EP0967330B1 - Tension bar for use as a chord for bridges - Google Patents

Tension bar for use as a chord for bridges Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0967330B1
EP0967330B1 EP99109576A EP99109576A EP0967330B1 EP 0967330 B1 EP0967330 B1 EP 0967330B1 EP 99109576 A EP99109576 A EP 99109576A EP 99109576 A EP99109576 A EP 99109576A EP 0967330 B1 EP0967330 B1 EP 0967330B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
splice
tension bar
die
bridges
der
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99109576A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0967330A3 (en
EP0967330A2 (en
Inventor
Reinhold Füssinger
Friedrich Graf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dornier GmbH
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Dornier GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dornier GmbH filed Critical Dornier GmbH
Publication of EP0967330A2 publication Critical patent/EP0967330A2/en
Publication of EP0967330A3 publication Critical patent/EP0967330A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0967330B1 publication Critical patent/EP0967330B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/085—Tensile members made of fiber reinforced plastics
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D1/00—Bridges in general
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
    • E01D2101/30—Metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D2101/00—Material constitution of bridges
    • E01D2101/40—Plastics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/70—Interfitted members
    • Y10T403/7045—Interdigitated ends

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a tension rod for use as a strap for bridges, the Middle part made of fiber composite material and its ends made of metallic material consist.
  • Fiber materials have high stiffness and relative to their specific density Strength. This property makes them particularly suitable for lightweight applications interesting. Advantages arise in particular if the fiber is in its longitudinal direction can claim on train.
  • Components of this type are usually from locally concentrated forces acted on, which often have different directions in the room.
  • the object of the invention is to use a tension rod made of fiber composite material as a strap for mobile bridges. This object is achieved according to the invention solved by the subject of the main claim; which relate to subclaims advantageous embodiments of the invention.
  • Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 are graphically arranged on the sheet so that understanding is facilitated because Figure 4 is a plan view of each of the straps shown above.
  • FIG. 1 shows a tension rod 2 as a single belt 4 , the middle part of which is made of fiber composite material 6 and the end parts 8 are metal ashes 10 , each of which has a bore or an eye 12 (FIG. 4) .
  • Metal ash 10 and fiber composite material 6 are connected to one another by means of a glued shaft 14 (adhesive connection). 1 and 2 each show a single belt 4 with facing CFRP composite.
  • the double belt 16 of FIG. 3 is produced by gluing the individual belts of FIGS . 1 and 2 . Basically, the two individual belts 4 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are the same.
  • the differently extending shaft 14 is achieved by rotating the belt 4 from FIG. 2 about the longitudinal axis relative to the belt 4 from FIG. 1.
  • FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 sections along A - A, B - B and C - C are shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 .
  • the shaft area 18 is substantially longer than the thickness of the tension rod.
  • the shaft area is 50 times longer than the thickness of the tension rod.
  • the shafts run out in a cutting shape.
  • a multiple belt 20 is shown, which is glued from three double belts of Fig.3 .
  • 9 shows a section in the region of the shaft 18.
  • An embodiment of a typical single belt 4 of FIG. 1 or 2 has one Thickness of 10 - 20 mm, a width of 130 - 200 mm and a length of 5 - 10 m.
  • the fiber composite mainly consists of longitudinally oriented carbon fiber with thermosetting Epoxy resin matrix.
  • the metal fittings are made of steel, titanium or Aluminum.
  • thermosetting adhesive is applied to the carrier fabric minute 120 ° C system used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Zugstab zur Verwendung als Gurt für Brücken, dessen Mittelteil aus Faserverbundwerkstoff und dessen Enden aus metallischem Werkstoff bestehen.The invention relates to a tension rod for use as a strap for bridges, the Middle part made of fiber composite material and its ends made of metallic material consist.

Faserwerkstoffe haben im Verhältnis zu ihrer spezifischen Dichte hohe Steifigkeit und Festigkeit. Diese Eigenschaft macht sie besonders für Leichtbauanwendungen interessant. Vorteile ergeben sich insbesondere, wenn man die Faser in ihrer Längsrichtung auf Zug beanspruchen kann.Fiber materials have high stiffness and relative to their specific density Strength. This property makes them particularly suitable for lightweight applications Interesting. Advantages arise in particular if the fiber is in its longitudinal direction can claim on train.

Bauelemente dieser Art werden in der Regel von örtlich konzentrierten Kräften beaufschlagt, die oft auch noch verschiedene Richtungen im Raum haben.Components of this type are usually from locally concentrated forces acted on, which often have different directions in the room.

Entwickelt man ein in dieser Weise beanspruchtes Bauteil in Faserbauweise, stellt die Krafteinleitung in die Fasern ein Problem dar, das in der Regel mit großem Aufwand gelöst werden muß. Diese aufwendigen Lösungen sind entsprechend teuer, so daß sie für die Anwendungen außerhalb der Luft- und Raumfahrt nur selten gewählt werden. Außerdem geht bei mehrachsigen Spannungszuständen ein großer Teil der Vorteile der Faserwerkstoffe verloren.If you develop a component in fiber construction that is stressed in this way, The introduction of force into the fibers is a problem, usually with great Effort must be resolved. These complex solutions are correspondingly expensive, making them rare for non-aerospace applications to get voted. In addition, there is a large one with multi-axis voltage states Part of the benefits of fiber materials lost.

Bekannt sind z. B. Wickeltechniken, bei denen die Fasern am Ende um ein Metallauge gewickelt werden. Dies ist eine in der Herstellung, Qualitätssicherung und Lebensdauerüberwachung sehr teure Methode.Are known for. B. winding techniques in which the fibers end up around a metal eye be wrapped. This is one in manufacturing, quality assurance and lifespan monitoring very expensive method.

Weiter sind Methoden bekannt, bei denen die Enden der Fasern in einem Konus geklemmt werden, der durch die Zugkraft kraftschlüssig belastet wird.Methods are also known in which the ends of the fibers are in a cone be clamped, which is non-positively loaded by the tensile force.

Weiterhin sind für einfache Anforderungen auch geklebte Schäftungen zwischen Faserverbund und Metallbeschlägen bekannt, die aber bei Primärbauteilen und hohen Belastungen zusätzlich durch Schrauben oder Niete abgesichert werden, um beim Versagen der Klebeverbindung die Last übernehmen zu können.For simple requirements there are also glued shafts between Fiber composite and metal fittings known, but in primary components and high loads are additionally secured by screws or rivets to be able to take over the load if the adhesive connection fails.

An mobile Brücken werden sehr hohe Anforderungen bezüglich Gewicht, Abmessungen, Steifigkeit und Festigkeit gestellt, so daß eigentlich der Einsatz von Faserverbundwerkstoffen geboten ist. Vier Probleme stellen sich jedoch der Verwendung von Faserverbundwerkstoffen entgegen.

  • Die relativ große Empfindlichkeit gegen mechanische Beschädigung.
  • Mobile Brücken müssen in transportable Einheiten zerlegt werden. Das bedeutet, daß große, konzentrierte Kräfte wiederholt in die Strukturen aus- und eingeleitet werden müssen.
  • Eine Brückenstruktur kann aus praktischen und wirtschaftlichen Überlegungen nur in relativ großen Abständen auf Schäden untersucht werden, d.h., die Struktur muß zuverlässig, fehlertolerant und gut überprüfbar sein.
Mobile bridges are subject to very high requirements with regard to weight, dimensions, rigidity and strength, so that the use of fiber composite materials is actually required. However, there are four problems with the use of fiber composites.
  • The relatively high sensitivity to mechanical damage.
  • Mobile bridges must be broken down into transportable units. This means that large, concentrated forces have to be repeatedly led into and out of the structures.
  • For practical and economic reasons, a bridge structure can only be examined for damage at relatively large intervals, ie the structure must be reliable, fault-tolerant and easy to check.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Zugstab aus Faserverbundwerkstoff zur Verwendung als Gurt für mobile Brücken zu schaffen. Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss durch den Gegenstand des Hauptanspruchs gelöst; die Unteransprüche betreffen vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung.The object of the invention is to use a tension rod made of fiber composite material as a strap for mobile bridges. This object is achieved according to the invention solved by the subject of the main claim; which relate to subclaims advantageous embodiments of the invention.

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Kraftein- oder Ausleitung in einen Faserverbund durch eine erfindungsgemäss gestaltete Schäftung mit folgenden Eigenschaften:

  • Die Kosten betragen betragen nur ein Bruchteil einer gewickelten Lösung:
    • Der Faserverbund kann preiswert hergestellt werden; die Herstellung kann automatisiert werden.
    • Die Metallendbeschläge sind ebenfalls einfach herzustellende Bauteile.
    • Die Verklebung der Teile ist durch die Geometrie ebenfalls kostengünstig und kann automatisiert werden.
    • Ein Gurt besteht nur aus zwei verschiedenen Einzelteilen, die damit in entsprechenden großen Stückzahlen hergestellt werden können.
  • Durch die metallenen Endbeschläge an den mechanisch hochbelasteten Kuppelstellen ist sichergestellt, daß der Faserverbund beim Kuppeln nicht mechanisch beschädigt wird.
  • Die vorgeschlagene Lösung ist gut geeignet zur wiederholten Ein- und Ausleitung von Kräften ohne die Konstruktion dadurch extrem zu verteuern oder die Vorteile des Faserverbundes infrage zu stellen.
  • Die Gurte sind zuverlässig, fehlertolerant und gut überprüfbar:
    • Die Zuverlässigkeit des Gurtes hängt im hohen Maß von der Qualität der Klebung bei der Herstellung ab. Durch den Aufbau der Gurte aus einzeln gefertigten Elementen einfachster Geometrie, sind die Gurte nach jedem Arbeitsschritt mit üblichen Verfahren wie Ultraschall oder Röntgen 100% prüfbar.
    • Die Zuverlässigkeit des Gurtes hängt auch von einer eventuellen Alterung der Klebung im Betrieb durch Eindringen von Wasserdampf ab. Durch die Gestaltung der Schäftung sind die hochbelasteten, großflächigen Klebeverbindungen der Schäftung zur Umgebung durch die Metallbeschläge gegen das Eindringen von Wasserdampf hervorragend geschützt. Die seitlichen sehr kleinen Flächen lassen sich mit bekannten Verfahren schützen, z. B. mittels einer aufgeklebten Metallfolie mit 0,1 bis 0,3 mm Stärke.
    • Beim Versagen einzelner Elemente ist durch den schichtweisen Aufbau sichergestellt, daß sich Risse nicht weiter ausbreiten können.
    • Die Gurte sind auch als Doppel- oder Mehrfachgurt mit den gleichen Prüfverfahren wie während der Fertigung überprüfbar.
The subject matter of the invention is the introduction or transfer of force into a fiber composite by means of an inventive shaft with the following properties:
  • The cost is only a fraction of a wound solution:
    • The fiber composite can be manufactured inexpensively; the production can be automated.
    • The metal end fittings are also easy to manufacture components.
    • The bonding of the parts is also inexpensive due to the geometry and can be automated.
    • A belt consists of only two different individual parts, which can be manufactured in large numbers.
  • The metal end fittings at the mechanically highly stressed coupling points ensure that the fiber composite is not mechanically damaged when coupling.
  • The proposed solution is well suited for the repeated introduction and removal of forces without making the construction extremely expensive or questioning the advantages of the fiber composite.
  • The belts are reliable, fault-tolerant and easy to check:
    • The reliability of the belt depends to a large extent on the quality of the adhesive during manufacture. Due to the structure of the belts from individually manufactured elements with the simplest geometry, the belts can be checked 100% after each work step using standard methods such as ultrasound or X-ray.
    • The reliability of the belt also depends on the possible aging of the adhesive during operation due to the penetration of water vapor. Due to the design of the shaft, the highly stressed, large-area adhesive connections of the shaft to the environment are outstandingly protected against the ingress of water vapor by the metal fittings. The very small surfaces on the side can be protected using known methods, e.g. B. by means of a glued metal foil with 0.1 to 0.3 mm thickness.
    • If individual elements fail, the layered structure ensures that cracks cannot spread any further.
    • The belts can also be checked as double or multiple belts using the same test methods as during production.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Fig. näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1 und 2
je einen Einzelgurt mit einander zugewandtem geschäftetem CFK-Verbund.
Fig. 3
einen Doppelgurt, der aus den Einzelgurten von Fig. 1 und Fig. 2 zusammengeklebt ist.
Fig. 4
eine Draufsicht auf den Doppelgurt von Fig. 3
Fig. 5
einen Schnitt entlang A - A von Fig. 4
Fig. 6
einen Schnitt entlang B - B von Fig. 4
Fig. 7
einen Schnitt entlang C - C von Fig. 4
Fig. 8
einen Mehrfachgurt, der aus drei miteinander verklebten Doppelgurten von Fig. 3 und 4 besteht und
Fig. 9
einen Schnitt entlang D - D von Fig. 8
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to FIG. Show it:
1 and 2
a single belt with facing CFRP composite.
Fig. 3
a double belt, which is glued together from the single belts of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
Fig. 4
3 shows a plan view of the double belt from FIG. 3
Fig. 5
a section along A - A of Fig. 4th
Fig. 6
3 shows a section along BB of FIG. 4
Fig. 7
3 shows a section along CC from FIG. 4
Fig. 8
a multiple belt, which consists of three glued together double belts of Fig. 3 and 4 and
Fig. 9
a section along D - D of Fig. 8

Die Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 und 8 sind zeichnerisch so auf dem Blatt angeordnet, daß das Verständnis erleichtert wird, weil Fig. 4 eine Draufsicht auf jeden einzelnen der darüber dargestellten Gurte ist. Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 are graphically arranged on the sheet so that understanding is facilitated because Figure 4 is a plan view of each of the straps shown above.

Fig. 1 zeigt einen Zugstab 2 als Einzelgurt 4, dessen Mittelteil aus Faserverbundwerkstoff 6 besteht und dessen Endteile 8 Metallaschen 10 sind, die jeweils eine Bohrung oder ein Auge 12 (Fig. 4) aufweisen. 1 shows a tension rod 2 as a single belt 4 , the middle part of which is made of fiber composite material 6 and the end parts 8 are metal ashes 10 , each of which has a bore or an eye 12 (FIG. 4) .

Metallasche 10 und Faserverbundwerkstoff 6 sind mittels einer geklebten Schäftung 14 (Klebeverbindung) miteinander verbunden. Fig. 1 und 2 zeigen je einen Einzelgurt 4 mit einander zugewandtem geschäftetem CFK-Verbund. Durch Verklebung der Einzelgurte von Fig. 1 und 2 entsteht der Doppelgurt 16 von Fig.3. Grundsätzlich sind die beiden Einzelgurte 4 von Fig. 1 und Fig. 2 gleich. Die unterschiedlich verlaufende Schäftung 14 wird erreicht durch Drehen des Gurtes 4 von Fig. 2 um die Längsachse gegenüber dem Gurt 4 von Fig. 1. Metal ash 10 and fiber composite material 6 are connected to one another by means of a glued shaft 14 (adhesive connection). 1 and 2 each show a single belt 4 with facing CFRP composite. The double belt 16 of FIG. 3 is produced by gluing the individual belts of FIGS . 1 and 2 . Basically, the two individual belts 4 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are the same. The differently extending shaft 14 is achieved by rotating the belt 4 from FIG. 2 about the longitudinal axis relative to the belt 4 from FIG. 1.

Für den Doppelgurt 16 von Fig. 3 und Fig. 4 als Draufsicht sind Schnitte entlang A - A, B - B und C - C in Fig. 5, 6 und 7 gezeigt. Außerdem ist den Fig. zu entnehmen, daß der Schäftungsbereich 18 wesentlich länger ist als die Dicke des Zugstabs. Der Schäftungsbereich ist beispielsweise 50 mal länger als die Dicke des Zugstabs. Nach den dünnen Seiten hin laufen die Schäftungen schneidenförmig aus.For the double belt 16 of FIGS. 3 and 4 as a top view, sections along A - A, B - B and C - C are shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 . It can also be seen from the figures that the shaft area 18 is substantially longer than the thickness of the tension rod. For example, the shaft area is 50 times longer than the thickness of the tension rod. Towards the thin sides, the shafts run out in a cutting shape.

In Fig. 8 ist ein Mehrfachgurt 20 gezeigt, der aus drei Doppelgurten von Fig.3 geklebt ist. Fig. 9 zeigt einen Schnitt im Bereich der Schäftung 18. In Fig. 8 a multiple belt 20 is shown, which is glued from three double belts of Fig.3 . 9 shows a section in the region of the shaft 18.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines typischen Einzelgurts 4 von Fig. 1 oder 2 hat eine Dicke von 10 - 20 mm, eine Breite von 130 - 200 mm und eine Länge von 5 - 10 m. An embodiment of a typical single belt 4 of FIG. 1 or 2 has one Thickness of 10 - 20 mm, a width of 130 - 200 mm and a length of 5 - 10 m.

Der Faserverbund besteht überwiegend aus längsorientierter Kohlefaser mit warmaushärtender Epoxydharzmatrix. Die Metallbeschläge sind aus Stahl, Titan oder Aluminium. Als Klebeverbindung wird warmeaushärtender Kleber auf Trägergewebe min. 120° C - System verwendet.The fiber composite mainly consists of longitudinally oriented carbon fiber with thermosetting Epoxy resin matrix. The metal fittings are made of steel, titanium or Aluminum. As an adhesive connection, thermosetting adhesive is applied to the carrier fabric minute 120 ° C system used.

Claims (3)

  1. Tension bar (2) for use as a chord for bridges, the central part of which bar consists of fibre composite material (6) and the ends of which consist of metallic material and both parts of which are joined by means of an adhesively bonded splice (18), characterized in that, in the region of the splice (18), the cross sections of the fibre composite part and of the metal part (10) are rectangular and are identical in their cross-sectional profile, in that the splice (18) is substantially longer than the thickness of the tension bar in the region of the splice, and in that the splices of the fibre composite part and of the metal part taper off in the shape of a knife at the thin sides.
  2. Tension bar according to Claim 1, characterized in that the length of the splice (18) in relation to the thickness of the tension bar in the region of the splice is 50 : 1.
  3. Tension bar according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that two or more individual chords (4) are adhesively bonded to form double or multiple chords.
EP99109576A 1998-06-27 1999-05-14 Tension bar for use as a chord for bridges Expired - Lifetime EP0967330B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19828835 1998-06-27
DE19828835A DE19828835C1 (en) 1998-06-27 1998-06-27 Bridge tie rod structure especially for mobile bridges

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0967330A2 EP0967330A2 (en) 1999-12-29
EP0967330A3 EP0967330A3 (en) 2000-05-03
EP0967330B1 true EP0967330B1 (en) 2004-01-07

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EP99109576A Expired - Lifetime EP0967330B1 (en) 1998-06-27 1999-05-14 Tension bar for use as a chord for bridges

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US (1) US6374445B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0967330B1 (en)
DE (1) DE19828835C1 (en)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001006062A1 (en) * 1999-07-14 2001-01-25 Dornier Gmbh Tension rod for use as a chord for bridges
CH693616A5 (en) * 1999-09-15 2003-11-14 Empa An anchoring system for receiving the tensile forces from carbon fiber reinforced drawstrings (CFRP tapes).
TWI230392B (en) * 2001-06-18 2005-04-01 Innovative Silicon Sa Semiconductor device
EP1331327A1 (en) * 2002-01-29 2003-07-30 Sika Schweiz AG Reinforcing device
US8375675B1 (en) 2009-10-06 2013-02-19 The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Truss beam having convex-curved rods, shear web panels, and self-aligning adapters
DE102012221405A1 (en) * 2012-11-22 2014-06-05 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Overload element for tensile failure, especially for a motor vehicle
CN113186805B (en) * 2021-04-13 2022-12-13 山东大成钢结构工程有限公司 Prefabricated member of steel structure of assembled bridge

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SE324650B (en) * 1966-06-29 1970-06-08 Hombak Maschinenfab Kg
GB1294377A (en) * 1969-04-08 1972-10-25 Ahti Aadolf Roth Two rigid members of rectangular cross-section joined end-to-end
DE2017489A1 (en) * 1970-04-11 1971-10-28 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz AG, 5000Köln Bridge halves, which are connected to one another stored on top of one another on a transport vehicle
US3947309A (en) * 1973-04-18 1976-03-30 Trus Joist Corporation Pitched wooden truss with integral ridge connector
GB2011507B (en) * 1977-11-22 1982-02-24 Westland Aircraft Ltd Load-supporting structures
DE3046790C2 (en) * 1980-12-12 1982-11-11 Streif AG, 5461 Vettelschoß Connection of beams to a continuous support and method for making such a connection
JPS615201U (en) * 1984-06-18 1986-01-13 三菱レイヨン株式会社 composite spoke
DE3725959A1 (en) * 1987-08-05 1989-02-16 Loehr & Bromkamp Gmbh CONNECTION BETWEEN FVW TUBE AND STEEL PIN
FR2683559B1 (en) * 1991-11-12 1994-03-04 Union Travaux TIE ROD FOR MODULAR COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION, PARTICULARLY FOR A SUPPORTING BOX STRUCTURE.
US5921054A (en) * 1996-06-21 1999-07-13 University Of Central Florida Metal and wood composite framing members for residential and light commercial construction
IT1292238B1 (en) * 1997-03-28 1999-01-29 Campagnolo Srl SPOKE FOR BICYCLE WHEEL AND WHEEL INCLUDING SUCH SPOKE.

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Publication number Publication date
DE19828835C1 (en) 1999-07-29
EP0967330A3 (en) 2000-05-03
EP0967330A2 (en) 1999-12-29
US6374445B1 (en) 2002-04-23

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