EP1081388B1 - Ventilator - Google Patents
Ventilator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1081388B1 EP1081388B1 EP99117074A EP99117074A EP1081388B1 EP 1081388 B1 EP1081388 B1 EP 1081388B1 EP 99117074 A EP99117074 A EP 99117074A EP 99117074 A EP99117074 A EP 99117074A EP 1081388 B1 EP1081388 B1 EP 1081388B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- impeller
- brush
- fan
- fan according
- anyone
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
- F04D29/42—Casings; Connections of working fluid for radial or helico-centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/4206—Casings; Connections of working fluid for radial or helico-centrifugal pumps especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
- F04D29/422—Discharge tongues
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D17/00—Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps
- F04D17/02—Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps having non-centrifugal stages, e.g. centripetal
- F04D17/04—Radial-flow pumps, e.g. centrifugal pumps; Helico-centrifugal pumps having non-centrifugal stages, e.g. centripetal of transverse-flow type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/08—Sealings
- F04D29/16—Sealings between pressure and suction sides
- F04D29/161—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
- F04D29/162—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps of a centrifugal flow wheel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/08—Sealings
- F04D29/16—Sealings between pressure and suction sides
- F04D29/161—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
- F04D29/164—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps of an axial flow wheel
Definitions
- the invention relates to a fan with a Impeller, which has several fan blades, and with a between suction side and pressure side of the Fan arranged locking device.
- a fan which is designed as a cross-flow fan. Between its suction side and its pressure side arranged an undeformable locking device, the with the cross-flow fan also as a vortex generator can serve. Between the impeller respectively arranged on the impeller fan blades and the locking device is formed a sealing gap. This sealing gap is in the known blocking element Also necessary, because the impeller always a Residual unbalance, not one hundred percent smooth and / or, for example, shock loads a dynamic deformation occurs during operation.
- the aerodynamic properties of the cross flow fan However, among other things, the size of the Gasket gap dependent.
- a Locking device known between a stator and a rotor of a turbomachine is arranged.
- the locking device can be designed as a brush his, with their bristle ends the gap very keeps small.
- a clearly audible rotary sound with rotating Rotor is generated.
- the rotary sound can be as Whistling or howling sound to be perceptible. For the users of the fans, however, it can be disturbing be when this spin sound occurs.
- the ventilator has an impeller which has multiple fan blades has. Furthermore, between the suction side and Pressure side of the fan a locking device arranged. According to the invention, the locking device as a strip-shaped brush with several to each other in the direction from the suction to the pressure side spaced brush sections formed. It has surprisingly been found that with the Locking device according to the invention the noise emission the fan significantly reduced is, although now several brush sections with their ends opposite the impeller arranged are. It is also advantageous that -thereby the locking device is designed as a brush isderder Sealing gap can be set very small, what the aerodynamic properties of the fan favorably influenced.
- the inventive Locking device is not limited to the above Cross-flow fans referred to in the prior art limited. Rather, the invention can be Locking device even with centrifugal fans and in so-called axial fans use that as a propeller or impeller have the same. Again, the locking device according to the invention arranged between suction and pressure side.
- the impeller formed as a cross-flow fan impeller is and that the brush sections in the running direction spaced apart from each other. At the rotation of the impeller - if you consider a fan blade So this moves on two brush sections one after the other.
- this is Impeller designed as axial fan impeller and the brush sections are transverse to the direction of travel spaced apart.
- the Locking device at least partially circulating is arranged in a housing opening in which the Axial fan impeller is present or is stored.
- the locking device according to the invention achieved that the pressure equalization between pressure side and suction side can be significantly reduced because of the brush-shaped configuration of the locking element an infinitesimal smaller, ie towards zero going sealing gap can be realized.
- a cross-flow fan is provided that the Brush sections also transverse to the direction of the Impeller are spaced from each other. It has Surprisingly, that with such Block the noise emission even further can be reduced.
- an axial fan In one embodiment of an axial fan is provided that the brush sections also spaced apart in the running direction of the impeller are arranged. Thus, also with the axial fan a further noise reduction possible.
- the brush sections which are in the direction of Run impeller extend parallel to each other.
- the distance between the brush sections in the direction enlarged to the impeller can, for example, a V-shaped arrangement of the brush sections provided be.
- An embodiment of the locking device is preferred, having the brush sections, the form continuous strips.
- the brush sections preferably over the entire length of the Impeller extend.
- the brush sections circumferentially are arranged in the housing, so that a closed Strip is formed.
- the strip-shaped brush sections bristle-free zones on.
- the brush sections are not formed throughout.
- bristle section can also several individual bristle tufts are provided which are arranged in series next to each other.
- the bristle-free zones of a brush section Bristles having zones of the other brush section are opposite.
- the not continuously formed brush sections staggered to each other.
- polyamide is used as the bristle material.
- the Bristles - in particular at their wheel facing Have end polyamide are also possible.
- the bristles metals preferably steel, or Metal alloys
- thin metal strips or wires, horn or composite materials be, for example, coated with plastic Metal wires find use.
- the bristles can also be used natural bristles.
- the locking device a single-row strip brush is, as for example in the aforementioned DE 195 27 605 A1 is shown, this single row strip brush for Formation of the brush sections, however, a Bürstenspreizelement having. This may optionally subsequently on a single-row strip brush be attached.
- the bristle spreading element introduced, so that a part of the bristles -image seen- to the left and the other part to the right is deflected.
- the bristle spreading element is preferred moved so far between the bristles, until it almost rests on the bristle carrier.
- Figure 1 shows a side view of a cross-flow fan 1, which comprises a housing 2. On the housing 2 an air guide 3 is formed, the one Air baffle 4 and a so-called vortex generator 5 includes. Furthermore, the cross-flow fan 1 a rotatably mounted impeller 6, which rotatably driven is.
- the crossflow fan is the Impeller 6 is set about its longitudinal axis 7 in rotation.
- the impeller 6 has fan blades 8, between two axially spaced, not shown Support discs are held. At the rotation the impeller 6 forms at the cross-flow fan 1 a suction side 9 and a pressure side 10th out. The direction of rotation of the impeller 6 is thus in Clockwise set, which is indicated by an arrow 11 is indicated.
- the cross-flow fan 1 has a locking device 12, which between the suction side 9 and the Pressure side 10 is arranged.
- the locking device 12 on the impeller-side end 13 of the vortex former 5 is arranged.
- the locking device 12 is as strip-shaped brush 14 is formed, the plurality of here two, brush sections 15 and 16 includes. outgoing from a bristle carrier 17 of the brush 14, which is attached at the end 13 of the vortex former, extend the brush sections 15 and 16 in Direction to the lateral surface of the impeller, ie in Direction to the fan blades 8.
- the impeller side Ends of the brush sections 16 and 17 have seen in the direction of rotation 11 of the impeller 6 - a Distance to each other.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows an axial fan 18, having an impeller 19, which is about an axis of rotation 20 is rotatably mounted.
- the impeller has fan blades 21, extending from an impeller core 22 extend radially outward.
- the impeller 19 is in a housing 23 is arranged, which has an opening 24 has. That within the breakthrough 24 arranged impeller 19 generates a in operation Suction side 25 and a pressure side 26, as is made Figure 3 can be seen.
- the brush 28 has two Brush sections 29 and 30, extending from the Breakthrough 24 in the direction of the fan blades 21st extend. It can be seen that the brush sections 29 and 30 fixed in a bristle carrier 32 are located at the opening 24. The impeller-side ends of the brush sections 29 and 30 are transverse to the direction of rotation 32 of the Impeller 19- at a distance from each other. In the present Embodiment extend the Brush sections 29 and 30 -aus obtainedd of the bristle carrier 31- V-shaped towards the fan blades 21st
- the strip-shaped Brush 28 circulating within the aperture 24 is trained. It can be a strip-shaped brush 28 may be provided as an elongated brush is present, but their ends attached to each other are, so that in total a circular, closed contour results. In Figure 2 are only some bristles 33 of the brush 28 are shown.
- FIG. 4 shows a blocking device 12 or 27, the V-shaped arranged brush sections 15 or 29 and 16 or 30 respectively having. From Figure 4 it can be seen that a single-row strip-shaped brush 12 respectively 27 is used, but with the bristles 33 split by means of a Borstenspreizelements 34 and be kept apart so that the impeller side Ends of the brush sections 15, 16, 29, 30 have the above-mentioned distance from each other. It can be provided that for fixing the Borstenspreizelements this bristle carrier 7 or 31 is fixed.
- FIG. 6 shows a second exemplary embodiment of FIG Locking device 12 or 27. Same Parts as in the previous figures are with provided the same reference numerals. Insofar is on their description referenced. The following will therefore be just for differences.
- Figure 8 shows a third embodiment of a Locking device 12 and 27, in which the Brush sections 15, 29 and 16, 30 thereby be formed that bristles 33 with different Length can be used or the Bristles 33 subsequently cut off at their ends be so that they have different distances to the impeller 8, 19 have.
- the shown in Figure 8 Brush 14 or 28 can be formed be that the bristle ends a total of a triangular or form sawtooth contour.
- the locking device can 12 and 27 so the impeller. 6 or 19 are assigned to the tips 36 and 37 with rotating impeller one after the other touched by the fan blades 8, respectively the fan blades 8 successively at the tips 36 and 37 pass by.
- a plurality of tips 36, 37 are provided, ie more than two brush sections are formed.
- the brush sections 15, 29 and 16, 30th formed circumferentially closed, so that the fan blades 21 during rotation of the impeller 19 to the Circling peaks 36 and 37 along.
- the tips 36, 37 are thus aligned so that the brush sections lie transverse to the direction of rotation 32.
- the bristle sections have bristle-free zones 35 according to FIG. as shown in Figure 7.
- FIG. 9 shows a fourth exemplary embodiment a locking device 12 respectively 27.
- the brush sections 15, 29 and 16, 30, although a distance from each other have but are not arranged V-shaped, as in the previous embodiments is given, but essentially parallel to each other.
- you can the brush sections 15, 29 and 16, 30 of Figures 3 to 8 are also parallel to each other.
- individual bristle tufts 38 of a brush section 15 or 29 have a distance from each other.
- bristle tufts 38 can also be so close to each other be arranged that virtually a continuous Brush section 15 and 29 formed is.
- the bristle tufts 38 of the other brush section 16 and 30 are preferably so attached to the bristle carrier 17 or 31, that they a bristle-free zone 35 of the brush section 15 or 29 arranged opposite are.
- the individual bristle tufts 38 each Brush section 15, 29 and 16, 30th are thus arranged offset to each other, as this can be seen from Figure 10.
- FIG. 11 shows a further embodiment an axial fan, which is essentially the Embodiment of Figure 2 corresponds. Differently is only that the strip-shaped Brush 28 not at the opening 24, but at the attached radial ends of the fan blades 21 is. The free ends of the bristles 33 of the brush 28th form an infinitesimal gap to the breakthrough 24. In the embodiment of Figure 11 is running thus the brush 28 with the impeller around.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Description
- Figur 1
- in Seitenansicht einen Querstromventilator,
- Figur 2
- einen Axialventilator,
- Figur 3
- den Axialventilator in Schnittdarstellung entlang der Linie III-III in Figur 2,
- Figur 4
- eine Seitenansicht eines ersten Ausführungsbeispiels einer Sperreinrichtung,
- Figur 5
- eine Draufsicht auf die Sperreinrichtung nach Figur 4,
- Figur 6
- eine Seitenansicht auf ein zweites Ausführungsbeispiel einer Sperreinrichtung,
- Figur 7
- eine Draufsicht auf die Sperreinrichtung nach Figur 6,
- Figur 8
- ein drittes Ausführungsbeispiel einer Sperreinrichtung,
- Figur 9
- eine Seitenansicht einer Sperreinrichtung nach einem vierten Ausführungsbeispiel,
- Figur 10
- eine Draufsicht auf die Sperreinrichtung nach Figur 9 und
- Figur 11
- ein Axialventilator nach einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel.
Claims (17)
- Ventilator (1, 18) mit einem Laufrad (6, 19), das mehrere Lüfterschaufeln (8, 21) besitzt, und mit einer zwischen Saugseite (9, 15) und Druckseite (10, 26) des Ventilators (1, 18) angeordneten Sperreinrichtung (12, 27), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Sperreinrichtung (12, 27) als streifenförmige Bürste (14, 28) mit mehreren zueinander in Richtung von der Saug- zur Druckseite (9, 15, 10, 26) beabstandet liegenden Bürstenabschnitten (15, 16; 29, 30) ausgebildet ist.
- Ventilator nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Laufrad (8) als Querstromventilator-Laufrad ausgebildet ist und daß die Bürstenabschnitte (15,16) in Laufrichtung (11) zueinander beabstandet sind.
- Ventilator nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sperreinrichtung (12) an einen Wirbelbildner (5) des Querstromventilators (1) angeordnet ist oder den Wirbelbildner (5) bildet.
- Ventilator nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Laufrad (19) als Axialventilator-Laufrad ausgebildet ist und daß die Bürstenabschnitte (29,30) quer zur Laufrichtung (32) zueinander beabstandet sind.
- Ventilator nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sperrvorrichtung (27) zumindest bereichsweise umlaufend in einer Gehäuseöffnung (24) angeordnet ist, in der das Axialventilator-Laufrad vorliegt.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß bei einem Querstromventilator (1) die Bürstenabschnitte (15,16) auch quer zur Laufrichtung (11) des Laufrads (6) beabstandet zueinander sind.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß bei einem Axialventilator die Bürstenabschnitte (29,30) auch in Laufrichtung (32) des Laufrads (19) beabstandet zueinander sind.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sperrvorrichtung (12,27) zwei Bürstenabschnitte (15,16;29,30) aufweist.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bürstenabschnitte (15,16;29,30) in Richtung zum Laufrad (8,19) parallel zueinander verlaufen.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bürstenabschnitte (15,16;29,30) in Richtung zum Laufrad (8,19) einen sich vergrößernden Abstand zueinander aufweisen.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bürstenabschnitte (15,16,29,30) durchgehende Streifen bilden.
- Ventilator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die streifenförmigen Bürstenabschnitte (15,16;29,30) borstenfreie Zonen (35) aufweisen.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Bürstenabschnitt (15,16,29,30) mehrere Borstenbüschel (38) aufweist, die in Reihe nebeneinander angeordnet sind.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die dem Laufrad (8,19) zugewandten Enden der Borsten (33) der Bürstenabschnitte (15,16;29,30) unterschiedlichen Abstand zum Laufrad (8;19) aufweisen.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die borstenfreien Zonen (35) eines Bürstenabschnitts (15,16,29,30) Borsten (33) aufweisende Zonen des anderen Bürstenabschnitts (15,16,29,30) gegenüberliegen.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sperreinrichtung (12,27) eine einreihige Streifenbürste ist, die zur Ausbildung der Bürstenabschnitte (15,16,29,30) ein Borstenspreizelement (34) aufweist.
- Ventilator nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Borsten aus Polyamid und/oder Matall und/oder Naturfasern bestehen oder mindestens eines der genannten Materialien aufweisen oder Naturborsten sind.
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE59912116T DE59912116D1 (de) | 1999-08-31 | 1999-08-31 | Ventilator |
EP99117074A EP1081388B1 (de) | 1999-08-31 | 1999-08-31 | Ventilator |
JP2000004399A JP2001082395A (ja) | 1999-08-31 | 2000-01-13 | ファン |
US09/491,412 US6290456B1 (en) | 1999-08-31 | 2000-01-26 | Ventilator with brush type blocking device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99117074A EP1081388B1 (de) | 1999-08-31 | 1999-08-31 | Ventilator |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1081388A1 EP1081388A1 (de) | 2001-03-07 |
EP1081388B1 true EP1081388B1 (de) | 2005-06-01 |
Family
ID=8238894
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99117074A Expired - Lifetime EP1081388B1 (de) | 1999-08-31 | 1999-08-31 | Ventilator |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6290456B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1081388B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2001082395A (de) |
DE (1) | DE59912116D1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3239533A1 (de) | 2016-04-29 | 2017-11-01 | STEINBEIS GMBH & CO. Für TECHNOLOGIETRANSFER | Axiale turbomaschine |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE50206223D1 (de) * | 2001-10-22 | 2006-05-18 | Sulzer Pumpen Ag | Wellenabdichtungsanordnung für eine Pumpe zur Förderung heisser Fluide |
US7044288B2 (en) * | 2002-04-09 | 2006-05-16 | K-Tron Technologies, Inc. | Bulk material pump feeder with reduced disk jamming |
DE102004055439A1 (de) * | 2004-11-17 | 2006-05-24 | Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg | Strömungsarbeitsmaschine mit dynamischer Strömungsbeeinflussung |
US20070231128A1 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-04 | Caterpiller Inc. | Fan assembly |
FR2913053B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-23 | 2009-05-22 | Snecma Sa | Procede de fabrication d'un carter de turbine a gaz en materiau composite et carter ainsi obtenu |
WO2014079864A1 (en) * | 2012-11-20 | 2014-05-30 | Multi-Wing International A/S | A cooling system and an axial fan for a cooling system |
DK3311014T3 (en) | 2015-06-17 | 2021-07-05 | Multi Wing Int A/S | A cooling system and an axial fan for a cooling system |
US20170241430A1 (en) * | 2016-02-19 | 2017-08-24 | Chaun-Choung Technology Corp. | Combined fan and cooling device using the same |
US10655645B2 (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2020-05-19 | Lenovo Enterprise Solutions (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. | Fan systems including brushes and bristles for self-cleaning |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3048571A1 (de) * | 1980-12-22 | 1982-07-22 | Ltg Lufttechnische Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Querstromventilator |
US4398508A (en) * | 1981-02-20 | 1983-08-16 | Volvo White Truck Corporation | Engine cooling fan construction |
US4526509A (en) * | 1983-08-26 | 1985-07-02 | General Electric Company | Rub tolerant shroud |
DE8614073U1 (de) * | 1986-05-24 | 1988-04-07 | Daimler-Benz Ag | |
US5183382A (en) * | 1991-09-03 | 1993-02-02 | Caterpillar Inc. | Low noise rotating fan and shroud assembly |
JPH05231728A (ja) * | 1992-02-24 | 1993-09-07 | Toshiba Corp | 空気調和機 |
DE4310104C2 (de) * | 1993-03-27 | 1997-04-30 | Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt | Verfahren zur Reduzierung der Schallemission sowie zur Verbesserung der Luftleistung und des Wirkungsgrads bei einer axialen Strömungsmaschine und Strömungsmaschine |
DE19527605C2 (de) * | 1995-07-28 | 1998-02-19 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Bürstendichtung für Turbomaschinen |
US5752802A (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1998-05-19 | Solar Turbines Incorporated | Sealing apparatus for airfoils of gas turbine engines |
US5941685A (en) * | 1997-10-14 | 1999-08-24 | General Electric Company | Brush seal for use on bumpy rotating surfaces |
-
1999
- 1999-08-31 DE DE59912116T patent/DE59912116D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-31 EP EP99117074A patent/EP1081388B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-01-13 JP JP2000004399A patent/JP2001082395A/ja active Pending
- 2000-01-26 US US09/491,412 patent/US6290456B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3239533A1 (de) | 2016-04-29 | 2017-11-01 | STEINBEIS GMBH & CO. Für TECHNOLOGIETRANSFER | Axiale turbomaschine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59912116D1 (de) | 2005-07-07 |
US6290456B1 (en) | 2001-09-18 |
EP1081388A1 (de) | 2001-03-07 |
JP2001082395A (ja) | 2001-03-27 |
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