EP0952421A2 - Multipath heat exchanger - Google Patents

Multipath heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0952421A2
EP0952421A2 EP99106575A EP99106575A EP0952421A2 EP 0952421 A2 EP0952421 A2 EP 0952421A2 EP 99106575 A EP99106575 A EP 99106575A EP 99106575 A EP99106575 A EP 99106575A EP 0952421 A2 EP0952421 A2 EP 0952421A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
hood
web
tube sheet
gap
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99106575A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0952421A3 (en
EP0952421B1 (en
Inventor
Heinz Georg Kandel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CLS BEHRING GmbH
Original Assignee
Centeon Pharma GmbH
Aventis Behring GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Centeon Pharma GmbH, Aventis Behring GmbH filed Critical Centeon Pharma GmbH
Publication of EP0952421A2 publication Critical patent/EP0952421A2/en
Publication of EP0952421A3 publication Critical patent/EP0952421A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0952421B1 publication Critical patent/EP0952421B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0202—Header boxes having their inner space divided by partitions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits having a single U-bend
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/355—Heat exchange having separate flow passage for two distinct fluids
    • Y10S165/40—Shell enclosed conduit assembly
    • Y10S165/427—Manifold for tube-side fluid, i.e. parallel
    • Y10S165/428—Manifold for tube-side fluid, i.e. parallel including flow director in manifold

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a multi-way heat exchanger with a tubular body and a hood connected to the tube sheet of the tubular body, in which at least one web is arranged for guiding the liquid passed into the hood, the web being connected to the hood.
  • Such multi-way heat exchangers are used in the chemical industry.
  • a web separates the liquid fed into the hood from the liquid discharged from the hood.
  • the liquid flow is deflected several times in the hood and forced to pass through the heat exchanger several times. As a result, high flow velocities are achieved in the pipes and good heat transfer is obtained.
  • This object is achieved in a multi-way heat exchanger of the type mentioned in that a gap is formed between the web and the tube sheet.
  • the web thus does not subdivide the hood into completely separate chambers, but rather the length of the web is made such that a distance remains between the web and the tube sheet.
  • the leakage current leads to thermal losses because it does not flow through the heat exchanger and is therefore not subject to cooling.
  • the advantage of a compact, short, sterile heat exchanger according to the invention is considerable since it is GMP-compliant.
  • the width of the gap is to be optimized so that a sufficient leakage current flows through the gap during operation of the heat exchanger in order to flush it freely. As a rule, it is sufficient to choose this gap smaller than 1 mm.
  • the web is preferably pointed in the area of the tube sheet. Due to this particularly aerodynamically designed shape, no deposits can occur in the area of the web end facing the tube sheet.
  • a 4-way heat exchanger has two webs, for example. These are in particular T-shaped, so that the hood is divided into three chambers. Four chambers would then have to be provided for a 6-way heat exchanger.
  • the webs are expediently arranged at an angle of 90 ° to one another.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show the liquid inlet and outlet area of the 2-way heat exchanger 1.
  • Whose tubular body 2 has a tube sheet 3 and sixteen tubes 4, which are kept sealed in corresponding holes in the tube sheet 3.
  • the tube area of the tube body 2 is covered by a hood 5 connected to the tube sheet 3, which is provided with an inlet nozzle 6 and an outlet nozzle 7 for the liquid to be cooled in the heat exchanger 1, for example ultrapure water.
  • the direction of flow of the liquid to be cooled is illustrated in FIG. 1 by means of the arrows shown in bold.
  • the hood is rotationally symmetrical.
  • a thin-walled web 11 which ends at a distance from the tube sheet 3, is connected to the latter, thus its top surface 9 and its side surface 10.
  • a gap 13 which has a thickness of 0.2 mm, for example.
  • Figure 4 shows the design of the hood 5 in a 4-way heat exchanger. Components which correspond in their function to the embodiment according to FIGS. 1 to 3 are identified there with the same reference numerals.
  • two webs 11 or web regions are provided, which are arranged in the manner of a T, one web 11 having a length which corresponds to the diameter of the hood 5, while the length of the other web 11 corresponds to the radius of the Hood 5 corresponds.
  • the inlet nozzle and outlet nozzle which are assigned to the chambers 14 and 15, the liquid to be cooled enters the inlet chamber 14, which is arranged in the region of the first quarter of the hood 5.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Details Of Heat-Exchange And Heat-Transfer (AREA)
  • Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)

Abstract

The heat exchanger (1) has a tubular body (2) and a cover (5) connected to the bottom (3) of the tubular body. The cover contains at least one web (11) to guide the fluid passing through the cover. The web is connected to the cover. A gap (13) is left between the web and the bottom. Leak flows from the chambers (14,15) formed by the web can flow through this gap.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Mehrwege-Wärmeaustauscher mit einem Rohrkörper sowie einer mit dem Rohrboden des Rohrkörpers verbundenen Haube, in der mindestens ein Steg zum Führen der in die Haube geleiteten Flüssigkeit angeordnet ist, wobei der Steg mit der Haube verbunden ist.The invention relates to a multi-way heat exchanger with a tubular body and a hood connected to the tube sheet of the tubular body, in which at least one web is arranged for guiding the liquid passed into the hood, the web being connected to the hood.

Derartige Mehrwege-Wärmeaustauscher werden in der chemischen Industrie eingesetzt. Bei einem 2-Wege-Wärmeaustauscher trennt ein Steg die in die Haube geleiteten Flüssigkeit von dem aus der Haube geleiteten Flüssigkeit. Durch den Einbau von mehreren Stegen in die Haube eines 4- oder 6-Wege-Wärmeaustauschers wird der Flüssigkeitsstrom mehrfach in der Haube umgelenkt und gezwungen, den Wärmeaustauscher mehrfach zu passieren. Dadurch werden hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in den Rohren erreicht, und man erhält einen guten Wärmeübergang.Such multi-way heat exchangers are used in the chemical industry. In the case of a 2-way heat exchanger, a web separates the liquid fed into the hood from the liquid discharged from the hood. By installing several webs in the hood of a 4- or 6-way heat exchanger, the liquid flow is deflected several times in the hood and forced to pass through the heat exchanger several times. As a result, high flow velocities are achieved in the pipes and good heat transfer is obtained.

Für den Einsatz bei in reinster Form vorliegenden Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere den Einsatz in Reinstwassersystemen (WFI = Water for Injection) können diese Konstruktionen nicht eingesetzt werden, da man für die Abdichtung der Stege Dichtungen benötigt, die durch Spaltenbildung die Gefahr der Bakterienanlagerung und Kontamination bergen. Aus diesem Grunde verwendete man bisher Wärmeaustauscher, mit nur einem Durchgang und doppelten Rohrböden. Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in den Rohren solcher Wärmeaustauscher sind entsprechend niedrig; man erhält schlechte Wärmeübergangszahlen. Die Folge ist, daß diese Wärmeaustauscher steriltechnisch zwar einwandfrei sind, jedoch eine große Baulänge benötigen, um die Wärme abzuführen. Mehrere Meter Baulänge sind keine Seltenheit.These constructions cannot be used for the purest form of liquids, especially for use in ultrapure water systems (WFI = Water for Injection), since seals are required to seal the webs, which create the risk of bacteria accumulation and contamination due to the formation of gaps. For this reason, heat exchangers were previously used with only one passage and double tube plates. The flow velocities in the tubes of such heat exchangers are correspondingly low; one gets bad heat transfer numbers. The result is that these heat exchangers are technically flawless, but one require large lengths to dissipate the heat. A length of several meters is not uncommon.

Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, einen Mehrwege-Wärmeaustauscher der eingangs genannten Art so weiter zu bilden, daß er für die Kühlung von in reinstem Zustand vorliegender Flüssigkeit, insbesondere Reinstwasser, verwendbar ist.Against this background, it is an object of the present invention to develop a multi-way heat exchanger of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that it can be used for cooling liquid which is in the purest state, in particular ultrapure water.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Mehrwege-Wärmeaustauscher der eingangs genannten Art dadurch gelöst, daß zwischen dem Steg und dem Rohrboden ein Spalt gebildet ist.This object is achieved in a multi-way heat exchanger of the type mentioned in that a gap is formed between the web and the tube sheet.

Erfindungsgemäß unterteilt der Steg damit die Haube nicht in vollständig separierte Kammern, sondern es wird der Steg in seiner Länge so gefertigt, daß ein Abstand zwischen Steg und Rohrboden verbleibt. Dadurch kommt es zu einem Leckstrom durch den Spalt, der zum Freispülen dient. Der Leckstrom führt allerdings zu wärmetechnischen Verlusten, da er nicht den Wärmeaustauscher durchströmt und somit keiner Kühlung unterliegt. Es kommt zu einer Mischtemperatur zwischen dem Leckstrom und dem gekühlten, den Wärmeaustauscher verlassenden Strom. Trotz dieser Verluste ist der erfindungsgemäße Vorteil eines kompakten, kurzen, steril arbeitenden Wärmeaustauschers erheblich, da er GMP-konform ist.According to the invention, the web thus does not subdivide the hood into completely separate chambers, but rather the length of the web is made such that a distance remains between the web and the tube sheet. This leads to a leakage current through the gap, which is used for flushing. However, the leakage current leads to thermal losses because it does not flow through the heat exchanger and is therefore not subject to cooling. There is a mixed temperature between the leakage current and the cooled current leaving the heat exchanger. Despite these losses, the advantage of a compact, short, sterile heat exchanger according to the invention is considerable since it is GMP-compliant.

Die Breite des Spaltes ist dahingehend zu optimieren, daß im Betrieb des Wärmeaustauschers ein ausreichender Leckstrom durch den Spalt fließt, um diesen frei zu spülen. In aller Regel reicht es aus, diesen Spalt kleiner als 1 mm zu wählen.The width of the gap is to be optimized so that a sufficient leakage current flows through the gap during operation of the heat exchanger in order to flush it freely. As a rule, it is sufficient to choose this gap smaller than 1 mm.

Vorzugsweise ist der Steg im Bereich des Rohrbodens angespitzt. Durch diese besonders strömungsgünstig gestaltete Form kann es im Bereich des dem Rohrboden zugewandten Stegendes nicht zu Anlagerungen kommen.The web is preferably pointed in the area of the tube sheet. Due to this particularly aerodynamically designed shape, no deposits can occur in the area of the web end facing the tube sheet.

In Abhängigkeit von der Art der verwendeten Mehrwege-Wärmeaustauscher sind mehrere Stege vorgesehen. Ein 4-Wege-Wärmeaustauscher weist beispielsweise zwei Stege auf. Diese sind insbesondere T-förmig angeordnet, so daß die Haube in drei Kammern unterteilt ist. Bei einem 6-Wege-Wärmeaustauscher wären dann vier Kammern vorzusehen. Die Stege sind zweckmäßig in einem Winkel von 90° zueinander angeordnet.Depending on the type of multi-way heat exchanger used, several webs are provided. A 4-way heat exchanger has two webs, for example. These are in particular T-shaped, so that the hood is divided into three chambers. Four chambers would then have to be provided for a 6-way heat exchanger. The webs are expediently arranged at an angle of 90 ° to one another.

In den Figuren ist die Erfindung anhand zweier Ausführungsbeispiele dargestellt, ohne hierauf beschränkt zu sein. Es stellt dar:

Figur 1
einen Längsschnitt durch einen 2-Wege-Wärmeaustauscher im Bereich der Haube,
Figur 2
ein Schnitt gemäß der Linie II-II in Figur 1,
Figur 3
einen Detailansicht A gemäß Figur 1 und
Figur 4
für einen 4-Wege-Wärmeaustauscher eine Schnittdarstellung gemäß Figur 2.
In the figures, the invention is illustrated using two exemplary embodiments, without being limited to this. It shows:
Figure 1
a longitudinal section through a 2-way heat exchanger in the area of the hood,
Figure 2
2 shows a section along the line II-II in FIG. 1,
Figure 3
a detailed view A according to Figure 1 and
Figure 4
for a 4-way heat exchanger, a sectional view according to FIG. 2.

Die Figuren 1 und 2 zeigen den Flüssigkeitseintritts- und Austrittsbereich des 2-Wege-Wärmeaustauschers 1. Dessen Rohrkörper 2 weist einen Rohrboden 3 und sechzehn Rohre 4 auf, die in entsprechenden Löchern des Rohrbodens 3 abgedichtet gehalten sind. Den Rohrbereich des Rohrkörpers 2 deckt eine mit dem Rohrboden 3 verbundene Haube 5 ab, die mit einem Eintrittsstutzen 6 sowie einem Austrittsstutzen 7 für die im Wärmeaustauscher 1 zu kühlende Flüssigkeit, beispielsweise Reinstwasser, versehen ist. Die Strömungsrichtung der zu kühlenden Flüssigkeit ist in Figur 1 mittels der dick dargestellten Pfeile verdeutlicht. Abgesehen von den beiden Stutzen 6 und 7 ist die Haube rotationssymmetrisch ausgebildet. Im Bereich der Symmetrieebene 8 der Haube 5 ist mit dieser, somit deren Deckfläche 9 und deren Seitenfläche 10, ein dünnwandiger Steg 11 verbunden, der in Abstand zum Rohrboden 3 endet. Wie insbesondere der Darstellung der Figur 3 zu entnehmen ist, ist zwischen dem angespitzten Ende 12 des Steges und dem Rohrboden 3 ein Spalt 13 gebildet, der beispielsweise eine Stärke von 0,2 mm aufweist. Die zu kühlende Flüssigkeit strömt damit nicht nur durch die Rohre 4 des Wärmeaustauschers 1, sondern es gelangt, wie in Figur 3 durch den dick dargestellten Pfeil veranschaulicht, ein Leckstrom unmittelbar von der Eintrittskammer 14 der Haube 5 zu deren Austrittskammer 15.Figures 1 and 2 show the liquid inlet and outlet area of the 2-way heat exchanger 1. Whose tubular body 2 has a tube sheet 3 and sixteen tubes 4, which are kept sealed in corresponding holes in the tube sheet 3. The tube area of the tube body 2 is covered by a hood 5 connected to the tube sheet 3, which is provided with an inlet nozzle 6 and an outlet nozzle 7 for the liquid to be cooled in the heat exchanger 1, for example ultrapure water. The direction of flow of the liquid to be cooled is illustrated in FIG. 1 by means of the arrows shown in bold. Apart from the two sockets 6 and 7, the hood is rotationally symmetrical. In the area of the plane of symmetry 8 of the hood 5, a thin-walled web 11, which ends at a distance from the tube sheet 3, is connected to the latter, thus its top surface 9 and its side surface 10. As can be seen in particular from the illustration in FIG. 3, there is between the pointed end 12 of the web and the Pipe base 3 formed a gap 13 which has a thickness of 0.2 mm, for example. The liquid to be cooled not only flows through the tubes 4 of the heat exchanger 1, but, as illustrated by the arrow shown in FIG. 3, a leakage current flows directly from the inlet chamber 14 of the hood 5 to its outlet chamber 15.

Figur 4 zeigt die Ausbildung der Haube 5 bei einem 4-Wege-Wärmeaustauscher. Mit der Ausführungsform nach den Figuren 1 bis 3 in ihrer Funktion übereinstimmende Bauteile sind dort mit denselben Bezugsziffern bezeichnet. Bei der Ausführungsform nach Figur 4 sind zwei Stege 11 bzw. Stegbereiche vorgesehen, die in Art eines T angeordnet sind, wobei der eine Steg 11 eine Länge aufweist, die dem Durchmesser der Haube 5 entspricht, während die Länge des anderen Steges 11 dem Radius der Haube 5 entspricht. Bei entsprechender Änderung der Anordnung von Eintrittsstutzen und Austrittsstutzen, die den Kammern 14 und 15 zugeordnet sind, tritt die zu kühlende Flüssigkeit in die Eintrittskammer 14 ein, die im Bereich des ersten Viertels der Haube 5 angeordnet ist. Sie strömt, abgesehen vom Leckstrom, durch die dieser Kammer 14 zugeordneten Rohre 4 in den Wärmeaustauscher 1 und verläßt den Rohrkörper 2 im Bereich des zweiten Viertels der Haube, von dort wird die Flüssigkeit in der Kammer 16 zu den im Bereich des dritten Viertels der Haube 5 angeordneten Rohren 4 umgelenkt. Sie tritt in die Rohre 4 ein und verläßt diese im Bereich der Austrittskammer 15, die dem vierte Viertel der Haube 5 zugeordnet ist. Im Bereich der T-förmigen Stege 11, die im Sinne der Darstellung der Figur 3 einen Spalt zum Rohrboden 3 bilden, entsteht der vorstehend beschriebene Leckstrom.Figure 4 shows the design of the hood 5 in a 4-way heat exchanger. Components which correspond in their function to the embodiment according to FIGS. 1 to 3 are identified there with the same reference numerals. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, two webs 11 or web regions are provided, which are arranged in the manner of a T, one web 11 having a length which corresponds to the diameter of the hood 5, while the length of the other web 11 corresponds to the radius of the Hood 5 corresponds. With a corresponding change in the arrangement of the inlet nozzle and outlet nozzle, which are assigned to the chambers 14 and 15, the liquid to be cooled enters the inlet chamber 14, which is arranged in the region of the first quarter of the hood 5. Apart from the leakage current, it flows through the tubes 4 assigned to this chamber 14 into the heat exchanger 1 and leaves the tube body 2 in the region of the second quarter of the hood, from there the liquid in the chamber 16 becomes that in the region of the third quarter of the hood 5 arranged tubes 4 deflected. It enters the tubes 4 and leaves them in the area of the outlet chamber 15, which is assigned to the fourth quarter of the hood 5. The leakage current described above arises in the region of the T-shaped webs 11, which form a gap to the tube sheet 3 in the sense of the illustration in FIG. 3.

Claims (4)

Mehrwege-Wärmeaustauscher (1) mit einem Rohrkörper (2) sowie einer mit dem Rohrboden (3) des Rohrkörpers (2) verbundenen Haube (5), in der mindestens ein Steg (11) zum Führen der in die Haube (5) geleiteten Flüssigkeit angeordnet ist, wobei der Steg (11) mit der Haube (5) verbunden ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen dem Steg (11) und dem Rohrboden (3) ein Spalt (13) gebildet ist.Multi-way heat exchanger (1) with a tubular body (2) and a hood (5) connected to the tube sheet (3) of the tubular body (2), in which at least one web (11) for guiding the liquid passed into the hood (5) is arranged, the web (11) being connected to the hood (5), characterized in that a gap (13) is formed between the web (11) and the tube sheet (3). Wärmeaustauscher nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Steg (11) im Bereich des Rohrbodens (3) angespitzt ist.Heat exchanger according to claim 1, characterized in that the web (11) is pointed in the area of the tube sheet (3). Wärmeaustauscher nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens zwei Stege (11, 11) vorgesehen sind, die die Haube (5) in Kammern (14, 15; 14, 15, 16) unterteilen.Heat exchanger according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at least two webs (11, 11) are provided which divide the hood (5) into chambers (14, 15; 14, 15, 16). Wärmeaustauscher nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stege (11, 11) in einem Winkel von 90° zueinander angeordnet sind.Heat exchanger according to claim 3, characterized in that the webs (11, 11) are arranged at an angle of 90 ° to one another.
EP99106575A 1998-04-21 1999-03-31 Multipath heat exchanger Expired - Lifetime EP0952421B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19817659 1998-04-21
DE19817659A DE19817659C1 (en) 1998-04-21 1998-04-21 Multi-way heat exchanger

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0952421A2 true EP0952421A2 (en) 1999-10-27
EP0952421A3 EP0952421A3 (en) 2000-03-08
EP0952421B1 EP0952421B1 (en) 2003-07-02

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US (1) US6334484B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0952421B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4422234B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100525935B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE244387T1 (en)
AU (1) AU747566B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2269463C (en)
DE (2) DE19817659C1 (en)
ES (1) ES2201588T3 (en)

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WO2009026370A2 (en) * 2007-08-21 2009-02-26 Wolverine Tube, Inc. Heat exchanger with sloped baffles
US7774937B2 (en) * 2007-10-02 2010-08-17 Honeywell International Inc. Heat exchanger with divided coolant chamber
US20160370120A1 (en) * 2015-06-19 2016-12-22 Ingersoll-Rand Company Modular bonnet for variable-pass heat exchanger
JP6558570B2 (en) * 2015-06-25 2019-08-14 株式会社ノーリツ Heat exchanger
JP2020514662A (en) 2017-01-30 2020-05-21 アメリファブ，インコーポレイテッド Top cover and system for electric arc furnace, metallurgical furnace or refining furnace
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KR19990083331A (en) 1999-11-25
US6334484B1 (en) 2002-01-01
JPH11325786A (en) 1999-11-26
DE59906151D1 (en) 2003-08-07
CA2269463A1 (en) 1999-10-21
DE19817659C1 (en) 2000-05-11
AU2386399A (en) 1999-10-28
AU747566B2 (en) 2002-05-16
EP0952421A3 (en) 2000-03-08
JP4422234B2 (en) 2010-02-24
EP0952421B1 (en) 2003-07-02
ATE244387T1 (en) 2003-07-15
KR100525935B1 (en) 2005-11-08
CA2269463C (en) 2008-04-15
ES2201588T3 (en) 2004-03-16

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