorbit. Bevorzugte Ester sind solche von Ethylenglykol, Glycerin und Sorbitan, wobei der Säureteil des Esters insbesondere aus Behensäure, Stearinsäure, Ölsäure, Palmitinsäure oder Mynstinsäure ausgewählt wird. In Frage kommende Ester mehrwertiger Alkohole sind beispielsweise Xylitmonopalmitat, Pentarythritmonostearat, Glycerinmonostearat, Ethylenglykolmonostearat und Sorbitanmonostearat, Sorbitanpalmitat, Sorbitanmonolaurat, Sorbitandilaurat, Sorbitandistearat, Sorbitandibehenat, Sorbitandioleat sowie gemischte Talgalkylsorbitanmono- und -diester. Brauchbare Glycerinester sind die Mono-, Di- oder Triester von Glycerin und genannten Carbonsäuren, wobei die Mono- oder Dieester bevorzugt sind. Glycerinmonostearat, Glycerinmonooleat, Glycerinmonopalmitat, Glycerinmonobehenat und Glycerindistearat sind Beispiele hierfür. Beispiele für geeignete natürliche Ester als Entschäumer sind Bienenwachs, das hauptsächlich aus den Estern CH3(CH2)24COO(CH2)27CH3 und CH3(CH2)26COO(CH2)25CH3 besteht, und Camaubawachs, das ein Gemisch von Camaubasäurealkylestern, oft in Kombination mit geringen Anteilen freier Carnaubasäure, weiteren langkettigen Säuren, hochmolekularen Alkoholen und Kohlenwasserstoffen, ist.Suitable carboxylic acid esters as defoamers are derived from carboxylic acids with 12 to 28 carbon atoms. In particular, these are esters of behenic acid, stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and / or lauric acid. The alcohol part of the carboxylic acid ester contains a mono- or polyhydric alcohol with 1 to 28 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of suitable alcohols are behenyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, coconut alcohol, 12-hydroxystearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol as well as ethylene glycol, glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol, sucrose, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitan and / or sorbitol. Preferred esters are those of ethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitan, the acid part of the ester being selected in particular from behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid or mystonic acid. Eligible esters of polyhydric alcohols are, for example, xylitol monopalmitate, pentarythritol monostearate, glycerol monostearate, ethylene glycol monostearate and sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan dilaurate, sorbitan dististearate, sorbitan dandghenoate and mixed sorbitan dibehenate, and sorbitan dandebehenate, and sorbitan dandebehenate, as well as sorbitan dandebehenate and mixed sorbitan dibehenate. Glycerol esters which can be used are the mono-, di- or triesters of glycerol and the carboxylic acids mentioned, the mono- or diesters being preferred. Glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol monobehenate and glycerol distearate are examples of this. Examples of suitable natural esters as defoamers are beeswax, which mainly consists of the esters CH 3 (CH 2 ) 24 COO (CH 2 ) 27 CH 3 and CH 3 (CH 2 ) 26 COO (CH 2 ) 25 CH 3 , and camauba wax , which is a mixture of camauba acid alkyl esters, often in combination with small amounts of free carnauba acid, other long-chain acids, high molecular weight alcohols and hydrocarbons.

Geeignete Carbonsäuren als weitere Entschäumerverbindung sind insbesondere Behensäure, Stearinsäure, Ölsäure, Palmitinsäure, Myristinsäure und Laurinsäure sowie deren Gemische, wie sie aus natürlichen Fetten bzw. gegebenenfalls gehärteten Ölen, wie Talg oder hydriertem Palmöl, erhältlich sind. Bevorzugt sind gesättigte Fettsäuren mit 12 bis 22, insbesondere 18 bis 22 C-Atomen.Suitable carboxylic acids as a further defoamer compound are, in particular, behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid and mixtures thereof, as can be obtained from natural fats or optionally hardened oils, such as tallow or hydrogenated palm oil. Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 22, in particular 18 to 22, carbon atoms are preferred.

Geeignete Fettalkohole als weitere Entschäumerverbindung sind die hydrierten Produkte der beschriebenen Fettsäuren.
Weiterhin können zusätzlich Dialkylether als Entschäumer enthalten sein. Die Ether können asymmetrisch oder aber symmetrisch aufgebaut sein, d.h. zwei gleiche oder verschiedene Alkylketten, vorzugsweise mit 8 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen enthalten. Typische Beispiele sind Di-n-octylether, Di-i-octylether und Di-n-stearylether, insbesondere geeignet sind Dialkylether, die einen Schmelzpunkt über 25 °C, insbesondere über 40 °C aufweisen.Suitable fatty alcohols as a further defoamer compound are the hydrogenated products of the fatty acids described.
Dialkyl ethers may also be present as defoamers. The ethers can be constructed asymmetrically or symmetrically, ie contain two identical or different alkyl chains, preferably with 8 to 18 carbon atoms. Typical examples are di-n-octyl ether, di-i-octyl ether and di-n-stearyl ether; dialkyl ethers which have a melting point above 25 ° C., in particular above 40 ° C., are particularly suitable.

Weitere geeignete Entschäumerverbindungen sind Fettketone, die nach den einschlägigen Methoden der präparativen organischen Chemie erhalten werden können. Zu ihrer Herstellung geht man beispielsweise von Carbonsäuremagnesiumsalzen aus, die bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 300 °C unter Abspaltung von Kohlendioxid und Wasser pyrolysiert werden, beispielsweise gemäß der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE 2553900 OS. Geeignete Fettketone sind solche, die durch Pyrolyse der Magnesiumsalze von Laurinsäure, Myristinsäure, Palmitinsäure, Palmitoleinsäure, Stearinsäure, Ölsäure, Elaidinsäure, Petroselinsäure, Arachinsäure, Gadoleinsäure, Behensäure oder Erucasäure hergestellt werden.Other suitable defoamer compounds are fatty ketones , which can be obtained by the relevant methods of preparative organic chemistry. For their preparation, one starts, for example, from carboxylic acid magnesium salts which are pyrolyzed at temperatures above 300 ° C. with the elimination of carbon dioxide and water, for example according to the German laid-open specification DE 2553900 OS . Suitable fat ketones are those which are prepared by pyrolysis of the magnesium salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, petroselinic acid, arachic acid, gadoleic acid, behenic acid or erucic acid.

Weitere geeignete Entschäumer sind Fettsäurepolyethylenglykolester, die vorzugsweise durch basisch homogen katalysierte Anlagerung von Ethylenoxid an Fettsäuren erhalten werden. Insbesondere erfolgt die Anlagerung von Ethylenoxid an die Fettsäuren in Gegenwart von Alkanolaminen als Katalysatoren. Der Einsatz von Alkanolaminen, speziell Triethanolamin, führt zu einer äußerst selektiven Ethoxylierung der Fettsäuren, insbesondere dann, wenn es darum geht, niedrig ethoxylierte Verbindungen herzustellen, Innerhalb der Gruppe der Fettsäurepolyethylenglykolester werden solche bevorzugt, die einen Schmelzpunkt über 25 °C, insbesondere über 40 °C aufweisen .Other suitable defoamers are fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters , which are preferably obtained by base-homogeneously catalyzed addition of ethylene oxide to fatty acids. In particular, the addition of ethylene oxide to the fatty acids takes place in the presence of alkanolamines as catalysts. The use of alkanolamines, especially triethanolamine, leads to an extremely selective ethoxylation of the fatty acids, especially when it comes to producing low-ethoxylated compounds. Within the group of fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters, those with a melting point above 25 ° C, especially above 40, are preferred ° C.

Innerhalb der Gruppe der wachsartigen Entschäumer werden besonders bevorzugt die beschriebenen Paraffinwachse alleine als wachsartige Entschäumer eingesetzt oder in Mischung mit einem der anderen wachsartigen Entschäumer, wobei der Anteil der Paraffinwachse in der Mischung vorzugsweise über 50 Gew.-% - bezogen auf wachsartige Entschäumermischung - ausmacht. Die Paraffinwachse können bei Bedarf auf Träger aufgebracht sein. Als Trägermaterial sind alle bekannten anorganischen und/oder organischen Trägermaterialien geeignet. Beispiele für typische anorganische Trägermaterialien sind Alkalicarbonate, Alumosilikate, wasserlösliche Schichtsilikate, Alkalisilikate, Alkalisulfate, beispielsweise Natriumsulfat, und Alkaliphosphate. Bei den Alkalisilikaten handelt es sich vorzugsweise um eine Verbindung mit einem Molverhältnis Alkalioxid zu SiO2 von 1 : 1,5 bis 1 : 3,5. Die Verwendung derartiger Silikate resultiert in besonders guten Korneigenschaften, insbesondere hoher Abriebsstabilität und dennoch hoher Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit in Wasser. Zu den als Trägermaterial bezeichneten Alumosilikaten gehören insbesondere die Zeolithe, beispielsweise Zeolith NaA und NaX. Zu den als wasserlöslichen Schichtsilikaten bezeichneten Verbindungen gehören beispielsweise amorphes oder kristallines Wasserglas. Weiterhin können Silikate Verwendung finden, welche unter der Bezeichnung Aerosil® oder Sipernat® im Handel sind. Als organische Trägermaterialien kommen zum Beispiel filmbildende Polymere, beispielsweise Polyvinylalkohole, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Poly(meth)acrylate, Polycarboxylate, Cellulosederivate und Stärke in Frage. Brauchbare Celluloseether sind insbesondere Alkalicarboxymethylcellulose, Methylcellulose, Ethylcellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose und sogenannte Cellulosemischether, wie zum Beispiel Methylhydroxyethylcellulose und Methylhydroxypropylcellulose, sowie deren Mischungen. Besonders geeignete Mischungen sind aus Natrium-Carboxymethylcellulose und Methylcellulose zusammengesetzt, wobei die Carboxymethylcellulose üblicherweise einen Substitutionsgrad von 0,5 bis 0,8 Carboxymethylgruppen pro Anhydroglukoseeinheit und die Methylcellulose einen Substitutionsgrad von 1,2 bis 2 Methylgruppen pro Anhydroglukoseeinheit aufweist. Die Gemische enthalten vorzugsweise Alkalicarboxymethylcellulose und nichtionischen Celluloseether in Gewichtsverhältnissen von 80 : 20 bis 40 : 60, insbesondere von 75 : 25 bis 50 : 50. Als Träger ist auch native Stärke geeignet, die aus Amylose und Amylopectin aufgebaut ist. Als native Stärke wird Stärke bezeichnet, wie sie als Extrakt aus natürlichen Quellen zugänglich ist, beispielsweise aus Reis, Kartoffeln, Mais und Weizen. Native Stärke ist ein handelsübliches Produkt und damit leicht zugänglich. Als Trägermaterialien können einzeln oder mehrere der vorstehend genannten Verbindungen eingesetzt werden, insbesondere ausgewählt aus der Gruppe der Alkalicarbonate, Alkalisulfate, Alkaliphosphate, Zeolithe, wasserlösliche Schichtsilikate, Alkalisilikate, Polycarboxylate, Celluloseether, Polyacrylat/Polymethacrylat und Stärke. Besonders geeignet sind Mischungen von Alkalicarbonaten, insbesondere Natriumcarbonat, Alkalisilikaten, insbesondere Natriumsilikat, Alkalisulfaten, insbesondere Natriumsulfat und Zeolithen.Within the group of wax-like defoamers, the paraffin waxes described are particularly preferably used alone as wax-like defoamers or in a mixture with one of the other wax-like defoamers, the proportion of paraffin waxes in the mixture preferably making up more than 50% by weight, based on the wax-like defoamer mixture. The paraffin waxes can be applied to carriers if necessary. All known inorganic and / or organic carrier materials are suitable as carrier materials. Examples of typical inorganic carrier materials are alkali carbonates, aluminosilicates, water-soluble sheet silicates, alkali silicates, alkali sulfates, for example sodium sulfate, and alkali phosphates. The alkali silicates are preferably a compound with a molar ratio of alkali oxide to SiO 2 of 1: 1.5 to 1: 3.5. The use of such silicates results in particularly good grain properties, in particular high abrasion stability and nevertheless high dissolution rate in water. The aluminosilicates referred to as carrier material include, in particular, the zeolites, for example zeolite NaA and NaX. The compounds referred to as water-soluble layered silicates include, for example, amorphous or crystalline water glass. Silicates which are commercially available under the name Aerosil® or Sipernat® can also be used. Examples of suitable organic carrier materials are film-forming polymers, for example polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, poly (meth) acrylates, polycarboxylates, cellulose derivatives and starch. Usable cellulose ethers are, in particular, alkali carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and so-called cellulose mixed ethers, such as, for example, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, and mixtures thereof. Particularly suitable mixtures are composed of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and methyl cellulose, the carboxymethyl cellulose usually having a degree of substitution of 0.5 to 0.8 carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit and the methyl cellulose having a degree of substitution of 1.2 to 2 methyl groups per anhydroglucose unit. The mixtures preferably contain alkali carboxymethyl cellulose and nonionic cellulose ethers in weight ratios from 80:20 to 40:60, in particular from 75:25 to 50:50. Also suitable as a carrier is native starch, which is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Starch is referred to as native starch, as it is available as an extract from natural sources, for example from rice, potatoes, corn and wheat. Native starch is a commercially available product and is therefore easily accessible. Carrier materials which can be used individually or more than one of the abovementioned compounds, in particular selected from the group of alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal sulfates, alkali metal phosphates, zeolites, water-soluble sheet silicates, alkali metal silicates, polycarboxylates, cellulose ethers, polyacrylate / polymethacrylate and starch. Mixtures of alkali carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, alkali silicates, in particular sodium silicate, alkali sulfates, in particular sodium sulfate and zeolites are particularly suitable.

Geeignete Silikone sind übliche Organopolysiloxane, die einen Gehalt an feinteiliger Kieselsäure, die wiederum auch silaniert sein kann, aufweisen können. Derartige Organopolysiloxane sind beispielsweise in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP 0496510 A1 beschrieben. Besonders bevorzugt sind Polydiorganosiloxane, die aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt sind. Es können aber auch über Siloxan vernetzte Verbindungen eingesetzt werden, wie sie dem Fachmann unter der Bezeichnung Silikonharze bekannt sind. In der Regel enthalten die Polydiorganosiloxane feinteilige Kieselsäure, die auch silaniert sein kann. Insbesondere geeignet sind kieselsäurehaltige Dimethylpolysiloxane. Vorteilhafterweise haben die Polydiorganosiloxane eine Viskosität nach Brookfield bei 25 °C im Bereich von 5 000 mPas bis 30 000 mPas, insbesondere von 15 000 bis 25 000 mPas. Die Silikone sind vorzugsweise auf Trägermaterialien aufgebracht. Geeignete Trägermaterialien sind bereits im Zusammenhang mit den Paraffinen beschrieben worden. Die Trägermaterialien sind in der Regel in Mengen von 40 bis 90 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise in Mengen von 45 bis 75 Gew.-% - bezogen auf Entschäumer - enthalten.Suitable silicones are conventional organopolysiloxanes, which can have a content of finely divided silica, which in turn can also be silanized. Such organopolysiloxanes are described, for example, in European patent application EP 0496510 A1 . Polydiorganosiloxanes which are known from the prior art are particularly preferred. However, compounds crosslinked via siloxane can also be used, as are known to the person skilled in the art under the name silicone resins. As a rule, the polydiorganosiloxanes contain finely divided silica, which can also be silanized. Silica-containing dimethylpolysiloxanes are particularly suitable. The polydiorganosiloxanes advantageously have a Brookfield viscosity at 25 ° C. in the range from 5,000 mPas to 30,000 mPas, in particular from 15,000 to 25,000 mPas. The silicones are preferably applied to carrier materials. Suitable carrier materials have already been described in connection with the paraffins. The carrier materials are generally present in amounts of 40 to 90% by weight, preferably in amounts of 45 to 75% by weight, based on defoamers.

Als Parfümöle bzw. Duftstoffe können einzelne Riechstoffverbindungen, z.B. die synthetischen Produkte vom Typ der Ester, Ether, Aldehyde, Ketone, Alkohole und Kohlenwasserstoffe verwendet werden. Riechstoffverbindungen vom Typ der Ester sind z.B. Benzylacetat, Phenoxyethylisobutyrat, p-tert.-Butylcyclohexylacetat, Linalylacetat, Dimethylbenzylcarbinylacetat, Phenylethylacetat, Linalylbenzoat, Benzylformiat, Ethylmethylphenylglycinat, Allylcyclohexylpropionat, Styrallylpropionat und Benzylsalicylat. Zu den Ethern zählen beispielsweise Benzylethylether, zu den Aldehyden z.B. die linearen Alkanale mit 8-18 C-Atomen, Citral, Citronellal, Citronellyloxyacetaldehyd, Cyclamenaldehyd, Hydroxycitronellal, Lilial und Bourgeonal, zu den Ketonen z.B. die Jonone, α-Isomethylionon und Methylcedrylketon, zu den Alkoholen Anethol, Citronellol, Eugenol, Geraniol, Linalool, Phenylethylalkohol und Terpineol, zu den Kohlenwasserstoffen gehören hauptsächlich die Terpene wie Limonen und Pinen. Bevorzugt werden jedoch Mischungen verschiedener Riechstoffe verwendet, die gemeinsam eine ansprechende Duftnote erzeugen. Solche Parfümöle können auch natürliche Riechstoffgemische enthalten, wie sie aus pflanzlichen Quellen zugänglich sind, z.B. Pine-, Citrus-, Jasmin-, Patchouly-, Rosen- oder Ylang-Ylang-Öl. Ebenfalls geeignet sind Muskateller, Salbeiöl, Kamillenöl, Nelkenöl, Melissenäl, Minzöl, Zimtblätteröl, Lindenblütenöl, Wacholderbeeröl, Vetiveröl, Olibanumöl, Galbanumöl und Labdanumöl sowie Orangenblütenäl, Neroliol, Orangenschalenöl und Sandelholzöl.Individual fragrance compounds , for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances . Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenylglycinate, allylcyclohexylpropylatepylatepylatepylatepionate, stally. The ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, and the ketones include, for example, the jonones, α-isomethylionone and methylcedryl ketone the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, the hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes such as limonene and pinene. However, preference is given to using mixtures of different fragrances which together produce an appealing fragrance. Perfume oils of this type can also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are obtainable from plant sources, for example pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

Die Duftstoffe können direkt in die erfindungsgemäßen Mittel eingearbeitet werden, es kann aber auch vorteilhaft sein, die Duftstoffe auf Träger aufzubringen, welche die Haftung des Parfüms auf der Wäsche verstärken und durch eine langsamere Duftfreisetzung für langanhaltenden Duft der Textilien sorgen. Als solche Trägermatenalien haben sich beispielsweise Cyclodextrine bewährt, wobei die Cyclodextrin-Parfüm-Komplexe zusätzlich noch mit weiteren Hilfsstoffen beschichtet werden können.The fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but they can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances on carriers, which the perfume adheres to the laundry intensify and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles through a slower fragrance release. Cyclodextrins, for example, have proven successful as such carrier materials, the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can also be coated with other auxiliaries.

Falls gewünscht können die Endzubereitungen noch anorganische Salze als Füll- bzw. Stellmittel enthalten, wie beispielsweise Natriumsulfat, welches vorzugsweise in Mengen von 0 bis 10, insbesondere 1 bis 5 Gew.-% - bezogen auf Mittel - enthalten ist. If desired, the final preparations can also contain inorganic salts as fillers or fillers, such as sodium sulfate, which is preferably present in amounts of 0 to 10, in particular 1 to 5% by weight, based on the composition.

BeispieleExamples

Herstellbeispiel H1. Eine Wirbelschicht wurde mit bis zu 70 % der Fließbettkapazität mit pulverförmigem Dodecylbenzolsulfonat-Natriumsalz als Keimmaterial gefüllt. Anschließend wurde bei einer Bodenlufttemperatur von 160 °C (d.h. einer Temperatur von ca. 95 °C in der Wirbelschicht) weiteres Tensidpulver mittels einer ersten Düse kontinuierlich eingebracht. Durch eine zweite Düse wurde zur Beschichtung des Tensidkorns eine 50 Gew.-%ige wäßrige Natriumacetatlösung eingebracht. Die Stoffströme wurden durch regelmäßige Kontrolle des ausgetragenen und klassierten beschichteten Granulates aus der Wirbelschicht so eingestellt, daß der Acetatanteil im Endprodukt 42 Gew.-% betrug. Manufacturing example H1. A fluidized bed was filled with powdered dodecylbenzenesulfonate sodium salt as the seed material with up to 70% of the fluidized bed capacity. Subsequently, at a soil air temperature of 160 ° C. (ie a temperature of approx. 95 ° C. in the fluidized bed), further surfactant powder was introduced continuously using a first nozzle. A 50% by weight aqueous sodium acetate solution was introduced through a second nozzle to coat the surfactant grain. The material flows were adjusted by regularly checking the discharged and classified coated granules from the fluidized bed in such a way that the acetate content in the end product was 42% by weight.

Herstellbeispiel H2. Beispiel H1 wurde unter Einsatz von pulverförmigem Kokosalkoholsulfat-Natriumsalz (Sulfopon® 1218 G, Cognis GmbH, Düsseldorf/FRG) wiederholt. Die Beschichtung erfolgte mit einer 37 Gew.-%igen wäßrige Lösung von Natriumcitrat-dihydrat. Die Stoffströme wurden so eingestellt, daß der Gehalt an Natriumcitrat im Endprodukt 20 Gew.-% betrug. Manufacturing example H2. Example H1 was repeated using powdered coconut alcohol sulfate sodium salt (Sulfopon® 1218 G, Cognis GmbH, Dusseldorf / FRG). The coating was carried out with a 37% by weight aqueous solution of sodium citrate dihydrate. The material flows were adjusted so that the content of sodium citrate in the end product was 20% by weight.

Anwendungstechnische Prüfungen. Die beiden erfindungsgemäßen beschichteten Aniontensidgranulate H1 und H2 sowie der beiden unbeschichteten Ausgangsstoffe wurden in Waschmittelrezepturen eingesetzt. Die Zubereitungen wurden zu Tabletten (Gewicht 40 g) verpreßt, luftdicht verpackt und anschließend für 2 Wochen bei 40 °C gelagert. Die Zusammensetzung der Waschmitteltabletten ist Tabelle 1 zu entnehmen. Die Rezepturen 1 und 2 sind erfindungsgemäß, die Rezepturen V1 und V2 dienen zum Vergleich. Zur Beurteilung des Auflöseverhaltens wurden die Tabletten auf ein Drahtgestell gelegt, welches in Wasser (0 °d, 25 °C) stand. Die Tabletten waren dabei vollständig von Wasser umgeben. Gemessen wurde die Zerfallszeit vom Eintauchen bis zur vollständigen Auflösung. Die Zerfallszeiten sind ebenfalls aus Tabelle 1 zu entnehmen. Testrezeptur für Waschmitteltabletten und Löslichkeitsversuche (Angaben in Gew.-%, Wasser ad 100 %) Zusammensetzung 1 2 V1 V2 Aniontensidgranulat H1 13,4 - - - Aniontensidgranulat H2 - 9,2 - - Dodecylbenzolsulfonat-Natriumsalz - - 7,8 - Kokosalkoholsulfat-Natriumsalz - - - 7,4 C12/18 -Kokosfettalkohol+7EO 6,2 6,2 6,2 6,2 Palmkernfettsäure-Natriumsalz 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3 Natriumsulfat 22,2 22,2 22,2 22,2 Natriumsilicat 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 Natriumpercarbonat 12,0 12,0 12,0 12,0 Mikrokristalline Cellulose 6,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 Zeolith A 24,0 24,0 24,0 24,0 TAED 4,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 Dehydran® 760 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 Natriumcarbonat ad 100 Auflösegeschwindigkeit [s] 6 11 23 28 Application tests. The two coated anionic surfactant granules H1 and H2 and the two uncoated starting materials were used in detergent formulations. The preparations were pressed into tablets (weight 40 g), packed airtight and then stored at 40 ° C. for 2 weeks. The composition of the detergent tablets is shown in Table 1. Formulations 1 and 2 are according to the invention, formulations V1 and V2 are used for comparison. To assess the dissolution behavior, the tablets were placed on a wire frame which was in water (0 ° d, 25 ° C). The tablets were completely surrounded by water. The disintegration time from immersion to complete dissolution was measured. The disintegration times are also shown in Table 1. Test formulation for detergent tablets and solubility tests (figures in% by weight, water ad 100%) composition 1 2nd V1 V2 Anionic surfactant granules H1 13.4 - - - Anionic surfactant granules H2 - 9.2 - - Dodecylbenzenesulfonate sodium salt - - 7.8 - Coconut alcohol sulfate sodium salt - - - 7.4 C 12/18 coconut fatty alcohol + 7EO 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 Palm kernel fatty acid sodium salt 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Sodium sulfate 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 Sodium silicate 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Sodium percarbonate 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Microcrystalline cellulose 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Zeolite A 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 TAED 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 Dehydran® 760 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 sodium ad 100 Dissolution speed [s] 6 11 23 28

Claims (13)

Formkörper mit verbesserter Wasserlöslichkeit, enthaltend oberflächenaktive Verbindungen und Sprengmittel, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie Zusatzstoffe enthalten, die aus Aniontensiden als Kern und einer sie umhüllenden Schicht bestehen, mit der Maßgabe, daß die Hüllsubstanzen bei 20 °C eine Wasserlöslichkeit von wenigstens 10 g/l aufweisen.Moldings with improved water solubility, containing surface-active compounds and disintegrants, characterized in that they contain additives which consist of anionic surfactants as the core and a layer enveloping them, with the proviso that the coating substances at 20 ° C have a water solubility of at least 10 g / l exhibit. Formkörper nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie als Kern anionische oberflächenaktive Verbindungen enthalten, die ausgewählt sind aus der Gruppe, die gebildet wird von Seifen, Alkylbenzolsulfonaten, Alkansulfonaten, Olefinsulfonaten, Alkylethersulfonaten, Glycerinethersulfonaten, α-Methylestersulfonaten, Sulfofettsäuren, Alkylsulfaten, Fettalkoholethersulfaten, Glycerin-ethersulfaten, Hydroxymischethersulfaten, Monoglycerid(ether)sulfaten, Fettsäureamid(ether)sulfaten, Mono- und Dialkyl-sulfosuccinaten, Mono- und Dialkylsulfosuccinamaten, Sulfotriglyceriden, Amidseifen, Ethercarbonsäuren und deren Salzen, Fettsäureisethionaten, Fettsäuresarcosinaten, Fettsäuretauriden, N-Acylaminosäuren, Alkyloligoglucosidsulfaten, Proteinfettsäurekondensaten und Alkyl(ether)phosphate sowie deren Gemischen.Shaped body according to Claim 1, characterized in that it contains anionic surface-active compounds as the core, which are selected from the group formed by soaps, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkanesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfonates, glycerol ether sulfonates, α-methyl ester sulfonates, sulfofatty acids, alkyl sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates glycerol ether sulfates, hydroxy mixed, monoglyceride (ether) sulfates, fatty acid amide (ether) sulfates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinates, mono- and Dialkylsulfosuccinamaten, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and salts thereof, fatty acid isethionates, Fettsäuresarcosinaten, fatty acid taurides, N-acylamino acids, alkyl oligoglucoside sulfates , Protein fatty acid condensates and alkyl (ether) phosphates and mixtures thereof. Formkörper nach den Ansprüchen 1 und/oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie als Kern Alkylsulfate, Alkylbenzolsulfonate, Olefinsulfonate, Methylestersulfonate sowie deren Gemische enthalten.Shaped bodies according to claims 1 and / or 2, characterized in that they contain as the core alkyl sulfates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, methyl ester sulfonates and mixtures thereof. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die umhüllende Schicht aus wasserlöslichen Salzen von Mineralsäuren besteht.Shaped body according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the enveloping layer consists of water-soluble salts of mineral acids. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die umhüllende Schicht aus wasserlöslichen Salzen organischer Carbonsäuren besteht.Shaped body according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the covering layer consists of water-soluble salts of organic carboxylic acids. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die umhüllende Schicht aus wasserlöslichen Polymeren besteht.Shaped body according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the covering layer consists of water-soluble polymers. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die umhüllende Schicht aus wasserlöslichen Sacchariden und/oder Polysacchariden besteht.Shaped body according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the enveloping layer consists of water-soluble saccharides and / or polysaccharides. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie die beschichteten Aniontenside in Mengen von 1 bis 50 Gew.-% - bezogen auf die Formkörper - enthalten. Shaped bodies according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that they contain the coated anionic surfactants in amounts of 1 to 50% by weight, based on the shaped bodies. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie Sprengmittel enthalten, die ausgewählt sind aus der Gruppe, die gebildet wird von Polysacchariden, Polyvinylpyrrolidon, Kollidon, Alginsäure und deren Alkalisalzen, amorphen oder auch teilweise kristallinen Schichtsilicaten, Polyurethanen und Polyethylenglycolen.Shaped body according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it contains disintegrants which are selected from the group formed by polysaccharides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, collidone, alginic acid and their alkali metal salts, amorphous or also partially crystalline layered silicates, polyurethanes and polyethylene glycols . Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie die Sprengmittel in Mengen von 0,1 bis 25 Gew.-% - bezogen auf die Formkörper - enthalten.Shaped bodies according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that they contain the disintegrants in amounts of 0.1 to 25% by weight, based on the shaped bodies. Formkörper nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich um Wasch-, Spül- oder Reinigungsmitteltabletten handelt.Shaped body according to at least one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it is detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agent tablets. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Formkörpern nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß man die Sprengmittel und die weiteren Zusatzstoffe durch Preßagglomeration verdichtet.A process for the production of moldings according to claim 1, characterized in that the disintegrants and the further additives are compressed by press agglomeration. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die granularen Bestandteile vor dem Verpressen einen Anteil an Teilchen, die einen Durchmesser außerhalb des Bereiches von 0,02 bis 6 mm besitzen, von weniger als 20 Gew.-% aufweisen.A method according to claim 12, characterized in that the granular constituents, prior to pressing, have a proportion of particles which have a diameter outside the range from 0.02 to 6 mm of less than 20% by weight.
EP00120368A 1999-09-28 2000-09-16 Tablets with improved water solubility Withdrawn EP1088884A1 (en)

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WO2002051975A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-07-04 Unilever N.V. Detergent compositions
EP1253193A2 (en) * 2001-04-25 2002-10-30 Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Solid detergent compositions and the production and use thereof

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US3231505A (en) * 1961-04-03 1966-01-25 Colgate Palmolive Co Process for manufacturing detergent tablet
EP0522766A2 (en) * 1991-07-01 1993-01-13 Unilever Plc Detergent compositions in tablet form
EP0711828A2 (en) * 1994-11-14 1996-05-15 Unilever Plc Detergent compositions
DE19637606A1 (en) * 1996-09-16 1998-03-26 Henkel Kgaa Detergent tablets combining good dissolution properties with breaking resistance
EP1081219A2 (en) * 1999-09-03 2001-03-07 Cognis Deutschland GmbH Solid detergents

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002051975A1 (en) * 2000-12-22 2002-07-04 Unilever N.V. Detergent compositions
EP1253193A2 (en) * 2001-04-25 2002-10-30 Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Solid detergent compositions and the production and use thereof
EP1253193A3 (en) * 2001-04-25 2003-05-07 Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Solid detergent compositions and the production and use thereof

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