EP1064452B1 - Procede et appareil pour tester une formation - Google Patents

Procede et appareil pour tester une formation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1064452B1
EP1064452B1 EP99909756A EP99909756A EP1064452B1 EP 1064452 B1 EP1064452 B1 EP 1064452B1 EP 99909756 A EP99909756 A EP 99909756A EP 99909756 A EP99909756 A EP 99909756A EP 1064452 B1 EP1064452 B1 EP 1064452B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
packers
formation
fluid
well bore
pressure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99909756A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1064452A1 (fr
Inventor
Per Erik Berger
Nils Reimers
Don Thorton Macune
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Baker Hughes Holdings LLC
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Baker Hughes Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/088,208 external-priority patent/US6047239A/en
Application filed by Baker Hughes Inc filed Critical Baker Hughes Inc
Publication of EP1064452A1 publication Critical patent/EP1064452A1/fr
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
    • E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/12—Packers; Plugs
    • E21B33/124—Units with longitudinally-spaced plugs for isolating the intermediate space
    • E21B33/1243—Units with longitudinally-spaced plugs for isolating the intermediate space with inflatable sleeves
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E21B49/008—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells by injection test; by analysing pressure variations in an injection or production test, e.g. for estimating the skin factor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E21B49/02—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells by mechanically taking samples of the soil
    • E21B49/06—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells by mechanically taking samples of the soil using side-wall drilling tools pressing or scrapers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E21B49/08—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells
    • E21B49/10—Obtaining fluid samples or testing fluids, in boreholes or wells using side-wall fluid samplers or testers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B2200/00—Special features related to earth drilling for obtaining oil, gas or water
    • E21B2200/22—Fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence, neural networks or the like

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the testing of underground formations or reservoirs. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for isolating a downhole reservoir, and testing the reservoir formation and fluid.
  • MWD Measurement while drilling systems
  • the MWD systems can generate data which includes hydrocarbon presence, saturation levels, and porosity data.
  • telemetry systems have been developed for use with the MWD systems, to transmit the data to the surface.
  • a common telemetry method is the mud-pulsed system, an example of which is found in U. S. Patent 4,733,233.
  • WO 96/30628 entitled Formation Isolation and Testing Apparatus and Method describes an apparatus and method for obtaining samples of pristine formation fluid, using a work string designed for performing other down hole work such as drilling, work over operations and re-entry operations.
  • An extendable element extends against the formation wall to obtain the pristine fluid sample. While the test tool is in standby condition, the extendable element is withdrawn within the work string, protected by other structure from damage during operation of the work string.
  • the apparatus is used to sense down hole conditions while using a work string and the measurements taken can be used to adjust working fluid properties without withdrawing the work string from the bore hole.
  • the extendable element is a packer the apparatus can be used to prevent a kick from reaching the surface, adjust the density of the drilling fluid and thereafter continuing use of the work string.
  • One type of post-drilling test involves producing fluid from the reservoir, collecting samples, shutting-in the well and allowing the pressure to build-up to a static level. This sequence may be repeated several times at several different reservoirs within a given well bore. This type of test is known as a Pressure Build-up Test.
  • One of the important aspects of the data collected during such a test is the pressure build-up information gathered after drawing the pressure down. From this data, information can be derived as to permeability, and size of the reservoir. Further, actual samples of the reservoir fluid must be obtained, and these samples must be tested to gather Pressure-Volume-Temperature data relevant to the reservoir's hydrocarbon distribution.
  • test assembly In order to perform these important tests, it is currently necessary to retrieve the drill string from the well bore. Thereafter, a different tool, designed for the testing, is run into the well bore. A wireline is often used to lower the test tool into the well bore. The test tool sometimes utilizes packers for isolating the reservoir. Numerous communication devices have been designed which provide for manipulation of the test assembly, or alternatively, provide for data transmission from the test assembly. Some of those designs include signaling from the surface of the Earth with pressure pulses, through the fluid in the well bore, to or from a down hole microprocessor located within, or associated with the test assembly.
  • a wire line can be lowerred from the surface, into a landing receptacle located within a test assembly, establishing electrical signal communication between the surface and the test assembly.
  • the amount of time and money required for retrieving the drill string and running a second test rig into the hole is significant.
  • a wire line can not be used to perform the testing, because the test tool may not enter the hole deep enough to reach the desired formation.
  • an apparatus for testing a formation as claimed in claim 5 According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for testing a formation as claimed in claim 5.
  • the apparatus is mounted on a work string for use in a well bore filled with fluid.
  • It can be a work string designed for drilling, re-entry work, or workover applications.
  • the work string may be one capable of going into highly deviated holes, horizontally, or even uphill. Therefore, in order to be fully useful to accomplish the purposes of the present invention, the work string must be one that is capable of being forced into the hole, rather than being dropped like a wireline.
  • the work string can contain a Measurement While Drilling system or other operative elements.
  • the formation test apparatus may include means for moving fluid, such as a pump, for taking in formation fluid; a non-rotating sleeve; an extendible stabilizer blade; a coring device, and at least one sensor for measuring a characteristic of the fluid.
  • the test apparatus will also contain control means, for controlling the various valves or pumps which are used to control fluid flow.
  • the sensors and other instrumentation and control equipment must be carried by the tool.
  • the tool may have a communication system capable of communicating with the surface, and data can be telemetered to the surface or stored in a downhole memory for later retrieval.
  • the method involves drilling or re-entering a bore hole and selecting an appropriate subterranean formation.
  • the pressure, or some other characteristic of the fluid in the well bore at the reservoir, the rock, or both, can then be measured.
  • the extendible element such as a packer or test probe, is set against the wall of the bore hole to isolate a portion of the bore hole or at least a portion of the bore hole wall.
  • the drill string can continue rotating and advancing while the sleeve is held stationary during performance of the test.
  • the use of two packers creates an upper annulus, a lower annulus, and an intermediate annulus within the well bore.
  • the well bore fluid primarily drilling mud, may then be withdrawn from the intermediate annulus with the pump.
  • Pressure can also be applied to fracture the formation, or to perform a pressure test of the formation.
  • Additional extendible elements may also be provided, to isolate more than two permeable zones. This allows the pumping of fluid from one or more zones to more than one other zones.
  • a piston or other test probe is extended from the test apparatus to contact the bore hole wall in a sealing relationship, or some other expandable element can be extended to create a zone from which essentially pristine formation fluid can be withdrawn. This could also be accomplished by extending a locating arm or stabilizer rib from one side of the test tool, to force the opposite side of the test tool to contact the bore hole wall, thereby exposing a sample port to the formation fluid.
  • the goal is to establish a zone of pristine formation fluid from which a fluid or core sample can be taken, or in which characteristics of the fluid can be measured. This can be accomplished by various means.
  • the example first mentioned above is to use inflatable packers to isolate a portion of the entire bore hole, subsequently withdrawing drilling fluid from the isolated portion until it fills with formation fluid.
  • the other examples given accomplish the goal by expanding an element against a spot on the bore hole wall, thereby directly contacting the formation and excluding drilling fluid.
  • the extendible probe can retract within the tool, or it can be protected by adjacent stabilizers, or both.
  • a packer or other extendible elastomeric element can retract within a recession in the tool, or it can be protected by a sleeve or some other type of cover.
  • the formation test, apparatus can contain a resistivity sensor for measuring the resistivity of the well bore fluid and the formation fluid, or other types of sensors.
  • the resistivity of the drilling fluid will be noticeably different from the resistivity of the formation fluid.
  • the resistivity of fluid being pumped from the intermediate annulus between two packers can be monitored to determine when all of the drilling fluid has been withdrawn from the intermediate annulus. As flow is induced from the isolated formation into the intermediate annulus, the resistivity of the fluid being pumped from the intermediate annulus is monitored. Once the resistivity of the exiting fluid differs sufficiently from the resistivity of the well bore fluid, it is assumed that formation fluid has filled the intermediate annulus, and the flow is terminated.
  • the pressure in the intermediate annulus can be -monitored. Pumping can also be resumed, to withdraw formation fluid from the intermediate annulus at a measured rate. Pumping of formation fluid and measurement of pressure can be sequenced as desired to provide data which can be used to calculate various properties of the formation, such as permeability and size. If direct contact with the bore hole wall is used, rather than isolating a section of the bore hole, similar tests can be performed by incorporating test chambers within the test apparatus. The test chambers can be maintained at atmospheric pressure while the work string is being drilled or lowered into the bore hole.
  • test chamber can be selectively placed in fluid communication with the test port. Since the formation fluid will be at much higher pressure than atmospheric, the formation fluid will flow into the test chamber. In this way, several test chambers can be used to perform different pressure tests or take fluid samples.
  • the formation test apparatus has contained therein a drilling fluid return flow passageway for allowing return flow of the drilling fluid from the lower annulus to the upper annulus.
  • At least one pump which can be a Venturi pump or any other suitable type of pump, can also be included for preventing overpressurization in an intermediate annulus. Overpressurization can be undesirable because of the possible loss of the packer seal, or because it can hamper operation of extendible elements which may be operated by differential pressure between the inner bore of the work string and the annulus, or by a fluid pump:
  • the drilling fluid is pumped down the longitudinal inner bore of the work string, past the lower end of the work string (which is generally the bit), and up the annulus. Then the fluid is channeled through return flow passageway and the Venturi pump, creating a low pressure zone at the Venturi, so that the fluid within the intermediate annulus is held at a lower pressure than the fluid in the return flow passageway.
  • the device may also include a circulation valve, for opening and closing the inner bore of the work string.
  • a shunt valve can be located in the work string and operatively associated with the circulation valve, for allowing flow from the inner bore of the work string to the annulus around the work string, when the circulation valve is closed. These valves can be used in operating the test apparatus as a down hole blow-out preventor.
  • the method included the steps of setting the expandable packers, and then positioning the circulating valve in the closed position.
  • the packers are set at a position that is above the influx zone so that the influx zone is isolated.
  • the shunt valve is placed in the open position.
  • Additives can then be added to the drilling fluid, thereby increasing the density of the mud.
  • the heavier mud is circulated down the work string, through the shunt valve, to fill the annulus.
  • the packers can be unseated and the circulation valve can be opened. Drilling may then resume.
  • An advantage of the preferred embodiment includes use of the pressure and resistivity sensors with the MWD system, to allow for real time data transmission of those measurements. Another advantage is that the preferred embodiment allows obtaining static pressures, pressure build-ups, and pressure draw-downs with the work string, such as a drill string, in place. Computation of permeability and other reservoir parameters based on the pressure measurements can be accomplished without pulling the drill string.
  • the packers can be set multiple times, so that testing of several zones is possible. By making measurement of the down hole conditions possible in real time, optimum drilling fluid conditions can be determined which will aid in hole cleaning, drilling safety, and drilling speed.
  • optimum drilling fluid conditions can be determined which will aid in hole cleaning, drilling safety, and drilling speed.
  • FIG. 1 a typical drilling rig 2 with a well bore 4 extending therefrom is illustrated, as is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the drilling rig 2 has a work string 6, which in the embodiment shown is a drill string.
  • the work string 6 has attached thereto a drill bit 8 for drilling the well bore 4.
  • the present invention is also useful in other types of work strings, and it is useful with jointed tubing as well as coiled tubing or other small diameter work string such as snubbing pipe.
  • Figure 1 depicts the drilling rig 2 positioned on a drill ship S with a riser extending from the drilling ship S to the sea floor F.
  • the work string 6 can have a downhole drill motor 10.
  • a mud pulse telemetry system 12 which can incorporate at least one sensor 14, such as a nuclear logging instrument.
  • the sensors 14 sense down hole characteristics of the well bore, the bit, and the reservoir, with such sensors being well known in the art.
  • the bottom hole assembly also contains the formation test apparatus 16 of the preferred embodiment, which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. As can be seen, one or more subterranean reservoirs 18 are intersected by the well bore 4.
  • Figure 2 shows one embodiment of the formation test apparatus 16 in a perspective view, with the expandable packers 24, 26 withdrawn into recesses in the body of the tool. Stabilizer ribs 20 are also shown between the packers 24, 26, arranged around the circumference of the tool, and extending radially outwardly. Also shown are the inlet ports to several drilling fluid return flow passageways 36 and a draw down passageway 41 to be described in more detail below.
  • the test apparatus 16 contains an upper expandable packer 24 and a lower expandable packer 26 for sealingly engaging the wall of the well bore 4.
  • the packers 24, 26 can be expandable by any means known in the art.
  • Inflatable packer means are well known in the art, with inflation being accomplished by means of injecting a pressurized fluid into the packer.
  • Optional covers for the expandable packer elements may also be included to shield the packer elements from the damaging effects of rotation in the well bore, collision with the wall of the well bore, and other forces encountered during drilling, or other work performed by the work string.
  • a high pressure drilling fluid passageway 27 is formed between the longitudinal internal bore 7 and an expansion element control valve 30.
  • An inflation fluid passageway 28 conducts fluid from a first port of the control valve 30 to the packers 24, 26.
  • the inflation fluid passageway 28 branches off into a first branch 28A that is connected to the inflatable packer 26 and a second branch 28B that is connected to the inflatable packer 24.
  • a second port of the control valve 30 is connected to a drive fluid passageway 29, which leads to a cylinder 35 formed within the body of the test tool 16.
  • a third port of the control valve 30 is connected to a low pressure passageway 31, which leads to one of the return flow passageways 36. Alternatively, the low pressure passageway 31 could lead to a Venturi pump 38 or to a centrifugal pump 53 which will be discussed further below.
  • the control valve 30 and the other control elements to be discussed are operable by a downhole electronic control system 100 seen in Fig. 8. which will be discussed in greater detail hereinafter.
  • control valve 30 can be selectively positioned to pressurize the cylinder 35 or the packers 24, 26 with high pressure drilling fluid flowing in the longitudinal bore 7. This can cause the piston 45 or the packers 24, 26 to extend into contact with the wall of the bore hole 4. Once this extension has been achieved, repositioning the control valve 30 can lock the extended element in place. It can also be seen that the control valve 30 can be selectively positioned to place the cylinder 35 or the packers 24, 26 in fluid communication with a passageway of lower pressure, such as the return flow passageway 36. If spring return means are utilized in the cylinder 35 or the packers 24, 26, as is well known in the art, the piston 45 will retract into the cylinder 35, and the packers 24, 26 will retract within their respective recesses. Alternatively, as will be explained below in the discussion of Fig. 7. the low pressure passageway 31 can be connected to a suction means, such as a pump, to draw the piston 45 within the cylinder 35, or to draw the packers 24, 26 into their recesses.
  • an upper annulus 32, an intermediate annulus 33, and a lower annulus 34 are formed. This can be more clearly seen in Fig. 5.
  • the inflated packers 24, 26 isolate a portion of the well bore 4 adjacent the reservoir 18 which is to be tested. Once the packers 24, 26 are set against the wall of the well bore 4, an accurate volume within the intermediate annulus 33 may be calculated, which is useful in pressure testing techniques.
  • the test apparatus 16 also contains at least one fluid sensor system 46 for sensing properties of the various fluids to be encountered.
  • the sensor system 46 can include a resistivity sensor for determining the resistivity of the fluid.
  • a dielectric sensor for sensing the dielectric properties of the fluid
  • a pressure sensor for sensing the fluid pressure may be included.
  • Other types of sensors which can be incorporated are flow rate measuring devices, viscosity sensors, density measuring devices, and optical spectroscopes.
  • a series of passageways 40A, 40B, 40C, and 40D are also provided for accomplishing various objectives, such as drawing a pristine formation fluid sample through the piston 45, conducting the fluid to a sensor 46, and returning the fluid to the return flow passageway 36.
  • a sample fluid passageway 40A passes through the piston 45 from its outer face 47 to a side port 49
  • a sealing element can be provided on the outer face 47 of the piston 45 to ensure that the sample obtained is pristine formation fluid. This in effect isolates a portion of the well bore from the drilling fluid or any other contaminants or pressure sources.
  • a pump inlet passageway 40B connects the cylinder side port 51 to the inlet of a pump 53.
  • the pump 53 can be a centrifugal pump driven by a turbine wheel 55 or by another suitable drive device.
  • the turbine wheel 55 can be driven by flow through a bypass passageway 84 between the longitudinal bore 7 and the return flow passageway 36.
  • the pump 53 can be any other type of suitable pump.
  • a pump outlet passageway 40C is connected between the outlet of the pump 53 and the sensor system 46.
  • a sample fluid return passageway 40D is connected between the sensor 46 and the return flow passageway 36.
  • the passageway 40D has therein a valve 48 for opening and closing the passageway 40D.
  • sample collection passageway 40E which connects the passageways 40A, 40B, 40C, and 40D with the lower sample module, seen generally at 52.
  • the passageway 40E leads to the adjustable choke means 74 and to the sample chamber 56 for collecting a sample.
  • the sample collection passageway 40E has therein a chamber inlet valve 58 for opening and closing the entry into the sample chamber 56.
  • the sample chamber 56 can have a movable baffle 72 for separating the sample fluid from a compressible fluid such as air, to facilitate drawing the sample as will be discussed below.
  • An outlet passage from the sample chamber 56 is also provided, with a chamber outlet valve 62 therein, which can be a manual valve.
  • a sample expulsion valve 60 which can be a manual valve.
  • the passageways from valves 60 and 62 are connected to external ports (not shown) on the tool
  • the valves 62 and 60 allow for the removal of the sample fluid once the work string 6 has been pulled from the well bore, as will be discussed below.
  • the sample chamber 56 can be made wireline retrievable, by means well known in the art.
  • the packers 24, 26 When the packers 24, 26 are inflated, they will seal against the wall of the well bore 4, and as they continue to expand to a firm set, the packers 24, 26 will expand slightly into the intermediate annulus 33. If fluid is trapped within the intermediate annulus 33, this expansion can tend to increase the pressure in the intermediate annulus 33 to a level above the pressure in the lower annulus 34 and the upper annulus 32.
  • a Venturi pump 38 is used to prevent overpressurization of the intermediate annulus 33.
  • the drill string 6 contains several drilling fluid return flow passageways 36 for allowing return flow of the drilling fluid from the lower annulus 34 to the upper annulus 32, when the packers 24, 26 are expanded.
  • a Venturi pump 38 is provided within at least one of the return flow passageways 36, and its structure is designed for creating a zone of lower pressure, which can be used to prevent overpressurization in the intermediate annulus 33, via the draw down passageway 41 and the draw down control valve 42.
  • the Venturi pump 38 could be connected to the low pressure passageway 31, so that the low pressure zone created by the Venturi pump 38 could be used to withdraw the piston 45 or the packers 24, 26.
  • another type of pump could be used for this purpose.
  • FIG. 2 Several return flow passageways can be provided, as shown in Fig. 2.
  • One return flow passageway 36 is used to operate the Venturi pump 38. As seen in Fig.3 and Fig. 4, the return flow passageway 36 has a generally constant internal diameter until the Venturi restriction 70 is encountered.
  • the drilling fluid is pumped down the longitudinal bore 7 of the work string 6, to exit near the lower end of the drill string at the drill bit 8, and to return up the annular space as denoted by the flow arrows.
  • the inflatable packers 24, 26 have been set and a seal has been achieved against the well bore 4
  • the annular flow will be diverted through the return flow passageways 36.
  • a pressure drop occurs such that the Venturi effect will cause a low pressure zone in the Venturi. This low pressure zone communicates with the intermediate annulus 33 through the draw down passageway 41, preventing any overpressurization of the intermediate annulus 33.
  • the return flow passageway 36 also contains an inlet valve 39 and an outlet valve 80, for opening and closing the return flow passageway 36, so that the upper annulus 32 can be isolated from the lower annulus 34.
  • the bypass passageway 84 connects the longitudinal bore 7 of the work string 6 to the return flow passageway 36.
  • a circulation valve 90 for opening and closing the inner bore 7 of the work string 6.
  • a shunt valve 92 located in the shunt passageway 94, for allowing flow from the inner bore 7 of the work string 6 to the upper annulus 32.
  • the remainder of the formation tester is the same as previously described.
  • the circulation valve 90 and the shunt valve 92 are operatively associated with the control system 100.
  • a mud pulse signal is transmitted down hole, thereby signaling the control system 100 to shift the position of the valve 90.
  • the same sequence would be necessary in order to operate the shunt valve 92.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative means of performing the functions performed by the Venturi pump 38.
  • the centrifugal pump 53 can have its inlet connected to the draw down passageway 41 and to the low pressure passageway 31.
  • a draw down valve 57 and a sample inlet valve 59 are provided in the pump inlet passageway to the intermediate annulus and the piston, respectively.
  • the pump inlet passageway is also connected to the low pressure side of the control valve 30. This allows use of the pump 53, or another similar pump, to withdraw fluid from the intermediate annulus 33 through valve 57, to withdraw a sample of formation fluid directly from the formation through valve 59, or to pump down the cylinder 35 or the packers 24, 26.
  • Figure 7 also shows a means of applying fluid pressure to the formation, either via the intermediate annulus 33 or via the sample inlet valve 59.
  • the purpose of applying this fluid pressure may be either to fracture the formation, or to perform a pressure test of the formation.
  • a pump inlet valve 120 and a pump outlet valve 122 are provided in the inlet and outlet, respectively, of the pump 53.
  • the pump inlet valve 120 can be positioned as shown to align the pump inlet with the low pressure passageway 31 as required for the operations described above.
  • the pump inlet valve 120 can be rotated clockwise a quarter turn by the control system 100 to align the pump inlet with the return flow passageway 36.
  • the pump outlet valve 122 can be positioned as shown to align the pump outlet with the return flow passageway 36 as required for the operations described above.
  • the pump outlet valve 122 can be rotated clockwise a quarter turn by the control system 100 to align the pump outlet with the low pressure passageway 31.
  • the pump 53 can be operated to draw fluid from the return flow passageway 36 to pressurize the formation via the low pressure passageway 31.
  • Pressurization of the formation can be through the extendible piston 45, with the sample inlet valve 59 open and the draw down valve 57 shut.
  • pressurization of the formation can be through the annulus 33, with the sample inlet valve 59 shut and the draw down valve 57 open.
  • the preferred embodiment includes use of a control system 100 for controlling the various valves and pumps, and for receiving the output of the sensor system 46.
  • the control system 100 is capable of processing the sensor information with the downhole microprocessor/controller 102, and delivering the data to the communications interface 104, so that the processed data can then be telemetered to the surface using conventional technology.
  • various forms of transmission energy could be used such as mud pulse, acoustical, optical, or electromagnetic.
  • the communications interface 104 can be powered by a downhole electrical power source 106
  • the power source 106 also powers the flow line sensor system 46, the microprocessor/controller 102, and the various valves and pumps.
  • Communication with the surface of the Earth can be effected via the work string 6 in the form of pressure pulses or other means, as is well known in the art.
  • the pressure pulse will be received at the surface via the 2-way communication interface 108.
  • the data thus received will be delivered to the surface computer 110 for interpretation and display.
  • Command signals may be sent down the fluid column by the communications interface 108, to be received by the downhole communications interface 104.
  • the signals so received are delivered to the downhole microprocessor/controller 102.
  • the controller 102 will then signal the appropriate valves and pumps for operation as desired.
  • the down hole microprocessor controller 102 can also contain a preprogrammed sequence of steps based un pre-determined criteria. Therefore, as the down hole data, such as pressure, resistivity, flow rate, viscosity, density, spectral analysis or other data from an optical sensor, or dielectric constants, arc received, the microprocessor/controller would automatically send command signals via the control means to manipulate the various valves and pumps.
  • the down hole data such as pressure, resistivity, flow rate, viscosity, density, spectral analysis or other data from an optical sensor, or dielectric constants, arc received
  • the microprocessor/controller would automatically send command signals via the control means to manipulate the various valves and pumps.
  • FIG. 9 it can be useful to have two or more sets of extendible packers, with associated test apparatus 16 therebetween.
  • One set of packers can isolate a first formation, while another set of packers can isolate a second formation.
  • the apparatus can then be used to pump formation fluid from the first formation into the second formation.
  • This function can be performed either from one annulus 33 at the first formation to another annulus 33 at the second formation, using the extended packers for isolation of the formations.
  • this function can be performed via sample fluid passageways 40A in the two sets of test apparatus 16, using the extended pistons 45 for isolation of the formations.
  • the sample inlet valve 59 can be closed and the draw down valve 57 opened.
  • the pump 53 can be operated to pump formation fluid from the annulus 33 at the first formation into the return flow passageway 36.
  • the return flow passageway 36 can extend through the work string 6 to the second set of test apparatus 16 at the second formation.
  • the second sample inlet valve 59 can be closed and the second draw down valve 57 can be opened, just as in the first set of test apparatus 16.
  • the pump inlet and outlet valves 120, 122 can be rotated clockwise a quarter turn to allow the second pump 53 to pump the first formation fluid from the return flow passageway 36 into the second formation via the second draw down valve 57 and via the annulus 33. Variations of this process can be used to pump formation fluid from one or more formations into one or more other formations.
  • a formation coring device 124 can be extended into the formation by equipment identical to the equipment described above for extending the piston 45.
  • the coring device 124 can be rotated by a turbine 126 which is activated by drilling fluid via the central bore 7 and a turbine inlet port 128.
  • the outlet of the turbine 126 can be via an outlet passageway 130 and a turbine control valve 132, which is controlled by the control system 100.
  • the coring device 124 With the packers 24, 26 extended, the coring device 124 is extended and rotated to obtain a pristine core sample of the formation.
  • the core sample can then be withdrawn into the work string 6. where some chemical analysis can be performed if desired, and the core sample can be preserved in its pristine state, including pristine formation fluid, for extraction upon return of the test apparatus 16 to the surface.
  • the apparatus of the preferred embodiment can be modified by the use of a sliding, non-rotating, sleeve 200 to allow testing to take place while drilling or other rotation of the drill string continues.
  • An extendible stabilizer blade 216 can be located on the side of the test tool opposite the test port, for the purpose of pushing the test port against the bore hole wall, if no piston is used, or for centering of the test tool in the bore hole.
  • Upper stabilizers 220 and lower stabilizers 222 can be added on the work string 6 to separately stabilize the rotating portion of the work string.
  • Figure 12 is a longitudinal section view of the embodiment of the test apparatus 16 having a sliding, non-rotating, sleeve 200.
  • the cylindrical non-rotating sleeve 200 is set into a recess in the outer surface of the work string 6.
  • the space between the non-rotating sleeve 200 and the work string is sealed by upper rotating seals 202 and lower rotating seals 204.
  • a plurality of other rotating seals 206, 208, 210, 212, 214 can be used to seal fluid passageways which lead from the inner bore 7 of the work string 6 to the test apparatus 16, depending upon the particular configuration of the test apparatus used.
  • the non-rotating sleeve 200 is shorter than the recess into which it is set, to allow the work string 6 to move axially relative to the stationary sleeve 200, as the work string 6 advances during drilling.
  • a spring 223 is provided between the upper end of the sleeve 200 and the upper end of the recess, to bias the sleeve 200 downwardly relative to the work string 6.
  • One or more extendible stabilizer blades or ribs 216 can be provided on the non-rotating sleeve 200, on the side opposite the test piston 45 or the test port rib 20.
  • a remotely operated rib extension valve 218 can be provided in a passageway 219 leading from the work string bore 7 to an expansion chamber 221 in which the extendible rib 216 is located. Opening of the rib extension valve 218 introduces pressurized drilling fluid into the expansion chamber 221, thereby hydraulically forcing the extendible rib 216 to move outwardly to contact the bore hole wall.
  • Abutting shoulders or other limiting devices known in the art can be provided on the extendible rib 216 and the non-rotating sleeve 200, to limit the travel of the extendible rib 216.
  • a spring or other biasing element known in the art can be provided to return the extendible rib 216 to its stored position upon release of the hydraulic pressure.
  • the formation tester 16 is positioned adjacent a selected formation or reservoir.
  • a hydrostatic pressure is measured utilizing the pressure sensor located within the sensor system 46, as well as determining the drilling fluid resistivity at the formation. This is achieved by pumping fluid into the sample system 46, and then stopping to measure the pressure and resistivity.
  • the data is processed down hole and then stored or transmitted up-hole using the MWD telemetry system.
  • the operator expands and sets the inflatable packers 24, 26. This is done by maintaining the work string 6 stationary and circulating the drilling fluid down the inner bore 7, through the drill bit 8 and up the annulus.
  • the valves 39 and 80 are open, and therefore, the return flow passageway 36 is open.
  • the control valve 30 is positioned to align the high pressure passageway 27 with the inflation fluid passageways 28A, 28B, and drilling fluid is allowed to flow into the parkers 24, 26. Because of the pressure drop from inside the inner bore 7 to the annulus across the drill bit 8, there is a significant pressure differential to expand the packers 24, 26 and provide a good seal. The higher the flow rate of the drilling fluid, the higher the pressure drop, and the higher the expansion force applied to the packers 24, 26.
  • extension of the packers 24, 26 can be used to stop and prevent rotation of the test apparatus 16.
  • the sleeve 200 rests on the lower end of the recess in the work string 6.
  • the packers 24, 26 are activated by a hydraulic system controlled by the downhole electronics.
  • the sleeve 200 remains stationary relative to the bore hole, compressing the spring 223.
  • the sleeve 200 is essentially decoupled from the movement of the work string 6, enabling formation test measurements to be carried out, without being influenced by the movement of the work string 6. Therefore, there is no requirement to interrupt the drilling process.
  • the packers 24, 26 are retracted.
  • the spring 223, or other biasing device known in the art then pushes the sleeve 200 against the lower end of the recess in the work string 6.
  • another expandable element such as the piston 45 is extended to contact the wall of the well bore, by appropriate positioning of the control valve 30. If no packers are extended, the extendible rib 216 alone can be used to hold the non-rotating sleeve 200 stationary.
  • the upper packer element 24 can be wider than the lower packer 26, thereby containing more volume. Thus, the lower packer 26 will set first. This can prevent debris from being trapped between the packers 24, 26.
  • the Venturi pump 38 can then be used to prevent overpressurization in the intermediate annulus 33, or the centrifugal pump 53 can be operated to remove the drilling fluid from the intermediate annulus 33. This is achieved by opening the draw down valve 41 in the arrangement shown in Fig. 3, or by opening the valves 82, 57, and 48 in the embodiment shown in Fig. 7.
  • the resistivity and the dielectric constant of the fluid being drained can be constantly monitored by the sensor system 46.
  • the data so measured can be processed down hole and transmitted up-hole via the telemetry system.
  • the resistivity and dielectric constant of the fluid passing through will change from that of drilling fluid to that of drilling fluid filtrate, to that of the pristine formation fluid.
  • the operator closes the pump inlet valve 57 and the by-pass valve 82. This stops drainage of the intermediate annulus 33 and immediately allows the pressure to build-up to virgin formation pressure.
  • the operator may choose to continue circulation in order to telemeter the pressure results up-hole.
  • the operator could open the chamber inlet valve 58 so that the fluid in the passageway 40E is allowed to enter the sample chamber 56.
  • the sample chamber may be empty or filled with some compressible fluid. If the sample chamber 56 is empty and at atmospheric conditions, the baffle 72 will be urged downward until the chamber 56 is filled.
  • An adjustable choke 74 is included for regulating the flow into the chamber 56. The purpose of the adjustable choke 74 is to control the change in pressure across the packers when the sample chamber is opened. If the choke 74 were not present, the packer seal might be lost due to the sudden change in pressure created by opening the sample chamber inlet valve 58. Another purpose of the choke 74 would be to control the process of flowing the fluid into the system, to prevent the pressure from being lowered below the fluid bubble point, thereby preventing gas from evaporating from the fluid.
  • the valve 58 can again be closed, allowing for another pressure build-up, which is monitored by the pressure sensor. If desired, multiple pressure build-up tests can be performed by repeatedly pumping down the intermediate annulus 33, or by repeatedly filling additional sample chambers. Formation permeability may be calculated by later analyzing the pressure versus time data, such as by a Homer Plot which is well known in the art. Of course, the data may be analyzed before the packers 24 and 26 are deflated.
  • the sample chamber 56 could be used in order to obtain a fixed, controlled drawn down volume. The volume of fluid drawn may also be obtained from a down hole turbine meter placed in the appropriate passageway.
  • the packers 24, 26 can be deflated and withdrawn, thereby returning the test apparatus 16 to a standby mode. If used, the piston 45 can be withdrawn.
  • the packers 24, 26 can be deflated by positioning the control valve 30 to align the low pressure passageway 31 with the inflation passageway 28.
  • the piston 45 can be withdrawn by positioning the control valve 30 to align the low pressure passageway 31 with the cylinder passageway 29.
  • the Venturi pump 38 or the centrifugal pump 53 can be used.
  • the sample chamber 56 can be separated from the work string 6.
  • a container for holding the sample (which is still at formation pressure) is attached to the outlet of the chamber outlet valve 62.
  • a source of compressed air is attached to the expulsion valve 60.
  • the compressed air attached to the expulsion valve 60 pushes the baffle 72 toward the outlet valve 62, forcing the sample out of the sample chamber 56
  • the sample chamber may be cleaned by refilling with water or solvent through the outlet valve 62, and cycling the baffle 72 with compressed air via the expulsion valve 60.
  • the fluid can then be analyzed for hydrocarbon number distribution, bubble point pressure, or other properties.
  • a sensor package can be associated with the sample chamber 56, so that the same measurements can be performed on the fluid sample while it is still downhole Then, the sample may be discharged downhole.
  • the method comprises the steps of measuring the hydrostatic pressure of the well bore at the target formation. Then, the packers 24, 26 are set so that an upper 32, a lower 34, and an intermediate annulus 33 are formed within the well bore. Next, the well bore fluid is withdrawn from the intermediate annulus 33 as has been previously described and the pressure of the formation is measured within the intermediate annulus 32.
  • extendible elements may also be used to determine formation pressure
  • the method further includes the steps of adjusting the density of the drilling fluid according to the pressure readings of the formation so that the mud weight of the drilling fluid closely matches the pressure gradient of the formation. This allows for maximum drilling efficiency.
  • the inflatable packers 24, 26 are deflated as has been previously explained and drilling is resumed with the optimum density drilling fluid.
  • the operator would continue drilling to a second subterranean horizon, and at the appropriate horizon, would then take another hydrostatic pressure measurement, thereafter inflating the packers 24, 26 and draining the intermediate annulus 33, as previously set out. According to the pressure measurement, the density of the drilling fluid may be adjusted again and the inflatable packers 24, 26 are unseated and the drilling of the bore hole may resume at the correct overbalance weight.
  • the preferred embodiment herein described can also be used as a near bit blow-out preventor. If an underground blow-out were to occur, the operator would set the inflatable packers 24, 26, and have the valve 39 in the closed position, and begin circulating the drilling fluid down the work string through the open valves 80 and 82. Note that in a blowout prevention application, the pressure in the lower annulus 34 may be monitored by opening valves 39 and 48 and closing valves 57, 59, 30, 82, and 80. The pressure in the upper annulus may be monitored while circulating directly to the annulus through the bypass valve by opening valve 48.
  • the pressure in the internal diameter 7 of the drill string may be monitored during normal drilling by closing both the inlet valve 39 and outlet valve 80 in the passageway 36, and opening the by-pass valve 82, with all other valves closed. Finally, the by-pass passageway 84 would allow the operator to circulate heavier density fluid in order to control the kick.
  • the operator would set the first and second inflatable packers 24, 26 and then position the circulation valve 90 in the closed position.
  • the inflatable packers 24, 26 are set at a position that is above the influx zone so that the influx zone is isolated.
  • the shunt valve 92 contained on the work string 6 is placed in the open position. Additives can then be added to the drilling fluid at the surface, thereby increasing the density. The heavier drilling fluid is circulated down the work string 6, through the shunt valve 92. Once the denser drilling fluid has replaced the lighter fluid, the inflatable packers 24, 26 can be unseated and the circulation valve 90 is placed in the open position. Drilling, may then resume

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
  • Automatic Analysis And Handling Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Procédé pour tester une formation comprenant de :
    descendre une colonne de forage (6) dans un puits (4), ladite colonne de forage comprenant un foret (8), un premier groupe de packers (24, 26), une première sonde extensible (45) extensible à partir de ladite colonne de forage (6) et positionnée entre les packers du premier groupe de packers, un premier orifice situé dans (40A) ou adjacent à (41) ladite première sonde extensible et un premier dispositif de transfert de fluide (53) ;
    forer le trou de puits (4) ;
    étendre le premier groupe de packers (24, 26) pour isoler une première portion du puits adjacente à une première formation souterraine sélectionnée (18) ;
    positionner ladite première sonde extensible (45) adjacente à ladite première formation souterraine sélectionnée (18) ;
    étendre ladite première sonde extensible (45) en engagement d'étanchéité avec la paroi du puits (4) pour isoler une première portion du puits (4) adjacente à une première formation souterraine sélectionnée (18) ;
    procédé caractérisé en ce que ladite colonne de forage comprend en outre :
    un deuxième groupe de packers (24, 26), une deuxième sonde extensible (45) extensible à partir de ladite colonne de forage (6) et positionnée entre les packers du deuxième groupe de packers (24, 26) et un deuxième orifice situé dans (40A) ou adjacent à (41) ladite deuxième sonde extensible ;
    procédé caractérisé en outre par les étapes consistant à :
    étendre ledit deuxième groupe de packers (24, 26) pour isoler une deuxième portion du puits adjacente à une deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée ;
    positionner ladite première sonde extensible (45) adjacente à ladite deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée ;
    étendre ladite deuxième sonde extensible en engagement d'étanchéité avec la paroi du puits (4) pour isoler ladite deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée de la première formation souterraine sélectionnée ;
    transférer du fluide de formation de la première formation souterraine sélectionnée (18) à la deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée à travers lesdits premier et deuxième orifices ; et
    appliquer du fluide à ladite deuxième formation sélectionnée via ledit deuxième orifice avec ledit premier dispositif de transfert de fluide (53).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit fluide est appliqué à une pression élevée, comprenant en outre de :
    fracturer ladite première formation sélectionnée avec ledit fluide à une pression élevée.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre :
    disposer un dispositif de détection de pression (16) dans la colonne de forage (6) ;
    augmenter la pression dans ladite première portion isolée du puits (4) à un niveau de test sélectionné ; et
    surveiller la pression dans ladite première portion isolée du puits (4) avec ledit dispositif de détection de pression (16) pour détecter une chute de pression.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre :
    étendre un dispositif de carottage entre les packers d'au moins un du premier groupe de packers et du deuxième groupe de packers ; et
    prélever un échantillon de carotte d'au moins un de la première formation sélectionnée et de la deuxième formation sélectionnée.
  5. Dispositif pour tester une formation comprenant :
    une colonne de forage (6) pour la descente dans un puits, ladite colonne de forage comprenant un foret (8) ;
    un premier groupe de packers extensibles (24, 26) extensibles à partir de ladite colonne de forage pour isoler une première portion du puits adjacente à une première formation souterraine sélectionnée (18) ;
    une première sonde extensible (45) extensible à partir de ladite colonne de forage, un premier orifice situé dans (40A) ou adjacent à (41) ladite première sonde extensible et un premier dispositif de transfert de fluide (53), dans lequel ladite première sonde extensible (45) est positionnée entre les packers dudit premier groupe de packers (24, 26) et est extensible vers la paroi du puits (4) pour un engagement d'étanchéité avec celle-ci pour isoler une première portion du puits (4) adjacente à une première formation sélectionnée (18) ;
       caractérisé par :
    un deuxième groupe de packers extensibles (24, 26) extensibles à partir de ladite colonne de forage (6) pour isoler une deuxième portion du puits adjacente à une deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée (18);
    une deuxième sonde extensible (45) extensible à partir de ladite colonne de forage (6), où, en service, ladite deuxième sonde extensible (45) est positionnée adjacente à une deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée pour un engagement d'étanchéité avec la paroi du puits (4) pour isoler ladite deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée de ladite première formation souterraine sélectionnée ;
    un deuxième orifice situé dans (40A) ou adjacent à (41) ladite deuxième sonde extensible ;
    des moyens pour transférer du fluide de formation de la première formation souterraine sélectionnée (18) à la deuxième formation souterraine sélectionnée à travers lesdits premier et deuxième orifices ;
       dans lequel ledit premier dispositif de transfert de fluide (53) est agencé, en service, pour appliquer du fluide à ladite première formation sélectionnée via ledit premier orifice (51).
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, dans lequel ledit fluide est appliqué, en service, à une pression élevée et dans lequel ledit fluide fracture, en service, ladite première formation sélectionnée.
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, comprenant en outre :
    un dispositif de détection de pression (16) dans la colonne de forage (6) ;
    des moyens pour augmenter la pression (53) dans ladite première portion isolée du puits (4) à un niveau de test sélectionné ; et
    des moyens pour surveiller la pression (16) dans ladite première portion isolée du puits (4) avec ledit dispositif de détection de pression (16) pour détecter une chute de pression.
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, comprenant en outre un dispositif de carottage (124) positionné entre les packers d'au moins un du premier groupe de packers (24, 26) et du deuxième groupe de packers (24, 26).
EP99909756A 1998-03-06 1999-03-03 Procede et appareil pour tester une formation Expired - Lifetime EP1064452B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7714498P 1998-03-06 1998-03-06
US77144P 1998-03-06
US88208 1998-06-01
US09/088,208 US6047239A (en) 1995-03-31 1998-06-01 Formation testing apparatus and method
US22686599A 1999-01-07 1999-01-07
US226865 1999-01-07
PCT/US1999/004596 WO1999045236A1 (fr) 1998-03-06 1999-03-03 Procede et appareil pour tester une formation

Publications (2)

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EP1064452A1 EP1064452A1 (fr) 2001-01-03
EP1064452B1 true EP1064452B1 (fr) 2005-12-07

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EP (1) EP1064452B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2889299A (fr)
DE (1) DE69928780T2 (fr)
NO (1) NO320901B1 (fr)
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CN106481337A (zh) * 2015-08-27 2017-03-08 中国石油化工股份有限公司 超压顶界面的预测方法

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WO2018126395A1 (fr) * 2017-01-05 2018-07-12 General Electric Company Système et procédé de détection d'hydrocarbures dans une formation rocheuse souterraine
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CN103306658B (zh) * 2013-07-01 2016-01-20 中国石油化工股份有限公司 逐级坐封多级分段压裂管柱及其使用方法
CN106481337A (zh) * 2015-08-27 2017-03-08 中国石油化工股份有限公司 超压顶界面的预测方法
CN106481337B (zh) * 2015-08-27 2019-11-08 中国石油化工股份有限公司 超压顶界面的预测方法

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Publication number Publication date
NO20004426D0 (no) 2000-09-05
DE69928780D1 (de) 2006-01-12
WO1999045236A1 (fr) 1999-09-10
NO20004426L (no) 2000-11-01
DE69928780T2 (de) 2006-08-17
AU2889299A (en) 1999-09-20
NO320901B1 (no) 2006-02-13
EP1064452A1 (fr) 2001-01-03

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