EP0956495A1 - Determination of the ratio of absorption coefficients at different wavelengths in a scattering medium - Google Patents
Determination of the ratio of absorption coefficients at different wavelengths in a scattering mediumInfo
- Publication number
- EP0956495A1 EP0956495A1 EP98902110A EP98902110A EP0956495A1 EP 0956495 A1 EP0956495 A1 EP 0956495A1 EP 98902110 A EP98902110 A EP 98902110A EP 98902110 A EP98902110 A EP 98902110A EP 0956495 A1 EP0956495 A1 EP 0956495A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- medium
- light
- ratio
- wavelengths
- characteristic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 11
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- MOFVSTNWEDAEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-M indocyanine green Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)CCCCN1C2=CC=C3C=CC=CC3=C2C(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=CC=CC1=[N+](CCCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C2C1(C)C MOFVSTNWEDAEEK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229960004657 indocyanine green Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108010064719 Oxyhemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010002255 deoxyhemoglobin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 oxy- Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/314—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry with comparison of measurements at specific and non-specific wavelengths
Definitions
- This invention relates to the determination of the ratio of absorption coefficients at different wavelengths in a scattering medium, and to the determination of the relative concentrations of chromophores in the medium.
- the invention provides a method of determming the ratio of the absorption coefficients ⁇ a ( ⁇ j) and ⁇ ( ⁇ _) of a light scattering medium at two different wavelengths comprising a) passing light (as herein defined) through the medium b) measuring a characteristic X of the light at two wavelengths ⁇ j and ⁇ which is affected by the absorption coefficient during its passage through the medium c) effecting changes ⁇ J ⁇ and ⁇ j ) in the absorption coefficient at the two wavelengths; d) repeating step (b) e) determining the ratio of the absorption coefficients ⁇ ,) and ⁇ j at said two wavelengths from said changes therein or from quantities representative thereof and from the characteristic X and from the transport scattering coefficients of the medium ⁇ ,) and ⁇ . ⁇ _) at the two wavelengths.
- light as used herein includes the near infrared spectrum.
- the said changes in the absorption coefficient may be effected by a common cause, for example by varying the concentration of a chromophore in the scattering medium, the quantities representative of the changes in the absorption coefficient being the absorption coefficients ⁇ .( ⁇ j),
- these changes can be deliberately generated by injecting an exogenous dye (e.g. Indocyanine green) intravenously or modifying haemoglobin oxygenation or volume.
- an exogenous dye e.g. Indocyanine green
- the method may comprise first adding to the medium the chromophore where concentration is varied.
- the ratio of the absorption coefficients ⁇ ,( ⁇ ) and ⁇ j ) may be determined from the ratio of the chromophore absorption coefficients ⁇ j ), ⁇ j ) and from the ratio of the transport scattering coefficients of the scattering medium ⁇ s '( _) and ⁇ s 'Q _).
- the characteristic measured in step (b) may be the attenuation A of the light during its passage through the medium.
- the light may be intensity modulated or pulsed light, the measured characteristic X being the phase or depth of the modulation or the time of flight (transmission time) of the light through the medium respectively.
- the invention also provides a method of determining the variation with wavelength of the absorption coefficient of a scattering medium (the spectral characteristic) comprising performing the method as set forth above at a number of wavelengths across a waveband of interest, and in step (e) thereof determining the ratio of the absorption coefficients relative to that at a reference wavelength ⁇ ., the variation of said ratios with wavelength being the said spectral characteristic.
- the invention provides a method of determining the ratio of chromophore concentrations of known spectral characteristics (as herein defined) in a light scattering medium comprising performing the method of steps (a) to (d) as set forth above at not less than n different wavelengths where n is the number of chromophores, one of said wavelengths being the reference wavelength ⁇ , performing step (e) to determine the ratio - ⁇ ( ⁇ )/ ⁇ .( ⁇ -) of the medium for each of the other wavelengths, and determining the relative concentrations of the chromophores in the medium from said ratios.
- spectral characteristic we mean the variation of ⁇ t with ⁇ .
- the method will yield the absolute spectral characteristics and hence absolute concentrations of the other chromophores.
- the invention also includes apparatus for use in the method as set forth above.
- Figure 2a shows the optical properties of a liquid tissue-simulating phantom used in an experiment described hereafter.
- the absorption coefficient is that of water ( ⁇ w ) and the added dye ( ⁇ ).
- the dotted line shows the true values derived from the water and dye absorption of the phantom ( ⁇ w + ⁇ d in figure 2a).
- the measured attenuation changes that were induced by a small increase in ⁇ were used to estimate ⁇ ⁇ y ⁇ OOnm) by assuming a constant ⁇ ,' (dashed line, calculated from Eq. 6 below) and by including the wavelength dependence of ⁇ , 1 (solid line, Eq. 7).
- Figure 3 shows values of the transport scattering coefficient ⁇ ,' measured on the heads of seven volunteers. The values are an estimate from measured TPSFs (data from Matcher et al 1996).
- Figure 4 shows values of ⁇ s ' measured on the calf muscle of eleven volunteers; ⁇ ,' measured on the head of 7 volunteers. The values are an estimate from measured TPSFs (data from Matcher et al 1996).
- Figure 5 shows apparatus according to the invention.
- Changes in the chromophore concentration ie. changes in the absorption coefficient ( ⁇ J in a light scattering medium alter the intensity of the diffusely transmitted light collected at the surface of the medium.
- ⁇ J in a light scattering medium alters the intensity of the diffusely transmitted light collected at the surface of the medium.
- the spectral characteristic of the tissue absorption coefficient can be calculated from the known spectral characteristic of an injected dye absorption coefficient and the change in the measured spectrum of the intensity (attenuation), phase shift or mean time.
- the relative concentrations of its chromophores notably the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy - haemoglobin (HbO 2 and Hb) can be calculated.
- An application is the monitoring of the oxygen saturation (HbO 2 /(HbO 2 + Hb)) of blood in tissue.
- the derivative of the attenuation A (defined as the logarithm of the ratio of incident and detected intensity) with respect to change in ⁇ is:
- measurements of dA/dd ⁇ can be used to estimate the product of absorption and scattering coefficient.
- the spectral shape of ⁇ can then be calculated from measurements of dAf ⁇ t at different wavelengths.
- Eq. 4 states that the ratio of the absorption coefficients at different wavelengths ( ⁇ h_) can be estimated from measurements of attenuation changes ( ⁇ A) at these wavelengths, the ratio of the changes in absorption coefficient and the wavelength dependence of -'.
- the spectra of both ⁇ .' and ⁇ ⁇ are shown in Fig. 2a.
- a CCD spectrometer in connection with a halogen light source was employed to measure the reflected light intensity of the phantom (volume 300 ml).
- Attenuation spectra can be corrected for the wavelength dependence of ⁇ s ':
- Figure 3 and 4 show ⁇ . of the head and the calf muscle from volunteers obtained from measured temporal point spread functions (TPSFs).
- TPSFs temporal point spread functions
- the absolute ⁇ varies by up to 30% for different volunteers, however it has a similar wavelength_ characteristic. Therefore, a correction of the attenuation spectra for ⁇ s ' variations is feasible.
- a pure change in absorption coefficient occurs and the wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient change is known.
- Absorption changes can be induced by an exogenous dye or by changes of haemoglobin concentration. Change in Hb or HbO 2 can be generated by small changes in the inspired gas. Alternatively, the absorption coefficient can be reduced by dilution (for example by injecting saline).
- the dominant chromophores are deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin and water, the absorption spectra of which are known.
- the absorption coefficient at a wavelength ⁇ can be written as
- ⁇ n (unit: mmXmM "1 ) is the extinction coefficient of the n ⁇ chromophore and c n is its concentration (unit: mM).
- ⁇ _ is a reference wavelength
- an iterative technique can be used to calculate the relative chromophore concentrations c, c R (where C R signifies the concentration of a reference chromophore).
- the number of wavelengths has to be equal to or higher than the number of chromophores in the medium.
- the absorption spectrum of the dye used to induce attenuation changes has to be known.
- the dye could for example be Indocyanine green.
- the mean transit time is given by
- the modulation depth can be written as
- Figure 5 shows diagrammatically apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention in which changes in attenuation of light passing through the medium are measured.
- a medium 10 under examination receives light from a white light source 12 via an optical fibre 14.
- Diffused light is received by an optical fibre, and is taken to a wavelength dispersive device 18 and thence to a detector 20.
- the output of the detector 20 is fed to a PC or other data processor 22.
- the wavelength dispersive device for example a spectrometer comprising an optical slit and a diffraction grating divides up the white light issuing from the medium into its constituent wavelengths, those of interest then being selected by output slits or by being detected by respective elements if the detector 20 is of the staring-array type.
- the detector 20 may be a charge-coupled device or an array of photodiodes.
- the intensity of the light source 12 is kept constant, it is unnecessary to provide the detector 20 with a measure of the input light intensity. Ail necessary data is contained in changes in intensity arising from imposed changes in ⁇ and ⁇ .
- a wavelength selective device such as a rotatably mounted filter wheel with interference filters with two or more coloured filter elements for passing the wavelengths of interest.
- the wavelengths of interest are typically in the range 650nm to lOOOnrn for tests on tissue.
- wavelengths of up to about 2000nm (2 ⁇ m) are appropriate.
- the wavelength dispersive or selective device should have a bandwidth of less than 10 nm.
- the white light source 12 is replaced by switchable or otherwise selectable monochromatic light sources (eg laser diodes or LEDs) of different wavelengths, the wavelength dispersive or selective device 18 then not being required.
- Laser diodes are preferred to LEDS because the wavelength of the emitted light is more monochromatic.
- a pulsed laser diode is used as the source 12 to provide pulsed light of a specific wavelength to the medium 10.
- the wavelength dispersive device 18 is omitted and the detector 20 is replaced by means to determine the time of arrival of the pulse.
- a signal is provided via line 24 from the drive circuitry of the laser diode to indicate the time of initiation of the pulse to the detector so that ⁇ t> may be established.
- light source 12 is an intensity modulated monochromatic source with a choice of frequencies, either switchable laser diodes or LEDs, or a white light source with several alternative filters.
- the detector 20 is phase-sensitive, and receives a reference signal from the input to the sample via a line 26. Phase detection may conveniently be by a lock-in technique in which the output from the medium is compared with the input from line 26 by accurately multiplying the detector signal by both the reference signal and the reference signal shifted in phase by 90°.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9702018.4A GB9702018D0 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1997-01-31 | Determination of the ratio of optical absorbtion coefficients at different wavelengths in a scattering medium |
GB9702018 | 1997-01-31 | ||
PCT/GB1998/000297 WO1998034097A1 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1998-01-30 | Determination of the ratio of absorption coefficients at different wavelengths in a scattering medium |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0956495A1 true EP0956495A1 (en) | 1999-11-17 |
Family
ID=10806893
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98902110A Ceased EP0956495A1 (en) | 1997-01-31 | 1998-01-30 | Determination of the ratio of absorption coefficients at different wavelengths in a scattering medium |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0956495A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001509893A (en) |
AU (1) | AU5873898A (en) |
GB (1) | GB9702018D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998034097A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3950243B2 (en) | 1998-11-05 | 2007-07-25 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Method and apparatus for measuring internal information of scattering medium |
WO2001046679A1 (en) * | 1999-12-22 | 2001-06-28 | Applied Optics Center Of Delaware, Inc. | Method and apparatus for analyzing samples in a clinical analyzer using coherent radiation |
US7239902B2 (en) | 2001-03-16 | 2007-07-03 | Nellor Puritan Bennett Incorporated | Device and method for monitoring body fluid and electrolyte disorders |
US6591122B2 (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2003-07-08 | Nellcor Puritan Bennett Incorporated | Device and method for monitoring body fluid and electrolyte disorders |
GB2382406B (en) * | 2001-08-02 | 2005-04-20 | Electrode Company Ltd | Analytical apparatus |
US7277741B2 (en) | 2004-03-09 | 2007-10-02 | Nellcor Puritan Bennett Incorporated | Pulse oximetry motion artifact rejection using near infrared absorption by water |
CN1297232C (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2007-01-31 | 天津大学 | Optical-circuit-variable airspace light-dividing differencial wavelength spectometer for detecting tissue content and detection method thereof |
CN1299646C (en) * | 2004-05-21 | 2007-02-14 | 天津大学 | Optical-circuit-variable time-domain light-dividing differential wave length spectrometer for detecting tissue content and detection method thereof |
GB0604990D0 (en) * | 2006-03-11 | 2006-04-19 | Univ Durham | Optical transmissometer and light source and light detector for such optical transmissometer |
US8690864B2 (en) | 2007-03-09 | 2014-04-08 | Covidien Lp | System and method for controlling tissue treatment |
CN103630506B (en) | 2012-08-20 | 2016-10-26 | 台医光电科技股份有限公司 | Detection module and detection device |
CN103969223A (en) * | 2014-04-18 | 2014-08-06 | 南京信息工程大学 | Device for measuring atmospheric visibility in hazy weather |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2030696B (en) * | 1978-08-29 | 1983-03-09 | Kommandiittyhtio Finnpipette O | Method for semiquantitative automatic measurement of colour intensity of turbidity of a liquid solution |
US4305659A (en) * | 1980-03-06 | 1981-12-15 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Photometric apparatus and method |
US4329149A (en) * | 1980-03-06 | 1982-05-11 | Hach Chemical Company | Method for spectrophotometric compensation for colorimetric reagent variation |
US4448889A (en) * | 1982-06-18 | 1984-05-15 | Instrumentation Laboratory Inc. | Fluid analysis |
DK282085D0 (en) * | 1985-06-21 | 1985-06-21 | Radiometer As | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING BLOOD COMPONENTS |
US5086001A (en) * | 1989-12-01 | 1992-02-04 | Baxter International, Inc. | Automated test method for evaluating the physical compatibility of intravenous drugs in solutions |
US5297548A (en) * | 1992-02-07 | 1994-03-29 | Ohmeda Inc. | Arterial blood monitoring probe |
-
1997
- 1997-01-31 GB GBGB9702018.4A patent/GB9702018D0/en active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-01-30 WO PCT/GB1998/000297 patent/WO1998034097A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-01-30 EP EP98902110A patent/EP0956495A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-01-30 AU AU58738/98A patent/AU5873898A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-01-30 JP JP53264098A patent/JP2001509893A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9834097A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9702018D0 (en) | 1997-03-19 |
AU5873898A (en) | 1998-08-25 |
JP2001509893A (en) | 2001-07-24 |
WO1998034097A1 (en) | 1998-08-06 |
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