EP0935405A1 - Electrode for plasma torch - Google Patents

Electrode for plasma torch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0935405A1
EP0935405A1 EP99400137A EP99400137A EP0935405A1 EP 0935405 A1 EP0935405 A1 EP 0935405A1 EP 99400137 A EP99400137 A EP 99400137A EP 99400137 A EP99400137 A EP 99400137A EP 0935405 A1 EP0935405 A1 EP 0935405A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
recess
plasma
injection
plasma torch
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP99400137A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christophe Bertez
Michel Delzenne
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Lincoln Electric Co France SA
Original Assignee
La Soudure Autogene Francaise
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Publication of EP0935405A1 publication Critical patent/EP0935405A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3442—Cathodes with inserted tip
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3468—Vortex generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3478—Geometrical details

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a plasma torch provided with an electrode having a recess device intended to deflect and / or guide, i.e. channel the gas flow entering the chamber torch plasma, and a welding process, marking, cutting, reloading or projection plasma using such a torch.
  • Plasma torches are conventionally used in the fields of cutting or welding of materials, as well as in other related fields, such as projection, reloading or plasma marking.
  • a plasma torch includes a electrode, made in whole or in part of a material emissive, which electrode has an elongated shape generally cylindrical or cylindro-frustoconical, of a nozzle arranged coaxially with respect to the electrode and forming a diaphragm on the path of the plasma arc, of a internal torch cooling system, including the electrode, and one or more circuits distribution of plasma gas in a room delimited, on the one hand, by the electrode and its support and, on the other hand, by the internal part of the nozzle and its support.
  • the electrode is connected to one of the poles of a current source, while the nozzle is connected to the other pole of said current source.
  • a first electric arc is generated by forming thus a column of arc plasma arising from said electrode and stretching through said channel the nozzle to the outside and to the material to be cut or to weld for example.
  • the jet of plasma is brought to an adequate power and maintained between the electrode, forming a cathode for example, and the nozzle, forming anode, during the whole operation of welding or cutting for example, or as the case may be, the jet of plasma is transferred to the workpiece before the ramp-up, by reconciliation and switching electric; the part then forming an anode and the nozzle can be electrically disconnected.
  • the distribution of plasma gas in the chamber delimited by the electrode and the nozzle is carried out, in particular for technical reasons or constructive, according to a substantially injection plan perpendicular to the axis of the electrode.
  • the injection of the plasma gas into said chamber can be done in a crown centered on the axis of the electrode, through a continuous slot and circular.
  • the injection of gas plasma in the room can be achieved by through a piece in the shape of a crown within which are calibrated holes including the axes converge and compete with the axis of the electrode.
  • injection of plasma gas into the chamber may occur make through a crown pierced with holes calibrated, as in the previous case, but whose holes emerge, this time, tangentially to the bore of the chamber or in a layout intermediate between the tangency to the bore and the convergence of the axes of the holes towards the axis of the electrode.
  • the gas flow or the gaseous nets must make a change of direction brutal, which occurs during the impact of said gas flow on the outer periphery of the electrode body or its support, at an angle often of the order of 90 °.
  • the gaseous jets from the injection holes and guided by the bore wall have, in general, a curved trajectory located substantially in a plane common.
  • Each gas jet therefore meets on its trajectory the next gas jet, when we consider the order of distribution of the crown-shaped part pierced with holes.
  • the aim of the present invention is therefore to alleviate the aforementioned problems by proposing an electrode for plasma torch fitted to allow and facilitate change in direction of the gas stream or gaseous nets upon entering the chamber located between the nozzle and the electrode, substantially without formation of gas flow turbulence.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a torch with plasma comprising a torch body provided with at least one electrode and at least one substantially coaxial nozzle surrounding at least a portion of said electrode, said electrode being provided with at least one recess arranged on at least part of its outer peripheral wall, at at least one recess being placed opposite at least one orifice for injecting at least one gas flow into said torch body, so that at least part of said gas flow is deflected and / or guided by said obviously.
  • the plasma torch includes a torch body comprising at least one electrode and at at least one substantially coaxial nozzle surrounding at least part of said electrode, said torch body containing a plasma chamber delimited at least by the electrode and the nozzle, the electrode being provided with at least one recess arranged on at least part of its external peripheral wall, at least one recess being placed at the outlet of at least one injection port of minus a gas flow in said torch body for allow a change of direction of at least one part of the gas flow entering said chamber plasmagen, when said gas flow comes into contact with said recess.
  • the term "placed opposite” that at least one recess carried by the electrode is located opposite, that is to say at the outlet, at least a gas flow injection port, so that that a gas flow circulating in said orifice injection, towards the electrode, enters contact with said recess carried by the electrode.
  • injection port one or more holes, holes, slots and / or the like allowing entry of one or more several gas flows inside the chamber torch plasma.
  • the invention relates also a welding, cutting, marking process, recharging or plasma spraying, characterized by what it implements an electrode according to the invention or a plasma torch according to the invention.
  • the present invention relates also on the use of such a plasma torch in one of the above-mentioned methods, in particular a method cutting steel.
  • FIGS 1a and 1b show diagrams of plasma torches 10 and their mode of operation.
  • a plasma torch 10 comprising an electrode carrying an emissive insert at its lower end 6, which electrode with a substantially cylindrical-frustoconical elongated shape and is connected to the negative terminal of a current source 16.
  • the electrode 1 is surrounded by a nozzle 2 within from which distribution orifices are arranged, or injection ports 7 of plasma gas, said nozzle 2 being connected to the positive terminal of the current source 16 ( Figure 1a).
  • the electrode 1 and the nozzle 2 are substantially coaxial and define a chamber 5 delimited, on the one hand, by the external peripheral wall of electrode 1 and, on the other hand, by the internal wall nozzle 2.
  • FIG. 1b it is the workpiece 15 which is connected to the positive pole from the current source 16 and no longer the nozzle 2 as shown in Figure la; for the rest, the structure of the plasma torch and its operation remains substantially identical.
  • Figures 2a, 2b and 2c show, respectively, half sections of a plasma torch according to Figure 1a or 1b, longitudinal for the Figure 2a and transverse for Figures 2b and 2c.
  • FIGS 3a, 3b, 4 to 6 show, as for them, embodiments of an electrode for plasma torch according to the present invention.
  • Figure 3a shows a partial sectional view longitudinal of a plasma torch according to the invention, comprising an electrode 1 and a nozzle 2 defining a chamber 5, into which a gas is introduced plasma through an injection port 7.
  • the entry of gas into the bedroom 5 can be achieved through several injection ports 7, for example three or four injection ports 7.
  • This electrode 1 has a shape elongated substantially cylindrical or cylindrical-tapered and has a recess, here having a groove 9, fitted on the outer peripheral wall 15 of the electrode 1, so as to constitute a guide for deflect the vein (s) or gaseous threads introduced into chamber 5 through the opening (s) 7.
  • a depth and a recess width 9 i.e. a volume recess, sufficient and adequate to allow a harmonious arrangement and extension of the nets gaseous within chamber 5, so as to facilitate their direction changes without training of turbulence and flow of the gas flow inside from chamber 5 to orifice 3 of nozzle 2 free any turbulence likely to disturb stability of the arc root.
  • FIG. 3a shows a injection of gas into a plasma torch according to the invention. More specifically, FIG. 3a makes it possible to visualize the path of the plasma gas flow in a plasma torch with convergent injection and Figure 3b shows the path of plasma gas through a torch at tangential injection.
  • Figure 4 shows a sectional view longitudinal of an electrode 1 according to the invention, which includes an emissive insert 4 in its part lower 6 and a recess 9 arranged on its wall external device near said end 6, said electrode 1 having substantially a shape cylindrical and being provided with mounting means and fixing 14 of said electrode in torch 10 to plasma.
  • Figs 5a and 5b and, respectively, 6a and 6b each represent a substantially identical electrode to that of FIG. 4, but also comprising ridges or grooves 11 practiced within its lower end 6.
  • Figures 5a and 5b show a mode of production of an electrode 1 intended, for example, for a plasma torch with short-circuit ignition between electrode 1 and nozzle 2.
  • the grooves 11 arranged within the end 6 of electrode 1 allow passage of plasma gas when electrode 1 is in mechanical contact and nozzle 2.
  • This arrangement obtained by a geometry particular of the end 6 of the electrode 1 avoids break the short circuit and establish a first arc in an atmosphere devoid of adequate gas, i.e. consisting mainly of metallic vapor, so as to avoid damaging the electrode 1 and the nozzle 2.
  • the grooves or knurls 11 are for example of radial type.
  • FIGS. 5a and 5b we see a second mode of production of an electrode 1 according to the invention comprising, on the one hand, a recess 9 on its wall external device and, on the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b, grooves 11 made in the within its lower end 6.
  • This electrode 1 is an electrode, for example, to double gas circuit with gas supply to bypass grooves controlled by a section of grooves opening into the recess.
  • a plasma torch according to the present invention can be advantageously used in any type of cutting, welding, spraying, reloading or plasma arc marking, particular in a sheet metal cutting operation or steel parts.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)

Abstract

The electrode (1) sits inside the main nozzle of the torch. Gas is injected into the nozzle around the electrode through small ports and is ejected as a plasma through a small orifice at the tip of the nozzle. The electrode has a machined groove (9) on the external side of its walls positioned to align with the ports. The gas is deflected by the groove and flows smoothly towards the nozzle jet.

Description

La présente invention concerne une torche à plasma munie d'une électrode présentant un évidement périphérique destiné à dévier et/ou guider, c'est-à-dire canaliser le flux gazeux entrant dans la chambre plasmagène de la torche, et un procédé de soudage, de marquage, de coupage, de rechargement ou de projection plasma mettant en oeuvre une telle torche.The present invention relates to a plasma torch provided with an electrode having a recess device intended to deflect and / or guide, i.e. channel the gas flow entering the chamber torch plasma, and a welding process, marking, cutting, reloading or projection plasma using such a torch.

Les torches à plasma sont classiquement utilisées dans les domaines du coupage ou du soudage de matériaux, ainsi que dans d'autres domaines connexes, tels la projection, le rechargement ou le marquage plasma.Plasma torches are conventionally used in the fields of cutting or welding of materials, as well as in other related fields, such as projection, reloading or plasma marking.

Habituellement, une torche plasma comprend une électrode, réalisée en tout ou en partie d'un matériau émissif, laquelle électrode a une forme allongée généralement cylindrique ou cylindro-tronconique, d'une tuyère disposée coaxialement par rapport à l'électrode et formant diaphragme sur le parcours de l'arc plasma, d'un circuit de refroidissement interne de la torche, notamment de l'électrode, et d'un ou plusieurs circuits de distribution de gaz plasmagène dans une chambre délimitée, d'une part, par l'électrode et son support et, d'autre part, par la partie interne de la tuyère et de son support.Usually a plasma torch includes a electrode, made in whole or in part of a material emissive, which electrode has an elongated shape generally cylindrical or cylindro-frustoconical, of a nozzle arranged coaxially with respect to the electrode and forming a diaphragm on the path of the plasma arc, of a internal torch cooling system, including the electrode, and one or more circuits distribution of plasma gas in a room delimited, on the one hand, by the electrode and its support and, on the other hand, by the internal part of the nozzle and its support.

En fonctionnement, l'électrode est reliée à l'un des pôles d'une source de courant, alors que la tuyère est reliée à l'autre pôle de ladite source de courant.In operation, the electrode is connected to one of the poles of a current source, while the nozzle is connected to the other pole of said current source.

Après ionisation d'une partie du flux gazeux, circulant entre l'extrémité inférieure de l'électrode et un canal d'éjection des gaz pratiqué au sein de la tuyère, un premier arc électrique est généré en formant ainsi une colonne de plasma d'arc prenant naissance de ladite électrode et s'étirant au travers dudit canal de la tuyère vers l'extérieur et jusqu'au matériau à couper ou à souder par exemple.After ionization of part of the gas flow, flowing between the lower end of the electrode and a gas ejection channel practiced within the nozzle, a first electric arc is generated by forming thus a column of arc plasma arising from said electrode and stretching through said channel the nozzle to the outside and to the material to be cut or to weld for example.

Selon le type d'utilisation de la torche, le jet de plasma est porté à une puissance adéquate et maintenu entre l'électrode, formant cathode par exemple, et la tuyère, formant anode, durant toute l'opération de soudage ou coupage par exemple, ou selon le cas, le jet de plasma est transféré à la pièce à travailler avant la montée en puissance, par rapprochement et commutation électrique; la pièce formant alors anode et la tuyère pouvant être électriquement déconnectée.Depending on the type of torch use, the jet of plasma is brought to an adequate power and maintained between the electrode, forming a cathode for example, and the nozzle, forming anode, during the whole operation of welding or cutting for example, or as the case may be, the jet of plasma is transferred to the workpiece before the ramp-up, by reconciliation and switching electric; the part then forming an anode and the nozzle can be electrically disconnected.

De telles torches à plasma et leurs fonctionnements ont notamment été décrits dans les documents EP-A-599709, EP-A-573330, US-A-5597497, WO-A-96/23620, US-A-5451739, EP-A-0787556, US-A-5416296, US-A-5208441, FR-A-2669847 et FR-A-2113144.Such plasma torches and their operations have been described in particular in documents EP-A-599709, EP-A-573330, US-A-5597497, WO-A-96/23620, US-A-5451739, EP-A-0787556, US-A-5416296, US-A-5208441, FR-A-2669847 and FR-A-2113144.

Dans certains cas, la distribution du gaz plasmagène dans la chambre délimitée par l'électrode et la tuyère est effectuée, notamment pour des raisons techniques ou constructives, selon un plan d'injection sensiblement perpendiculaire à l'axe de l'électrode.In some cases, the distribution of plasma gas in the chamber delimited by the electrode and the nozzle is carried out, in particular for technical reasons or constructive, according to a substantially injection plan perpendicular to the axis of the electrode.

Ainsi, l'injection du gaz plasmagène dans ladite chambre peut se faire en couronne centrée sur l'axe de l'électrode, par l'intermédiaire d'une fente continue et circulaire.Thus, the injection of the plasma gas into said chamber can be done in a crown centered on the axis of the electrode, through a continuous slot and circular.

Dans un autre cas de figure, l'injection du gaz plasmagène dans la chambre peut être réalisée par l'intermédiaire d'une pièce ayant la forme d'une couronne au sein de laquelle sont aménagés des trous calibrés dont les axes convergent et concourent avec l'axe de l'électrode. In another case, the injection of gas plasma in the room can be achieved by through a piece in the shape of a crown within which are calibrated holes including the axes converge and compete with the axis of the electrode.

Enfin, selon un autre mode de réalisation, l'injection du gaz plasmagène dans la chambre peut se faire par l'intermédiaire d'une couronne percée de trous calibrés, comme dans le cas précédent, mais dont les trous débouchent, cette fois, tangentiellement à l'alésage de la chambre ou dans une disposition intermédiaire entre la tangence à l'alésage et la convergence des axes des trous vers l'axe de l'électrode.Finally, according to another embodiment, injection of plasma gas into the chamber may occur make through a crown pierced with holes calibrated, as in the previous case, but whose holes emerge, this time, tangentially to the bore of the chamber or in a layout intermediate between the tangency to the bore and the convergence of the axes of the holes towards the axis of the electrode.

Dans les deux premiers cas, le flux gazeux ou les filets gazeux doivent opérer un changement de direction brutal, qui se produit lors de l'impact dudit flux gazeux sur la périphérie externe du corps de l'électrode ou de son support, selon un angle souvent de l'ordre de 90°.In the first two cases, the gas flow or the gaseous nets must make a change of direction brutal, which occurs during the impact of said gas flow on the outer periphery of the electrode body or its support, at an angle often of the order of 90 °.

Or, il est connu que cet impact à angle droit provoque des turbulences, voire des zones de recirculation au sein dudit flux gazeux et donc engendre une perturbation de l'écoulement du flux gazeux dans la torche.Now, it is known that this right angle impact causes turbulence, even areas of recirculation within said gas flow and therefore generates a disturbance in the flow of the gas flow in the torch.

Alors, pour calmer ou contrôler l'écoulement, il est nécessaire de ménager ou prévoir en aval du lieu d'injection une longueur suffisante de canalisation sans variation notable de régime d'écoulement pour que le gaz ne perturbe pas ou le moins possible la stabilité de la racine d'arc accrochée à l'extrémité de l'électrode, lors du fonctionnement de la torche à plasma.So, to calm or control the flow, it is necessary to arrange or plan downstream of the place a sufficient length of pipe without significant variation in flow regime so that the gas does not disturb or as little as possible the stability of the arc root attached to the end of the electrode, when the operation of the plasma torch.

Dans le dernier cas, la pièce en forme de couronne percée de trous débouchant tangentiellement à l'alésage ou, selon le cas, dans une direction intermédiaire entre la tangence et la convergence avec l'axe de l'électrode, distribue le gaz en écoulement tourbillonnaire.In the latter case, the crown-shaped piece drilling holes opening tangentially to the bore or, as the case may be, in an intermediate direction between tangency and convergence with the axis of the electrode, distributes the gas in a vortex flow.

Or, les jets gazeux issus des trous d'injection et guidés par la paroi de l'alésage, ont, en général, une trajectoire courbe située sensiblement dans un plan commun.However, the gaseous jets from the injection holes and guided by the bore wall, have, in general, a curved trajectory located substantially in a plane common.

Chaque jet de gaz rencontre donc sur sa trajectoire le jet de gaz suivant, lorsque l'on considère l'ordre de distribution de la pièce en forme de couronne percée de trous.Each gas jet therefore meets on its trajectory the next gas jet, when we consider the order of distribution of the crown-shaped part pierced with holes.

Il en résulte alors, selon la vitesse d'écoulement des jets gazeux et l'exiguïté de la chambre dans le plan radiant, une perturbation de l'écoulement gazeux pouvant se traduire par un brassage de l'ensemble des jets gazeux avec d'importantes turbulences et une perte notable de vorticité ou, le cas échéant, un chevauchement des jets gazeux dans le plan vertical, lequel chevauchement s'accompagne de fortes instabilités de la racine d'arc.This then results, depending on the flow velocity gas jets and the smallness of the room in the plane radiant, a disturbance in the gas flow which can result in a mixing of all the gas jets with significant turbulence and a notable loss of vorticity or, if applicable, overlapping of jets gaseous in the vertical plane, which overlap is accompanied by strong instabilities of the arc root.

De là, on comprend que quelque soit le mode de réalisation observé, il apparaít des perturbations de l'écoulement du flux gazeux au sein de la torche à plasma engendrant une instabilité notable de l'arc plasma, ce qui a des répercutions négatives sur le travail effectué, lequel est de moins bonne qualité.From there, we understand that whatever the mode of observed realization, it appears disturbances of the flow of gas flow within the plasma torch causing a notable instability of the plasma arc, this which has negative repercussions on the work carried out, which is of lower quality.

Le but de la présente invention est donc de pallier les problèmes susmentionnés en proposant une électrode pour torche à plasma aménagée pour permettre et faciliter le changement de direction de la veine gazeuse ou des filets gazeux lors de leur entrée de la chambre située entre la tuyère et l'électrode, sensiblement sans formation de turbulences de l'écoulement gazeux.The aim of the present invention is therefore to alleviate the aforementioned problems by proposing an electrode for plasma torch fitted to allow and facilitate change in direction of the gas stream or gaseous nets upon entering the chamber located between the nozzle and the electrode, substantially without formation of gas flow turbulence.

La présente invention concerne alors une torche à plasma comprenant un corps de torche muni d'au moins une électrode et d'au moins une tuyère sensiblement coaxiale entourant au moins une partie de ladite électrode, ladite électrode étant munie d'au moins un évidement aménagé sur au moins une partie de sa paroi périphérique externe, au moins un évidement étant placé en regard d'au moins un orifice d'injection d'au moins un flux gazeux dans ledit corps torche, de manière à ce qu'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux soit déviée et/ou guidée par ledit évidement .The present invention therefore relates to a torch with plasma comprising a torch body provided with at least one electrode and at least one substantially coaxial nozzle surrounding at least a portion of said electrode, said electrode being provided with at least one recess arranged on at least part of its outer peripheral wall, at at least one recess being placed opposite at least one orifice for injecting at least one gas flow into said torch body, so that at least part of said gas flow is deflected and / or guided by said obviously.

En d'autres termes, la torche à plasma comprend un corps de torche comportant au moins une électrode et au moins une tuyère sensiblement coaxiale entourant au moins une partie de ladite électrode, ledit corps de torche contenant une chambre plasmagène délimitée au moins par l'électrode et la tuyère, l'électrode étant munie d'au moins un évidement aménagé sur au moins une partie de sa paroi périphérique externe, au moins un évidement étant placé au débouché d'au moins un orifice d'injection d'au moins un flux gazeux dans ledit corps de torche pour permettre un changement de direction d'au moins une partie du flux gazeux entrant dans ladite chambre plasmagène, lors de l'entrée en contact dudit flux gazeux avec ledit évidement.In other words, the plasma torch includes a torch body comprising at least one electrode and at at least one substantially coaxial nozzle surrounding at least part of said electrode, said torch body containing a plasma chamber delimited at least by the electrode and the nozzle, the electrode being provided with at least one recess arranged on at least part of its external peripheral wall, at least one recess being placed at the outlet of at least one injection port of minus a gas flow in said torch body for allow a change of direction of at least one part of the gas flow entering said chamber plasmagen, when said gas flow comes into contact with said recess.

Dans le cadre de l'invention, on entend par "placé en regard" qu'au moins un évidement porté par l'électrode est situé en face, c'est-à-dire au débouché, d'au moins un orifice d'injection de flux gazeux, de manière à ce qu'un flux gazeux circulant dans ledit orifice d'injection, en direction de l'électrode, entre en contact avec ledit évidement porté par l'électrode.In the context of the invention, the term "placed opposite "that at least one recess carried by the electrode is located opposite, that is to say at the outlet, at least a gas flow injection port, so that that a gas flow circulating in said orifice injection, towards the electrode, enters contact with said recess carried by the electrode.

Selon le cas, la torche selon l'invention peut comprendre l'une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes:

  • l'électrode a une forme allongée ou oblongue, de préférence une forme générale sensiblement cylindrique ou cylindro-tronconique ;
  • ledit évidement est aménagé sur toute la périphérie de la paroi périphérique externe de l'électrode ;
  • ledit évidement est à section profilée et est sensiblement symétrique de révolution ;
  • ledit évidement est une gorge ;
  • elle comporte, en outre, un insert émissif à son extrémité inférieure, de préférence un insert émissif en hafnium, en zirconium ou en tungstène ;
  • elle comporte, en outre, au moins une rainure ou striure pratiquée au sein de son extrémité inférieure, de préférence plusieurs rainures ou stries radiales ;
  • l'axe d'au moins un orifice d'injection forme un angle compris entre 90° et 45° avec l'axe de l'électrode;
  • ledit orifice d'injection et ledit évidement sont agencés, l'un par rapport à l'autre, de manière à permettre une injection convergente d'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux ;
  • ledit orifice d'injection et ledit évidement sont agencés, l'un par rapport à l'autre, de manière à permettre une injection tangentielle à la paroi périphérique externe de ladite électrode d'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux ;
  • ledit orifice d'injection et ledit évidement sont agencés, l'un par rapport à l'autre, de manière à permettre une injection combinée vers la paroi périphérique externe de ladite électrode d'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux. Par injection combinée, on entend une injection réalisée selon une direction intermédiaire entre une injection tangentielle et une injection convergente, ou une combinaison d'une injection tangentielle et d'une injection convergente.
Depending on the case, the torch according to the invention may include one or more of the following characteristics:
  • the electrode has an elongated or oblong shape, preferably a generally substantially cylindrical or cylindro-frustoconical shape;
  • said recess is arranged over the entire periphery of the external peripheral wall of the electrode;
  • said recess is of profiled section and is substantially symmetrical in revolution;
  • said recess is a groove;
  • it further comprises an emissive insert at its lower end, preferably an emissive insert of hafnium, zirconium or tungsten;
  • it further comprises at least one groove or groove made within its lower end, preferably several grooves or radial grooves;
  • the axis of at least one injection orifice forms an angle between 90 ° and 45 ° with the axis of the electrode;
  • said injection orifice and said recess are arranged, one with respect to the other, so as to allow convergent injection of at least part of said gas flow;
  • said injection orifice and said recess are arranged, one with respect to the other, so as to allow a tangential injection to the external peripheral wall of said electrode of at least a part of said gas flow;
  • said injection orifice and said recess are arranged, one with respect to the other, so as to allow a combined injection towards the external peripheral wall of said electrode of at least a part of said gas flow. By combined injection is meant an injection carried out in an intermediate direction between a tangential injection and a convergent injection, or a combination of a tangential injection and a convergent injection.

Dans le cadre de la présente invention, on appelle orifice d'injection, un ou plusieurs trous, perçages, fentes et/ou analogues permettant l'entrée d'un ou plusieurs flux gazeux à l'intérieur de la chambre plasmagène de la torche.In the context of the present invention, injection port, one or more holes, holes, slots and / or the like allowing entry of one or more several gas flows inside the chamber torch plasma.

Selon un autre aspect, l'invention concerne également un procédé de soudage, de coupage, de marquage, de rechargement ou de projection plasma, caractérisé en ce qu'il met en oeuvre une électrode selon l'invention ou une torche plasma selon l'invention.According to another aspect, the invention relates also a welding, cutting, marking process, recharging or plasma spraying, characterized by what it implements an electrode according to the invention or a plasma torch according to the invention.

En d'autres termes, la présente invention porte aussi sur l'utilisation d'une telle torche à plasma dans un des procédés susmentionnés, en particulier un procédé de coupage d'aciers.In other words, the present invention relates also on the use of such a plasma torch in one of the above-mentioned methods, in particular a method cutting steel.

L'invention va maintenant être décrite plus en détail à l'aide de schémas, donnés à titre illustratif, mais non limitatif de l'invention.The invention will now be described in more detail. detail using diagrams, given by way of illustration, but not limiting of the invention.

Les figures 1a et 1b représentent des schémas de torches à plasma 10 et de leur mode de fonctionnement.Figures 1a and 1b show diagrams of plasma torches 10 and their mode of operation.

Plus précisément, on voit sur les figures 1a et 1b, une torche à plasma 10 comprenant une électrode portant un insert émissif à son extrémité inférieur 6, laquelle électrode à une forme allongée sensiblement cylindro-tronconique et est reliée à la borne négative d'une source 16 de courant.More specifically, we see in FIGS. 1a and 1b, a plasma torch 10 comprising an electrode carrying an emissive insert at its lower end 6, which electrode with a substantially cylindrical-frustoconical elongated shape and is connected to the negative terminal of a current source 16.

L'électrode 1 est entourée par une tuyère 2 au sein de laquelle sont aménagés des orifices de distribution ou orifices d'injection 7 de gaz plasmagène, ladite tuyère 2 étant reliée à la borne positive de la source de courant 16 (figure 1a).The electrode 1 is surrounded by a nozzle 2 within from which distribution orifices are arranged, or injection ports 7 of plasma gas, said nozzle 2 being connected to the positive terminal of the current source 16 (Figure 1a).

Plus précisément, l'électrode 1 et la tuyère 2 sont sensiblement coaxiales et définissent une chambre 5 délimitée, d'une part, par la paroi périphérique externe de l'électrode 1 et, d'autre part, par la paroi interne de la tuyère 2.More specifically, the electrode 1 and the nozzle 2 are substantially coaxial and define a chamber 5 delimited, on the one hand, by the external peripheral wall of electrode 1 and, on the other hand, by the internal wall nozzle 2.

Comme on peut le voir sur les figures 1a et 1b, l'arrivée du gaz plasmagène par les orifices 7 de distribution de gaz, se fait sensiblement perpendiculairement à l'électrode 1, le flux gazeux étant ensuite dévié vers la partie inférieure 6 de l'électrode, puis évacué en un jet de plasma 13 par l'orifice de sortie 3 aménagé dans la partie inférieure de la tuyère 2, de manière à atteindre la pièce à travailler 15.As can be seen in Figures 1a and 1b, the arrival of the plasma gas through the orifices 7 of gas distribution, takes place appreciably perpendicular to electrode 1, the gas flow being then deflected to the lower part 6 of the electrode, then discharged in a plasma jet 13 through the orifice of outlet 3 fitted in the lower part of the nozzle 2, so as to reach the workpiece 15.

Dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 1b, c'est la pièce à travailler 15 qui est reliée au pôle positif de la source de courant 16 et non plus la tuyère 2 comme représenté sur la figure la ; pour le reste, la structure de la torche à plasma et son fonctionnement restent sensiblement identiques.In the embodiment of FIG. 1b, it is the workpiece 15 which is connected to the positive pole from the current source 16 and no longer the nozzle 2 as shown in Figure la; for the rest, the structure of the plasma torch and its operation remains substantially identical.

Les figures 2a, 2b et 2c représentent, respectivement, des demi-coupes d'une torche à plasma conforme à la figure 1a ou 1b, longitudinale pour la figure 2a et transversales pour les figures 2b et 2c.Figures 2a, 2b and 2c show, respectively, half sections of a plasma torch according to Figure 1a or 1b, longitudinal for the Figure 2a and transverse for Figures 2b and 2c.

Plus précisément, on voit sur la figure 2a que l'entrée du gaz plasmagène dans la chambre 5 se fait par l'intermédiaire de l'orifice 7, perpendiculaire à l'axe de l'électrode 1.More specifically, we see in Figure 2a that the entry of plasma gas into chamber 5 is by through orifice 7, perpendicular to the axis of electrode 1.

De cette configuration, il résulte une zone de perturbations ou turbulences 8 du flux gazeux plasmagène perturbant l'écoulement global du gaz plasmagène au sein de la chambre 5 et jusqu'à l'orifice de sortie 3 et donc la stabilité de la racine de l'arc.From this configuration, a zone of disturbances or turbulences 8 of the plasma gas flow disrupting the overall flow of plasma gas within from chamber 5 and up to outlet 3 and therefore the stability of the arc root.

Ceci apparaít d'ailleurs plus nettement sur les figures 2b et 2c représentant des modes de réalisation avec injection tangentielle ou convergente des gaz dans la chambre 5, respectivement. This appears more clearly on the Figures 2b and 2c showing embodiments with tangential or convergent gas injection in room 5, respectively.

Les figures 3a, 3b, 4 à 6 représentent, quant à elles, des modes de réalisation d'une électrode pour torche à plasma selon la présente invention.Figures 3a, 3b, 4 to 6 show, as for them, embodiments of an electrode for plasma torch according to the present invention.

La figure 3a représente une vue partielle en coupe longitudinale d'une torche à plasma, selon l'invention, comprenant une électrode 1 et une tuyère 2 définissant une chambre 5, dans laquelle est introduit un gaz plasmagène par un orifice d'injection 7. Toutefois, selon un autre mode de réalisation, l'entrée du gaz dans la chambre 5 peut être réalisé par le biais de plusieurs orifices d'injection 7, par exemple trois ou quatre orifices d'injection 7.Figure 3a shows a partial sectional view longitudinal of a plasma torch according to the invention, comprising an electrode 1 and a nozzle 2 defining a chamber 5, into which a gas is introduced plasma through an injection port 7. However, according to another embodiment, the entry of gas into the bedroom 5 can be achieved through several injection ports 7, for example three or four injection ports 7.

Cette électrode 1 selon l'invention a une forme allongée sensiblement cylindrique ou cylindro-tronconique et comporte un évidement, ayant ici en forme de gorge 9, aménagé sur la paroi 15 périphérique externe de l'électrode 1, de manière à constituer un guide pour dévier la ou les veines ou filets gazeux introduits dans la chambre 5 par le ou les orifices 7.This electrode 1 according to the invention has a shape elongated substantially cylindrical or cylindrical-tapered and has a recess, here having a groove 9, fitted on the outer peripheral wall 15 of the electrode 1, so as to constitute a guide for deflect the vein (s) or gaseous threads introduced into chamber 5 through the opening (s) 7.

En pratique, on choisit une profondeur et une largeur d'évidement 9, c'est-à-dire un volume d'évidement, suffisant et adéquat pour permettre un arrangement et une extension harmonieuse des filets gazeux au sein de la chambre 5, de manière à faciliter leurs changements de direction sans formation de turbulence et un écoulement du flux gazeux à l'intérieur de la chambre 5 jusqu'à l'orifice 3 de la tuyère 2 exempt de toute turbulence susceptible de perturber la stabilité de la racine d'arc.In practice, we choose a depth and a recess width 9, i.e. a volume recess, sufficient and adequate to allow a harmonious arrangement and extension of the nets gaseous within chamber 5, so as to facilitate their direction changes without training of turbulence and flow of the gas flow inside from chamber 5 to orifice 3 of nozzle 2 free any turbulence likely to disturb stability of the arc root.

Les figures 3a et 3b permettent de visualiser une injection de gaz dans une torche à plasma selon l'invention. Plus précisément, la figure 3a permet de visualiser le trajet du flux gazeux plasmagène dans une torche à plasma à injection convergente et la figure 3b montre le trajet du gaz plasmagène dans une torche à injection tangentielle.Figures 3a and 3b show a injection of gas into a plasma torch according to the invention. More specifically, FIG. 3a makes it possible to visualize the path of the plasma gas flow in a plasma torch with convergent injection and Figure 3b shows the path of plasma gas through a torch at tangential injection.

La figure 4 représente une vue en coupe longitudinale d'une électrode 1 selon l'invention, laquelle comporte un insert émissif 4 dans sa partie inférieure 6 et un évidement 9 aménagé sur sa paroi périphérique externe à proximité de ladite extrémité 6, ladite électrode 1 ayant sensiblement une forme cylindrique et étant munie de moyens de montage et fixation 14 de ladite électrode dans la torche 10 à plasma.Figure 4 shows a sectional view longitudinal of an electrode 1 according to the invention, which includes an emissive insert 4 in its part lower 6 and a recess 9 arranged on its wall external device near said end 6, said electrode 1 having substantially a shape cylindrical and being provided with mounting means and fixing 14 of said electrode in torch 10 to plasma.

Les figues 5a et 5b et, respectivement, 6a et 6b représentent chacune une électrode sensiblement identique à celle de la figure 4, mais comportant également des striures ou rainures 11 pratiquées au sein de son extrémité inférieure 6.Figs 5a and 5b and, respectively, 6a and 6b each represent a substantially identical electrode to that of FIG. 4, but also comprising ridges or grooves 11 practiced within its lower end 6.

Les figures 5a et 5b représentent un mode de réalisation d'une électrode 1 destinée, par exemple, à une torche à plasma à amorçage par court-circuit entre l'électrode 1 et la tuyère 2.Figures 5a and 5b show a mode of production of an electrode 1 intended, for example, for a plasma torch with short-circuit ignition between electrode 1 and nozzle 2.

Les rainures 11 aménagées au sein de l'extrémité 6 de l'électrode 1 permettent un passage du gaz plasmagène lorsque l'électrode 1 est au contact mécanique et électrique de la tuyère 2.The grooves 11 arranged within the end 6 of electrode 1 allow passage of plasma gas when electrode 1 is in mechanical contact and nozzle 2.

Cet aménagement obtenu par une géométrie particulière de l'extrémité 6 de l'électrode 1 évite de rompre le court-circuit et d'établir un premier arc dans une atmosphère dépourvue de gaz adéquat, c'est-à-dire constituée principalement de vapeur métallique, de manière à éviter d'endommager l'électrode 1 et la tuyère 2. This arrangement obtained by a geometry particular of the end 6 of the electrode 1 avoids break the short circuit and establish a first arc in an atmosphere devoid of adequate gas, i.e. consisting mainly of metallic vapor, so as to avoid damaging the electrode 1 and the nozzle 2.

Les rainures ou moletages 11 sont par exemple de type radial.The grooves or knurls 11 are for example of radial type.

Sur les figures 6a et 6b on voit un second mode de réalisation d'une électrode 1 selon l'invention comprenant, d'une part, un évidement 9 sur sa paroi périphérique externe et, d'autre part, comme représenté sur les figures 5a et 5b, des rainures 11 pratiquées au sein de son extrémité 6 inférieure.In Figures 6a and 6b we see a second mode of production of an electrode 1 according to the invention comprising, on the one hand, a recess 9 on its wall external device and, on the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b, grooves 11 made in the within its lower end 6.

Cette électrode 1 est une électrode, par exemple, à double circuit de gaz avec alimentation en gaz des rainures de dérivation contrôlée par une section de rainures débouchant dans l'évidement.This electrode 1 is an electrode, for example, to double gas circuit with gas supply to bypass grooves controlled by a section of grooves opening into the recess.

De par cette disposition, moyennant une bonne adaptation géométrique, on peut réduire notablement l'érosion du matériau émissif de l'électrode tout en garantissant une stabilité du jet plasmagène efficace et propice à l'obtention d'un travail de qualité sur le matériau à traiter.By virtue of this provision, for a good geometric adaptation, we can significantly reduce erosion of the emissive material of the electrode while guaranteeing an efficient plasma jet stability and conducive to obtaining quality work on the material to be treated.

Il en résulte, en outre, un gain en terme de durée de vie de l'électrode et une augmentation de la stabilité d'arc grâce à la combinaison judicieuse de la présence d'un évidement 9 et des rainures 11.This also results in a gain in terms of duration electrode life and increased stability arc thanks to the judicious combination of presence a recess 9 and grooves 11.

Une torche à plasma, selon la présente invention, peut être avantageusement utilisée dans tout type de procédé de coupage, de soudage, de projection, de rechargement ou de marquage à l'arc plasma, en particulier dans une opération de coupage de tôles ou de pièces en acier.A plasma torch according to the present invention, can be advantageously used in any type of cutting, welding, spraying, reloading or plasma arc marking, particular in a sheet metal cutting operation or steel parts.

Claims (11)

Torche à plasma comprenant un corps de torche muni d'au moins une électrode (1) et d'au moins une tuyère (2) sensiblement coaxiale entourant au moins une partie de ladite électrode (1), ladite électrode (1) étant munie d'au moins un évidement (9) aménagé sur au moins une partie de sa paroi (15) périphérique externe, au moins un évidement (9) étant placé en regard d'au moins un orifice d'injection (7) d'au moins un flux gazeux dans ledit corps torche, de manière à ce qu'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux soit déviée et/ou guidée par ledit évidement (9).Plasma torch comprising a torch body provided with at least one electrode (1) and at least one substantially coaxial nozzle (2) surrounding at least one part of said electrode (1), said electrode (1) being provided with at least one recess (9) arranged on at at least part of its outer peripheral wall (15), at least one recess (9) being placed opposite at least at least one injection orifice (7) of at least one flow gas in said torch body, so that at at least part of said gas flow is diverted and / or guided by said recess (9). Torche à plasma comprenant un corps de torche comportant au moins une électrode (1) et au moins une tuyère (2) sensiblement coaxiale entourant au moins une partie de ladite électrode (1), ledit corps de torche contenant une chambre (5) plasmagène délimitée au moins par l'électrode (1) et la tuyère (2), l'électrode (1) étant munie d'au moins un évidement (9)aménagé sur au moins une partie de sa paroi (15) périphérique externe, au moins un évidement (9) étant placé au débouché d'au moins un orifice d'injection (7) d'au moins un flux gazeux dans ledit corps de torche pour permettre un changement de direction d'au moins une partie du flux gazeux entrant dans ladite chambre (15) plasmagène, lors de l'entrée en contact dudit flux gazeux avec ledit évidement (9).Plasma torch comprising a torch body comprising at least one electrode (1) and at least one substantially coaxial nozzle (2) surrounding at least one part of said electrode (1), said torch body containing at least one plasma chamber (5) delimited by the electrode (1) and the nozzle (2), the electrode (1) being provided with at least one recess (9) arranged on at at least part of its outer peripheral wall (15), at least one recess (9) being placed at the outlet of at at least one injection orifice (7) of at least one flow gas in said torch body to allow a change of direction of at least part of the flow gaseous entering said plasma chamber (15), during the coming into contact of said gas flow with said recess (9). Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que ledit évidement (9) est aménagé sur toute la périphérique de la paroi (15) périphérique externe de l'électrode (1). Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said recess (9) is fitted on the entire peripheral of the wall (15) external device of the electrode (1). Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que ledit évidement (9) est à section profilée et est sensiblement symétrique de révolution.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 at 3, characterized in that said recess (9) is at streamlined section and is substantially symmetrical to revolution. Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que l'électrode (1) comporte, en outre, un insert (4) émissif à son extrémité inférieure (6), de préférence un insert (4) émissif en hafnium, en zirconium ou en tungstène.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the electrode (1) comprises, in in addition, an emissive insert (4) at its lower end (6), preferably an emissive insert (4) in hafnium, in zirconium or tungsten. Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que l'électrode (1) comporte, en outre, au moins une rainure (11) pratiquée au sein de son extrémité (6) inférieure, de préférence au moins une rainure radiale.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the electrode (1) comprises, in in addition, at least one groove (11) formed within its lower end (6), preferably at least one radial groove. Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que ledit orifice (7) d'injection et ledit évidement (9) sont agencés, l'un par rapport à l'autre, de manière à permettre une injection convergente d'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 6, characterized in that said injection orifice (7) and said recess (9) are arranged, one with respect to the other, so as to allow a convergent injection at least part of said gas stream. Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que ledit orifice (7) d'injection et ledit évidement (9) sont agencés, l'un par rapport à l'autre, de manière à permettre une injection tangentielle à la paroi périphérique externe de ladite électrode (1) d'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 6, characterized in that said injection orifice (7) and said recess (9) are arranged, one with respect to the other, so as to allow an injection tangential to the outer peripheral wall of said electrode (1) of at least part of said gas flow. Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée en ce que ledit orifice (7) d'injection et ledit évidement (9) sont agencés, l'un par rapport à l'autre, de manière à permettre une injection combinée vers la paroi (15) périphérique externe de ladite électrode (1) d'au moins une partie dudit flux gazeux.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 8, characterized in that said injection orifice (7) and said recess (9) are arranged, one with respect to the other, so as to allow a combined injection towards the outer peripheral wall (15) of said electrode (1) of at least part of said gas flow. Torche à plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9,caractérisée en ce que l'axe d'au moins un orifice d'injection (7) forme un angle (α) compris entre 90° et 45° avec l'axe de l'électrode.Plasma torch according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the axis of at least one orifice injection (7) forms an angle (α) between 90 ° and 45 ° with the axis of the electrode. Procédé de soudage, de coupage, de marquage, de rechargement ou de projection plasma, caractérisée en ce qu'il met en oeuvre une torche plasma selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10.Welding, cutting, marking, plasma recharging or projection, characterized in that it uses a plasma torch according to one of the claims 1 to 10.
EP99400137A 1998-02-05 1999-01-21 Electrode for plasma torch Withdrawn EP0935405A1 (en)

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FR9801347A FR2774549B1 (en) 1998-02-05 1998-02-05 ELECTRODE FOR PLASMA TORCH
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FR2774549B1 (en) 2001-04-20
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CA2261313A1 (en) 1999-08-05
FR2774549A1 (en) 1999-08-06

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