EP1053438B1 - Method and apparatus for heat transformation for generating heating media - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for heat transformation for generating heating media Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1053438B1
EP1053438B1 EP99908841A EP99908841A EP1053438B1 EP 1053438 B1 EP1053438 B1 EP 1053438B1 EP 99908841 A EP99908841 A EP 99908841A EP 99908841 A EP99908841 A EP 99908841A EP 1053438 B1 EP1053438 B1 EP 1053438B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
heat
steam
engine
temperature
pressure
Prior art date
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EP99908841A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1053438A1 (en
Inventor
Hans Otto Mieth
Peter N. Thomsen
Marcus GÜNTHER
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Miturbo Umwelttechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Miturbo Umwelttechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01KSTEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/065Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion taking place in an internal combustion piston engine, e.g. a diesel engine
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G5/00Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F02G5/02Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases
    • F02G5/04Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases in combination with other waste heat from combustion engines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F25B25/02Compression-sorption machines, plants, or systems
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B27/00Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy
    • F25B27/02Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy using waste heat, e.g. from internal-combustion engines
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y02A30/27Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
    • Y02A30/274Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies using waste energy, e.g. from internal combustion engine
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/90Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in food processing or handling, e.g. food conservation
    • Y02A40/963Off-grid food refrigeration
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/52Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of heat transformation for converting the low-temperature waste heat from cooling circuits of combined heat and power (CHP) combustion piston engines in steam or other heating media with operational necessities Temperature using the principle of the high temperature heat pump according to the preamble of claim 1 and devices for performing the method according to claims 17 to 24.
  • CHP combined heat and power
  • the present invention is the Task based on a heat transformation method and devices for executing of the process based on the principle of high temperature heat pump, by means of which technically reliable and with an economic relation of the investment and operating expenses for the yield from the recuperated energy in piston engine CHPs the waste heat not only from the hot exhaust gas, but also one the largest possible proportion of the low-temperature waste heat from the cooling circuits for Cylinder, lubricating oil and charge air / fuel mixture up to a project to be fixed Lower temperature limit through conversion into the normal heating medium can be used to supply heat to commercial and industrial plants.
  • Negative pressure in the low pressure area of the heat transformer or direct feed of the engine cooling water in the operational heating medium can be avoided.
  • Embodiments of the invention relate to, among other things
  • the devices are divided into a CHP engine 1.0 with its auxiliary units 1.1 to 1.8, a low-pressure boiler and vapor evaporator 2.0 to 2.5, a waste heat and high-pressure steam boiler 3.0 to 3.4, a vapor compressor with drive 4.0 to 4.2 and a medium-pressure boiler 5.0 until 5.2.
  • a standard CHP unit of the type used for building heating only consists of assemblies similar to 1 and 2 of Fig. 1, switched so that the exhaust gas from the CHP unit 1.0 is passed behind an exhaust gas turbocharger 1.2 / 1.3 through a waste heat boiler 2.0, in which the preheated cooling water from the low-temperature engine cooling circuits 1.4 and 1.5 (high and low temperature stage of the cooler for the fuel / air mixture (A) charged by the exhaust gas turbocharger 1.2 / 1.3; engine oil cooling 1.6 and cylinder cooling 1.7) usually connected in series in such systems to the flow temperature of the heating circuit or circuits / s 2.4 is reheated.
  • CHP systems with a high-temperature heat pump for recovering the cooling water heat by vapor compression achieve a better thermal efficiency close to 40%, but must use as much drive energy to drive the compressor that, for example in the case of the arrangement described by STRUCK, the electrical efficiency of the CHP plant drops by approx. 5 to 30 to 35%.
  • the circuit according to STRUCK is similar to Fig. 1 for the CHP engine 1.0 and its cooling circuits 1.4 to 1.7 as well as the low-pressure boiler 2.0, the vapor compressor 4.0 with its drive motor 4.2 and also the medium-pressure heating boiler 5.0 to 5.2, but the motive steam high-pressure boiler is omitted 3.0 to 3.3 and the steam engine 4.1; and the exhaust gas is passed through the boiler 5.0.
  • Another important difference to the system according to the invention is that it is due to the lack of heat exchanger 1.7 and the negative pressure of 0.4 bar in the low pressure boiler 2.0 and the directly connected motor in the event of leakages for sucking in oil and air into the high-temperature heat pump and the operational Heating circuit comes, which gives rise to considerable reservations about the use of such systems.
  • CHP plants with gas turbine drive only consist of the drive machine similar to modules 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 and a waste heat boiler similar to module 3, designed for the operating pressure of the heating medium and equipped with heating circuits according to 5.1 and / or 5.2 ,
  • the mechanical / electrical efficiency of modern industrial gas turbines increases from 0.6 to 3 MW from 20 to 30% and reaches almost 35% at 10 MW.
  • the chimney loss can be reduced to a third of the specified 20% by reheating in the flue gas flow in accordance with module 3.2, the system's current index decreases to the same extent. This means only makes sense to the extent that the heat demand of the company temporarily exceeds the waste heat available from the gas turbine. If this condition occurs continuously, the gas turbine CHP is designed so scarcely that the ecological waste heat utilization or power / heat coupling potential of the company is not exhausted.
  • the motor CHP according to the invention with a heat transformer (FIG. 1) is equipped with all the main components 1.0 to 5.0, but not always with all of its subassemblies.
  • FIG. 1 Insofar as there are alternatives to the equipment stand shown in Fig. 1, these are described in the context of the equipment stand shown and, as far as verbally not clearly describable, provided with further illustrations.
  • heat transformer does not refer to a quantifiable assembly of the system, but rather to its entirety with the exception of assembly 1. The term was preferred to that of the high-temperature heat pump in order to indicate the integration of a wider range of components than this for the comprehensive function of the heat transformer.
  • the internal combustion piston engine 1.0 with a coupled electric generator 1.1 Shown is a lean-turbo engine with an exhaust gas turbine 1.2 and a coupled fuel-air mixture turbocompressor 1.3, as are implemented in a gas engine.
  • the charge turbine would only compress air; in naturally aspirated engines, the exhaust gas turbocharger including the charge air or mixture cooler 1.4 and 1.5 is not required.
  • the distribution of the coolers 1.4 and 1.5 is carried out according to claim 8 so that in the charge air or mixture cooler 1.4 the compression heat is transferred to a cooling pressure from a low pressure boiler 2.0 except for an unavoidable temperature difference.
  • the low temperature cooler 1.5 is connected to an external cooling water supply.
  • the radiator 1.5 is dispensed with, in order not to "cool away” the amount of heat dissipated there in the order of 5% of the fuel heat throughput, but to include it in the use of exhaust gas.
  • this results in the further advantage that the exhaust gas energy available for vapor compression increases. Both effects are even more favorable if a "lambda 1" naturally aspirated engine is used, in which the amount of heat from cooler 1.4 is also transferred from low-pressure boiler 2.0 to the exhaust gas, thereby reducing the power requirement of the vapor compressor 4.0 and increasing the range of drive power.
  • the excess air and thus the directly dependent loss of Schomstein are proportionally reduced and the thermal efficiency of the system is increased.
  • the heat exchanger 1.7 is provided in the event that a media separation between the working medium of the heat transformer and the cylinder cooling circuit of the engine 1.0, for example from safety considerations with regard to the risk of contamination of the heating medium with engine oil, which is considered particularly critical in food companies, is expressly desired or is technically necessary. This could happen if claim 7 can not be realized, after which the cooling water temperature of the engine 1.0 is raised to 115 to 125 ° C to ensure with the heat transformer working fluid water that the system is in the entire low temperature range above ambient pressure, and the alternative working medium to be used according to claim 4 with a lower boiling point is out of the question for chemical or hazard reasons such as flammability or corrosiveness for use as an engine coolant.
  • cooler 1.5 In an oil cooler 1.6 , as in cooler 1.5, about 5% of the waste heat is generated. If, according to claim 7, the cooling water inlet temperature is raised to 115 to 125 ° C, the engine 1.0 must be further developed in accordance with claim 9 so that it can be used with an appropriate lubricating oil with an oil temperature of approximately 120 to 130 ° C without sacrificing performance and durability can work. There are already engines today which either allow the hot cooling according to claim 7 or according to claim 9 to operate at oil temperatures of 120 to 130 ° C. The combination of both properties can therefore only be a question of the development effort or the approval not yet required in this form.
  • the low-pressure boiler of the heat transformer consists of the container 2.0 with the process engineering functions of partial evaporation, which is removed by a pump 2.1 and, in cooperation with a pressure-maintaining valve 2.2, is kept at an overheating temperature above the saturation pressure to the highest in the engine cooling circuits 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 and is reduced by pressure Pressure maintaining valve 2.2 and atomization in the working fluid returned to the low pressure boiler 2.0 as well as residual liquid separation from the developing working fluid vapor before entering a suction line of the vapor compressor 4.0.
  • the low-pressure boiler 2.0 serves as a collector and level-controlled template of the CHP plant for feed water and condensate from an external company storage and as a steam and heating water supply for company low-temperature consumers 2.4 and 2.5.
  • the high-pressure boiler of the heat transformer for motive steam consists of a waste heat steam generator 3.0 with a superheater 3.1 upstream on the exhaust gas side and the downstream economizer (feed water preheater) 3.3 with a feed pump 3.4 controlled by the fill level of the steam generator 3.0.
  • the steam generator 3.0 and its ancillary units 3.1 to 3.4 are designed firstly depending on the exhaust gas temperature of the engine 1.0, secondly the quality and quantity of the low-temperature waste heat, thirdly the company-specific heating pressure and fourthly the power requirement of the vapor compression and its drive resulting from this data.
  • the vapor compression system of the heat transformer consists of a mechanical compressor 4.0, coupled to a steam expansion engine 4.1 and an auxiliary drive 4.2.
  • This configuration represents a combination of solution approaches according to claims 1, 2, 20, 22 and 17 which is not practical in practice. As far as the real arrangements can be clearly described and discussed by simply omitting modules in Fig. 1, this will be done afterwards. Deviating assembly configurations are shown in Fig. 2.1 to 2.3.
  • Fig. 2.1 shows a heat transformer with steam jet compressor 4.0.1, consisting of the high pressure boiler system 3.0, 3.1, 3.3 with additional burner for propellant steam 3.2 according to claim 2 and the steam jet compressor 4.0.1 according to claim 17.
  • the steam jet compressor 4.0.1 has a poorer efficiency than mechanical compressors, especially with a high compression ratio. Since it has low acquisition and maintenance costs and does not pose any risk of contamination for the steam, its use should always be considered if the boundary conditions regarding the compression and quantity ratio of the low and high temperature waste heat are favorable.
  • This version which comes closest to main claim 1, is best when the energy distribution to high and low temperature waste heat is favorable and the compression ratio is moderate due to the heating medium pressure not being too high on the one hand and high pressure in the low pressure boiler 2.0 on the other hand, as is the case with the design of the System according to claims 7 to 15 is particularly the case.
  • the internal combustion engine 4.2.2 has the advantage that, as a result of its mechanical efficiency which is three to four times higher than that of the steam expansion power plant, correspondingly less fuel has to be used Use of waste heat has a negative impact on the CHP's electricity index. This applies all the more as the exhaust gas energy of the internal combustion engine 1.0 flows into the high-pressure motive steam generation, increases the output of the steam expansion engine 4.1 and therefore leads to the dimensioning of a lower output of the internal combustion engine 1.0.
  • the direct mechanical coupling to a power take-off of the CHP engine 1.0 is interesting in terms of construction costs and efficiency, but it poses problems if the output control of the compressor 4.0 is based on the speed.
  • the auxiliary drive is more practical thanks to a hydraulic motor 4.2, which is speed-controllable and has fewer constraints with regard to the spatial allocation of the machines. Since the hydraulic motor 4.2 branches off power from the CHP engine, the generator 1.1 could theoretically be made smaller in order to save investment costs.
  • the electric motor 4.2 equipped with speed control only consumes as much of the current generated in the generator 4.4 as is required to drive the compressor 4.0 due to the excess vapor in the low-pressure boiler 2.0 in accordance with the ratio of low-temperature heat quantities arising from the motor 1.0 and taken from the heating circuits 2.4 and 2.5
  • the current also generated in generator 4.4 of the steam expansion engine 4.1 from waste heat increases the electrical efficiency and the electricity index of the CHP plant. Only with this advantageous arrangement according to claim 22 is it possible to convert excess expansion energy through temporary direct consumption of recuperated low-temperature waste heat according to claim 12 into additional power / heat coupling electricity.
  • the high-pressure boiler 3.0 and the steam expansion engine 4.1 are designed with a power reserve, it is also possible to operate the additional burner 3.2 in periods of high operational heating energy requirements that exceed the waste heat supply of the CHP unit and to cover the above-average temporary heat requirement with additional power generation. Taking into account the special circumstances of the application of a CHP plant, it may therefore make sense, in accordance with the wording of claim 22, to combine the electric drive of the vapor compressor 4.0 mechanically decoupled from the steam expansion engine 4.1 with the installation of the additional burner 3.2 according to claim 2.
  • the medium-pressure heating boiler of the heat transformer consists of the boiler 5.0 designed for the saturation pressure of the operating heating media, which does not necessarily have to be equipped with exhaust gas heating surfaces, since it is caused by the introduction of the vapor compressed in the vapor compressor 4.0 from the low-pressure boiler 2.0 and that in the steam expansion engine 4.1 relaxed steam is fed from the high-pressure boiler 3.0, which must be condensed if the amount exceeds the consumption of the heating circuits 5.1 and 5.2.
  • the boiler 5.0 has the function of a waste heat accumulator, which reacts to differences between heat generation and consumption with pressure changes, which according to the invention is the central reference variable for the load control of the CHP and additional heat supply systems connected in parallel.
  • An equipment and circuit variant of the boiler 5.0 according to Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 results when the heat transformer is designed with a low-boiling heat pump working fluid according to claims 5, 6 and 19, by then equipping it with heat exchange surfaces for the condensation of the compressed working fluid because of the heating steam generation by the heat supplied with a feed water supply.
  • a high-temperature cooling circuit with the circulation pump 5.4 transfers the waste heat from the drive low-temperature heat exchanger 4.8.2. of the Stirling engine 4.8.0 parallel to that of the exhaust gas precooler 5.3 in the medium pressure boiler 5.0, the remaining functions of which correspond to the description in the previous paragraph.
  • the solutions presented and discussed to compensate for any energy deficits in the engine exhaust gas for the steam expansion engine 4.1 according to the method and device claims 2 and 17 to 23 apply analogously to the Stirling engine 4.8.0.
  • Fig. 4.1 relates to the heat pump working fluid water.
  • Fig.4.2 the equipment and circuit is shown, which results analogously to Fig.3.1 when operating the heat transformer with a low-boiling heat pump working fluid according to claims 5, 6 and 19, if instead of the steam expansion engine 4.1, a Stirling engine 4.8.0 is used.
  • Consequences of the choice of the working medium of the low temperature vapor evaporation and compression for the switching and function of the heat transformer If, according to claim 7, a motor 1.0 hot-cooled with 115 to 125 ° C is used for driving a CHP, the low-pressure boiler 2.0 works with the. Working water at 1.7 to 2.4 bar and is so well protected against the ingress of air or oil that the heat exchanger 1.7 to the cylinder cooling circuit of the engine 1.0 can be omitted if there are no special, extreme safety requirements of the company regarding the absolute freedom from oil and contamination of the heating medium to speak up against.
  • the heat transformer is "open" from the engine cooling to the service heating, energy-absorbing temperature differences at heat exchangers for media separation are avoided, the water circuits can be created from the point of view of optimal heat regeneration in an advantageous manner according to the invention as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the direct consumption of low-temperature heat also serves to relieve the vapor compressor 4.0 through the heating circuits fed from the low pressure boiler 2.0 2.4 and 2.5 according to claim 12.
  • the direct supply of operational heat consumers must the low temperature range according to claim 12 for the purpose of media separation via a Heat exchanger is carried out, which causes an additional temperature difference, but which is compensated by the fact that compared to the execution according to claim 6 the heat exchange of the heat pump working fluid with the engine cooling circuit and the low pressure boiler 2.0, which also gives the advantage a higher evaporation pressure of the working fluid with the consequence of a lower one Energy requirement of the vapor compressor 4.0 results.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention relates to a process of heat transformation to convert the low-temperature waste heat from cooling circuits of block-type thermal power station (BTPS) reciprocating-piston combustion engines into steam or other heating media of a temperature required for operation by adopting the principle of the high-temperature heat pump according to which the low-temperature heat produced by recooling the engine cooling circuits to their required inflow temperature required by construction is transferred to a liquid working medium, is absorbed by the working media vapors by partial evaporation, and is brought, by compressing and condensing the working medium vapors, to the temperature of the in-plant heating media and is transferred to them. It is an object of the invention to provide a heat transformation process and devices for realizing the process according to the principle of the high-temperature heat pump using mechanical vapor compression by means of which the waste heat not only of the hot exhaust gas, but also the one of a proproportion as large as possible of the low-temperature waste heat from the cooling circuits for the cylinders, the lubricating oil, and the charging air/fuel mix may be used up to a lower temperature limit to be fixed for each project by conversion into the in-plant common heating medium in a technically reliable manner and at an economical relationship between the investment and operating expenditures to the output from the recuperated energy in reciprocating-piston engine BTPS for the heat supply to commercial and industrial enterprises. This is attained by the fact that inventive connections and devices prevent a drop below the ambient pressure in the critical low-temperature range and in all of the operating conditions of the heat transformer and the energy required for vapour compression is reduced to a minimum and, using steam expansion or hot-air prime movers, is gained completely or in part from the exhaust gas content of the BTPS engine (FIG. 1).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren der Wärmetransformation zur Wandlung der Niedertemperatur-Abwärme aus Kühlkreisläufen von Blockheizkraftwerk(BHKW)-Verbrennungskolbenmotoren in Dampf oder sonstige Heizmedien mit betriebsnotwendiger Temperatur durch Anwendung des Prinzips der Hochtemperatur Wärmepumpe nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 und Vorrichtungen zur Ausführung des Verfahrens nach den Ansprüchen 17 bis 24.The invention relates to a method of heat transformation for converting the low-temperature waste heat from cooling circuits of combined heat and power (CHP) combustion piston engines in steam or other heating media with operational necessities Temperature using the principle of the high temperature heat pump according to the preamble of claim 1 and devices for performing the method according to claims 17 to 24.

Nach dem Stand der Technik ist es bekannt, Blockheizkraftwerke mit Gasturbinenoder Verbrennungs-Kolbenmotoren-Antrieb auszurüsten, deren Abwärme in Wärmetauschem ausgekoppelt und für Heizzwecke genutzt wird. Soweit diese Abwärme im Abgas anfällt, kann sie in einem Abhitzekessel zur Erzeugung von Heizmedien mit Druck und Temperatur nach betrieblicher Erfordernis genutzt werden. Die Niedertemperaturkreisläufe für die Ladeluft-, Öl- und Zylinderkühlung industrieller Verbrennungs-Kolbenmotoren wird im Normalfall auf 70 bis 80°C, bei Spezialausführungen auf 110 bis 125°C Zulauftemperatur des Kühlwassers und seine Erwärmung um 5 bis 10°C ausgelegt. Dieser Niedertemperaturanteil, der abhängig vom Brennstoff und der Konstruktion des Motors 35 bis 50 % der Abwärme ausmacht, stellt in vielen Fällen den begrenzenden Faktor für die Anwendung von Motor-BHKW's in prozeßtechnischen Industrieanlagen dar, weil er betrieblich nicht in ausreichendem Umfang nutzbar ist. Obwohl Kolbenmotoren einen besseren mechanisch/elektrischen Wirkungsgrad, ein günstigeres Teillastverhalten und wegen des geringeren Luftüberschusses einen niedrigeren Schornsteinverlust des Abhitzekessels aufweisen, werden industrielle Kraft/Wärme-Kopplungs-Anlagen überwiegend mit Gasturbinen ausgerüstet, deren gesamte, mit hoher Temperatur im Abgas anfallende, nutzbare Abwärme universell zur Beheizung der betrieblichen Prozesse eingesetzt werden kann. Da Gasturbinen erst in größeren Einheiten ein gutes Preis/Leistungs Verhältnis aufweisen und wegen ihres schlechten Teillastverhaltens auf eine hohe, gleichmäßige Wärmeabnahme angewiesen sind, ist ihr Einsatz in kleinen und mittleren Betrieben meist nicht wirtschaftlich, so daß deren ökonomisch und ökologisch durchaus interessante Kraft/Wärme-Kopplungs-Potentiale vielfach noch unausgeschöpft sind. In wenigen, ökologisch besonders engagierten Industriebetrieben trotz der aufgezeigten Problematik eingesetzte Motor-BHKWS sind überwiegend so geschaltet, daß die Niedertemperaturabwärme soweit möglich zur Beheizung oder unter Zwischenschaltung von Absorptions-Kaltwassersätzen auch zur Kühlung und Klimatisierung von Gebäuden genutzt wird, wo man mit Heizwasser von 70/90 oder max. 110/125 °C auskommt. Der technische und organisatorische Aufwand für die direkte Nutzung der Niedertemperaturabwärme als zweitem Heizmedium in Teilbereichen von Gewerbe- und Industriebetrieben ist allerdings so erheblich und die Synchronisation von Anfall und Verbrauch der unterschiedlichen Wärmeenergieträger ist so schwierig, daß trotz sorgfältiger Betriebsführung relativ häufig im übergeordneten Interesse der Deckung des Dampf- und Strombedarfes die "Notkühlung" des Motors eingeschaltet und auf die Nutzung der "geringerwertigen" Niedertemperatur-Abwärme verzichtet werden muß.It is known in the prior art to use combined heat and power plants with gas turbines Combustion piston engine drive, its waste heat in heat exchangers uncoupled and used for heating purposes. As far as this waste heat in Exhaust gas can be used in a waste heat boiler to generate heating media Pressure and temperature can be used according to operational requirements. The low temperature circuits for charge air, oil and cylinder cooling of industrial combustion piston engines is normally at 70 to 80 ° C, for special versions at 110 up to 125 ° C inlet temperature of the cooling water and its heating by 5 to 10 ° C designed. This low temperature component, which depends on the fuel and the construction of the engine accounts for 35 to 50% of the waste heat, in many cases limiting factor for the use of motor CHPs in process engineering Industrial plants because it cannot be used to a sufficient extent in operational terms. Although piston engines have better mechanical / electrical efficiency, one more favorable part-load behavior and a lower one due to the lower excess air Chimney loss of the waste heat boiler will be industrial Combined heat and power plants are predominantly equipped with gas turbines total usable waste heat accumulating at high temperature in the exhaust gas for universal use Heating the operational processes can be used. Since gas turbines are only in larger units have a good price / performance ratio and because of their poor part-load behavior relies on a high, even heat consumption are usually not economical to use in small and medium-sized companies that their economically and ecologically interesting power / heat coupling potentials are often not exhausted. In a few, particularly ecologically committed Industrial CHPs used by industrial companies despite the problems outlined are mostly switched so far that the low temperature waste heat possible for heating or with the interposition of absorption chillers is also used for cooling and air conditioning buildings, where you can use heating water of 70/90 or max. 110/125 ° C. The technical and organizational effort for the direct use of the low temperature waste heat is the second heating medium in parts of commercial and industrial companies however so significant and the synchronization of seizure and consumption of the different Thermal energy is so difficult that despite careful management relatively often in the overarching interest of covering steam and electricity requirements the "emergency cooling" of the engine is switched on and the use of the "inferior" Low temperature waste heat must be dispensed with.

Angesichts der aufgezeigten Problematik gibt es einerseits von Seiten einiger Motorenhersteller Anstrengungen, die zulässigen Kühlwasserzulauftemperaturen in den Bereich von 110 bis 125°C zu treiben, andererseits haben bereits eine Vielzahl von Autoren über Forschungen und Versuche berichtet, die Niedertemperaturabwärme mit Hilfe von Hochtemperaturwärmepumpen mit mechanischer Brüdenverdichtung oder Wärmetransformatoren nach dem Prinzip der Absorptionstechnik auf ein betrieblich nutzbares Temperaturniveau zu heben. Über Einzelanwendungen ist man dabei jedoch nur auf wenigen Gebieten hinausgekommen, deren gemeinsamer Nenner ein relativ geringer Temperaturhub ist, weil für Druckdifferenzen von max. 1 bar einfache, nicht allzu kostspielige, ölfreie Verdichter verfügbar sind und das Verhältnis zwischen rekuperierter und zum Antrieb erforderlicher Energie (Heizzahl, Wirkungsgrad) wirtschaftlich attraktiv ist.Given the problems outlined, there are some engine manufacturers Efforts to check the permissible cooling water inlet temperatures in the Range from 110 to 125 ° C, on the other hand already have a variety of Authors on research and trials reported using the low temperature waste heat With the help of high temperature heat pumps with mechanical vapor compression or Heat transformers based on the principle of absorption technology on a company to raise usable temperature level. One is about single applications only got out in a few areas whose common denominator is a relative one is a small temperature rise, because for pressure differences of max. 1 bar simple, not Overpriced, oil-free compressors are available and the ratio between recuperated and the energy required to drive it (heating factor, efficiency) economically is attractive.

Solche Anwendungen finden sich z.B. an den "Würzepfannen" in Brauereien, wo große Mengen Wasser bei oder wenig über Umgebungsdruck verdampft, mit meist mechanischen, gelegentlich auch Dampfstrahl-Brüdenverdichtern um ca. 0.5 bar verdichtet und in sehr groß dimensionierten Wärmeaustauschem sofort und auf kürzestem Wege zum Beheizen eben der Würzepfanne wiederverwendet werden, aus der sie Augenblicke zuvor ausgedampft wurden. Darüber berichtet W. STRUCK in seinem Artikel "Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpen", erschienen in Band VII der Reihe "Wärmepumpentechnologie" im Vulkan Verlag, Essen; schon 1981 und beziffert darin den Primärenergienutzungsgrad der von einem Gasmotor angetriebenen Anlage mit dem beträchtlichen Faktor 5,3. Der gleichen Quelle ist auch die Beschreibung eines BHKWs mit Rückkühlung des Motorkühlwassers auf 75°C durch Teilverdampfung beim Sättigungsdruck von 0,4 bar und Brüdenverdichtung auf 2,7 bar entsprechend einer Heizmediums-(in diesem Fall Dampf-)Temperatur von 130°C zu entnehmen. Solche Anlagen, die dem Gegenstand der vorliegenden Schutzrechts-Anmeldung schon recht nahekommen, haben sich allerdings in der Praxis nicht durchgesetzt, weil die Relation der einzusetzenden mechanischen zur rekuperierbaren thermischen Energie weder ökologisch noch ökonomisch stimmt und der einerseits - und das auch noch mit Unterdruck - zum Motorkühlkreislauf und andererseits zu den Heizkreisläufen des Betriebes offene Wasser/Dampf-Bereich der Anlagen gravierende Abdichtungs- und Wartungs-Probleme aufwirft.Such applications can be found e.g. on the "wort pans" in breweries where large Amounts of water evaporate at or slightly above ambient pressure, with mostly mechanical, occasionally steam jet vapor compressors are compressed by approx. 0.5 bar and in very large heat exchangers immediately and in the shortest way to Heating the wort pan can be reused from which it moments were previously evaporated. W. STRUCK reports about this in his article "Possibilities and limits of high temperature heat pumps ", appeared in volume VII of the "Heat pump technology" series at Vulkan Verlag, Essen; already in 1981 and numbered therein the primary energy efficiency of the plant powered by a gas engine with a considerable factor of 5.3. The same source is also the description of one CHP units with recooling of the engine cooling water to 75 ° C through partial evaporation at Saturation pressure of 0.4 bar and vapor compression to 2.7 bar corresponding to one Heating medium (in this case steam) temperature of 130 ° C. Such Attachments that are already the subject of the present application for industrial property rights come close, however, have not prevailed in practice because of the relation the mechanical to be used for the recuperable thermal energy neither is ecologically and economically correct and on the one hand - and also with negative pressure - to the engine cooling circuit and on the other hand to the heating circuits of the company open water / steam area of the plant serious sealing and maintenance problems raises.

Aus der US 4 803 958 ist ein Verfahren zum "Pumpen" der Abwärme aus dem Kühlkreislauf eines Verbrennungsmotors in Dampf höherer Temperatur mittels einer durch den Wärmeinhalt der Abgase des Verbrennungsmotors angetriebenen Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpe bekannt, wobei das dem Kühlkreislauf entnommene Arbeitsmittel (Wasser) direkt verdampft wird. Die Wärmepumpe ist in dieser Anwendung als Absorptionswärmepumpe ausgebildet und bewirkt die Verdichtung der Arbeitsmittelbrüden durch Absorption in einem Absorber, Pumpen der Lösung auf den Desorberdruck und Desorption in einem Desorber mittels des Wärmeinhaltes der Abgase des Verbrennungsmotors.From US 4 803 958 a method for "pumping" the waste heat from the cooling circuit of an internal combustion engine in steam of higher temperature by means of a high-temperature heat pump driven by the heat content of the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine is known, the working medium (water) removed from the cooling circuit evaporating directly becomes. In this application, the heat pump is designed as an absorption heat pump and brings about the compression of the working fluid vapors by absorption in an absorber, pumping the solution to the desorber pressure and desorption in a desorber by means of the heat content of the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine.

Ausgehend vom aufgezeigten Stand der Technik liegt der vorliegenden Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Wärmetransformations-Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zum Ausführen des Verfahrens nach dem Prinzip der Hochtemperatur Wärmepumpe zu schaffen, mittels derer technisch zuverlässig und mit einer wirtschaftlichen Relation des Investitions- und Betriebs-Aufwandes zum Ertrag aus der rekuperierten Energie bei Kolbenmotor-BHKW's die Abwärme nicht nur des heißen Abgases, sondern auch eines möglichst großen Anteils der Niedertemperatur- Abwärme aus den Kühlkreisläufen für Zylinder, Schmieröl und Ladeluft/ Brennstoff-Gemisch bis zu einer projektweise zu fixierenden Temperaturuntergrenze durch Wandlung in das betriebsübliche Heizmedium zur Wärmeversorgung gewerblicher und industrieller Anlagen genutzt werden kann.Based on the prior art shown, the present invention is the Task based on a heat transformation method and devices for executing of the process based on the principle of high temperature heat pump, by means of which technically reliable and with an economic relation of the investment and operating expenses for the yield from the recuperated energy in piston engine CHPs the waste heat not only from the hot exhaust gas, but also one the largest possible proportion of the low-temperature waste heat from the cooling circuits for Cylinder, lubricating oil and charge air / fuel mixture up to a project to be fixed Lower temperature limit through conversion into the normal heating medium can be used to supply heat to commercial and industrial plants.

Der Forderung technischer Zuverlässigkeit dienen insbesondere die Verfahren und Vorrichtungen nach den Lehren der Ansprüche 3, 5, 6 und 7, indem mit hohen Betriebs- und Wartungs- und Instandhaltungs-Risiken behaftete Auslegungen wie z.B. In particular, the procedures and serve the requirement of technical reliability Devices according to the teachings of claims 3, 5, 6 and 7 in that with high operating and maintenance and repair risks associated with designs such as

Unterdruck im Niederdruckbereich des Wärmetransformators oder direkte Einspeisung des Motorkühlwassers in das betriebliche Heizmedium vermieden werden.Negative pressure in the low pressure area of the heat transformer or direct feed of the engine cooling water in the operational heating medium can be avoided.

Eine wirtschaftliche Relation des Investitions- und Betriebs-Aufwandes zu Ausbeute und Ertrag des Warmetransformators wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch angestrebt, daß

  • nach den Lehren der Ansprüche 3 und 7 bis 13 die im Niedertemperaturbereich anfallende Abwärme so aufbereitet und selektiert wird, daß ihre Rekuperation im größtmöglichen Umfang (Wärmemenge) und der bestmöglichen Qualität (Temperatur) erfolgen kann, mit dem Ziel, ohne oder unter möglichst geringer Inanspruchnahme des mechanisch/elektrischen einen optimalen thermischen Wirkungsgrad zu erreichen.
  • nach der Lehre des Anspruchs 12 durch weitestgehende Verwertung der Niedertemperaturabwärme im unaufbereiteten Zustand ihres Anfalls der Energiebedarf der Brüdenverdichtung minimiert wird, und
  • nach den Lehren der Ansprüche 1 und 14 bis 23 die Energie zur Wärmetransformation der Niedertemperaturabwärme im verfügbaren Umfang aus der höherwertigen Motorabwärme bereitgestellt bzw. zumindest die Inanspruchnahme hochwertiger mechanischer und/oder elektrischer Energie zur Brüdenverdichtung und die damit verbundene Reduzierung des mechanisch/elektrischen BHKW-Wirkungsgrades vermieden wird.
According to the invention, an economic relation of the investment and operating expenditure to the yield and yield of the heat transformer is sought in that
  • According to the teachings of claims 3 and 7 to 13, the waste heat generated in the low-temperature range is processed and selected in such a way that its recuperation can take place to the greatest extent possible (amount of heat) and the best possible quality (temperature), with the aim of using without or with as little as possible the mechanical / electrical to achieve optimal thermal efficiency.
  • According to the teaching of claim 12, the energy consumption of the vapor compression is minimized by largely utilizing the low-temperature waste heat in the unprocessed state of its occurrence, and
  • According to the teachings of claims 1 and 14 to 23, the energy for heat transformation of the low-temperature waste heat is provided to the extent available from the higher-quality engine waste heat or at least the use of high-quality mechanical and / or electrical energy for vapor compression and the associated reduction in the mechanical / electrical CHP efficiency is avoided.

Es ergeben sich folgende wesentlichen Vorteile der Erfindung:

  • 1. Verbrennungkolbenmotor-BHKW's mit ihrem den Gasturbinen-BHKW's überlegenen mechanisch/elektrischen Wirkungsgrad und ihrem günstigeren Teillastverhalten können bei Installation des vorgeschlagenen Wärmetransformators auch in solchen Betrieben unter permanenter und vollständiger Abwärmenutzung zur Kraft/ Wärme-Kopplung eingesetzt werden, die keinen ausreichenden (d.h. ihrem Strom- und Dampf-, bzw. allgemein ausgedrückt, ihrem Hochtemperatur-Heizmediums- Verbrauch äquivalenten und zeitsynchronen) Bedarf für die in den BHKW-Kühlkreisläufen anfallende Niedertemperatur-Abwärme aufweisen.
  • 2. Der nach den vorgeschlagenen Verfahren und Vorrichtungen ganz oder teilweise durch Nutzung der Exergie des Motorabgases erfolgende Antrieb des Wärmetransformators führt dazu, daß der mechanisch/elektrische Wirkungsgrad einer Kraft/Wärmekopplungs-Anlage gar nicht oder erheblich weniger geschmälert wird, als beim Einsatz elektrisch oder mechanisch angetriebener Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpen nach bekannten Verfahren und Vorrichtungen.
  • 3. Die durch Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Unterdruck in der Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpe und dem betrieblichen Heizsystem bewirkte Absicherung gegen das Eindringen von Luft- und/oder Öl durch Leckagen im Niedertemperaturbereich von den Motorkühlkreisläufen bis zum Brüdenverdichter des Wärmetransformators beheben die gravierenden verfahrens- und konstruktionsbedingten Zuverlässigkeitsmängel bisher bekannter Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpen-BHKWs nach dem Stand der Technik.
  • 4. Die technischen Vorteile des Verbrennungs-Kolbenmotor-BHKW's mit dem vorgeschlagenen Wärmetransformator machen den Einsatz der ökologisch erstrebenswerten Kraft/Wärme-Kopplung in einer Vielzahl vor allem kleiner und mittelgroßer gewerblicher und industrieller Betriebe ökonomisch sinnvoll, deren Heizwärmebedarf für Gasturbinen-BHKW's zu niedrig und/oder zu ungleichförmig ist und die neben ihrem Dampfbedarf für die Niedertemperatur-Abwärme üblicher Kolbenmotor-BHKW's keine ausreichende und zeitsynchrone Verwendung haben.
  • The following major advantages of the invention result:
  • 1.Combustion-piston engine CHPs with their mechanical / electrical efficiency superior to gas turbine CHPs and their more favorable partial-load behavior can also be used in plants with permanent and complete waste heat recovery for power / heat coupling if the proposed heat transformer is used, which do not have sufficient (i.e. their Electricity and steam, or in general terms, their high-temperature heating medium consumption equivalent and time-synchronous) need for the low-temperature waste heat generated in the CHP cooling circuits.
  • 2. According to the proposed methods and devices wholly or partly by using the exergy of the engine exhaust drive of the heat transformer leads to the fact that the mechanical / electrical efficiency of a power / heat coupling system is not reduced or significantly less than when used electrically or mechanically driven high-temperature heat pumps according to known methods and devices.
  • 3. The safeguards against the ingress of air and / or oil caused by leaks in the low temperature range from the engine cooling circuits to the vapor compressor of the heat transformer, caused by measures to avoid negative pressure in the high-temperature heat pump and the operational heating system, remedy the serious procedural and design-related reliability deficiencies previously known high-temperature heat pump CHPs according to the prior art.
  • 4. The technical advantages of the combustion piston engine CHP with the proposed heat transformer make the use of the ecologically desirable combined heat and power in a large number of small and medium-sized commercial and industrial companies economically sensible, the heating requirements for gas turbine CHPs too low and / or is too non-uniform and which, in addition to their steam requirement for the low-temperature waste heat of conventional piston engine CHPs, do not have sufficient and time-synchronous use.
  • Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung betreffen unter anderemEmbodiments of the invention relate to, among other things

  • 1. ein Verfahren der Niedertemperatur-Wärme-Rekuperation, das es ermöglicht, aus einem möglichst großen Anteil der BHKW-Motorkühlkreisläufe die Abwärme bei einer so weit über dem Siedepunkt des Wärmetransformator-Arbeitsmittels liegenden Temperatur zu gewinnen, daß dabei an keiner Stelle der Brüdenverdampfung und -verdichtung der Umgebungsdruck unterschritten wird. Damit ist sichergestellt, daß Leckagen durch Medienaustritt ins Freie angezeigt und Einsaugen von Luft oder Öl in das Arbeitsmittel unterbunden werden und daß ein für den Kraftbedarf der Brüdenverdichtung vorteilhafter, hoher Ansaugdruck und ein für den Bauaufwand des Verdichters günstiges, geringes Ansaugvolumen des Arbeitsmitteldampfes erreicht sowie die aufwendige Abdichtung gegen Unterdruck vermieden werden. 1. a method of low-temperature heat recuperation, which makes it possible to extract the waste heat from the largest possible proportion of the CHP engine cooling circuits at a temperature which is so far above the boiling point of the heat transformer working fluid that there is no vapor evaporation at any point - Compression falls below the ambient pressure. This ensures that leaks are indicated by media leakage into the open and that air or oil is not sucked into the working fluid and that a high suction pressure that is advantageous for the power requirement of the vapor compression and a low suction volume of the working fluid vapor that is favorable for the construction effort of the compressor, and that elaborate sealing against negative pressure can be avoided.
  • 2. ein Verfahren der Brüdenverdichtung und der Heizwärmebereitstellung im Hochdruckbereich des Wärmetransformators nach den Kriterien des Absatzes 1 dergestalt, daß die zur Brüdenverdichtung vom Sättigungsdruck der Niedertemperaturwärme-Rekuperation auf den Sättigungsdruck des betrieblichen Heizmediums erforderliche Energie soweit als möglich aus dem Wärmeinhalt des Motorabgases gewonnen wird, indem dieser in überhitzten Hochdruck-Treibdampf gewandelt und unter Abgabe der Verdichtungsarbeit auf den Druck des betrieblichen Heizmediums expandiert oder zum Antrieb einer Heißluft-Kraftmaschine nach dem Stirling Prinzip genutzt wird.2. a method of vapor compression and heating heat supply in the high-pressure area of the heat transformer according to the criteria of paragraph 1 such that the energy required for vapor compression from the saturation pressure of the low-temperature heat recuperation to the saturation pressure of the operating heating medium is obtained as far as possible from the heat content of the engine exhaust gas, by converting it into superheated high-pressure motive steam and expanding it to the pressure of the operating heating medium, or using it to drive a hot-air engine according to the Stirling principle.
  • Ausführungsbeispiele der Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens gemäß der Erfindung sind in der Zeichnung dargestellt und werden nachfolgend beschrieben. Es zeigen

    Abb.1
    in schematischer Darstellung ein Motor-BHVVK in Verbindung mit einer ersten Ausführungsform eines Wärmetransformators gemäß der Erfindung;
    Abb. 2.1
    in schematischer Darstellung ein Motor-BHWK mit einem durch einen Dampfstrahlverdichter gegenüber Abb. 1 abgewandelten Wärmetransformator;
    Abb. 2.2
    in schematischer Darstellung ein Motor-BHWK gemäß Abb. 1 mit einem Wärmetransformator, dessen mechanischer Verdichter durch eine Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine mit zusätzlichem Verbrennungsmotor angetrieben wird;
    Abb. 2.3
    in schematischer Darstellung ein Motor-BHWK gemäß Abb. 1 mit einem Wärmetransformator, dessen mechanischer Verdichter von einem Elektromotor angetrieben wird, der mit Strom aus einem Generator der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine versorgt wird;
    Abb. 3.1
    in schematischer Darstellung ein Motor-BHWK in Verbindung mit einem dahingehend abgewandelten Wärmetransformator, daß dieser mit einem niedrigsiedenden Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel beschickt wird;
    Abb. 3.2
    in schematischer Darstellung eine gegenüber Abb. 3.1 im Bereich eines Heizwärme-Mitteldruckkessels abgewandelte Ausführungsform des Wärmetransformators;
    Abb. 4.1
    in schematischer Darstellung ein Motor-BHWK in Verbindung mit einem Wärmetransformator, der einen Stirlingmotor zum Antrieb des Brüdenverdichters aufweist und
    Abb. 4.2
    ebenfalls in schematischer Darstellung eine Vorrichtung gemäß Abb. 4.1, bei der zum Betrieb des Wärmetransformators ein niedrigsiedendes Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel eingesetzt wird.
    Embodiments of the device for carrying out the method according to the invention are shown in the drawing and are described below. Show it
    Fig.1
    a schematic representation of a motor BHVVK in connection with a first embodiment of a heat transformer according to the invention;
    Fig.2.1
    a schematic representation of a motor BHWK with a heat transformer modified by a steam jet compressor compared to Fig. 1;
    Fig.2.2
    in a schematic representation an engine BHWK according to Fig. 1 with a heat transformer, the mechanical compressor of which is driven by a steam expansion engine with an additional internal combustion engine;
    Fig.2.3
    in a schematic representation a motor BHWK according to Fig. 1 with a heat transformer, the mechanical compressor of which is driven by an electric motor which is supplied with current from a generator of the steam expansion engine;
    Fig.3.1
    a schematic representation of a motor BHWK in connection with a modified heat transformer that this is charged with a low-boiling heat pump working fluid;
    Fig. 3.2
    a schematic representation of an embodiment of the heat transformer which is modified compared to Fig. 3.1 in the area of a medium-pressure heating boiler;
    Fig.4.1
    a schematic representation of an engine BHWK in connection with a heat transformer, which has a Stirling engine for driving the vapor compressor and
    Fig.4.2
    also in a schematic representation a device according to Fig. 4.1, in which a low-boiling heat pump working fluid is used to operate the heat transformer.

    Die Vorrichtungen gliedern sich nach Abb. 1 in einen BHKW-Motor 1.0 mit seinen Nebenaggregaten 1.1 bis 1.8, einen Niederdruckkessel und Brüdenverdampfer 2.0 bis 2.5, einen Abhitze-Treibdampf-Hochdruckkessel 3.0 bis 3.4, einen Brüdenverdichter mit Antrieb 4.0 bis 4.2 und einen Mitteldruckheizkessel 5.0 bis 5.2.According to Fig. 1, the devices are divided into a CHP engine 1.0 with its auxiliary units 1.1 to 1.8, a low-pressure boiler and vapor evaporator 2.0 to 2.5, a waste heat and high-pressure steam boiler 3.0 to 3.4, a vapor compressor with drive 4.0 to 4.2 and a medium-pressure boiler 5.0 until 5.2.

    Bevor darauf im Detail eingegangen wird, folgen anhand Abb.1 zunächst Kurzbeschreibungen der Systeme nach dem Stande der Technik zur Verdeutlichung der Neuerungen und Verbesserungen nach den Lehren der Erfindung.Before going into detail, there are brief descriptions based on Fig.1 of the systems according to the prior art to illustrate the Innovations and improvements according to the teachings of the invention.

    Ein Standard-BHKW der für Gebäudeheizung gebräuchlichen Bauart besteht nur aus Baugruppen ähnlich 1 und 2 der Abb 1, so geschaltet, daß das Abgas des BHKW-Motörs 1.0 hinter einem Abgasturbolader 1.2/1.3 durch einen Abhitzekessel 2.0 geführt ist, in dem das vorgewärmte Kühlwasser aus den bei solchen Anlagen meist hintereinandergeschalteten Niedertemperatur-Motorkühlkreisläufen 1.4 und 1.5 (Hoch- und Niedertemperaturstufe des Kühlers für das vom Abgasturbolader 1.2/1.3 aufgeladene Brennstoff/Luft- Gemisch (A); Motorölkühlung 1.6 und Zylinderkühlung 1.7) auf die Vorlauftemperatur des oder der Heizkreise/s 2.4 nachgeheizt wird. Da die Temperaturen im allgemeinen 80°C nicht übersteigen, werden in solchen BHKWs hohe Abwärmenutzungsgrade erreicht, die nur wegen des bei sogenannten Mager(turbo)motoren erforderlichen Luftüberschusses von 1.5 bis 2.0 unter dem thermischen Wirkungsgrad guter Heizkessel liegen. Dieser Nachteil kann beim Einsatz von "lambda 1"-Motoren mit geregeltem Kataysator vermieden werden, die aber wegen der geringeren spezifischen Leistung teurer sind als Magermotoren mit Abgasturbolader. Hier sind Ökonomie und Ökologie noch in einem wegen der derzeitigen Strom-/Wärmepreisrelation leider meist zu ungunsten der letzteren entschiedenen Widerstreit. A standard CHP unit of the type used for building heating only consists of assemblies similar to 1 and 2 of Fig. 1, switched so that the exhaust gas from the CHP unit 1.0 is passed behind an exhaust gas turbocharger 1.2 / 1.3 through a waste heat boiler 2.0, in which the preheated cooling water from the low-temperature engine cooling circuits 1.4 and 1.5 (high and low temperature stage of the cooler for the fuel / air mixture (A) charged by the exhaust gas turbocharger 1.2 / 1.3; engine oil cooling 1.6 and cylinder cooling 1.7) usually connected in series in such systems to the flow temperature of the heating circuit or circuits / s 2.4 is reheated. Since the temperatures generally do not exceed 80 ° C, high waste heat utilization rates are achieved in such CHP plants, which are only below the thermal efficiency of good boilers due to the excess air required in so-called lean (turbo) engines. This disadvantage can be avoided when using "lambda 1" engines with a regulated catalytic converter, which, however, are more expensive than lean-burn engines with an exhaust gas turbocharger because of their lower specific output. Here, economics and ecology are still in a conflict, which is unfortunately to the disadvantage of the latter because of the current electricity / heat price ratio.

    Übliche Motor- BHKWs für industrielle oder gewerbliche Anwendung bestehen aus Baugruppen ähnlich 1, 2, und 5 der Abb.1, so geschaltet, daß der auf einen Überdruck entsprechend der Temperatur des betrieblichen Heizmediums ausgelegte Heizkessel 5.0 allein vom Abgas beheizt und die Nutzung des in einem Behälter entsprechend Kessel 2.0 gesammelten Kühlwassers entweder separat geregelt oder die Abwärme mangels Bedarf für Heizwärme dieser Temperaturstufe zwecks Kühlwasserrückkühlung "über Dach gefahren" wird. Bei 35 bis 40% elektrischem Motorwirkungsgrad und jeweils ca. 20% Nutzwärmeanfall im Abgas und im Kühlwasser liegt bei Verzicht auf die Niedertemperaturabwärme der Gesamtnutzungsgrad bei mageren 60% der eingesetzten Brennstoffenergie, also hart an der Grenze der steuerlichen Anerkennung als Kraft/Wärme-Kopplungsanlage. Conventional motor CHPs for industrial or commercial use consist of assemblies similar to 1, 2, and 5 of Fig.1, switched so that the boiler 5.0 designed for an overpressure according to the temperature of the operating heating medium is heated solely by the exhaust gas and the use of the in a container corresponding to boiler 2.0 collected cooling water is either regulated separately or the waste heat is "run over the roof" for lack of heating for this temperature level for cooling water recooling. With 35 to 40% electrical motor efficiency and approx. 20% useful heat accumulation in the exhaust gas and in the cooling water, without the low temperature waste heat, the total degree of use is a meager 60% of the fuel energy used, i.e. hard on the limit of tax recognition as a power / heat coupling system.

    BHKW-Anlagen mit Hochtemperaturwärmepumpe zur Rückgewinnung der Kühl wasserwärme durch Brüdenverdichtung nach dem Stand der Technik erreichen zwar einen besseren thermischen Nutzungsgrad nahe 40%, müssen aber für den Antrieb des Verdichters soviel Antriebsenergie aufwenden, daß z.B. im Falle der von STRUCK beschriebenen Anordnung der elektrische Wirkungsgrad des BHKWs um ca. 5 auf 30 bis 35% sinkt. Die Schaltung nach STRUCK stellt sich bezüglich des BHKW-Motors 1.0 und seiner Kühlkreisläufe 1.4 bis 1.7 sowie des Niederdruckkessels 2.0, des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 mit seinem Antriebsmotor 4.2 und auch des Mitteldruck-Heizkessels 5.0 bis 5.2 ähnlich Abb.1 dar, doch entfallen der Treibdampf Hochdruckkessel 3.0 bis 3.3 und die Dampfkraftmaschine 4.1; und das Abgas wird durch den Heizkessel 5.0 geführt. Ein weiterer wichtiger Unterschied zum erfindungsgemäßen System besteht darin, daß es wegen des fehlenden Wärmetauschers 1.7 und durch den Unterdruck von 0,4 bar im Niederdruckkessel 2.0 und dem direkt angeschlossenen Motor bei Leckagen zum Einsaugen von Öl und Luft in die Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpe und den betrieblichen Heizkreislauf kommt, was zu erheblichen Vorbehalten gegen den Einsatz solcher Systeme Anlaß gibt. CHP systems with a high-temperature heat pump for recovering the cooling water heat by vapor compression according to the prior art achieve a better thermal efficiency close to 40%, but must use as much drive energy to drive the compressor that, for example in the case of the arrangement described by STRUCK, the electrical efficiency of the CHP plant drops by approx. 5 to 30 to 35%. The circuit according to STRUCK is similar to Fig. 1 for the CHP engine 1.0 and its cooling circuits 1.4 to 1.7 as well as the low-pressure boiler 2.0, the vapor compressor 4.0 with its drive motor 4.2 and also the medium-pressure heating boiler 5.0 to 5.2, but the motive steam high-pressure boiler is omitted 3.0 to 3.3 and the steam engine 4.1; and the exhaust gas is passed through the boiler 5.0. Another important difference to the system according to the invention is that it is due to the lack of heat exchanger 1.7 and the negative pressure of 0.4 bar in the low pressure boiler 2.0 and the directly connected motor in the event of leakages for sucking in oil and air into the high-temperature heat pump and the operational Heating circuit comes, which gives rise to considerable reservations about the use of such systems.

    BHKW- Anlagen mit Gasturbinenantrieb bestehen wegen des Fehlens verwertbarer Niedertemperaturabwärme nur aus der Antriebsmaschine ähnlich den Baugruppen 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 und 1.3 und einem Abhitzekessel ähnlich den Baugruppen 3, ausgelegt auf den betriebserforderlichen Druck des Heizmediums und ausgerüstet mit Heizkreisen gemäß 5.1 und/oder 5.2. Der mechanisch/elektrische Wirkungsgrad moderner Industriegasturbinen steigt von 0,6 bis 3 MW von 20 auf 30% und erreicht bei 10 MW knapp 35%. Der thermische Wirkungsgrad und der einfache Anlagenaufbau sind zwar begünstigt durch das Angebot nahezu der gesamten Abwärme im Abgas, aber andererseits gemindert durch einen hohen Schornsteinverlust (bei (C)) in der Größenordnung von 20% aufgrund des hohen, derzeit noch materialtechnisch und konstruktiv bedingten Luftüberschusses von λ = 4. Durch Nachheizen im Abgasstrom gemäß Baugruppe 3.2 läßt sich zwar der Schornsteinverlust bis auf ein Drittel der angegebenen 20% mindern, doch geht dabei die Stromkennzahl der Anlage im gleichen Maße zurück. Dieses Mittel ist also nur in dem Umfang sinnvoll, in dem der Wärmebedarf des Betriebes temporär das Abwärmeangebot der Gasturbine überschreitet. Tritt dieser Zustand dauernd auf, ist das Gasturbinen-BHKW so knapp ausgelegt, daß das ökologische Abwärmenutzungs- oder Kraft/Wärme-Kopplungs-Potential des Betriebes nicht ausgeschöpft ist. Due to the lack of usable low-temperature waste heat, CHP plants with gas turbine drive only consist of the drive machine similar to modules 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 and a waste heat boiler similar to module 3, designed for the operating pressure of the heating medium and equipped with heating circuits according to 5.1 and / or 5.2 , The mechanical / electrical efficiency of modern industrial gas turbines increases from 0.6 to 3 MW from 20 to 30% and reaches almost 35% at 10 MW. The thermal efficiency and the simple system structure are favored by the fact that almost all of the waste heat is available in the flue gas, but on the other hand reduced by a high chimney loss (at (C)) of the order of 20% due to the high air surplus, which is currently still due to the material and construction of λ = 4. Although the chimney loss can be reduced to a third of the specified 20% by reheating in the flue gas flow in accordance with module 3.2, the system's current index decreases to the same extent. This means only makes sense to the extent that the heat demand of the company temporarily exceeds the waste heat available from the gas turbine. If this condition occurs continuously, the gas turbine CHP is designed so scarcely that the ecological waste heat utilization or power / heat coupling potential of the company is not exhausted.

    Das erfindungsgemäße Motor-BHKW mit Wärmetransformator (Abb. 1) ist im Gegensatz zu den beschriebenen BHKWs nach dem Stand der Technik mit allen Hauptkomponenten 1.0 bis 5.0, aber nicht notwendigerweise immer mit deren sämtlichen Unterbaugruppen ausgerüstet. Soweit es Alternativen zu dem in Abb.1 dargestellten Ausrüstungsstand gibt, werden diese im Kontext mit dem dargestellten Ausrüstungsstand beschrieben und, soweit verbal nicht eindeutig beschreibbar, mit weiteren Abbildungen belegt. Zur Vermeidung von Irritationen sei klargestellt, daß mit dem Begriff "Wärmetransformator" nicht eine bezifferbare Baugruppe der Anlage, sondern deren Gesamtheit mit Ausnahme der Baugruppe 1 bezeichnet wird. Der Begriff wurde dem der Hochtemperatur-Wärmepumpe vorgezogen, um die Integration eines gegenüber dieser erweiterten Kreises von Baugruppen zu der umfassenden Funktion des Wärmetransformators zu kennzeichnen. In contrast to the described CHPs according to the prior art, the motor CHP according to the invention with a heat transformer (FIG. 1) is equipped with all the main components 1.0 to 5.0, but not always with all of its subassemblies. Insofar as there are alternatives to the equipment stand shown in Fig. 1, these are described in the context of the equipment stand shown and, as far as verbally not clearly describable, provided with further illustrations. To avoid irritation, it should be clarified that the term "heat transformer" does not refer to a quantifiable assembly of the system, but rather to its entirety with the exception of assembly 1. The term was preferred to that of the high-temperature heat pump in order to indicate the integration of a wider range of components than this for the comprehensive function of the heat transformer.

    Baugruppe 1:Module 1:

    Der Verbrennungs-Kolbenmotor 1.0 mit einem angekoppelten Elektrogenerator 1.1. Dargestellt ist ein Magerturbomotor mit Abgasturbine 1.2 und einem gekoppelten Brennstoff-Luftgemisch-Turboverdichter 1.3, wie sie bei einem Gasmotor ausgeführt werden. Bei Motoren mit Flüssigbrennstoff-Einspritzung würde die Ladeturbine nur Luft verdichten, bei Saugmotoren entfällt der Abgas-Turbolader inclusive der Ladeluft- oder Gemischkühler 1.4 und 1.5. Die Aufteilung der Kühler 1.4 und 1.5 erfolgt nach Anspruch 8 so, daß im Ladeluft- oder Gemischkühler 1.4 die Kompressionswärme bis auf eine unvermeidliche Temperaturdifferenz an das von einer Pumpe 1.8 umgewälzte Kühlwasser aus einem Niederdruckkessel 2.0 übertragen wird. Der Niedertemperatur-Kühler 1.5 ist an eine externe Kühlwasser-Versorgung angeschlossen. The internal combustion piston engine 1.0 with a coupled electric generator 1.1. Shown is a lean-turbo engine with an exhaust gas turbine 1.2 and a coupled fuel-air mixture turbocompressor 1.3, as are implemented in a gas engine. In engines with liquid fuel injection, the charge turbine would only compress air; in naturally aspirated engines, the exhaust gas turbocharger including the charge air or mixture cooler 1.4 and 1.5 is not required. The distribution of the coolers 1.4 and 1.5 is carried out according to claim 8 so that in the charge air or mixture cooler 1.4 the compression heat is transferred to a cooling pressure from a low pressure boiler 2.0 except for an unavoidable temperature difference. The low temperature cooler 1.5 is connected to an external cooling water supply.

    Bei der vorteilhaften Ausführung nach Anspruch 9 wird unter Inkaufnahme des damit verbundenen Leistungsverlustes des Motors 1.0 auf den Kühler 1.5 verzichtet, um die dort abgeführte Wärmemenge in der Größenordnung von 5% des Brennstoff-Wärmedurchsatzes nicht "wegzukühlen", sondern in die Abgasnutzung einzubeziehen. Daraus resultiert im Kontext des Anspruchs 1 der weitere Vorteil, daß die zur Brüdenverdichtung verfügbare Abgasenergie zunimmt. Noch begünstigter werden beide Effekte, wenn ein "lambda 1"-Saugmotor eingesetzt wird, bei dem auch die Wärmemenge aus Kühler 1.4 vom Niederdruckkessel 2.0 ins Abgas verlagert und damit zugleich der Leistungsbedarf des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 gemindert und das Angebot an Antriebsleistung erhöht wird. Darüber hinaus werden durch den Verzicht auf die Motoraufladung der Luftüberschuß und damit der davon direkt abhängige Schomsteinverlust proportional gemindert und der thermische Wirkungsgrad der Anlage erhöht.In the advantageous embodiment according to claim 9, taking into account the associated loss of power of the engine 1.0, the radiator 1.5 is dispensed with, in order not to "cool away" the amount of heat dissipated there in the order of 5% of the fuel heat throughput, but to include it in the use of exhaust gas. In the context of claim 1, this results in the further advantage that the exhaust gas energy available for vapor compression increases. Both effects are even more favorable if a "lambda 1" naturally aspirated engine is used, in which the amount of heat from cooler 1.4 is also transferred from low-pressure boiler 2.0 to the exhaust gas, thereby reducing the power requirement of the vapor compressor 4.0 and increasing the range of drive power. In addition, by eliminating engine charging, the excess air and thus the directly dependent loss of Schomstein are proportionally reduced and the thermal efficiency of the system is increased.

    Der Wärmetauscher 1.7 ist für den Fall vorgesehen, daß eine Medientrennung zwischen dem Arbeitsmittel des Wärmetransformators und dem Zylinderkühlkreislauf des Motors 1.0, z.B. aus Sicherheitserwägungen bezüglich der in Nahrungsmittelbetrieben besonders kritisch betrachteten Kontaminationsgefahr des Heizmediums mit Motoröl ausdrücklich gewünscht oder technisch erforderlich wird. Das könnte eintreten, wenn Anspruch 7 nicht verwirklicht werden kann, nach dem die Kühlwassertemperatur des Motors 1.0 auf 115 bis 125 °C angehoben wird, um mit dem Wärmetransformator-Arbeitsmittel Wasser zu gewährleisten, daß sich die Anlage im gesamten Niedertemperaturbereich über Umgebungsdruck befindet, und das nach Anspruch 4 in diesem Fall zu verwendende alternative Arbeitsmittel mit einem niedrigeren Siedepunkt aus chemischen oder gefahrentechnischen Gründen wie z.B. Brennbarkeit oder Korrosivität für den Einsatz als Motorkühlmittel nicht in Frage kommt.The heat exchanger 1.7 is provided in the event that a media separation between the working medium of the heat transformer and the cylinder cooling circuit of the engine 1.0, for example from safety considerations with regard to the risk of contamination of the heating medium with engine oil, which is considered particularly critical in food companies, is expressly desired or is technically necessary. This could happen if claim 7 can not be realized, after which the cooling water temperature of the engine 1.0 is raised to 115 to 125 ° C to ensure with the heat transformer working fluid water that the system is in the entire low temperature range above ambient pressure, and the alternative working medium to be used according to claim 4 with a lower boiling point is out of the question for chemical or hazard reasons such as flammability or corrosiveness for use as an engine coolant.

    In einem Ölkühler 1.6 fallen wie im Kühler 1.5 etwa 5% der Abwärme an. Wenn gemäß Anspruch 7 die Kühlwasserzulauftemperatur auf 115 bis 125 °C angehoben wird, muß gemäß Anspruch 9 der Motor 1.0 so weiterentwickelt werden, daß er bei Verwendung eines entsprechenden Schmieröles mit einer Öltemperatur von ca. 120 bis 130 °C ohne Abstriche an Leistung und Lebensdauer arbeiten kann. Es gibt heute bereits Motoren, die entweder die Heißkühlung nach Anspruch 7 oder nach Anspruch 9 den Betrieb mit Öltemperaturen von 120 bis 130°C zulassen. Die Kombination beider Eigenschaften kann daher nur eine Frage des Entwicklungsaufwandes bzw. der bislang in dieser Form noch nicht geforderten Zulassung sein. Mit der Tatsache, daß die BHKW-Motoren ursprünglich nicht für die Anwendung in Kraft/Wärme-Kopplungsanlagen entwickelt und mangels einer konsequenten Gesamtbetrachtung unter Vernachlässigung und zum Teil sogar Erschwerung der Abwärmenutzbarkeit stets mit Priorität auf hohen mechanisch/elektrischen Wirkungsgrad optimiert wurden, erklärt es sich, daß nach so vielen Jahren BHKW-Bau noch so grundlegende Neuerungen mit so entscheidendem Einfluß auf deren Wirtschaftlichkeit und Ökologieeffekt möglich sind.In an oil cooler 1.6 , as in cooler 1.5, about 5% of the waste heat is generated. If, according to claim 7, the cooling water inlet temperature is raised to 115 to 125 ° C, the engine 1.0 must be further developed in accordance with claim 9 so that it can be used with an appropriate lubricating oil with an oil temperature of approximately 120 to 130 ° C without sacrificing performance and durability can work. There are already engines today which either allow the hot cooling according to claim 7 or according to claim 9 to operate at oil temperatures of 120 to 130 ° C. The combination of both properties can therefore only be a question of the development effort or the approval not yet required in this form. The fact that the CHP engines were not originally developed for use in combined heat and power plants and, due to the lack of a consistent overall view, neglecting and sometimes even making it more difficult to utilize waste heat was always optimized with a high level of mechanical / electrical efficiency that after so many years of building a CHP plant, fundamental innovations with such a decisive influence on their economic efficiency and ecological effects are possible.

    Baugruppe 2:Module 2:

    Der Niederdruckkessel des Wärmetransformators besteht aus dem Behälter 2.0 mit den verfahrenstechnischen Funktionen Teilverdampfen der durch eine Pumpe 2.1 entnommenen und im Zusammenwirken mit einem Druckhalteventil 2.2 auf einem über dem Sättigungsdruck zur höchsten in den Motorkühlkreisen 1.4, 1.6 und 1.7 auftretenden Überhitzungstemperatur gehaltenen und unter Druckabbau durch das Druckhalteventil 2.2 und Verdüsung in den Niederdruckkessel 2.0 zurückgeleiteten Arbeitsmittelflüssigkeit sowie Restflüssigkeitsausscheidung aus dem entstehenden Arbeitsmittelbrüden vor dem Eintritt in eine Ansaugleitung des Brüdenverdichters 4.0. Außerdem dient der Niederdruckkessel 2.0 als Sammler und niveaugeregelte Vorlage der BHKW-Anlage für Speisewasser und Kondensat aus einem externen betrieblichen Speicher und als Dampf- und Heizwasser-Versorgung für betriebliche Niedertemperaturverbraucher 2.4 und 2.5. The low-pressure boiler of the heat transformer consists of the container 2.0 with the process engineering functions of partial evaporation, which is removed by a pump 2.1 and, in cooperation with a pressure-maintaining valve 2.2, is kept at an overheating temperature above the saturation pressure to the highest in the engine cooling circuits 1.4, 1.6 and 1.7 and is reduced by pressure Pressure maintaining valve 2.2 and atomization in the working fluid returned to the low pressure boiler 2.0 as well as residual liquid separation from the developing working fluid vapor before entering a suction line of the vapor compressor 4.0. In addition, the low-pressure boiler 2.0 serves as a collector and level-controlled template of the CHP plant for feed water and condensate from an external company storage and as a steam and heating water supply for company low-temperature consumers 2.4 and 2.5.

    Baugruppe 3:Module 3:

    Der Hochdruckkessel des Wärmetransformators für Treibdampf besteht aus einem Abhitze-Dampferzeuger 3.0 mit einem abgasseitig vorgeschalteten Überhitzer 3.1 und dem nachgeschalteten Economiser (Speisewasservorwärmer) 3.3 mit einer vom Füllstand des Dampferzeugers 3.0 geregelten Speisepumpe 3.4. Die Auslegung des Dampferzeugers 3.0 und seiner Nebenaggregate 3.1 bis 3.4 erfolgt erstens in Abhängigkeit der Abgastemperatur des Motors 1.0, zweitens der Qualität und Quantität der Niedertemperaturabwärme, drittens des betriebsspezifischen Heizwärmedruckes und viertens des aus diesen Daten resultierenden Leistungsbedarfes der Brüdenverdichtung und ihres Antriebes. Ergeben diese Vorgaben ein Defizit des Wärmeenergieangebotes im Motorabgas gegenüber dem Leistungsbedarf der Brüdenverdichtung, so besteht eine u.U. vorteilhafte Maßnahme in der Installation eines Zusatzbrenners 3.2 im Abgasstrom vom Motor 1.0 zum Treibdampfkessel 3.0 nach Anspruch 2. Alternativen dazu werden im Zusammenhang mit der Brüdenverdichtung dargestellt und im Kontext der Optimierung des Wärmetransformators diskutiert. The high-pressure boiler of the heat transformer for motive steam consists of a waste heat steam generator 3.0 with a superheater 3.1 upstream on the exhaust gas side and the downstream economizer (feed water preheater) 3.3 with a feed pump 3.4 controlled by the fill level of the steam generator 3.0. The steam generator 3.0 and its ancillary units 3.1 to 3.4 are designed firstly depending on the exhaust gas temperature of the engine 1.0, secondly the quality and quantity of the low-temperature waste heat, thirdly the company-specific heating pressure and fourthly the power requirement of the vapor compression and its drive resulting from this data. If these requirements result in a deficit of the thermal energy supply in the engine exhaust gas compared to the power requirement of the vapor compression, then there may be an advantageous measure in the installation of an additional burner 3.2 in the exhaust gas flow from the engine 1.0 to the steam boiler 3.0 according to claim 2. Alternatives to this are shown in connection with the vapor compression and in Context of optimizing the heat transformer discussed.

    Baugruppe 4:Module 4:

    Die Brüdenverdichtungsanlage des Wärmetransformators, besteht nach Abb.1 aus einem mechanischen Verdichter 4.0, gekoppelt an eine Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 und einen Zusatzantrieb 4.2. Diese Konfiguration stellt in sich eine in der Praxis nicht sinnvolle Kombination aus Lösungsansätzen nach den Ansprüchen 1, 2, 20, 22 und 17 dar. Soweit sich die realen Anordnungen durch einfaches Weglassen von Baugruppen in Abb. 1 eindeutig beschreiben und diskutieren lassen, wird das anschließend getan. Stark abweichende Baugruppenkonfigurationen sind in den Abb. 2.1 bis 2.3 dargestellt. The vapor compression system of the heat transformer, according to Fig.1, consists of a mechanical compressor 4.0, coupled to a steam expansion engine 4.1 and an auxiliary drive 4.2. This configuration represents a combination of solution approaches according to claims 1, 2, 20, 22 and 17 which is not practical in practice. As far as the real arrangements can be clearly described and discussed by simply omitting modules in Fig. 1, this will be done afterwards. Deviating assembly configurations are shown in Fig. 2.1 to 2.3.

    Die Abb. 2.1 zeigt einen Wärmetransformator mit Dampfstrahlverdichter 4.0.1, bestehend aus der Hochdruckkesselanlage 3.0, 3.1, 3.3 mit Zusatzbrenner für Treibdampf 3.2 gemäß Anspruch 2 und dem Dampfstrahlverdichter 4.0.1 gemäß Anspruch 17. Im Zusammenhang mit der Dampfstrahlverdichtung gibt es zur Erhöhung des Treibdampfangebotes durch den erfindungsgemäßen Zusatzbrenner 3.2 keine Alternative. Der Dampfstrahlverdichter 4.0.1 weist insbesondere bei hohem Verdichtungsverhältnis einen schlechteren Wirkungsgrad als mechanische Verdichter auf. Da er niedrige Anschaffungs- und Instandhaltungskosten hat und keinerlei Kontaminationsgefahr für den Dampf bedeutet, ist sein Einsatz dennoch stets in Betracht zu ziehen, wenn die Randbedingungen bezüglich Verdichtungs- und Mengenverhältnis der Nieder- und Hochtemperaturabwärme günstig sind. Bei der Beurteilung der Auswirkung des Zusatzbrenners 3.2 auf die Stromkennzahl des BHKWs ist zu beachten, daß besonders bei Magerturbo-Motoren mit hohem Luftüberschuß die Nachverbrennung einen günstigen Einfluß auf den Schomsteinverlust und den thermischen Wirkungsgrad der Anlage hat. Fig. 2.1 shows a heat transformer with steam jet compressor 4.0.1, consisting of the high pressure boiler system 3.0, 3.1, 3.3 with additional burner for propellant steam 3.2 according to claim 2 and the steam jet compressor 4.0.1 according to claim 17. In connection with the steam jet compression there is to increase the Propellant steam offers no alternative through the additional burner 3.2 according to the invention. The steam jet compressor 4.0.1 has a poorer efficiency than mechanical compressors, especially with a high compression ratio. Since it has low acquisition and maintenance costs and does not pose any risk of contamination for the steam, its use should always be considered if the boundary conditions regarding the compression and quantity ratio of the low and high temperature waste heat are favorable. When assessing the effect of the additional burner 3.2 on the electricity index of the CHP plant, it should be noted that afterburning, particularly in lean-turbo engines with a large excess of air, has a favorable influence on the loss of chimney and the thermal efficiency of the system.

    Wärmetransformator ähnlich Ausführung gemäß Abb. 1, mit mechanischem Verdichter 4.0, angetrieben durch Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 mit Energie aus Abgas und evtl. Zusatzbrenner 3.2, bestehend aus dem Verdichter 4.0 mit der gekoppelten Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1, ohne mechanischen Zusatzantrieb 4.2, aber nach Anspruch 2 kombinierbar mit dem Zusatzbrenner 3.2, falls ein Defizit an Antriebsenergie vorliegt. Diese, dem Hauptanspruch 1 am nächsten kommende Ausführung bietet sich am besten an, wenn die Energieverteilung auf Hoch- und Niedertemperatur-Abwärme günstig und das Verdichtungsverhältnis durch nicht zu hohen Heizmediendruck einerseits und hohen Druck im Niederdruckkessel 2.0 andererseits mäßig sind, wie das bei Auslegung der Anlage nach den Ansprüchen 7 bis 15 in besonderem Maße der Fall ist. Damit sind auch die Voraussetzungen für den Einsatz der kostengünstigen und robusten Variante einer integrierten Expansions- und Kompressions-Kolbenmaschine ohne Kurbelwelle nach Anspruch 20 erfüllt, die nur noch aus direkt über gemeinsame Kolbenstangen gekoppelten Expansions- und Kompressionskolben in axial fluchtend angeordneten Zylindern besteht und die konstruktionsbedingt keine Möglichkeit eines zusätzlichen mechanischen Hilfsantriebes bietet. Heat transformer similar to the design according to Fig. 1, with mechanical compressor 4.0, driven by steam expansion engine 4.1 with energy from exhaust gas and possibly additional burner 3.2, consisting of compressor 4.0 with the coupled steam expansion engine 4.1, without mechanical auxiliary drive 4.2, but according to claim 2 can be combined with the additional burner 3.2 if there is a lack of drive energy. This version, which comes closest to main claim 1, is best when the energy distribution to high and low temperature waste heat is favorable and the compression ratio is moderate due to the heating medium pressure not being too high on the one hand and high pressure in the low pressure boiler 2.0 on the other hand, as is the case with the design of the System according to claims 7 to 15 is particularly the case. This also fulfills the requirements for the use of the inexpensive and robust variant of an integrated expansion and compression piston machine without a crankshaft according to claim 20, which only consists of expansion and compression pistons which are coupled directly via common piston rods in axially aligned cylinders and which are design-related offers no possibility of an additional mechanical auxiliary drive.

    Wärmetransformator nach Abb. 2.2, mit mechanischem Verdichter 4.0, angetrieben durch Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 mit einem zusätzlichem Verbrennungsmotor 4.2.2, gemäß Anspruch 23 bestehend aus dem Verdichter 4.0 mit der fest gekoppelten Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 und dem drehzahlabhängig gekoppelten Verbrennungsmotor 4.2.2, dessen Abwärme nach Anspruch 23 parallel zu der des BHKW Motors 1.0 von den Baugruppen 2 und 3 des Wärmetransformators rekuperiert und durch die Brüdenverdichtungsanlage 4.0 bis 4.3 dem Heizkessel 5.0 zugeführt wird. Gegenüber der Bereitstellung der zusätzlichen Antriebsenergie durch den Zusatzbrenner 3.2, der bei dieser Anordnung entfällt, hat der Verbrennungsmotor 4.2.2 den Vorteil, daß infolge seines im Vergleich zur Dampfexpansions-Kraftanlage drei- bis vierfach höheren mechanischen Wirkungsgrades entsprechend weniger Brennstoff eingesetzt werden muß, dessen Abwärmenutzung die Stromkennzahl des BHKWs negativ beeinflußt. Das gilt umso mehr, als die Abgasenergie des Verbrennungsmotors 1.0 in die Hochdruck-Treibdampf-Erzeugung einfließt, die Leistung der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 erhöht und daher zur Bemessung einer geringeren Leistung des Verbrennungsmotors 1.0 führt. 2.2, with mechanical compressor 4.0, driven by steam expansion engine 4.1 with an additional internal combustion engine 4.2.2, according to claim 23 consisting of the compressor 4.0 with the firmly coupled steam expansion engine 4.1 and the speed-dependent coupled internal combustion engine 4.2.2, whose waste heat according to claim 23 is recuperated in parallel to that of the CHP engine 1.0 from the modules 2 and 3 of the heat transformer and is fed to the boiler 5.0 through the vapor compression system 4.0 to 4.3. Compared to the provision of the additional drive energy by the auxiliary burner 3.2, which is omitted in this arrangement, the internal combustion engine 4.2.2 has the advantage that, as a result of its mechanical efficiency which is three to four times higher than that of the steam expansion power plant, correspondingly less fuel has to be used Use of waste heat has a negative impact on the CHP's electricity index. This applies all the more as the exhaust gas energy of the internal combustion engine 1.0 flows into the high-pressure motive steam generation, increases the output of the steam expansion engine 4.1 and therefore leads to the dimensioning of a lower output of the internal combustion engine 1.0.

    Wärmetransformator ähnlich Abb. 1, mit mechanischem Verdichter 4.0, angetrieben durch eine Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 mit mechanischem Hilfsantrieb, gemäß Anspruch 21 bestehend aus dem Verdichter 4.0 mit der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 und einem gekoppelten Hilfsantrieb 4.2. Die direkte mechanische Kopplung an einen Nebenabtrieb des BHKW-Motors 1.0 ist hinsichtlich Bauaufwand und Wirkungsgrad interessant, wirft aber Probleme auf, wenn die Leistungsregelung des Verdichters 4.0 über die Drehzahl erfolgt. Praktikabler ist der Hilfsantrieb durch einen Hydraulikmotor 4.2, der drehzahlregelbar ist und weniger Zwänge bezüglich der räumlichen Zuordnung der Maschinen aufweist. Da der Hydraulikmotor 4.2 Leistung vom BHKW-Motor abzweigt, könnte theoretisch der Generator 1.1 kleiner ausgelegt werden, um Investitionskosten zu sparen. Realistisch ist diese Überlegung allerdings nur unter der Voraussetzung, daß mindestens der Anteil der Hilfsantriebsleistung des Brüdenverdichters 4.0, um den die Generatorleistung verringert ist, bei Vollastbetrieb des BHKWs immer hydraulisch ausgekoppelt wird. Wenn man die Möglichkeiten bedenkt, nach Anspruch 12 die Brüdenbelastung und damit den Leistungsbedarf des Verdichters 4.0 durch Direktverbrauch an Niedertemperaturwärme temporär zu mindern, rückt zumindest dieses Motiv für die Wahl eines Hydraulikantriebs in den Bereich der Theorie. Standardlösung ist natürlich ein gemäß Abb. 1 direkt angeflanschter, über Frequenzumrichter drehzahl- und leistungsgeregelter Elektromotor 4.2, dessen Wirkunsgrad und Bauaufwand im konkreten Fall 1:1 mit dem der Hydraulik verglichen werden muß. Die zur effektiven Nutzung des Rationalisierungspotentials nach Anspruch 12 erforderliche Flexibilität gewinnt man allerdings erst durch Realisierung der im folgenden beschriebenen Konfiguration nach Anspruch 22. Heat transformer similar to Fig. 1, with mechanical compressor 4.0, driven by a steam expansion engine 4.1 with mechanical auxiliary drive, according to claim 21 consisting of the compressor 4.0 with the steam expansion engine 4.1 and a coupled auxiliary drive 4.2. The direct mechanical coupling to a power take-off of the CHP engine 1.0 is interesting in terms of construction costs and efficiency, but it poses problems if the output control of the compressor 4.0 is based on the speed. The auxiliary drive is more practical thanks to a hydraulic motor 4.2, which is speed-controllable and has fewer constraints with regard to the spatial allocation of the machines. Since the hydraulic motor 4.2 branches off power from the CHP engine, the generator 1.1 could theoretically be made smaller in order to save investment costs. This consideration is realistic, however, only on condition that at least the portion of the auxiliary drive power of the vapor compressor 4.0, by which the generator power is reduced, is always hydraulically decoupled when the CHP plant is operating at full load. If one considers the possibilities of temporarily reducing the vapor load and thus the power requirement of the compressor 4.0 through direct consumption of low-temperature heat, at least this motive for the choice of a hydraulic drive moves into the area of theory. The standard solution is, of course, an electric motor 4.2 which is directly flanged on according to Fig. 1 and is speed and power controlled via frequency converter, the efficiency and construction effort of which in the specific case must be compared 1: 1 with that of the hydraulics. However, the flexibility required for the effective use of the rationalization potential according to claim 12 can only be gained by implementing the configuration according to claim 22 described below.

    Wärmetransformator nach Abb. 2.3, mit mechanischem Verdichter 4.0 mit Elektromotor 4.2, der mit Strom aus einem Generator 4.4 der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 versorgt wird, bestehend nach Anspruch 22 aus dem mit dem Elektromotor 4.2 angetriebenen Verdichter 4.0, der nicht mehr wie nach Anspruch 21 mechanisch mit der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1, sondern durch das Lastmanagement 4.5 elektrisch mit deren Stromgenerator 4.4 gekoppelt ist. Der mit Drehzahlregelung ausgerüstete Elektromotor 4.2 verbraucht von dem im Generator 4.4 erzeugten Strom nur soviel, wie zum Antrieb des Verdichters 4.0 aufgrund des Brüdenüberschusses im Niederdruckkessel 2.0 entsprechend dem Verhältnis aus dem Motor 1.0 anfallender und über die Heizkreisläufe 2.4 und 2.5 entnommener Niedertemperatur-Wärmemengen erforderlich ist Der darüber hinaus im Generator 4.4 der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 aus Abwärme erzeugte Strom erhöht den elektrischen Wirkungsgrad und die Stromkennzahl der BHKW-Anlage. Erst mit dieser vorteilhaften Anordnung nach Anspruch 22 ist es möglich, überschüssige Expansionsenergie durch temporären Direktverbrauch rekuperierter Niedertemperaturabwärme nach Anspruch 12 in zusätzlichen Kraft/Wärme-Kopplungs-Strom zu wandeln. Wenn der Hochdruckkessel 3.0 und die Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 mit einer Leistungsreserve ausgelegt sind, kann außerdem in Perioden hohen, das Abwärmeangebot des BHKWs übersteigenden betrieblichen Heizenergiebedarfes der Zusatzbrenner 3.2 betrieben und die Deckung des überdurchschnittlichen temporären Wärmebedarfes mit zusätzlicher Stromerzeugung verbunden werden. Unter Betrachtung der speziellen Gegebenheiten des Einsatzfalles einer BHKW-Anlage kann es daher entsprechend der Formulierung des Anspruchs 22 sinnvoll sein, den Elektroantrieb des von der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 mechanisch entkoppelten Brüdenverdichters 4.0 mit der Installation des Zusatzbrenners 3.2 nach Anspruch 2 zu kombinieren. 2.3, with mechanical compressor 4.0 with electric motor 4.2, which is supplied with current from a generator 4.4 of the steam expansion engine 4.1, consisting according to claim 22 of the compressor 4.0 driven by the electric motor 4.2, which is no longer as claimed in claim 21 mechanically with the steam expansion engine 4.1, but electrically coupled to the power generator 4.4 by the load management 4.5. The electric motor 4.2 equipped with speed control only consumes as much of the current generated in the generator 4.4 as is required to drive the compressor 4.0 due to the excess vapor in the low-pressure boiler 2.0 in accordance with the ratio of low-temperature heat quantities arising from the motor 1.0 and taken from the heating circuits 2.4 and 2.5 The current also generated in generator 4.4 of the steam expansion engine 4.1 from waste heat increases the electrical efficiency and the electricity index of the CHP plant. Only with this advantageous arrangement according to claim 22 is it possible to convert excess expansion energy through temporary direct consumption of recuperated low-temperature waste heat according to claim 12 into additional power / heat coupling electricity. If the high-pressure boiler 3.0 and the steam expansion engine 4.1 are designed with a power reserve, it is also possible to operate the additional burner 3.2 in periods of high operational heating energy requirements that exceed the waste heat supply of the CHP unit and to cover the above-average temporary heat requirement with additional power generation. Taking into account the special circumstances of the application of a CHP plant, it may therefore make sense, in accordance with the wording of claim 22, to combine the electric drive of the vapor compressor 4.0 mechanically decoupled from the steam expansion engine 4.1 with the installation of the additional burner 3.2 according to claim 2.

    Baugruppe 5:Assembly 5:

    Der Heizwärme-Mitteldruckkessel des Wärmetransformators besteht aus dem auf den Sättigungsdruck der betrieblichen Heizmedien ausgelegten Kessel 5.0, der nicht notwendigerweise mit Abgasheizflächen ausgerüstet sein muß, da er durch die Einleitung des im Brüdenverdichter 4.0 komprimierten Dampfes aus dem Niederdruckkessel 2.0 und des in der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 entspannten Dampfes aus dem Hochdruckkessel 3.0 gespeist wird, der kondensiert werden muß, soweit der Anfall den Verbrauch der betrieblichen Heizkreise 5.1 und 5.2 übersteigt. Der Kessel 5.0 hat die Funktion eines Abwärme-Speichers, der auf Differenzen zwischen Wärme-Anfall und Verbrauch mit Druckveränderungen reagiert, die erfindungsgemäß die zentrale Führungsgröße für die Lastregelung des BHKWs und parallel geschalteter zusätzlicher Wärmeversorgungsanlagen darstellt. The medium-pressure heating boiler of the heat transformer consists of the boiler 5.0 designed for the saturation pressure of the operating heating media, which does not necessarily have to be equipped with exhaust gas heating surfaces, since it is caused by the introduction of the vapor compressed in the vapor compressor 4.0 from the low-pressure boiler 2.0 and that in the steam expansion engine 4.1 relaxed steam is fed from the high-pressure boiler 3.0, which must be condensed if the amount exceeds the consumption of the heating circuits 5.1 and 5.2. The boiler 5.0 has the function of a waste heat accumulator, which reacts to differences between heat generation and consumption with pressure changes, which according to the invention is the central reference variable for the load control of the CHP and additional heat supply systems connected in parallel.

    Eine Ausstattungs- und Schaltungsvariante des Kessels 5.0 gemäß Abb. 3.1 und Abb. 3.2 ergibt sich bei Ausführung des Wärmetransformators mit einem niedrigsiedenden Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 5, 6 und 19, indem er dann mit Wärmeaustauschflächen für die Kondensation des komprimierten Arbeitsmittels ausgerüstet und wegen der Heizdampferzeugung durch die zugeführte Wärme mit einer Speisewasserversorgung versorgt werden muß.An equipment and circuit variant of the boiler 5.0 according to Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 results when the heat transformer is designed with a low-boiling heat pump working fluid according to claims 5, 6 and 19, by then equipping it with heat exchange surfaces for the condensation of the compressed working fluid because of the heating steam generation by the heat supplied with a feed water supply.

    Schaltungs- und Funktionsvarianten der Baugruppen 2, 3 und 5 nach Abb. 4.1 und Abb. 4.2 mit einem Stirlingmotor 4.8.0 zum Antrieb des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 nach Anspruch 24. In diesem Fall werden der Hochdruckkessel 3.0 und der Überhitzer 3.1 durch einen Antriebs-Hochtemperatur-Wärmetauscher 4.8.1 des Stirlingmotors 4.8.0 ersetzt und dem nach wie vor mit der Speisepumpe 3.4 aus dem Motorkühlkreisrücklauf des Niederdruckkessels 2.0 versorgten Abgasnachkühler/Speisewasservorwärmer oder Economiser 3.3, der nun in Kessel 5.0 mündet, wird ein weiterer, durch die Zirkulationspumpe 5.4 mit Kessel 5.0 verbundener Abgasvorkühler 5.3 vorgeschaltet. Ein Hochtemperatur-Kühlkreislauf mit der Zirkulationspumpe 5.4 überführt die Abwärme des Antriebs-Niedertemperatur-Wärmetauschers 4.8.2. des Stirlingmotors 4.8.0 parallel zu der des Abgasvorkühlers 5.3 in den Mitteldruckkessel 5.0, dessen übrige Funktionen der Beschreibung im vorherigen Absatz entsprechen. Die zum Ausgleich eventueller Energiedefizite im Motorabgas für die Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 dargestellten und diskutierten Lösungen nach den Verfahrens- und Vorrichtungsansprüchen 2 und 17 bis 23, gelten analog für den Stirlingmotor 4.8.0. Die Abb. 4.1 bezieht sich, wie die Abbildungen1 und 2.1 bis 2.3, auf das Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel Wasser. In Abb.4.2 wird die Ausrüstung und Schaltung dargestellt, die sich analog zu Abb.3.1 beim Betrieb des Wärmetransformators mit einem niedrigsiedenden Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 5, 6 und 19 ergibt, wenn statt der Dampfexpansions-Kraftmaschine 4.1 ein Stirlingmotor 4.8.0 eingesetzt wird. Circuit and functional variants of modules 2, 3 and 5 according to Fig. 4.1 and Fig. 4.2 with a Stirling engine 4.8.0 for driving the vapor compressor 4.0 according to claim 24. In this case, the high pressure boiler 3.0 and the superheater 3.1 are driven by a high temperature drive - Heat exchanger 4.8.1 of the Stirling engine 4.8.0 is replaced and the exhaust gas aftercooler / feed water preheater or economizer 3.3, which is still supplied with the feed pump 3.4 from the engine cooling circuit return of the low-pressure boiler 2.0, and which now flows into boiler 5.0, is replaced by the circulation pump 5.4 Boiler 5.0 connected exhaust gas precooler 5.3 upstream. A high-temperature cooling circuit with the circulation pump 5.4 transfers the waste heat from the drive low-temperature heat exchanger 4.8.2. of the Stirling engine 4.8.0 parallel to that of the exhaust gas precooler 5.3 in the medium pressure boiler 5.0, the remaining functions of which correspond to the description in the previous paragraph. The solutions presented and discussed to compensate for any energy deficits in the engine exhaust gas for the steam expansion engine 4.1 according to the method and device claims 2 and 17 to 23 apply analogously to the Stirling engine 4.8.0. Like Fig. 1 and 2.1 to 2.3, Fig. 4.1 relates to the heat pump working fluid water. In Fig.4.2 the equipment and circuit is shown, which results analogously to Fig.3.1 when operating the heat transformer with a low-boiling heat pump working fluid according to claims 5, 6 and 19, if instead of the steam expansion engine 4.1, a Stirling engine 4.8.0 is used.

    Konsequenzen der Wahl des Arbeitsmittels der Niedertemperatur Brüdenverdampfung und -verdichtung für die Schaltung und Funktion des Wärmetransformators. Wird nach Anspruch 7 für den Antrieb eines BHKWs ein mit 115 bis 125 °C heißgekühlter Motor 1.0 eingesetzt, arbeitet der Niederdruckkessel 2.0 mit dem. Arbeitsmittel Wasser bei 1.7 bis 2.4 bar und ist gegen das Eindringen von Luft oder Öl so gut geschützt, daß der Wärmetauscher 1.7 zum Zylinderkühlkreis des Motors 1.0 entfallen kann, wenn keine besonderen, aus extremen Sicherheitsanforderungen des Betriebes bezüglich der absoluten Öl- und Kontamienationsfreiheit des Heizmediums dagegen sprechen. Der Wärmetransformator ist von der Motorkühlung bis zur Betriebsheizung "offen", energieabsorbierende Temperaturdifferenzen an Wärmeaustauschern zur Medientrennung werden vermieden, die Wasserkreisläufe können unter dem Gesichtpunkt optimaler Wärmerekuperation in erfindungsgemäßer, vorteilhafter Weise entsprechend Abb. 1 angelegt werden. Consequences of the choice of the working medium of the low temperature vapor evaporation and compression for the switching and function of the heat transformer. If, according to claim 7, a motor 1.0 hot-cooled with 115 to 125 ° C is used for driving a CHP, the low-pressure boiler 2.0 works with the. Working water at 1.7 to 2.4 bar and is so well protected against the ingress of air or oil that the heat exchanger 1.7 to the cylinder cooling circuit of the engine 1.0 can be omitted if there are no special, extreme safety requirements of the company regarding the absolute freedom from oil and contamination of the heating medium to speak up against. The heat transformer is "open" from the engine cooling to the service heating, energy-absorbing temperature differences at heat exchangers for media separation are avoided, the water circuits can be created from the point of view of optimal heat regeneration in an advantageous manner according to the invention as shown in Fig. 1.

    Die nach Anspruch 11 vorgesehene Einleitung des relativ kalten, frisch aufbereiteten Speisewassers und aller betrieblich anfallenden Kondensate in eine Zulaufleitung vom Niederdruckkessel 2.0 in die Motorkühlkreispumpe 1.8 ist vorteilhaft, weil durch die Unterkühlung des Kühlwasservorlaufes unter die Sättigungstemperatur des Niederdruckkessels 2.0 auch die Überhitzung des Kühlwasserrücklaufes um den gleichen Betrag vermindert und die Brüdenmenge bei der Entspannung und damit die Belastung und der Energiebedarf des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 reduziert werden.The intended introduction of the relatively cold, freshly prepared according to claim 11 Feed water and all operationally occurring condensates into an inlet line from Low pressure boiler 2.0 in the engine cooling circuit pump 1.8 is advantageous because of the Subcooling of the cooling water supply below the saturation temperature of the low pressure boiler 2.0 also the overheating of the cooling water return by the same Reduced amount and the amount of vapors during relaxation and thus the stress and the energy requirement of the vapor compressor 4.0 can be reduced.

    Andererseits ist es vorteilhaft, nach Anspruch 16 mit der Pumpe 3.4 zur Speisung des Economisers 3.3 für den Hochdruckkessel 3.0 überhitztes Kühlwasser aus dem Rücklauf vor dem Reduzierventil 2.2 zu entnehmen, um auch hier möglichst viel Wärme ohne Belastung des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 vom Nieder- in den Hochdruckbereich zu verlagern.On the other hand, it is advantageous according to claim 16 with the pump 3.4 to feed the Economisers 3.3 for the high pressure boiler 3.0 superheated cooling water from the return before the reducing valve 2.2 to remove as much heat as possible from the low to the high pressure range without loading the vapor compressor 4.0 relocate.

    Der Entlastung des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 dient auch der Direktverbrauch von Niedertemperaturwärme durch die aus dem Niederdruckkessel 2.0 gespeisten Heizkreisläufe 2.4 und 2.5 nach Anspruch 12. Dazu sei allerdings unter Hinweis auf die Erläuterungen zu Anspruch 22 einschränkend angemerkt, daß Entlastungen, die nicht dauernd und in einem festen Verhältnis zur jeweiligen Anlagenleistung, sondern temporär und regellos eintreten, nur dann einen wirtschaftlichen Nutzen bewirken, wenn die Brüdenverdichtungsanlage gemäß Anspruch 22 aus getrennten, unabhängig regelbaren Einheiten mit Generator 4.4 und Elektromotor 4.2 besteht.The direct consumption of low-temperature heat also serves to relieve the vapor compressor 4.0 through the heating circuits fed from the low pressure boiler 2.0 2.4 and 2.5 according to claim 12. However, please refer to the explanations restrictive to claim 22 noted that reliefs that are not permanent and in a fixed relationship to the respective system performance, but temporary and random occur, only produce an economic benefit if the vapor compression system according to claim 22 from separate, independently controllable units with Generator 4.4 and 4.2 electric motor.

    Muß wegen Nichtverfügbarkeit eines heißgekühlten BHKW-Motors nach Anspruch 4 für den Brüdenverdampfungs- und verdichtungsbereich des Wärmetransformators als Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel eine niedrigersiedende Flüssigkeit gewählt werden, die als Motorkühlmittel unzulässig ist und auch nicht als betriebliches Heizmedium in Frage kommt, muß der Wärmetransformator gemäß Anspruch 6 nach beiden Seiten, also zum Motor und zum Betrieb hin, geschlossen ausgeführt werden, wobei es von den Gefährdungseigenschaften des Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittels abhängt (Brennbarkeit, Giftigkeit), ob die dann erforderlichen Medientrennstellen über die Anlage verteilt oder zentral in einem geschützten Bereich angeordnet werden müssen. Must because of unavailability of a hot-cooled CHP engine according to claim 4 for the vapor evaporation and compression area of the heat transformer as Heat pumps work a low-boiling liquid is not permitted as an engine coolant and is also out of the question as an operational heating medium comes, the heat transformer according to claim 6 must on both sides, ie to the engine and to the operation, are carried out closed, it by the Hazardous properties of the heat pump equipment depends on (flammability, Toxicity), whether the media separation points then required are distributed over the system or must be centrally located in a protected area.

    Um trotz dieser Sachzwänge die vorteilhaften Schaltungen nach den Ansprüchen 11, 12 und 16 aufrechterhalten und den Verbreitungbereich des niedrigsiedenden Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittels auf das Unvermeidliche beschränken zu können, werden nach Anspruch 6 entsprechend Abb. 3.1 der Niederdruckkessel 2.0 als Verdampfer und der Mitteldruckkessel 5.0 als Kondensator eines geschlossenen Wärmepumpensystems mit Wärmeaustauschern zwischen dem niedrigsiedenden Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel und den betrieblichen Kühl- und Heizkreisläufen ausgerüstet und der Expansionsdampf aus der Kraftmaschine 4.1 und der komprimierte Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmitteldampf aus dem Brüdenverdichter 4.2 getrennt zum Kessel 5.0 geführt und an der Medientrennstelle 4.7 zum Wärmeaustausch gebracht. Das Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittelkondensat wird im Sammler 4.6 zwischengespeichert und nach Entspannung im Regelventil 4.5 wieder in den Wärmepumpenverdampfer am oder im Niederdruckkessel 2.0 eingeleitet.In spite of these constraints, the advantageous circuits according to claims 11, 12 and 16 and maintain the range of low-boiling heat pump equipment to be able to limit to the inevitable will Claim 6 according to Fig. 3.1 of the low pressure boiler 2.0 as an evaporator and Medium pressure boiler 5.0 as a condenser of a closed heat pump system with heat exchangers between the low-boiling heat pump equipment and the operational cooling and heating circuits and the expansion steam from the engine 4.1 and the compressed heat pump working fluid out of the vapor compressor 4.2 separately to the boiler 5.0 and at the media separation point 4.7 brought to heat exchange. The heat pump working fluid condensate is temporarily stored in collector 4.6 and after relaxation in the control valve 4.5 again in the heat pump evaporator on or in the low pressure boiler 2.0 initiated.

    Kann ein Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel eingesetzt werden, dessen Verwendung als Motorkühlmittel unbedenklich ist, wird das Wärmepumpensystem nach Anspruch 5 zum Motorkühlkreis hin offen gestaltet mit dem Vorteil, daß eine Medientrennstelle mit der beim Wärmeaustausch unvermeidlichen Temperaturdifferenz vermieden wird. Die Wasserkreisläufe nach den Ansprüchen 11, 12 und 16 müssen in diesem Fall gemäß Abb. 3.2 direkt oder in Abhängigkeit von den örtlichen Verhältnissen über einen Zwischenbehälter vom betrieblichen Speisewasser- und Kondensatbehälter versorgt werden. Da der Niederdruckkessel 2.0 in dieser Anordnung flüssigkeits- und dampfseitig kein Wasser, sondern nur das voraussichtlich betriebsunverträgliche Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel enthält, muß die Direktversorgung betrieblicher Wärmeverbraucher aus dem Niedertemperaturbereich nach Anspruch 12 zwecks Medientrennung über einen Wärmetauscher durchgeführt werden, der eine zusätzliche Temperaturdifferenz verursacht, die sich aber dadurch kompensiert, daß gegenüber der Ausführung nach Anspruch 6 der Wärmeaustausch des Wärmepumpen-Arbeitmittels gegenüber dem Motorkühlkreis und dem Niederdruckkessel 2.0 entfällt, woraus sich zusätzlich der Vorteil eines höheren Verdampfungsdruckes des Arbeitsmittels mit der Folge eines geringeren Energiebedarfes des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 ergibt.Can a heat pump working fluid be used, its use as an engine coolant is harmless, the heat pump system according to claim 5 Engine cooling circuit designed open with the advantage that a media separation point with the avoiding the inevitable temperature difference during heat exchange. The Water cycles according to claims 11, 12 and 16 must in this case according to Fig. 3.2 directly or depending on the local conditions via an intermediate container are supplied by the operational feed water and condensate tank. Because the low pressure boiler 2.0 in this arrangement on the liquid and steam side no water, only the probably incompatible heat pump equipment contains, the direct supply of operational heat consumers must the low temperature range according to claim 12 for the purpose of media separation via a Heat exchanger is carried out, which causes an additional temperature difference, but which is compensated by the fact that compared to the execution according to claim 6 the heat exchange of the heat pump working fluid with the engine cooling circuit and the low pressure boiler 2.0, which also gives the advantage a higher evaporation pressure of the working fluid with the consequence of a lower one Energy requirement of the vapor compressor 4.0 results.

    Zusammenfassend läßt sich zum Thema ganz- oder halbgeschlossene Wärmepumpe mit einem niedrigsiedenden Arbeitsmittel folgendes feststellen:Die Ausführung einer solchen Anlage ist auch mit Motorkühltemperaturen unter 100°C technisch möglich, ohne entgegen Anspruch 3 im Niedertemperaturbereich des Wärmetransformators den Umgebungsdruck zu unterschreiten.

  • 1. Tendenziell steigen durch die bei Ausführung nach Anspruch 6 etwas mehr als nach Anspruch 5 erhöhte Differenz zwischen der Motorkühlkreis- und der betrieblichen Heizkreistemperatur auch die Druckdifferenz und der Energiebedarf des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 der Wärmepumpe.
  • 2. Die Tendenz eines steigenden Energiebedarfes des Brüdenverdichters 4.0 wird durch den erhöhten Rückgewinn von Niedertemperaturabwärme aufgrund der kälteren Motorkühlkreise weiter verstärkt. Wenn und soweit es sich dabei um zusätzlich rekuperierte Abwärme handelt, die bei heißgekühlten Motoren verlorengeht, kann man darin einen Vorteil sehen; leider trifft diese Voraussetzung aber nur bedingt und für einen kleinen Anteil zu. Wenn es nämlich erwartungsgemäß gelingt, nach Anspruch 10 auch bei heißgekühlten Motoren die Abwärme des Ölkühlers in die Rekuperation einzubeziehen und nach Anspruch 9 auf das "Wegkühlen" der unter der Kühlkreislauftemperatur anfallenden Ladeluftabwärme zu verzichten, findet sich die bei Niedertemperatur mit Kühlwasser nicht abgeführte Wärme im Abgas wieder, wird im Hochdruckkessel 3.0 oder im Antriebs-Hochtemperatur-Wärmetauscher 4.8.1 des Stirlingmotors 4.8.0 zurückgewonnen und trägt zum Energieangebot des Brüdenverdichterantriebs bei.
  • 3. Konträr zu den Absätzen 2 und 3 läßt sich allerdings zugunsten der kalt gekühlten Motoren und damit den Anlagenkonzepten nach Anspruch 5 und 6 geltend machen, daß sie mit einer viel größeren Auswahl heute verfügbarer Motoren realisierbar sind, als das Heißkühlungskonzept und daß der höhere Energiebedarf der Brüdenverdichtung und das geringere Angebot für den Verdichterantrieb nutzbarer Abgaswärme durch einen zwischen 3 und 5% höheren mechanisch/ elektrischen Wirkungsgrad kalt gekühlter Motoren und deren aufgrund höherer spezifischer Leistung günstigeren Anschaffungspreise ganz oder mindestens weitgehend kompensiert wird. Soweit nämlich durch den besseren Wirkungsgrad bei gleichem Brennstoffdurchsatz mehr Strom erzeugt wird, kann dieser oder ein Teil davon für den erhöhten Energiebedarf der Brüdenverdichtung aufgewendet werden, ohne per Saldo Gesamtwirkungsgrad und Stromkennzahl zu verschlechtem.
  • 4. Als Fazit ist festzustellen, daß die erfindungsgemäßen Konzepte von BHKWs mit Wärmetransformator sowohl in den Versionen für Heißkühlungsmotoren mit Wasser als Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmittel als auch in den Versionen für kalt gekühlte Motoren mit niedrigsiedenden Wärmepumpen-Arbeitsmitteln vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der BHKW-Anlagen ohne oder mit Wärmetransformator nach dem Stand der Technik darstellen.
  • In summary, the following can be stated on the subject of fully or semi-enclosed heat pumps with a low-boiling working fluid: The execution of such a system is also technically possible with engine cooling temperatures below 100 ° C, without falling below the ambient pressure in the low temperature range of the heat transformer.
  • 1. As a result of the difference between the engine cooling circuit and the operating heating circuit temperature, which is slightly more than that according to claim 5, the pressure difference and the energy requirement of the vapor compressor 4.0 of the heat pump tend to increase.
  • 2. The tendency of the vapor compressor 4.0 to increase its energy requirement is further reinforced by the increased recovery of low-temperature waste heat due to the colder engine cooling circuits. If and to the extent that this involves additional recuperated waste heat that is lost in hot-cooled engines, this can be seen as an advantage; unfortunately, this requirement only applies to a limited extent and for a small proportion. If, as expected, it is possible, according to claim 10, to include the waste heat of the oil cooler in the recuperation even in the case of hot-cooled engines and, according to claim 9, to dispense with the "cooling" of the charge air waste heat generated below the cooling circuit temperature, the heat not dissipated at low temperature with cooling water is found in Exhaust gas is recovered in the high pressure boiler 3.0 or in the drive high temperature heat exchanger 4.8.1 of the Stirling engine 4.8.0 and contributes to the energy supply of the vapor compressor drive.
  • 3. Contrary to paragraphs 2 and 3, however, can be claimed in favor of the cold-cooled motors and thus the system concepts according to claim 5 and 6 that they can be realized with a much larger selection of motors available today than the hot cooling concept and that the higher energy requirement vapor compression and the reduced supply of exhaust gas heat that can be used for the compressor drive through a between 3 and 5% higher mechanical / electrical efficiency of cold-cooled engines and their purchase prices, which are cheaper due to their higher specific output, are completely or at least largely compensated. To the extent that more electricity is generated by the better efficiency with the same fuel throughput, this or a part of it can be used for the increased energy requirement of the vapor compression without overall deterioration in efficiency and electricity key figure.
  • 4. In conclusion, it can be stated that the concepts according to the invention of CHPs with heat transformers are advantageous developments of the CHP plants without or with both in the versions for hot cooling motors with water as the heat pump working medium and in the versions for cold-cooled motors with low-boiling heat pump working medium Represent heat transformer according to the prior art.
  • Claims (24)

    1. A process of heat transformation to convert the low-temperature waste heat from cooling circuits of block-type thermal power station (BTPS) reciprocating-piston combustion engines into steam or other heating media of a temperature required for operation by adopting the principle of the high temperature heat pump according to which the low-temperature heat produced by cooling back the engine cooling circuits to their required inflow temperature
      is transferred to a liquid working medium,
      is absorbed by the resultant working media vapours by working media partial evaporation,
      is brought, by compressing the working medium vapours from the low evaporation pressure conditioned by the required inflow temperature of the engine cooling circuits, to a higher condensation pressure as is required for the transmission of heat to the in-plant heating medium and is conditioned by the saturation pressure for the desired temperature of the in-plant heating medium,
      and is transferred by condensation to the in-plant heating medium,
      characterized in that the energy required for mechanical vapour compression is gained fully or in part from the exhaust gas heat content of the BTPS reciprocating-piston combustion engine.
    2. The process according to claim 1, characterized in that a possible deficiency of the energy required for vapour compression is balanced out by firing additional fuel (B) in the engine exhaust gas.
    3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the low temperature waste heat is incorporated into heat transformation only in as far as it is produced at temperatures to which the cooling circuits may be cooled back by partial evaporation of a working medium without any drop below the ambient pressure in any point or at any operating condition of the heat transformer at the saturation pressures of the working medium which thereby occur.
    4. The process according to claim 3, characterized in that a working medium such as methanol or ethanol is employed in the engine cooling circuits and the heat pump, the boiling point of which medium is so low that when used in BTPS engines the cooling circuits of which are designed for a low inflow temperature due to construction no drop below the ambient pressure will occur in any point or at any operating condition of the heat transformer in cooling back the working medium by partial evaporation and vapour compression.
    5. The process according to claim 4, characterized in that media separation between the working medium for engine cooling and the heat pump and the in-plant heating medium, which is water or steam, is performed in the medium-pressure range of the heat transformer during the heat transfer from the condensing vapours of the working medium to the in-plant heating medium.
    6. The process according to claim 5, characterized in that water is used as a working medium for engine cooling and a low-pressure boiler (2.9) and the cooling back of which medium is effected by heat exchange with the working medium of the heat pump at an additional media Separation point in the area of the low-pressure boiler (2.0) of the heat transformer.
    7. The process according to claim 3, characterized in that hot-cooled BTPS engines are employed for the cylinder cooling circuit of which where the preponderant output of waste heat is produced an inflow temperature is admissible which is so far above 100°C that water may be used as a working medium of the heat pump and may be employed to operate the whole plant from the engine cooling circuits via the heat pump to the in-plant heating circuits without any media separation and without any pressure drop below its ambient level.
    8. The process according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the cooling of the charging air/fuel mix (A) heated in a turbo-supercharger (1.3) is divided into a first and a second cooling circuit in such a way that the proportion of the waste thermal output which is produced sufficiently far above the saturation temperature of the working medium in a first cooler (1.4) may be incorporated into the cooling back process by heat transformation.
    9. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that cooling back of the air/fuel mix (A) heated in the turbo-supercharger (1.3) below the temperature achievable in the first cooling circuit (1.4) is dispensed with.
    10. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the choice of the engine oil and/or the construction type of the lubricating-oil circuits of BTPS engines makes admissible an engine oil inflow temperature which is high enough to enable the waste heat produced therein to be fully incorporated in heat recovery by the heat transformer.
    11. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that fresh boiler feed water and heating steam condense (D) are fed to a pipeline from the low-pressure boiler (2.0) to a cooling-water pump (1.8).
    12. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 11, characterized in that in plant heat users which may be sufficiently heated by working medium liquid or steam from the low-pressure boiler (2.0) are directly supplied therewith.
    13. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 12, characterized in that all of the cooling circuits are connected in parallel with respect to the heat pump working medium.
    14. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 13, characterized in that the energy required for vapour compression is provided by an expansion of the steam produced in a high pressure waste-heat boiler (3.0) from the exhaust gas heat of the BTPS engine at a pressure higher than the one necessary for heating the plant down to the saturation pressure for the temperature of the in-plant heating medium.
    15. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 14, characterized in that the high-pressure steam is superheated so that its expansion is performed at a working efficiency which is as high as possible.
    16. The process according to any one of claims 6 to 15, characterized in that the feed water of the high pressure waste heat boiler (3.0) fired by engine exhaust gas is withdrawn from a return line from the engine cooling circuits to the low-pressure boiler (2.0) still before reaching a pressure maintaining valve (2.2) and is preheated by exhaust gas cooling in an economiser (3.3).
    17. A device for realising the process according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or 7 to 16 to use for vapour compression the motive steam, generated in the high-pressure boiler (3.0) and superheated in a superheater (3.1) from the energy of the exhaust gas and, if required, from an extra fuel (B) fired in a burner (3.2), characterized in that a steam jet compressor (4.0.1) is employed the expanded motive steam of which, along with the compressed vapours, is led to a heating-steam medium-pressure boiler (5.0) of the heat transformer (Fig. 2.1) to undergo further use in in-plant heating (Fig. 2.1).
    18. The device for realising the process of heat transformation according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or 7 to 16 to use for vapour compression the motive steam, generated in the high-pressure boiler (3.0) and superheated in a superheater (3.1) from the energy of the exhaust gas and, if required, from an extra fuel (B) fired in a burner (3.2), characterized in that vapour compression is performed by means of a mechanical compressor (4.0) which is powered by a steam expansion prime mover (4.1) the expanded motive steam of which, along with the compressed vapours, is led to a heating-steam medium-pressure boiler (5.0) of the heat transformer to undergo further use in in-plant heating (Fig. 1, Figs. 2.1 to 2.3).
    19. The device for realising the process of heat transformation according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or 7 to 16 to use for vapour compression the motive steam, generated in the high-pressure boiler (3.0) and superheated in a superheater (3.1) from the energy of the exhaust gas and, if required, from an extra fuel (B) fired in a burner (3.2), characterized in that the compression of a working-medium vapour incompatible with in-plant heating is performed by means of a mechanical compressor (4.0) which is powered by a steam expansion prime mover (4.1) the expanded motive steam of which is led, separated from the compressed vapours, to the high-pressure boiler (3.0) of the heat transformer to undergo further use in in-plant heating while the compressed working-medium vapours dissipate their energy by condensation to a heat exchanger (4.7) to the water content of the heating-steam mediumpressure boiler (5.0) of the heat transformer and are returned to the lowpressure boiler (2.0) in a liquefied condition (Fig. 3.1; Fig. 3.2).
    20. The device according to any one of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that a strongly simplified vapour compressor (4.0) driven by steam expansion at a controlled number of strokes is used which, dispensing with a crankshaft, remains only composed of expansion and compression pistons directly coupled via common piston rods, and an inlet and outlet control for the driving steam and the vapours.
    21. The device according to any one of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that if exhaust gas energy is lacking an extra drive (4.2) which is electric or is coupled hydraulically or mechanically to the BTPS engine (1.0) is provided in lieu of generating additional motive steam by means of the burner (3.2) for the steam expansion prime mover (4.1) (Fig. 3.1; Fig. 3.2).
    22. The device according to any one of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that if exhaust gas energy is lacking, in lieu of or in addition to generating additional motive steam by means of the burner (3.2), the vapour compressor (4.0) equipped with the electric motor (4.2) is uncoupled mechanically from the steam expansion prime mover (4.1) which is equipped with an electric generator (4.4) and utilises fully the produced high-pressure steam to generate electric power the major part of which is needed for driving the vapour compressor (4.0) independently controlled with regard to the output and the number of revolutions and the temporary surplus of which is fed to the mains by a load management (4.5) in parallel with the output of a BTPS generator (1.1) (Fig. 2.3).
    23. The device according to any one of claims 21 or 22, characterized in that the extra drive (4.2) of the vapour compressor (4.0) consists in a combustion motor the waste heat of which is processed by the heat transformer with that of the BTPS engine (1.0).
    24. The device for realising the process according to one or more of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that, while directly using the exhaust gas energy to drive the vapour compressor (4.0) a Stirling engine (4.8.0) is employed the waste heat of which is processed by the heat transformer with that of the BTPS engine (1.0). (Fig. 4.1; Fig. 4.2).
    EP99908841A 1998-02-03 1999-02-03 Method and apparatus for heat transformation for generating heating media Expired - Lifetime EP1053438B1 (en)

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    PCT/EP1999/000717 WO1999040379A1 (en) 1998-02-03 1999-02-03 Method of heat transformation for generating heating media with operationally necessary temperature from partly cold and partly hot heat loss of liquid-cooled internal combustion piston engines and devices for executing the method

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    EP1053438B1 true EP1053438B1 (en) 2002-07-24

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    Cited By (5)

    * Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
    Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
    DE102004002325B3 (en) * 2004-01-16 2005-06-30 Man B & W Diesel Ag Engine plant for ship or stationary installation with incorporated steam generation has exhaust gas vessel in reciprocating piston engine exhaust line between successive turbocharger turbines
    DE102005063056A1 (en) * 2005-12-29 2007-07-05 Klaus-Peter Priebe Internal combustion engine for vehicle, has stream circuits provided for producing stream in exhaust gas heat exchanger and engine heat exchanger, respectively, where exhaust stream of turbine is condensed with refrigeration capacity
    DE102005063056B4 (en) * 2005-12-29 2008-10-30 Deutsche Energie Holding Gmbh ORC engine
    DE102010000487B4 (en) 2010-02-21 2023-06-29 von Görtz & Finger Techn. Entwicklungs GmbH Process and device for internal combustion engines
    EP3204482B1 (en) 2014-10-07 2021-01-13 Krones Aktiengesellschaft Food-technological process plant, in particular brewery plant with combined heat and power

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    JP2002502941A (en) 2002-01-29
    EP1053438A1 (en) 2000-11-22
    ATE221179T1 (en) 2002-08-15
    US6484501B1 (en) 2002-11-26
    DE59902115D1 (en) 2002-08-29
    WO1999040379A1 (en) 1999-08-12

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