EP0923157B1 - Antenna realised according to microstrip technique and device incorporating this antenna - Google Patents

Antenna realised according to microstrip technique and device incorporating this antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0923157B1
EP0923157B1 EP98403061A EP98403061A EP0923157B1 EP 0923157 B1 EP0923157 B1 EP 0923157B1 EP 98403061 A EP98403061 A EP 98403061A EP 98403061 A EP98403061 A EP 98403061A EP 0923157 B1 EP0923157 B1 EP 0923157B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
coupling
impedance
patch
strip
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP98403061A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0923157A1 (en
Inventor
Christophe Grangeat
Charles Ngounou
Jean-Philippe Coupez
Francois Lepennec
Serge Toutain
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Alcatel CIT SA
Alcatel Lucent SAS
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Alcatel CIT SA
Alcatel SA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/045Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H01Q5/342Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes
    • H01Q5/357Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes using a single feed point
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01QANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0421Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with a shorting wall or a shorting pin at one end of the element

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the antennas produced according to the microstrip technique.
  • Such an antenna is typically used in a spectral domain including radiofrequencies and microwaves. She includes a patch which is typically formed by etching a metallic layer. It is called in English by specialists "microstrip patch antenna "for" microstrip type patch antenna ".
  • the presentation will be sometimes limited below for the purpose of simplification to the sole case of an antenna transmitter connected to a transmitter. But it must be understood that the described provisions could also apply in the case of antennas receivers connected to a receiver. For the same purpose it will be accepted that the substrate has the shape of a horizontal sheet.
  • a first type can be called "half-wave”.
  • the antenna is then called “half-wave” or "electric”.
  • half-wave or "electric”.
  • a dimension of its pellet constitutes a length and extends in a so-called longitudinal direction, this length is substantially equal to half the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is propagating in this direction in the line formed by the mass, the substrate and pellet.
  • the coupling with the radiated waves is made at ends of this length, these ends being located in regions where the amplitude of the electric field prevailing in the substrate is maximum.
  • a second type of resonant structure that can be produced according to this same technique can be called “quarter wave”.
  • the antenna is then called “quarter wave” or “magnetic". It differs from a half-wave antenna on the one hand by the fact that its pellet has a substantially equal length at a quarter of the wavelength, this length of the patch and this length wave being defined as above, on the other hand by the fact that a short circuit important is made at one end of this length between the mass and the patch so as to impose a quarter-wave type resonance whose an electric field node is fixed by this short circuit. Coupling with the radiated waves is done at the other end of this length, this other end being located in the region where the amplitude of the electric field at through the substrate is maximum.
  • the coupling of such an antenna to a device for processing signal such as a transmitter is typically done through non only of a coupling device included in this antenna, but also an external connection line to this antenna and connecting the device for coupling to the signal processing device. If we consider a global functional chain including signal processing device, line connection, the coupling device and the resonant structure, it the coupling device and the connection line should be made so that this chain has a uniform impedance on its entire length, which avoids stray reflections opposing a good coupling.
  • the respective functions of the coupling device, the connection line and antenna are as follows:
  • the function of the connection line is to carry a radio frequency or microwave signal from the transmitter to the antenna terminals. Throughout such a line the signal is propagates in the form of a traveling wave without undergoing, at least in principle, significant modification of its characteristics.
  • the function of coupling device is to transform the signal supplied by the line of connection so that this signal excites a resonance of the antenna, i.e. the energy of the traveling wave carrying this signal is transferred to a standing wave establishing itself in the antenna with characteristics defined by the latter. As for the antenna, it transfers the energy of this standing wave to a wave radiated in space.
  • the signal supplied by the transmitter thus undergoes a first transformation for to pass from the shape of a progressive wave to that of a standing wave, then a second transformation which gives it the shape of a wave radiated.
  • a first transformation for to pass from the shape of a progressive wave to that of a standing wave then a second transformation which gives it the shape of a wave radiated.
  • the signal takes the same forms in the same organs but the transformations are done in order and in the opposite direction.
  • connection lines can be made according to a technique other than planar, for example in the form of coaxial lines.
  • Antennas produced using planar techniques are included in various types of devices. These devices include portable radiotelephones, base stations for the latter, automobiles and airplanes or air missiles. In the case of a portable radiotelephone the continuous nature of the mass layer bottom of this antenna makes it easy to limit the power of radiation intercepted by the body of the user of the device. In the case automobiles and especially in that of planes or missiles whose surface exterior is metallic and has a curved profile to obtain low aerodynamic drag, the antenna can be shaped to this profile so as not to show aerodynamic drag additional annoying.
  • a first antenna produced using the microstrip technique is known from an article by T.D. Ormiston, P. Gardner, and P.S. Hall "Microstrip Short-circuit Patch Design Equations", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 16, No. 1, September 1997, page 12-14. She is from quarter wave type.
  • FIG 1 of this article the substrate and the mass of this antenna are not shown but the presence of a substrate and a layer of mass is implicit under the pellet and the microstrip shown.
  • an edge of its pad has a short circuit formed in a conductive layer extending over a wafer surface of the substrate.
  • This short circuit is composite, i.e. it is made up of two conductors with the form of vertical bands. These extend laterally respectively to the two ends of the width of the patch while leaving a free axial gap between them.
  • Feeding means are provided by this article to allow to feed the antenna from a transmitter. They are designated by the terms "microstrip”, that is to say that they are made according to the technique of microstrip. Although this is not explained in any way in this article, it is clear that such means fulfill the two functions which have been previously specified for the coupling device and the line of connection. From Figure 1 of this article it appears that the line of connection is a conventional microstrip line. A driver main of this line is a ribbon shown located in the plane of the pellet. A ground conductor of this line belongs to the layer of mass not shown which is common to this line, to the coupling and antenna.
  • the coupling device has the form of a ribbon longitudinal horizontal. It is presented as belonging to a line of the type microstrip extending the ribbon from the connection line.
  • This ribbon can be called coupling tape. It enters the area of the pellet through the edge of the short circuit. It then extends into this area from this edge between two notches and connects to the patch at a connection point internal of this patch, that is to say at a point inside this area.
  • These two notches are provided in this article to allow penetration of the coupling tape to the appropriate connection point. They correspond to the two edges of the axial gap of the short circuit.
  • This first known antenna has the disadvantage that its food, or more generally its coupling to the processing organ of signal, can only be usefully obtained thanks to a precise adjustment of various parameters. These parameters include the width and the length of the two notches mentioned above and the width of the ribbon coupling and they have to be adjusted to give a suitable value to the impedance of the antenna. Their values, and more particularly that of this length, must be brought between tolerance limits very close to each other and difficult to predetermine. In the case of an industrial manufacture of such antennas in series, this difficulty adjustment can increase manufacturing costs in a troublesome way.
  • a second antenna produced using the microstrips is known from patent document WO 94/24723 (Wireless Access, Inc). It is also of the quarter wave type. Its pastille (316 in the figure 3) has a large slot (rectangular ring 350) to make its less sensitive to proximity of conductive masses such as than a human body or to that of electrical circuits such as those of a microcomputer. Its short circuit (330) is partial, i.e. it is formed on only one segment of an edge of this patch. It is stated that this facilitates adaptation of the antenna input impedance.
  • the line of connection feeding this antenna is arranged vertically under the substrate. It is of the coaxial type.
  • the coupling device consists of an extension of the central conductor, i.e. the main conductor which extends in the axis of this line, this extension crossing the substrate to come and connect to the patch. As for the sheathed earth conductor this line, it connects directly to the ground of the antenna.
  • This second known antenna has in particular the disadvantage that the realization of an effective coupling device by through the terminal part of the central conductor of a line coaxial connecting to the antenna pad requires drilling the substrate and presents practical difficulties, especially for adjusting the position from the connection point. These difficulties increase the cost of manufacturing, especially if it is mass production.
  • said pellet cooperates with said mass to guide electromagnetic waves propagating in this antenna according to a propagation direction, said coupling direction then being at least close to this direction of propagation.
  • an antenna coupling is achieved by a lateral coupling as defined above, it differs from a coupling such as the one made in the first known antenna previously described.
  • the beneficial interactions carried out according to the present invention between the coupling tape and the pad are analogous to those that appear in a coplanar line between the conductor principal and mass of this line. If such interactions were negligible, the coupling line would function like a line of the microstrip type of which the ground conductor would be constituted by the mass of the antenna.
  • this impedance antenna is closer to a coplanar impedance than an impedance microstrip, this coplanar impedance being equal to the impedance of a virtual coplanar line which would be constituted by the coupling tape and the pellet on said substrate in the absence of the ground of the antenna, this microstrip impedance being equal to the impedance of a microstrip line also virtual which would be constituted by this coupling ribbon and this mass on either side of this substrate in the absence of the pellet.
  • said antenna impedance is between 70% and 99.9% and preferably still between 80% and 98% of said impedance coplanar.
  • the correct width of a coupling slot depends on the values of various antenna parameters and mainly the thickness and permittivity of the substrate. Typically, in the context of the present invention, the width of said coupling slot is between 3% and 60% of the thickness of said substrate. It is more particularly less than 35% of the thickness of this substrate. Regardless of the thickness of the substrate, seems difficult to engrave with the usual industrial techniques of coupling slots of width less than 0.1 mm.
  • the antenna impedance and the so-called coplanar and microstrip impedances can be illustrated by quantified examples.
  • a composite impedance which is that of a composite line defined as follows: its main conductor is in the form of a length ribbon infinite and of width w.
  • This ribbon extends over the upper surface of a substrate between two coplanar ground conductors separated from this strip by two slots of the same width s and extending to infinity over the same surface on either side of this ribbon.
  • the substrate has a thickness h, a dielectric constant ⁇ and it carries a layer of mass over its entire surface lower.
  • Coplanar and microstrip impedances are defined as previously, but from this composite line, the conductors of coplanar mass taking the place of the pellet.
  • the substrate was made of epoxy resin.
  • the second and the fourth it was made of glass Teflon.
  • the small width of the slots relative to the thickness of the substrate makes the composite line work in a way much closer to that of a coplanar line than of that of a microstrip line. On the contrary in the last two examples the composite line is closer to a microstrip line.
  • said substrate, said antenna mass and said patch constitute a resonant structure allowing progressive waves to propagate in this structure in two mutually opposite directions from said direction of propagation, this structure forming for these waves two reflectors imposing their outward and return journeys showing a resonance of this antenna.
  • said coupling tape extends between on the one hand an external connection point where this ribbon is connected to a said terminal of the antenna and on the other hand an internal connection point where this ribbon connects to said pad.
  • the antenna further includes a coupling device having more particularly the shape of a coupling line.
  • This device includes on the one hand, a main conductor made up of two sections C1 and C3 and connected to the patch 6 at an internal connection point 18. It comprises on the other hand an equally composite ground conductor which cooperates with this main conductor and which will be described later. It constitutes all or part a connection assembly which connects the resonant structure of the antenna to a signal processor 8, for example to excite a or more resonances of the antenna from this organ in the event that it it is a transmitting antenna.
  • all of connection typically comprises a connection line such that C4, C5 which is external to the antenna and which has two conductors.
  • this line On the antenna side, these two conductors are connected respectively to two connecting conductors which belong to the coupling device and which can be considered as constituting two terminals of the antenna. At the other end of this line, the two conductors of the latter are connected respectively two terminals of the signal processor.
  • This line can in particular be of the coaxial type, of the microstrip type or of the coplanar type. In the case where the antenna considered constitutes a receiving antenna, this same set transmits the signals received by this antenna to the organ of Signal processing. The various elements of this set have the functions previously defined.
  • the present invention also relates to a communication device including an antenna according to this invention and a said signal processing member connected to this antenna by a said connection assembly.
  • the antenna according to the present invention can be a single-frequency antenna or a multi-frequency antenna.
  • the first antenna given as an example is a dual-frequency antenna, that is to say that it must be able to give rise to at least two resonances so as to be able to operate in two modes corresponding to two operating frequencies.
  • a slot has been formed in the patch 6 and opens out towards the front outside of the latter. It constitutes a longitudinal separating slot F1.
  • the longitudinal extent occupied by this slot defines in this patch a region before Z2, Z1, Z12, the slot itself separating in this region a primary zone Z1 from a secondary zone Z2.
  • a rear region ZA extends between this front region and the rear edge 10. This rear region is much shorter in the longitudinal direction DL than this front region.
  • the internal connection point 18 is located in the area primary Z1.
  • An operating mode of the antenna then constitutes a primary mode in which a standing wave is established thanks to a traveling wave propagation in both directions of this direction longitudinal or in a direction close to the latter, these waves propagating in an area including this primary zone and this rear region substantially excluding the secondary zone Z2.
  • Another mode of operation constitutes a secondary mode in which a wave stationary is established thanks to a propagation of progressive waves in the same two directions, these waves propagating in another area including the primary and secondary areas and the rear region.
  • the rear region ZA has a first function which is to couple the secondary zone to the primary zone to allow the establishment of the secondary mode. She has a second function which is to allow the short circuit present on the rear edge of play its role in each of these two areas.
  • the antenna is then, at less approximately, for each operating frequency, of the type quarter wave.
  • Pad and coupling line configurations and more particularly the longitudinal position of the internal connection point 18 are chosen so that a desired value appears predetermined impedance presented by the antenna for the signal processing or more typically for a connection line connecting this body to this device.
  • This impedance will be called below antenna impedance.
  • input impedance In the case of a transmitting antenna it is usually called input impedance.
  • desired value is advantageously equal to the impedance of the connection line. It is why, preferably, the position of the connection point gives the antenna impedance substantially the same value for the various operating frequencies.
  • the operating frequencies have predetermined desired values. These values can be advantageously obtained by a suitable choice of dimensions respective longitudinal zones primary Z1 and secondary Z2. It is why these two dimensions are typically different.
  • the configuration of the pad 6 further forms a slot extending in the transverse direction DT.
  • This slot constitutes a transverse separating slot F2 separating partially this primary zone of the rear region ZA. It connects to the rear end of the longitudinal separating slot F1.
  • Another F3 slot extends in the primary zone Z1 forwards from the separating slit transverse F2. It can be called a frequency lowering slot because its role is to lower the operating frequencies to an extent growing with its length. It thus not only limits the length of pad required to obtain desired values operating frequencies, but also to adjust these frequencies thanks to a suitable length adjustment.
  • the antenna has a plane of symmetry extending in the longitudinal DL and vertical DV directions, the trace of this plane in the upper surface of the substrate constituting an axis of symmetry A for the patch 6.
  • the number included in the reference signs of the one on the right in the figures is equal to the corresponding number of the one on the left increased by 10.
  • the coupling device and the zone primary Z1 extend in the vicinity of axis A and the configuration of the patch forms two so-called longitudinal separating slots F1, F11 on the one hand and else of this primary area.
  • the secondary zone then has two parts Z2, Z12 located respectively beyond these two slots.
  • all of the separating slots F1, F2, F11, F12 has the shape of a U.
  • the branches and the base of this U are longitudinal and transverse respectively.
  • This base presents a axial interval 20 extending on either side of the axis to connect the primary zone Z1 to short circuit C2, C12 via a part axial of the rear region ZA.
  • the coupling line which constitutes the antenna coupling device comprises a conductor belonging to the upper conductive layer. More precisely a section C1 of said main conductor penetrates in the longitudinal direction DL in the area of the patch 6. It extends between a rear end adjacent to the rear edge 10 and a front end constituting the connection point internal 18.
  • This section of main conductor has the form of a ribbon and can be called a horizontal coupling tape.
  • this ribbon is limited laterally by two notches. But, in the antenna of this invention, these two notches are sufficiently narrow in the direction DT and long enough in the DL direction to be able to be respectively considered as two longitudinal slots F4 and F14.
  • the antenna would allow the antenna to be coupled via a signal electromagnetic applied or collected by the external connection line at the rear end of this horizontal coplanar line between two terminals common to this horizontal coplanar line and to the antenna, these two terminals being respectively constituted by this ground conductor of this line and the back end of this ribbon.
  • the coupling device and this external line via such conductors located in the plane of the patch would complicate the manufacture of these devices.
  • the horizontal coplanar line in question extends along the axis A. It passes in the axial interval 20 of the base of the U, this interval being delimited by the two coupling slots F4 and F14.
  • the position of the front end 18 of its conductor principal is determined to give a desired value to the impedance of the antenna. But this impedance also depends on other parameters such as the widths of the C1 coupling tape and the coupling slots, as well as the nature of the substrate.
  • said short circuit is a short circuit composite comprising two short-circuit conductors C2 and C12. These two conductors extend in the vertical direction DV leaving between them a free interval. Each of them connects the ground 4 of the antenna to the tablet 6.
  • connection conductors are formed on the wafer surface S3 significantly facilitates the creation of a connection between on the one hand the coupling device belonging to the antenna formed on the surface of the device and on the other hand, a connection line connecting this device to a Signal processing. If this organ is located inside this device this line can take the form of a coaxial line which, in the vicinity of the antenna, is perpendicular to the plane thereof. In other cases this arrangement of connection conductors facilitates connection of the antenna to conductors carried by a motherboard on one side of which the antenna substrate has been previously fixed, the line of connection then being typically, at least in the vicinity of the antenna, parallel to the longitudinal direction thereof.
  • connection conductor capable of forming terminals of the antenna on the wafer surface of the substrate only complicates the fabrication of the antenna negligibly.
  • the realization of the conductors short circuit is necessary for the manufactured antenna to be of the quarter type wave.
  • the first connection conductor can be produced by a process at least analogous to that of the realization of short-circuit conductors and, in most cases, during the same manufacturing stage.
  • connection conductors occupy only a fraction of the rear edge 10.
  • the antenna given in example it is roughly the same fraction as that of the area primary Z1.
  • the widths of the coupling tapes and slots such as the coupling slots located on either side of these ribbons are chosen so as to give a uniform and suitable impedance, which is typically 50 ohms, at the coupling line formed by the vertical and horizontal coplanar lines.
  • the antenna impedance is by elsewhere adjusted by the choice of the position of the internal connection point 18.
  • the small value of the widths of the coupling slots and the coupling effect lateral which allows to widen the manufacturing margin concerning these various parameters, and this while maintaining a good quality of coupling.
  • the line of external connection to the antenna is a coaxial line. At least at neighborhood of the antenna it typically extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of this antenna, i.e. by example in the vertical direction DV. It has an axial conductor C4. At a first end of the line, this axial conductor is connected to the conductor C3. At the other end of the line it is connected to a first signal processing device terminal 8. Along the length of the line there is surrounded by a conductive sheath C5. At the first end of the line this sheath is connected at the same time to the two short-circuit conductors C2 and C12. At the other end of the line it is connected to the other terminal of the signal processing member 8 which is constituted for example by a transmitter.
  • Figure 5 shows how an external connection line and an antenna coupling line can be made in the case of a second antenna.
  • this second antenna is respectively analogous, at least as to their functions, to various elements of the first antenna which has been previously described.
  • Such elements are designated by the same letters and / or reference numbers as the elements analogs of the first antenna, except that the numbers are increased by 50, the main conductor C4 of the external connection line of the first antenna being for example analogous to a conductor C54 of the second antenna.
  • This second antenna has a mass not shown covering the lower surface of the substrate 52. It differs from the first on the following points :
  • the coupling tape C51 extends in the vicinity of an edge of the patch 56 from which it is separated by a single coupling slot F54.
  • Line of external connection is of the type with a mass constituted by the same conductive layer as the mass of the antenna.
  • Its main driver has the form of a ribbon which constitutes a C54 connecting ribbon. The latter is connected to the coupling tape C51 in a zone C53 of so these two ribbons appear as two successive segments of the same bifunctional ribbon.
  • a first terminal C53 of antenna is defined as the connection area between the two segments of the bifunctional ribbon, the second terminal being constituted by the common ground.
  • One of the segments of the bifunctional ribbon, namely the coupling tape is then the seat of a coupling effect with the structure resonant of the antenna and is considered to belong to the antenna.
  • the other of these segments, namely the connecting tape is the seat no such effect. It is considered separate from the coupling tape and as outside the antenna even if it is carried out by the same step of engraving as the pad and the coupling tape, even in the case, not shown, where a different complementary connection line, by example a coaxial line, would be used to connect the C54 tape to a signal processor.
  • the width of the connecting tape is greater than that of the C51 coupling tape to avoid impedance discontinuity in the zone C53. More generally, when this invention is implemented, the need to give the bifunctional tape a uniform impedance on its entire length requires a variation of the parameters of this ribbon where it constitutes an antenna terminal. Preferably this variation is progressive, avoiding any abrupt geometric discontinuity.

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Abstract

The side mounted coupling input is direction sensitive and matched to a slot input on the upper substrate face.

Description

La présente invention concerne les antennes réalisées selon la technique des microrubans. Une telle antenne est typiquement utilisée dans un domaine spectral incluant les radiofréquences et les hyperfréquences. Elle comporte une pastille qui est typiquement constituée par gravure d'une couche métallique. Elle est appelée en anglais par les spécialistes "microstrip patch antenna" pour "antenne à pastille du type microruban".The present invention relates to the antennas produced according to the microstrip technique. Such an antenna is typically used in a spectral domain including radiofrequencies and microwaves. She includes a patch which is typically formed by etching a metallic layer. It is called in English by specialists "microstrip patch antenna "for" microstrip type patch antenna ".

La technique des microrubans est une technique planaire qui s'applique à la fois à la réalisation de lignes transmettant des signaux et à celle d'antennes réalisant un couplage entre de telles lignes et des ondes rayonnées. Elle utilise des rubans et/ou pastilles conductrices formées sur la surface supérieure d'un substrat diélectrique mince qui les sépare d'une couche de masse conductrice s'étendant sur la surface inférieure de ce substrat. Une telle pastille est typiquement plus large qu'un tel ruban et ses formes et dimensions constituent des caractéristiques importantes de l'antenne. La forme du substrat est typiquement celle d'une feuille plane rectangulaire d'épaisseur constante. Mais cela n'est nullement une obligation. En particulier il est connu qu'une variation de l'épaisseur du substrat selon une loi exponentielle permet d'élargir la bande passante d'une telle antenne et que la forme de la feuille peut s'écarter d'un rectangle. Les lignes de champ électrique s'étendent entre le ruban ou la pastille et la couche de masse en traversant le substrat. Cette technique se distingue de diverses autres techniques utilisant elles aussi des éléments conducteurs sur un substrat mince à savoir :

  • celle des lignes triplaques qui est généralement connue sous l'appellation anglaise "stripline" et dans laquelle un ruban est compris entre la couche de masse inférieure et une couche de masse supérieure, cette dernière devant dans le cas d'une antenne présenter une fente pour permettre un couplage avec des ondes rayonnées ,
  • celle des lignes à fente dans laquelle le champ électrique s'établit entre deux parties d'une couche conductrice formée sur la surface supérieure du substrat et séparées l'une de l'autre par une fente, cette dernière devant, dans le cas d'une antenne, déboucher typiquement sur un évidement plus large facilitant un couplage avec des ondes rayonnées, par exemple en formant une structure résonante, et
  • celle des lignes coplanaires dans laquelle le champ électrique s'établit sur la surface supérieure du substrat et d'une manière symétrique entre d'une part un ruban conducteur central et d'autre part deux plages conductrices situées de part et d'autre de ce ruban dont elles sont respectivement séparées par deux fentes. Dans le cas d'une antenne, ce ruban se raccorde typiquement à une pastille plus large pour former une structure résonante permettant un couplage avec les ondes rayonnées.
The microstrip technique is a planar technique which is applied both to the production of lines transmitting signals and to that of antennas realizing a coupling between such lines and radiated waves. It uses conductive tapes and / or pads formed on the upper surface of a thin dielectric substrate which separates them from a layer of conductive mass extending over the lower surface of this substrate. Such a patch is typically wider than such a ribbon and its shapes and dimensions constitute important characteristics of the antenna. The shape of the substrate is typically that of a rectangular flat sheet of constant thickness. But this is by no means an obligation. In particular, it is known that a variation in the thickness of the substrate according to an exponential law makes it possible to widen the passband of such an antenna and that the shape of the sheet can deviate from a rectangle. The electric field lines extend between the ribbon or the patch and the ground layer crossing the substrate. This technique is distinguished from various other techniques which also use conductive elements on a thin substrate, namely:
  • that of the triplate lines which is generally known under the English name "stripline" and in which a ribbon is included between the layer of lower mass and a layer of higher mass, the latter in the case of an antenna having a slot for allow coupling with radiated waves,
  • that of the slit lines in which the electric field is established between two parts of a conductive layer formed on the upper surface of the substrate and separated from each other by a slit, the latter in front, in the case of an antenna, typically leading to a wider recess facilitating coupling with radiated waves, for example by forming a resonant structure, and
  • that of the coplanar lines in which the electric field is established on the upper surface of the substrate and in a symmetrical manner between on the one hand a central conductive strip and on the other hand two conductive pads located on either side of this ribbon from which they are respectively separated by two slits. In the case of an antenna, this strip is typically connected to a larger patch to form a resonant structure allowing coupling with the radiated waves.

En ce qui concerne la réalisation des antennes, l'exposé sera parfois limité ci-après dans un but de simplification au seul cas d'une antenne émettrice raccordée à un émetteur. Mais il doit être compris que les dispositions décrites pourraient aussi s'appliquer au cas d'antennes réceptrices raccordées à un récepteur. Dans le même but il sera admis que le substrat présente la forme d'une feuille horizontale.Regarding the realization of antennas, the presentation will be sometimes limited below for the purpose of simplification to the sole case of an antenna transmitter connected to a transmitter. But it must be understood that the described provisions could also apply in the case of antennas receivers connected to a receiver. For the same purpose it will be accepted that the substrate has the shape of a horizontal sheet.

D'une manière d'abord schématique, une distinction peut être faite entre deux types fondamentaux de structures résonantes pouvant être réalisées selon la technique des microrubans. Un premier type peut être appelé "demi-onde". L'antenne est alors dite "demi-onde" ou "électrique". Etant admis qu'une dimension de sa pastille constitue une longueur et s'étend selon une direction dite longitudinale, cette longueur est sensiblement égale à la moitié de la longueur d'onde d'une onde électromagnétique se propageant dans cette direction dans la ligne constituée par la masse, le substrat et la pastille. Le couplage avec les ondes rayonnées se fait aux extrémités de cette longueur, ces extrémités étant situées dans les régions où l'amplitude du champ électrique régnant dans le substrat est maximale.In a schematic way, a distinction can be made between two fundamental types of resonant structures that can be produced using the microstrip technique. A first type can be called "half-wave". The antenna is then called "half-wave" or "electric". Being admitted that a dimension of its pellet constitutes a length and extends in a so-called longitudinal direction, this length is substantially equal to half the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is propagating in this direction in the line formed by the mass, the substrate and pellet. The coupling with the radiated waves is made at ends of this length, these ends being located in regions where the amplitude of the electric field prevailing in the substrate is maximum.

Un deuxième type de structure résonante pouvant être réalisée selon cette même technique peut être appelé "quart d'onde". L'antenne est alors dite "quart d'onde" ou "magnétique". Elle diffère d'une antenne demi-onde d'une part par le fait que sa pastille a une longueur sensiblement égale au quart de la longueur d'onde, cette longueur de la pastille et cette longueur d'onde étant définies comme ci-dessus, d'autre part par le fait qu'un court-circuit important est réalisé à une extrémité de cette longueur entre la masse et la pastille de manière à imposer une résonance du type quart d'onde dont un noeud de champ électrique est fixé par ce court-circuit. Le couplage avec les ondes rayonnées se fait à l'autre extrémité de cette longueur, cette autre extrémité étant située dans la région où l'amplitude du champ électrique à travers le substrat est maximale.A second type of resonant structure that can be produced according to this same technique can be called "quarter wave". The antenna is then called "quarter wave" or "magnetic". It differs from a half-wave antenna on the one hand by the fact that its pellet has a substantially equal length at a quarter of the wavelength, this length of the patch and this length wave being defined as above, on the other hand by the fact that a short circuit important is made at one end of this length between the mass and the patch so as to impose a quarter-wave type resonance whose an electric field node is fixed by this short circuit. Coupling with the radiated waves is done at the other end of this length, this other end being located in the region where the amplitude of the electric field at through the substrate is maximum.

Dans la pratique divers types de résonance peuvent s'établir dans de telles antennes. Ces types dépendent notamment :

  • de la configuration des pastilles, ces dernières pouvant notamment présenter des fentes, éventuellement radiatives,
  • de l'éventuelle présence et de la localisation de court-circuits ainsi que des modèles électriques représentatifs de ces court-circuits, ces derniers n'étant pas toujours assimilables, même approximativement, à des court-circuits parfaits dont les impédances seraient nulles,
  • et des dispositifs de couplage qui ont été inclus dans ces antennes pour permettre de coupler leurs structures résonantes à un organe de traitement de signal tel qu'un émetteur, ainsi que de la localisation de ces dispositifs.
In practice, various types of resonance can be established in such antennas. These types depend in particular:
  • the configuration of the pellets, the latter possibly having in particular slots, possibly radiative,
  • the possible presence and location of short-circuits as well as the representative electrical models of these short-circuits, the latter not always being comparable, even approximately, to perfect short-circuits whose impedances would be zero,
  • and coupling devices which have been included in these antennas to allow their resonant structures to be coupled to a signal processing member such as a transmitter, as well as the location of these devices.

De plus, pour une configuration d'antenne donnée, plusieurs modes de résonance peuvent apparaítre et permettre une utilisation de l'antenne à plusieurs fréquences correspondant à ces modes.In addition, for a given antenna configuration, several resonance modes may appear and allow use of the antenna at several frequencies corresponding to these modes.

Le couplage d'une telle antenne à un organe de traitement de signal tel qu'un émetteur se fait typiquement par l'intermédiaire non seulement d'un dispositif de couplage inclus dans cette antenne, mais aussi d'une ligne de raccordement extérieure à cette antenne et raccordant le dispositif de couplage à l'organe de traitement de signal. Si on considère une chaine fonctionnelle globale incluant l'organe de traitement de signal, la ligne de raccordement, le dispositif de couplage et la structure résonante, il convient que le dispositif de couplage et la ligne de raccordement soient réalisés de manière que cette chaine présente une impédance uniforme sur toute sa longueur, ce qui évite des réflexions parasites s'opposant à un bon couplage.The coupling of such an antenna to a device for processing signal such as a transmitter is typically done through non only of a coupling device included in this antenna, but also an external connection line to this antenna and connecting the device for coupling to the signal processing device. If we consider a global functional chain including signal processing device, line connection, the coupling device and the resonant structure, it the coupling device and the connection line should be made so that this chain has a uniform impedance on its entire length, which avoids stray reflections opposing a good coupling.

Dans le cas d'une antenne émettrice à structure résonante les fonctions respectives du dispositif de couplage, de la ligne de raccordement et de l'antenne sont les suivantes : la fonction de la ligne de raccordement est de transporter un signal de radiofréquence ou d'hyperfréquence de l'émetteur jusqu'aux bornes de l'antenne. Tout au long d'une telle ligne le signal se propage sous la forme d'une onde progressive sans subir, du moins en principe, de modification notable de ses caractéristiques. La fonction du dispositif de couplage est de transformer le signal fourni par la ligne de raccordement de manière que ce signal excite une résonance de l'antenne, c'est à dire que l'énergie de l'onde progressive portant ce signal soit transférée à une onde stationnaire s'établissant dans l'antenne avec des caractéristiques définies par cette dernière. Quant à l'antenne elle transfère l'énergie de cette onde stationnaire à une onde rayonnée dans l'espace. Le signal fourni par l'émetteur subit ainsi une première transformation pour passer de la forme d'une onde progressive à celle d'une onde stationnaire, puis une deuxième transformation qui lui donne la forme d'une onde rayonnée. Dans le cas d'une antenne réceptrice le signal prend les mêmes formes dans les mêmes organes mais les transformations se font dans l'ordre et dans le sens inverses.In the case of a transmitting antenna with a resonant structure, the respective functions of the coupling device, the connection line and antenna are as follows: the function of the connection line is to carry a radio frequency or microwave signal from the transmitter to the antenna terminals. Throughout such a line the signal is propagates in the form of a traveling wave without undergoing, at least in principle, significant modification of its characteristics. The function of coupling device is to transform the signal supplied by the line of connection so that this signal excites a resonance of the antenna, i.e. the energy of the traveling wave carrying this signal is transferred to a standing wave establishing itself in the antenna with characteristics defined by the latter. As for the antenna, it transfers the energy of this standing wave to a wave radiated in space. The signal supplied by the transmitter thus undergoes a first transformation for to pass from the shape of a progressive wave to that of a standing wave, then a second transformation which gives it the shape of a wave radiated. In the case of a receiving antenna the signal takes the same forms in the same organs but the transformations are done in order and in the opposite direction.

Les lignes de raccordement peuvent être réalisées selon une technique autre que planaire, par exemple sous la forme de lignes coaxiales.The connection lines can be made according to a technique other than planar, for example in the form of coaxial lines.

Des antennes réalisées selon les techniques planaires sont incluses dans divers types d'appareils. Ces appareils sont notamment des radiotéléphones portables, des stations de base pour ces derniers, des automobiles et des avions ou des missiles aériens. Dans le cas d'un radiotéléphone portable le caractère continu de la couche de masse inférieure de cette antenne permet de limiter facilement la puissance de rayonnement interceptée par le corps de l'utilisateur de l'appareil. Dans le cas des automobiles et surtout dans celui des avions ou missiles dont la surface extérieure est métallique et présente un profil incurvé permettant d'obtenir une faible trainée aérodynamique, l'antenne peut être conformée à ce profil de manière à ne pas faire apparaítre de trainée aérodynamique supplémentaire gênante.Antennas produced using planar techniques are included in various types of devices. These devices include portable radiotelephones, base stations for the latter, automobiles and airplanes or air missiles. In the case of a portable radiotelephone the continuous nature of the mass layer bottom of this antenna makes it easy to limit the power of radiation intercepted by the body of the user of the device. In the case automobiles and especially in that of planes or missiles whose surface exterior is metallic and has a curved profile to obtain low aerodynamic drag, the antenna can be shaped to this profile so as not to show aerodynamic drag additional annoying.

Une première antenne réalisée selon la technique des microrubans est connue par un article de T.D. Ormiston, P. Gardner, et P.S. Hall "Microstrip Short-circuit Patch Design Equations", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 16, N° 1, September 1997, page 12-14. Elle est du type quart d'onde.A first antenna produced using the microstrip technique is known from an article by T.D. Ormiston, P. Gardner, and P.S. Hall "Microstrip Short-circuit Patch Design Equations", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 16, No. 1, September 1997, page 12-14. She is from quarter wave type.

Sur la figure 1 de cet article le substrat et la masse de cette antenne ne sont pas représentés mais la présence d'un substrat et d'une couche de masse est implicite sous la pastille et le microruban représentés. Pour imposer une résonance du type quart d'onde à cette antenne, un bord de sa pastille est muni d'un court-circuit formé dans une couche conductrice s'étendant sur une surface de tranche du substrat. Ce court-circuit est composite, c'est à dire qu'il est constitué par deux conducteurs présentant la forme de bandes verticales. Ces dernières s'étendent latéralement respectivement jusqu'aux deux extrémités de la largeur de la pastille tout en laissant un intervalle axial libre entre elles. In figure 1 of this article the substrate and the mass of this antenna are not shown but the presence of a substrate and a layer of mass is implicit under the pellet and the microstrip shown. For impose a quarter-wave type resonance on this antenna, an edge of its pad has a short circuit formed in a conductive layer extending over a wafer surface of the substrate. This short circuit is composite, i.e. it is made up of two conductors with the form of vertical bands. These extend laterally respectively to the two ends of the width of the patch while leaving a free axial gap between them.

Des moyens d'alimentation sont prévus par cet article pour permettre d'alimenter l'antenne à partir d'un émetteur. Ils sont désignés par les termes "microstrip", c'est à dire qu'ils sont réalisés selon la technique des microrubans. Quoique cela ne soit nullement explicité dans cet article, il est clair que de tels moyens assurent les deux fonctions qui ont été précédemment précisées pour le dispositif de couplage et la ligne de raccordement. De la figure 1 de cet article il apparaít que la ligne de raccordement est une ligne à microruban de type classique. Un conducteur principal de cette ligne est un ruban représenté situé dans le plan de la pastille. Un conducteur de masse de cette ligne appartient à la couche de masse non représentée qui est commune à cette ligne, au dispositif de couplage et à l'antenne.Feeding means are provided by this article to allow to feed the antenna from a transmitter. They are designated by the terms "microstrip", that is to say that they are made according to the technique of microstrip. Although this is not explained in any way in this article, it is clear that such means fulfill the two functions which have been previously specified for the coupling device and the line of connection. From Figure 1 of this article it appears that the line of connection is a conventional microstrip line. A driver main of this line is a ribbon shown located in the plane of the pellet. A ground conductor of this line belongs to the layer of mass not shown which is common to this line, to the coupling and antenna.

Quant au dispositif de couplage, il présente la forme d'un ruban longitudinal horizontal. Il est présenté comme appartenant à une ligne du type microruban prolongeant le ruban de la ligne de raccordement. Ce ruban peut être appelé ruban de couplage. Il pénètre dans l'aire de la pastille à travers le bord du court-circuit. Il s'étend ensuite dans cette aire à partir de ce bord entre deux encoches et se raccorde à la pastille en un point de raccordement interne de cette pastille c'est à dire en un point intérieur à cette aire. Ces deux encoches sont prévues dans cet article pour permettre la pénétration du ruban de couplage jusqu'au point de raccordement convenable. Elles correspondent aux deux bords de l'intervalle axial du court-circuit.As for the coupling device, it has the form of a ribbon longitudinal horizontal. It is presented as belonging to a line of the type microstrip extending the ribbon from the connection line. This ribbon can be called coupling tape. It enters the area of the pellet through the edge of the short circuit. It then extends into this area from this edge between two notches and connects to the patch at a connection point internal of this patch, that is to say at a point inside this area. These two notches are provided in this article to allow penetration of the coupling tape to the appropriate connection point. They correspond to the two edges of the axial gap of the short circuit.

Cette première antenne connue présente l'inconvénient que son alimentation, ou plus généralement son couplage à l'organe de traitement de signal, ne peut être utilement obtenu que grâce à un ajustement précis de divers paramètres. Ces paramètres sont notamment la largeur et la longueur des deux encoches mentionnées ci-dessus et la largeur du ruban de couplage et ils doivent être ajustés pour donner une valeur convenable à l'impédance de l'antenne. Leurs valeurs, et plus particulièrement celle de cette longueur, doivent être amenées entre des limites de tolérances très proches les unes des autres et difficilement prédéterminables. Dans le cas d'une fabrication industrielle de telles antennes en série, cette difficulté d'ajustement peut accroitre les coûts de fabrication d'une manière gênante.This first known antenna has the disadvantage that its food, or more generally its coupling to the processing organ of signal, can only be usefully obtained thanks to a precise adjustment of various parameters. These parameters include the width and the length of the two notches mentioned above and the width of the ribbon coupling and they have to be adjusted to give a suitable value to the impedance of the antenna. Their values, and more particularly that of this length, must be brought between tolerance limits very close to each other and difficult to predetermine. In the case of an industrial manufacture of such antennas in series, this difficulty adjustment can increase manufacturing costs in a troublesome way.

Une deuxième antenne réalisée selon la technique des microrubans est connue par le document de brevet WO 94/24723 (Wireless Access, Inc). Elle est aussi du type quart d'onde. Sa pastille (316 sur la figure 3) présente une large fente (rectangular ring 350) pour rendre son fonctionnement moins sensible à la proximité de masses conductrices telles qu'un corps humain ou à celle de circuits électriques tels que ceux d'un microordinateur. Son court-circuit (330) est partiel, c'est à dire qu'il est formé sur un segment seulement d'un bord de cette pastille. Il est indiqué que ceci facilite une adaptation de l'impédance d'entrée de l'antenne. La ligne de raccordement alimentant cette antenne est disposée verticalement sous le substrat. Elle est du type coaxial. Le dispositif de couplage est constitué par un prolongement du conducteur central c'est à dire du conducteur principal qui s'étend dans l'axe de cette ligne, ce prolongement traversant le substrat pour venir se raccorder à la pastille. Quant au conducteur de masse qui gaine cette ligne, il se raccorde directement à la masse de l'antenne.A second antenna produced using the microstrips is known from patent document WO 94/24723 (Wireless Access, Inc). It is also of the quarter wave type. Its pastille (316 in the figure 3) has a large slot (rectangular ring 350) to make its less sensitive to proximity of conductive masses such as than a human body or to that of electrical circuits such as those of a microcomputer. Its short circuit (330) is partial, i.e. it is formed on only one segment of an edge of this patch. It is stated that this facilitates adaptation of the antenna input impedance. The line of connection feeding this antenna is arranged vertically under the substrate. It is of the coaxial type. The coupling device consists of an extension of the central conductor, i.e. the main conductor which extends in the axis of this line, this extension crossing the substrate to come and connect to the patch. As for the sheathed earth conductor this line, it connects directly to the ground of the antenna.

Cette deuxième antenne connue présente notamment l'inconvénient que la réalisation d'un dispositif de couplage efficace par l'intermédiaire de la partie terminale du conducteur central d'une ligne coaxiale se raccordant à la pastille de l'antenne oblige à percer le substrat et présente des difficultés pratiques, notamment pour l'ajustement de la position du point de raccordement. Ces difficultés accroissent le coût de la fabrication, surtout s'il s'agit d'une fabrication en série.This second known antenna has in particular the disadvantage that the realization of an effective coupling device by through the terminal part of the central conductor of a line coaxial connecting to the antenna pad requires drilling the substrate and presents practical difficulties, especially for adjusting the position from the connection point. These difficulties increase the cost of manufacturing, especially if it is mass production.

La présente invention a notamment les buts suivants :

  • faciliter la réalisation d'un couplage entre la structure résonante d'une antenne du genre ci-dessus, notamment d'une antenne quart d'onde, et un organe de traitement de signal tel qu'un émetteur devant coopérer avec cette antenne,
  • élargir les tolérances de fabrication d'une telle antenne,
  • limiter le coût de fabrication d'une telle antenne, et
  • limiter le coût de fabrication d'un dispositif de communication incluant une telle antenne et un organe de traitement de signal, ceci en général, et plus particulièrement dans le cas de la fabrication en série d'un tel dispositif.
The present invention has in particular the following aims:
  • facilitate the coupling between the resonant structure of an antenna of the above type, in particular a quarter-wave antenna, and a signal processing member such as a transmitter which is to cooperate with this antenna,
  • expand the manufacturing tolerances of such an antenna,
  • limit the cost of manufacturing such an antenna, and
  • limit the cost of manufacturing a communication device including such an antenna and a signal processing device, this in general, and more particularly in the case of mass production of such a device.

Dans ces buts elle a notamment pour objet une antenne selon la revendication 1. For these purposes, it relates in particular to an antenna according to claim 1.

Typiquement ladite pastille coopére avec ladite masse pour guider des ondes électromagnétiques se propageant dans cette antenne selon une direction de propagation, ladite direction de couplage étant alors au moins proche de cette direction de propagation.Typically said pellet cooperates with said mass to guide electromagnetic waves propagating in this antenna according to a propagation direction, said coupling direction then being at least close to this direction of propagation.

Dans la mesure où un couplage d'antenne est réalisé par un effet de couplage latéral tel que défini ci-dessus, il se distingue d'un couplage d'extrémité tel que celui qui est réalisé dans la première antenne connue précédemment décrite. Les interactions avantageuses réalisées selon la présente invention entre le ruban de couplage et la pastille sont analogues à celles qui apparaissent dans une ligne coplanaire entre le conducteur principal et la masse de cette ligne. Si de telles interactions étaient négligeables, la ligne de couplage fonctionnerait à la manière d'une ligne du type à microruban dont le conducteur de masse serait constitué par la masse de l'antenne. C'est pourquoi, si on considère une impédance d'antenne présentée par l'antenne entre ses dites bornes, l'existence et l'importance de ces interactions avantageuses se traduisent par le fait que cette impédance d'antenne est plus proche d'une impédance coplanaire que d'une impédance microruban, cette impédance coplanaire étant égale à l'impédance d'une ligne coplanaire virtuelle qui serait constituée par le ruban de couplage et la pastille sur ledit substrat en l'absence de la masse de l'antenne, cette impédance microruban étant égale à l'impédance d'une ligne microruban également virtuelle qui serait constituée par ce ruban de couplage et cette masse de part et d'autre de ce substrat en l'absence de la pastille.Insofar as an antenna coupling is achieved by a lateral coupling as defined above, it differs from a coupling such as the one made in the first known antenna previously described. The beneficial interactions carried out according to the present invention between the coupling tape and the pad are analogous to those that appear in a coplanar line between the conductor principal and mass of this line. If such interactions were negligible, the coupling line would function like a line of the microstrip type of which the ground conductor would be constituted by the mass of the antenna. This is why, if we consider an antenna impedance presented by the antenna between its said terminals, the existence and importance of these beneficial interactions result in the fact that this impedance antenna is closer to a coplanar impedance than an impedance microstrip, this coplanar impedance being equal to the impedance of a virtual coplanar line which would be constituted by the coupling tape and the pellet on said substrate in the absence of the ground of the antenna, this microstrip impedance being equal to the impedance of a microstrip line also virtual which would be constituted by this coupling ribbon and this mass on either side of this substrate in the absence of the pellet.

De préférence ladite impédance d'antenne est comprise entre 70% et 99.9% et de préférence encore entre 80% et 98% de ladite impédance coplanaire.Preferably said antenna impedance is between 70% and 99.9% and preferably still between 80% and 98% of said impedance coplanar.

La largeur convenable d'une fente de couplage dépend des valeurs de divers paramètres de l'antenne et principalement de l'épaisseur et de la permittivité du substrat. Typiquement, dans le cadre de la présente invention, la largeur de ladite fente de couplage est comprise entre 3% et 60% de l'épaisseur dudit substrat. Elle est plus particulièrement inférieure à 35% de l'épaisseur de ce substrat. Indépendamment de l'épaisseur du substrat il semble difficile de graver avec les techniques industrielles usuelles des fentes de couplage de largeur inférieure à 0,1 mm.The correct width of a coupling slot depends on the values of various antenna parameters and mainly the thickness and permittivity of the substrate. Typically, in the context of the present invention, the width of said coupling slot is between 3% and 60% of the thickness of said substrate. It is more particularly less than 35% of the thickness of this substrate. Regardless of the thickness of the substrate, seems difficult to engrave with the usual industrial techniques of coupling slots of width less than 0.1 mm.

Les relations qui existent entre l'impédance d'antenne et les dites impédances coplanaire et microruban peuvent être illustrées par des exemples chiffrés. Dans ces exemples on assimile l'impédance d'antenne à une impédance composite qui est celle d'une ligne composite définie comme suit : son conducteur principal présente la forme d'un ruban de longueur infinie et de largeur w. Ce ruban s'étend sur la surface supérieure d'un substrat entre deux conducteurs de masse coplanaire séparés de ce ruban par deux fentes de même largeur s et s'étendant à l'infini sur cette même surface de part et d'autre de ce ruban. Le substrat a une épaisseur h, une constante diélectrique ε et il porte une couche de masse sur toute sa surface inférieure. Les impédances coplanaire et microruban sont définies comme précédemment, mais à partir de cette ligne composite, les conducteurs de masse coplanaire prenant la place de la pastille.The relationships between the antenna impedance and the so-called coplanar and microstrip impedances can be illustrated by quantified examples. In these examples we equate the antenna impedance to a composite impedance which is that of a composite line defined as follows: its main conductor is in the form of a length ribbon infinite and of width w. This ribbon extends over the upper surface of a substrate between two coplanar ground conductors separated from this strip by two slots of the same width s and extending to infinity over the same surface on either side of this ribbon. The substrate has a thickness h, a dielectric constant ε and it carries a layer of mass over its entire surface lower. Coplanar and microstrip impedances are defined as previously, but from this composite line, the conductors of coplanar mass taking the place of the pellet.

On a cherché à donner à l'impédance composite ou microruban une valeur voisine de 50 Ω. Dans le premier et troisième exemples le substrat était en résine époxy. Dans le deuxième et le quatrième il était en verre téflon. We tried to give the composite or microstrip impedance a value close to 50 Ω. In the first and third examples the substrate was made of epoxy resin. In the second and the fourth it was made of glass Teflon.

Les résultats sont donnés par le tableau suivant :

Figure 00090001
The results are given by the following table:
Figure 00090001

Dans les deux premiers exemples la faible largeur des fentes relativement à l'épaisseur du substrat fait que la ligne composite fonctionne d'une manière beaucoup plus proche de celle d'une ligne coplanaire que de celle d'une ligne microruban. Au contraire dans les deux derniers exemples la ligne composite se rapproche davantage d'une ligne microruban.In the first two examples, the small width of the slots relative to the thickness of the substrate makes the composite line work in a way much closer to that of a coplanar line than of that of a microstrip line. On the contrary in the last two examples the composite line is closer to a microstrip line.

Typiquement ledit substrat, ladite masse de l'antenne et ladite pastille constituent une structure résonante permettant à des ondes progressives de se propager dans cette structure dans deux sens mutuellement opposées de ladite direction de propagation, cette structure formant pour ces ondes deux réflecteurs leur imposant des trajets aller et retour faisant apparaítre une résonance de cette antenne.Typically said substrate, said antenna mass and said patch constitute a resonant structure allowing progressive waves to propagate in this structure in two mutually opposite directions from said direction of propagation, this structure forming for these waves two reflectors imposing their outward and return journeys showing a resonance of this antenna.

Typiquement encore ledit ruban de couplage s'étend entre d'une part un point de raccordement externe où ce ruban se raccorde à une dite borne de l'antenne et d'autre part un point de raccordement interne où ce ruban se raccorde à ladite pastille.Typically also said coupling tape extends between on the one hand an external connection point where this ribbon is connected to a said terminal of the antenna and on the other hand an internal connection point where this ribbon connects to said pad.

Divers aspects de la présente invention seront mieux compris avec l'aide de la description ci-après et des figures schématiques ci-jointes. Lorsqu'un même élément est représenté sur plusieurs de ces figures il y est désigné par les mêmes chiffres et/ou lettres de référence.

  • La figure 1 représente une vue en pespective d'un dispositif de communication incluant une première antenne réalisée selon cette invention.
  • La figure 2 représente une vue de dessus de l'antenne de la figure 1.
  • La figure 3 représente une vue de face de cette même antenne.
  • La figure 4 représente un diagramme de la variation d'un coefficient de réflexion en décibels en entrée de cette même antenne en fonction de la fréquence exprimée en MHz.
  • La figure 5 représente une vue partielle d'une deuxième antenne.
  • Various aspects of the present invention will be better understood with the help of the description below and the attached schematic figures. When the same element is represented in more than one of these figures, it is designated therein by the same reference numbers and / or letters.
  • FIG. 1 represents a perspective view of a communication device including a first antenna produced according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 represents a top view of the antenna of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 represents a front view of this same antenna.
  • FIG. 4 represents a diagram of the variation of a reflection coefficient in decibels at the input of this same antenna as a function of the frequency expressed in MHz.
  • Figure 5 shows a partial view of a second antenna.
  • De même que la première antenne connue précédemment mentionnée, une antenne selon la présente invention comporte une structure résonante constituée par les éléments suivants :

    • Un substrat diélectrique 2 présentant deux surfaces principales mutuellement opposées s'étendant selon des directions définies dans cette antenne et constituant des directions horizontales DL et DT, ces directions pouvant dépendre de la zone considérée de l'antenne. Ce substrat peut présenter des formes diverses comme précédemment exposé. Ses deux surfaces principales constituent respectivement une surface inférieure S1 et une surface supérieure S2. Une autre direction est également définie dans cette antenne. Elle forme un angle avec chacune de ces directions horizontales et constitue une direction verticale DV. L'angle formé est typiquement un angle droit. Mais cette direction verticale peut aussi faire des angles différents avec ces directions horizontales et elle peut elle aussi dépendre de la zone considérée. Le substrat présente plusieurs surfaces de tranches, telles que la surface S3, qui relient chacune un bord de la surface inférieure à un bord correspondant de la surface supérieure et qui contiennent cette direction verticale.
    • Une couche conductrice inférieure s'étendant sur cette surface inférieure et constituant une masse 4 de cette antenne.
    • Une couche conductrice supérieure s'étendant sur une aire de cette surface supérieure au dessus de la masse 4 de manière à constituer une pastille 6 du type désigné mondialement par le mot anglais patch. Cette pastille a une configuration spécifique à cette antenne. Elle a aussi une longueur et une largeur s'étendant selon deux dites directions horizontales constituant une direction longitudinale DL et une direction transversale DT, respectivement, cette dernière direction étant parallèle à la surface de tranche S3. Cette direction longitudinale constitue les directions de couplage et de propagation précédemment mentionnées. Quoique les mots longueur et largeur s'appliquent usuellement aux deux dimensions mutuellement perpendiculaires d'un objet rectangulaire, la longueur étant plus grande que la largeur, il doit être compris que la pastille 6 pourrait s'écarter d'une telle forme sans sortir du cadre de cette invention. Plus particulièrement les directions DL et DT peuvent former un angle différent de 90 degrés, les bords de cette pastille peuvent ne pas être rectilignes et sa dite longueur peut être plus courte que sa dite largeur. L'un de ces bords se situe à l'intersection de la surface supérieure S2 et de la surface de tranche S3. Il s'étend donc selon la direction transversale DT. Il constitue un bord arrière 10 et définit selon la direction longitudinale DL un sens vers l'arrière DB dirigé vers ce bord arrière et un sens vers l'avant DF opposé à ce sens vers l'arrière.
    • Enfin dans le cas de la première antenne réalisée selon la présente invention, un court-circuit C2 raccordant électriquement la pastille 6 à la masse 4. Ce court-circuit est formé dans la surface de tranche S3 qui est typiquement plane et qui constitue alors un plan de court-circuit. Il impose à des résonances de l'antenne d'être au moins approximativement du type quart d'onde.
    Like the first previously mentioned known antenna, an antenna according to the present invention comprises a resonant structure constituted by the following elements:
    • A dielectric substrate 2 having two mutually opposite main surfaces extending in directions defined in this antenna and constituting horizontal directions DL and DT, these directions being able to depend on the considered zone of the antenna. This substrate can have various shapes as previously exposed. Its two main surfaces respectively constitute a lower surface S1 and an upper surface S2. Another direction is also defined in this antenna. It forms an angle with each of these horizontal directions and constitutes a vertical direction DV. The angle formed is typically a right angle. But this vertical direction can also make different angles with these horizontal directions and it can also depend on the zone considered. The substrate has several wafer surfaces, such as the surface S3, which each connect an edge of the lower surface to a corresponding edge of the upper surface and which contain this vertical direction.
    • A lower conductive layer extending over this lower surface and constituting a mass 4 of this antenna.
    • An upper conductive layer extending over an area of this upper surface above the mass 4 so as to constitute a patch 6 of the type designated worldwide by the English word patch. This patch has a configuration specific to this antenna. It also has a length and a width extending in two said horizontal directions constituting a longitudinal direction DL and a transverse direction DT, respectively, this latter direction being parallel to the wafer surface S3. This longitudinal direction constitutes the above-mentioned coupling and propagation directions. Although the words length and width usually apply to the two mutually perpendicular dimensions of a rectangular object, the length being greater than the width, it should be understood that the patch 6 could deviate from such a shape without leaving the part of this invention. More particularly, the directions DL and DT can form an angle different from 90 degrees, the edges of this patch may not be straight and its said length may be shorter than its said width. One of these edges is located at the intersection of the upper surface S2 and the edge surface S3. It therefore extends in the transverse direction DT. It constitutes a rear edge 10 and defines in the longitudinal direction DL a rearward direction DB directed towards this rear edge and a forward direction DF opposite to this rearward direction.
    • Finally, in the case of the first antenna produced according to the present invention, a short circuit C2 electrically connecting the patch 6 to ground 4. This short circuit is formed in the wafer surface S3 which is typically planar and which then constitutes a short circuit plan. It requires resonances of the antenna to be at least approximately of the quarter wave type.

    L'antenne comporte de plus un dispositif de couplage présentant plus particulièrement la forme d'une ligne de couplage. Ce dispositif comporte d'une part un conducteur principal constitué de deux tronçons C1 et C3 et raccordé à la pastille 6 en un point de raccordement interne 18. Il comporte d'autre part un conducteur de masse également composite qui coopére avec ce conducteur principal et qui sera décrit plus loin. Il constitue tout ou partie d'un ensemble de raccordement qui raccorde la structure résonante de l'antenne à un organe de traitement de signal 8, par exemple pour exciter une ou plusieurs résonances de l'antenne à partir de cet organe dans le cas où il s'agit d'une antenne émettrice. En plus de ce dispositif l'ensemble de raccordement comporte, typiquement, une ligne de raccordement telle que C4, C5 qui est externe à l'antenne et qui comporte deux conducteurs. A une extrémité de cette ligne du côté de l'antenne, ces deux conducteurs sont connectés respectivement à deux conducteurs de raccordement qui appartiennent au dispositif de couplage et qui peuvent être considérés comme constituant deux bornes de l'antenne. A l'autre extrémité de cette ligne, les deux conducteurs de cette dernière sont connectés respectivement à deux bornes de l'organe de traitement de signal. Cette ligne peut notamment être du type coaxial, du type à microruban ou du type coplanaire. Dans le cas où l'antenne considérée constitue une antenne réceptrice, ce même ensemble transmet les signaux reçus par cette antenne à l'organe de traitement de signal. Les divers éléments de cet ensemble ont les fonctions précédemment définies.The antenna further includes a coupling device having more particularly the shape of a coupling line. This device includes on the one hand, a main conductor made up of two sections C1 and C3 and connected to the patch 6 at an internal connection point 18. It comprises on the other hand an equally composite ground conductor which cooperates with this main conductor and which will be described later. It constitutes all or part a connection assembly which connects the resonant structure of the antenna to a signal processor 8, for example to excite a or more resonances of the antenna from this organ in the event that it it is a transmitting antenna. In addition to this device, all of connection typically comprises a connection line such that C4, C5 which is external to the antenna and which has two conductors. To one end of this line on the antenna side, these two conductors are connected respectively to two connecting conductors which belong to the coupling device and which can be considered as constituting two terminals of the antenna. At the other end of this line, the two conductors of the latter are connected respectively two terminals of the signal processor. This line can in particular be of the coaxial type, of the microstrip type or of the coplanar type. In the case where the antenna considered constitutes a receiving antenna, this same set transmits the signals received by this antenna to the organ of Signal processing. The various elements of this set have the functions previously defined.

    La présente invention a également pour objet un dispositif de communication incluant une antenne selon cette invention et un dit organe de traitement de signal raccordé à cette antenne par un dit ensemble de raccordement.
       L'antenne selon la présente invention peut être une antenne monofréquence ou une antenne multifréquence. La première antenne donnée en exemple est une antenne bi-fréquence, c'est à dire qu'elle doit pouvoir donner lieu à au moins deux résonances de manière à pouvoir fonctionner selon deux modes correspondant à deux fréquences de fonctionnement. Dans ce but une fente a été formée dans la pastille 6 et débouche vers l'avant à l'extérieur de cette dernière. Elle constitue une fente séparatrice longitudinale F1. L'étendue longitudinale occupée par cette fente définit dans cette pastille une région avant Z2, Z1, Z12, la fente elle-même séparant dans cette région une zone primaire Z1 d'une zone secondaire Z2. Une région arrière ZA s'étend entre cette région avant et le bord arrière 10. Cette région arrière est beaucoup plus courte selon la direction longitudinale DL que cette région avant.
    The present invention also relates to a communication device including an antenna according to this invention and a said signal processing member connected to this antenna by a said connection assembly.
    The antenna according to the present invention can be a single-frequency antenna or a multi-frequency antenna. The first antenna given as an example is a dual-frequency antenna, that is to say that it must be able to give rise to at least two resonances so as to be able to operate in two modes corresponding to two operating frequencies. For this purpose, a slot has been formed in the patch 6 and opens out towards the front outside of the latter. It constitutes a longitudinal separating slot F1. The longitudinal extent occupied by this slot defines in this patch a region before Z2, Z1, Z12, the slot itself separating in this region a primary zone Z1 from a secondary zone Z2. A rear region ZA extends between this front region and the rear edge 10. This rear region is much shorter in the longitudinal direction DL than this front region.

    Le point de raccordement interne 18 est situé dans la zone primaire Z1. Un mode de fonctionnement de l'antenne constitue alors un mode primaire dans lequel une onde stationnaire s'établit grâce à une propagation d'ondes progressives dans les deux sens de cette direction longitudinale ou d'une direction voisine de cette dernière, ces ondes se propageant dans une aire incluant cette zone primaire et cette région arrière en excluant sensiblement la zone secondaire Z2. Un autre mode de fonctionnement constitue un mode secondaire dans lequel une onde stationnaire s'établit grâce à une propagation d'ondes progressives dans les deux mêmes sens, ces ondes se propageant dans une autre aire incluant les zones primaire et secondaire et la région arrière.The internal connection point 18 is located in the area primary Z1. An operating mode of the antenna then constitutes a primary mode in which a standing wave is established thanks to a traveling wave propagation in both directions of this direction longitudinal or in a direction close to the latter, these waves propagating in an area including this primary zone and this rear region substantially excluding the secondary zone Z2. Another mode of operation constitutes a secondary mode in which a wave stationary is established thanks to a propagation of progressive waves in the same two directions, these waves propagating in another area including the primary and secondary areas and the rear region.

    Dans le cadre de cette disposition la région arrière ZA a une première fonction qui est de coupler la zone secondaire à la zone primaire pour permettre l'établissement du mode secondaire. Elle a une seconde fonction qui est de permettre au court-circuit présent sur le bord arrière de jouer son rôle dans chacune de ces deux zones. L'antenne est alors, au moins approximativement, pour chaque fréquence de fonctionnement, du type quart d'onde.Within the framework of this arrangement, the rear region ZA has a first function which is to couple the secondary zone to the primary zone to allow the establishment of the secondary mode. She has a second function which is to allow the short circuit present on the rear edge of play its role in each of these two areas. The antenna is then, at less approximately, for each operating frequency, of the type quarter wave.

    Les configurations de la pastille et de la ligne de couplage et plus particulièrement la position longitudinale du point de raccordement interne 18 sont choisies de manière à faire apparaítre une valeur souhaitée prédéterminée de l'impédance présentée par l'antenne pour l'organe de traitement de signal ou plus typiquement pour une ligne de raccordement reliant cet organe à ce dispositif. Cette impédance sera appelée ci-après impédance de l'antenne. Dans le cas d'une antenne émettrice elle est usuellement appelée impédance d'entrée. Sa valeur souhaitée est avantageusement égale à l'impédance de la ligne de raccordement. C'est pourquoi, de préférence, la position du point de raccordement donne à l'impédance de l'antenne sensiblement une même valeur pour les diverses fréquences de fonctionnement.Pad and coupling line configurations and more particularly the longitudinal position of the internal connection point 18 are chosen so that a desired value appears predetermined impedance presented by the antenna for the signal processing or more typically for a connection line connecting this body to this device. This impedance will be called below antenna impedance. In the case of a transmitting antenna it is usually called input impedance. Its desired value is advantageously equal to the impedance of the connection line. It is why, preferably, the position of the connection point gives the antenna impedance substantially the same value for the various operating frequencies.

    II est généralement utile que les fréquences de fonctionnement aient des valeurs souhaitées prédéterminées. Ces valeurs peuvent être avantageusement obtenues par un choix convenable des dimensions longitudinales respectives des zones primaire Z1 et secondaire Z2. C'est pourquoi ces deux dimensions sont typiquement différentes.It is generally useful that the operating frequencies have predetermined desired values. These values can be advantageously obtained by a suitable choice of dimensions respective longitudinal zones primary Z1 and secondary Z2. It is why these two dimensions are typically different.

    Dans le cas plus particulièrement décrit la configuration de la pastille 6 forme en outre une fente s'étendant selon la direction transversale DT. Cette fente constitue une fente séparatrice transversale F2 séparant partiellement cette zone primaire de la région arrière ZA. Elle se raccorde à l'extrémité arrière de la fente séparatrice longitudinale F1. Une autre fente F3 s'étend dans la zone primaire Z1 vers l'avant à partir de la fente séparatrice transversale F2. Elle peut être appelée fente d'abaissement de fréquence car son rôle est d'abaisser les fréquences de fonctionnement dans une mesure croissant avec sa longueur. Elle permet ainsi non seulement de limiter la longueur de la pastille nécessaire pour obtenir des valeurs souhaitées prédéterminées des fréquences de fonctionnement, mais aussi d'ajuster ces fréquences grâce à un réglage convenable de sa longueur.In the case more particularly described the configuration of the pad 6 further forms a slot extending in the transverse direction DT. This slot constitutes a transverse separating slot F2 separating partially this primary zone of the rear region ZA. It connects to the rear end of the longitudinal separating slot F1. Another F3 slot extends in the primary zone Z1 forwards from the separating slit transverse F2. It can be called a frequency lowering slot because its role is to lower the operating frequencies to an extent growing with its length. It thus not only limits the length of pad required to obtain desired values operating frequencies, but also to adjust these frequencies thanks to a suitable length adjustment.

    De préférence l'antenne présente un plan de symétrie s'étendant selon les directions longitudinale DL et verticale DV, la trace de ce plan dans la surface supérieure du substrat constituant un axe de symétrie A pour la pastille 6. Lorsque deux éléments sont symétriques l'un de l'autre par rapport à l'axe ou au plan de symétrie le nombre inclus dans les signes de référence de celui qui est à droite sur les figures est égal au nombre correspondant de celui de gauche augmenté de 10. Le dispositif de couplage et la zone primaire Z1 s'étendent au voisinage de l'axe A et la configuration de la pastille forme deux dites fentes séparatrices longitudinales F1, F11 de part et d'autre de cette zone primaire. La zone secondaire comporte alors deux parties Z2, Z12 situées respectivement au delà de ces deux fentes.Preferably the antenna has a plane of symmetry extending in the longitudinal DL and vertical DV directions, the trace of this plane in the upper surface of the substrate constituting an axis of symmetry A for the patch 6. When two elements are symmetrical to each other with respect to to the axis or to the plane of symmetry the number included in the reference signs of the one on the right in the figures is equal to the corresponding number of the one on the left increased by 10. The coupling device and the zone primary Z1 extend in the vicinity of axis A and the configuration of the patch forms two so-called longitudinal separating slots F1, F11 on the one hand and else of this primary area. The secondary zone then has two parts Z2, Z12 located respectively beyond these two slots.

    Dans ces conditions l'ensemble des fentes séparatrices F1, F2, F11, F12 présente la forme d'un U. Les branches et la base de ce U sont respectivement longitudinales et transversales. Cette base présente un intervalle axial 20 s'étendant de part et d'autre de l'axe pour connecter la zone primaire Z1 au court-circuit C2, C12 par l'intermédiaire d'une partie axiale de la région arrière ZA.Under these conditions, all of the separating slots F1, F2, F11, F12 has the shape of a U. The branches and the base of this U are longitudinal and transverse respectively. This base presents a axial interval 20 extending on either side of the axis to connect the primary zone Z1 to short circuit C2, C12 via a part axial of the rear region ZA.

    Selon une disposition avantageuse qui était déjà appliquée dans la première antenne connue précédemment mentionnée, la ligne de couplage qui constitue le dispositif de couplage de l'antenne comporte un conducteur appartenant à la couche conductrice supérieure. Plus précisément un tronçon C1 du dit conducteur principal pénétre selon la direction longitudinale DL dans l'aire de la pastille 6. Il s'étend entre une extrémité arrière voisine du bord arrière 10 et une extrémité avant constituant le point de raccordement interne 18. Ce tronçon de conducteur principal présente la forme d'un ruban et peut être appelé ruban de couplage horizontal. Comme dans le cas de la première antenne connue précédemment mentionnée ce ruban est limité latéralement par deux encoches. Mais, dans l'antenne de la présente invention, ces deux encoches sont suffisamment étroites selon la direction DT et suffisamment longues selon la direction DL pour pouvoir être respectivement considérées comme deux fentes longitudinales F4 et F14. Ces deux fentes séparent ce ruban de la pastille 6 et seront appelées ci-après fentes de couplage. Le choix de leur largeur tient au fait que les paramètres de la ligne dont ce ruban de couplage constitue le conducteur principal peuvent avantageusement être déterminés en concevant cette ligne comme une ligne coplanaire apte à exciter l'antenne d'une manière distribuée selon la longueur de cette ligne plutôt que comme une ligne du type microruban destinée à exciter l'antenne seulement à l'extrémité de cette ligne, le conducteur de masse de cette ligne coplanaire étant alors principalement constitué à la manière d'une ligne coplanaire par les parties de la pastille situées latéralement de part et d'autre de ce ruban au delà des deux fentes F4 et F14 et non par la masse de l'antenne comme dans une ligne à microruban. Cette ligne sera appelée ci-après ligne coplanaire horizontale.According to an advantageous provision which was already applied in the first known antenna previously mentioned, the coupling line which constitutes the antenna coupling device comprises a conductor belonging to the upper conductive layer. More precisely a section C1 of said main conductor penetrates in the longitudinal direction DL in the area of the patch 6. It extends between a rear end adjacent to the rear edge 10 and a front end constituting the connection point internal 18. This section of main conductor has the form of a ribbon and can be called a horizontal coupling tape. As in the case of first known antenna previously mentioned this ribbon is limited laterally by two notches. But, in the antenna of this invention, these two notches are sufficiently narrow in the direction DT and long enough in the DL direction to be able to be respectively considered as two longitudinal slots F4 and F14. These two slots separate this ribbon from the patch 6 and will be called hereinafter. coupling slots. The choice of their width is due to the fact that the parameters of the line of which this coupling tape constitutes the conductor main can advantageously be determined by designing this line as a coplanar line able to excite the antenna in a distributed way according to the length of this line rather than as a line of the type microstrip intended to excite the antenna only at the end of this line, the ground conductor of this coplanar line then being mainly formed in the manner of a coplanar line by the parts of the patch located laterally on either side of this ribbon beyond the two slots F4 and F14 and not by the mass of the antenna as in a line to microstrip. This line will hereinafter be called the horizontal coplanar line.

    Elle permettrait de coupler l'antenne par l'intermédiaire d'un signal électromagnétique appliqué ou recueilli par la ligne de raccordement externe à l'extrémité arrière de cette ligne coplanaire horizontale entre deux bornes communes à cette ligne coplanaire horizontale et à l'antenne, ces deux bornes étant respectivement constituées par ce conducteur de masse de cette ligne et l'extrémité arrière de ce ruban. Mais, au moins dans le cas d'appareils tels que certains radiotéléphones, la réalisation de la connexion entre le dispositif de couplage et cette ligne externe par l'intermédiaire de tels conducteurs situés dans le plan de la pastille compliquerait la fabrication de ces appareils.It would allow the antenna to be coupled via a signal electromagnetic applied or collected by the external connection line at the rear end of this horizontal coplanar line between two terminals common to this horizontal coplanar line and to the antenna, these two terminals being respectively constituted by this ground conductor of this line and the back end of this ribbon. But, at least in the case of devices such as some radiotelephones, making the connection between the coupling device and this external line via such conductors located in the plane of the patch would complicate the manufacture of these devices.

    Plus particulièrement la ligne coplanaire horizontale en question s'étend selon l'axe A. Elle passe dans l'intervalle axial 20 de la base du U, cet intervalle étant délimité par les deux fentes de couplage F4 et F14. Comme précédemment indiqué la position de l'extrémité avant 18 de son conducteur principal est déterminée pour donner une valeur souhaitée à l'impédance de l'antenne. Mais cette impédance dépend aussi d'autres paramètres tels que les largeurs du ruban de couplage C1 et des fentes de couplage, ainsi que de la nature du substrat.More particularly the horizontal coplanar line in question extends along the axis A. It passes in the axial interval 20 of the base of the U, this interval being delimited by the two coupling slots F4 and F14. As previously indicated the position of the front end 18 of its conductor principal is determined to give a desired value to the impedance of the antenna. But this impedance also depends on other parameters such as the widths of the C1 coupling tape and the coupling slots, as well as the nature of the substrate.

    Selon une autre disposition avantageuse précédemment appliquée dans la première antenne connue, ledit court-circuit est un court-circuit composite comportant deux conducteurs de court-circuit C2 et C12. Ces deux conducteurs s'étendent selon la direction verticale DV en laissant entre eux un intervalle libre. Chacun d'eux raccorde la masse 4 de l'antenne à la pastille 6.According to another advantageous provision previously applied in the first known antenna, said short circuit is a short circuit composite comprising two short-circuit conductors C2 and C12. These two conductors extend in the vertical direction DV leaving between them a free interval. Each of them connects the ground 4 of the antenna to the tablet 6.

    Selon une disposition avantageuse la ligne de couplage d'antenne comporte en outre des conducteurs de raccordement qui sont formés sur la surface de tranche S3 et qui peuvent former une ligne coplanaire verticale. Une telle ligne est plus particulièrement constituée par les conducteurs suivants :

    • Un conducteur principal C3 s'étendant selon la direction verticale DV entre une extrémité inférieure et une extrémité supérieure dans l'intervalle laissé entre les deux conducteurs de court-circuit. Cette extrémité supérieure se raccorde à l'extrémité arrière du conducteur principal C1 de la ligne coplanaire horizontale. Ce conducteur principal de la ligne coplanaire verticale constitue en même temps ledit premier conducteur de raccordement, une première borne de l'antenne et un tronçon vertical du conducteur principal de la ligne de couplage.
    • Et deux dits conducteurs de masse coopérant avec le conducteur C3 et constitués par les deux conducteurs de court-circuit C2 et C12. Ces deux conducteurs de court-circuit constituent en même temps conjointement une deuxième borne de l'antenne.
    According to an advantageous arrangement, the antenna coupling line further comprises connection conductors which are formed on the wafer surface S3 and which can form a vertical coplanar line. Such a line is more particularly constituted by the following conductors:
    • A main conductor C3 extending in the vertical direction DV between a lower end and an upper end in the space left between the two short-circuit conductors. This upper end is connected to the rear end of the main conductor C1 of the horizontal coplanar line. This main conductor of the vertical coplanar line constitutes at the same time said first connection conductor, a first antenna terminal and a vertical section of the main conductor of the coupling line.
    • And two so-called ground conductors cooperating with the conductor C3 and constituted by the two short-circuit conductors C2 and C12. These two short-circuit conductors simultaneously constitute a second terminal of the antenna.

    Dans le cas d'un appareil de dimensions limitées, le fait que ces conducteurs de raccordement soient formés sur la surface de tranche S3 facilite sensiblement la réalisation d'un raccordement entre d'une part le dispositif de couplage appartenant à l'antenne formée en surface de l'appareil et d'autre part, une ligne de raccordement reliant ce dispositif à un organe de traitement de signal. Si cet organe est situé à l'intérieur de cet appareil cette ligne peut prendre la forme d'une ligne coaxiale qui, au voisinage de l'antenne, est perpendiculaire au plan de celle-ci. Dans d'autres cas cette disposition des conducteurs de raccordement facilite le raccordement de l'antenne à des conducteurs portés par une carte-mère sur une face de laquelle le substrat de l'antenne a été préalablement fixé, la ligne de raccordement étant alors typiquement, au moins au voisinage de l'antenne, parallèle à la direction longitudinale de celle-ci. Par ailleurs la réalisation de tels conducteurs de raccordement aptes à former des bornes de l'antenne sur la surface de tranche du substrat ne complique la fabrication de l'antenne que d'une manière négligeable. En effet d'une part la réalisation des conducteurs de court-circuit est nécessaire pour que l'antenne fabriquée soit du type quart d'onde. D'autre part le premier conducteur de raccordement peut être réalisé par un processus au moins analogue à celui de la réalisation des conducteurs de court-circuit et, dans la plupart des cas, au cours d'une même étape de fabrication.In the case of a device of limited dimensions, the fact that these connection conductors are formed on the wafer surface S3 significantly facilitates the creation of a connection between on the one hand the coupling device belonging to the antenna formed on the surface of the device and on the other hand, a connection line connecting this device to a Signal processing. If this organ is located inside this device this line can take the form of a coaxial line which, in the vicinity of the antenna, is perpendicular to the plane thereof. In other cases this arrangement of connection conductors facilitates connection of the antenna to conductors carried by a motherboard on one side of which the antenna substrate has been previously fixed, the line of connection then being typically, at least in the vicinity of the antenna, parallel to the longitudinal direction thereof. In addition, the realization of such connecting conductors capable of forming terminals of the antenna on the wafer surface of the substrate only complicates the fabrication of the antenna negligibly. On the one hand, the realization of the conductors short circuit is necessary for the manufactured antenna to be of the quarter type wave. On the other hand the first connection conductor can be produced by a process at least analogous to that of the realization of short-circuit conductors and, in most cases, during the same manufacturing stage.

    Plus particulièrement, selon une disposition avantageuse propre à la première antenne donnée en exemple, l'ensemble des conducteurs de raccordement du dispositif de couplage est réalisé collectivement par les étapes suivantes :

    • Formation d'une couche conductrice verticale sur la surface de tranche S3, et
    • gravure de cette couche pour réaliser à la fois les deux conducteurs de court-circuit C2 et C12 et le premier conducteur de raccordement C3. Ces conducteurs constituent alors respectivement deux bandes de court-circuit et un ruban de couplage vertical.
    More particularly, according to an advantageous arrangement specific to the first antenna given as an example, all of the connection conductors of the coupling device are produced collectively by the following steps:
    • Formation of a vertical conductive layer on the wafer surface S3, and
    • etching of this layer to produce both the two short-circuit conductors C2 and C12 and the first connection conductor C3. These conductors then respectively constitute two short-circuit strips and a vertical coupling strip.

    De préférence les conducteurs de raccordement occupent seulement une fraction du bord arrière 10. Dans l'antenne donnée en exemple il s'agit sensiblement de la même fraction que celle de la zone primaire Z1.Preferably the connection conductors occupy only a fraction of the rear edge 10. In the antenna given in example it is roughly the same fraction as that of the area primary Z1.

    De préférence les largeurs des rubans de couplage et des fentes telles que les fentes de couplage situées de part et d'autre de ces rubans sont choisies de manière à donner une impédance uniforme et convenable, qui est typiquement de 50 ohms, à la ligne de couplage constituée par les lignes coplanaires verticale et horizontale. L'impédance de l'antenne est par ailleurs ajustée par le choix de la position du point de raccordement interne 18. La petite valeur des largeurs des fentes de couplage et l'effet de couplage latéral qui en résulte permettent d'élargir la marge de fabrication concernant ces divers paramètres, et cela en conservant une bonne qualité de couplage.Preferably the widths of the coupling tapes and slots such as the coupling slots located on either side of these ribbons are chosen so as to give a uniform and suitable impedance, which is typically 50 ohms, at the coupling line formed by the vertical and horizontal coplanar lines. The antenna impedance is by elsewhere adjusted by the choice of the position of the internal connection point 18. The small value of the widths of the coupling slots and the coupling effect lateral which allows to widen the manufacturing margin concerning these various parameters, and this while maintaining a good quality of coupling.

    Dans le cas de la première antenne donnée en exemple qui est destinée à être incluse dans un appareil de petites dimensions, la ligne de raccordement externe à l'antenne est une ligne coaxiale. Au moins au voisinage de l'antenne elle s'étend typiquement selon une direction sensiblement perpendiculaire à la surface de cette antenne, c'est à dire par exemple selon la direction verticale DV. Elle comporte un conducteur axial C4. A une première extrémité de la ligne ce conducteur axial est raccordé au conducteur C3. A l'autre extrémité de la ligne il est raccordé à une première borne de l'organe de traitement de signal 8. Sur la longueur de la ligne il est entouré par une gaine conductrice C5. A la première extrémité de la ligne cette gaine est raccordée à la fois aux deux conducteurs de court-circuit C2 et C12. A l'autre extrémité de la ligne elle est raccordée à l'autre borne de l'organe de traitement de signal 8 qui est constitué par exemple par un émetteur.In the case of the first example antenna which is intended to be included in a small device, the line of external connection to the antenna is a coaxial line. At least at neighborhood of the antenna it typically extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of this antenna, i.e. by example in the vertical direction DV. It has an axial conductor C4. At a first end of the line, this axial conductor is connected to the conductor C3. At the other end of the line it is connected to a first signal processing device terminal 8. Along the length of the line there is surrounded by a conductive sheath C5. At the first end of the line this sheath is connected at the same time to the two short-circuit conductors C2 and C12. At the other end of the line it is connected to the other terminal of the signal processing member 8 which is constituted for example by a transmitter.

    Dans le cadre d'un mode de réalisation de cette première antenne, diverses compositions et valeurs vont être indiquées ci-après à titre d'exemple chiffré. Les longueurs et largeurs sont respectivement indiquées selon les directions longitudinale DL et transversale DT.

    • fréquence de fonctionnement primaire 940 MHz,
    • fréquence de fonctionnement secondaire 870 MHz,
    • impédance d'entrée : 50 Ohms,
    • composition et épaisseur du substrat : résine époxy ayant une permittivité relative er = 4,3 et un facteur de dissipation tg d =0,02, épaisseur 1,6 mm,
    • composition et épaisseur des couches conductrices :cuivre, 17 microns,
    • longueur de la zone primaire Z1 : 26 mm,
    • largeur de la zone Z1 : 29 mm,
    • longueur des zones secondaires Z2 et Z12 : 30 mm,
    • largeur de chacune de ces zones : 5,5 mm,
    • longueur de la région arrière Z3 : 2,5 mm,
    • longueur du conducteur C1 de la ligne coplanaire horizontale : 25 mm,
    • largeur du conducteur C1 et du conducteur principal C3 de la ligne coplanaire verticale : 2,1 mm,
    • hauteur du conducteur C3 : 0,8 mm,
    • largeur commune à toutes les fentes, cette largeur étant indiquée selon la direction horizontale pour les fentes transversales F2 et F12 : 0,5 mm,
    • longueur des fentes d'abaissement de fréquence F3 et F13 : 5 mm,
    • largeur de l'intervalle axial 20 : 7 mm
    • largeur de chacun des conducteurs de court-cicuit C2 et C12 : 5mm.
    In the context of an embodiment of this first antenna, various compositions and values will be indicated below by way of numerical example. The lengths and widths are indicated respectively in the longitudinal directions DL and transverse directions DT.
    • primary operating frequency 940 MHz,
    • secondary operating frequency 870 MHz,
    • input impedance: 50 Ohms,
    • composition and thickness of the substrate: epoxy resin having a relative permittivity e r = 4.3 and a dissipation factor tg d = 0.02, thickness 1.6 mm,
    • composition and thickness of the conductive layers: copper, 17 microns,
    • length of primary zone Z1: 26 mm,
    • width of zone Z1: 29 mm,
    • length of secondary zones Z2 and Z12: 30 mm,
    • width of each of these zones: 5.5 mm,
    • length of the rear region Z3: 2.5 mm,
    • length of the conductor C1 of the horizontal coplanar line: 25 mm,
    • width of the conductor C1 and the main conductor C3 of the vertical coplanar line: 2.1 mm,
    • conductor height C3: 0.8 mm,
    • width common to all the slots, this width being indicated in the horizontal direction for the transverse slots F2 and F12: 0.5 mm,
    • length of the frequency lowering slots F3 and F13: 5 mm,
    • width of the axial gap 20: 7 mm
    • width of each of the short-circuit conductors C2 and C12: 5mm.

    La figure 5 montre comment une ligne de raccordement externe et une ligne de couplage d'antenne peuvent être réalisées dans le cas d'une deuxième antenne.Figure 5 shows how an external connection line and an antenna coupling line can be made in the case of a second antenna.

    Divers éléments de cette deuxième antenne sont respectivement analogues, au moins quant à leurs fonctions, à divers éléments de la première antenne qui a été précédemment décrite. De tels éléments sont désignés par les mêmes lettres et/ou numéros de référence que les éléments analogues de la première antenne, sauf que les numéros sont augmentés de 50, le conducteur principal C4 de la ligne de raccordement externe de la première antenne étant par exemple analogue à un conducteur C54 de la deuxième antenne.Various elements of this second antenna are respectively analogous, at least as to their functions, to various elements of the first antenna which has been previously described. Such elements are designated by the same letters and / or reference numbers as the elements analogs of the first antenna, except that the numbers are increased by 50, the main conductor C4 of the external connection line of the first antenna being for example analogous to a conductor C54 of the second antenna.

    Cette deuxième antenne comporte une masse non représentée recouvrant la surface inférieure du substrat 52. Elle diffère de la première sur les points suivants :This second antenna has a mass not shown covering the lower surface of the substrate 52. It differs from the first on the following points :

    C'est une antenne demi-onde qui présente un ventre de champ électrique sur chacun des deux bords transversaux 102 et 104 de sa pastille 56, de sorte que chacun de ces deux bords constitue une zone rayonnante dans le cas d'une antenne émettrice. Il n'y a ni ruban de couplage vertical ni court-circuit. Le ruban de couplage C51 s'étend au voisinage d'un bord de la pastille 56 dont il est séparé par une seule fente de couplage F54. La ligne de raccordement externe est du type avec une masse constituée par la même couche conductrice que la masse de l'antenne. Son conducteur principal présente la forme d'un ruban qui constitue un ruban de raccordement C54. Ce dernier se raccorde au ruban de couplage C51 dans une zone C53 de sorte que ces deux rubans apparaissent comme deux segments successifs d'un même ruban bifonctionnel.It is a half-wave antenna which presents a field belly electric on each of the two transverse edges 102 and 104 of its patch 56, so that each of these two edges constitutes a radiating zone in the case of a transmitting antenna. There is neither vertical coupling tape nor short circuit. The coupling tape C51 extends in the vicinity of an edge of the patch 56 from which it is separated by a single coupling slot F54. Line of external connection is of the type with a mass constituted by the same conductive layer as the mass of the antenna. Its main driver has the form of a ribbon which constitutes a C54 connecting ribbon. The latter is connected to the coupling tape C51 in a zone C53 of so these two ribbons appear as two successive segments of the same bifunctional ribbon.

    Une première borne C53 de antenne est définie comme étant la zone de raccordement entre les deux segments du ruban bifonctionnel, la deuxième borne étant constituée par la masse commune. L'un des segments du ruban bifonctionnel, à savoir le ruban de couplage est alors le siège d'un effet de couplage avec la structure résonante de l'antenne et est considéré comme appartenant à l'antenne., L'autre de ces segments, à savoir le ruban de raccordement n'est le siège d'aucun tel effet. Il est considéré comme distinct du ruban de couplage et comme extérieur à l'antenne même s'il est réalisé par la même étape de gravure que la pastille et le ruban de couplage, et cela même dans le cas, non représenté, où une ligne de raccordement complémentaire différente, par exemple une ligne coaxiale, serait utilisée pour raccorder le ruban C54 à un organe de traitement de signal.A first terminal C53 of antenna is defined as the connection area between the two segments of the bifunctional ribbon, the second terminal being constituted by the common ground. One of the segments of the bifunctional ribbon, namely the coupling tape is then the seat of a coupling effect with the structure resonant of the antenna and is considered to belong to the antenna., The other of these segments, namely the connecting tape is the seat no such effect. It is considered separate from the coupling tape and as outside the antenna even if it is carried out by the same step of engraving as the pad and the coupling tape, even in the case, not shown, where a different complementary connection line, by example a coaxial line, would be used to connect the C54 tape to a signal processor.

    Dans le cas typique où l'épaisseur du substrat 52 est uniforme, la largeur du ruban de raccordement est supérieure à celle du ruban de couplage C51 pour éviter une discontinuité d'impédance dans la zone C53. Plus généralement, lorsque cette invention est mise en oeuvre, la nécessité de donner au ruban bifonctionnel une impédance uniforme sur toute sa longueur impose de réaliser une variation des paramètres de ce ruban à l'endroit où il constitue une borne de l'antenne. De préférence cette variation est progressive en évitant toute discontinuité géométrique abrupte.In the typical case where the thickness of the substrate 52 is uniform, the width of the connecting tape is greater than that of the C51 coupling tape to avoid impedance discontinuity in the zone C53. More generally, when this invention is implemented, the need to give the bifunctional tape a uniform impedance on its entire length requires a variation of the parameters of this ribbon where it constitutes an antenna terminal. Preferably this variation is progressive, avoiding any abrupt geometric discontinuity.

    Claims (11)

    1. A microstrip antenna comprising:
      a dielectric substrate (2) having a bottom surface (S1) and a top surface (S2),
      a conductor on said bottom surface and constituting an antenna ground (4),
      a conductor occupying an area of said top surface and constituting a patch (6), and
      an elongate conductor extending in a coupling direction in said top surface and separated from said patch on both sides of said elongate conductor by two lateral gaps having a width, said elongate conductor constituting a coupling strip (C1), a coupling line extending in said coupling direction and formed by a set of two of said conductors including said coupling strip, said antenna having terminals (C2, C3) which are parts of said conductors of said line, said line coupling said antenna and a signal supplied at its terminals, said coupling constituting antenna coupling,
         said width of the lateral gaps being sufficiently small for said antenna coupling to be at least facilitated by a lateral coupling effect distributed in said coupling direction and resulting from interaction between said coupling strip and said patch across said gaps, said gaps then constituting coupling slot (F4, F14),
      said antenna having an impedance between its terminals (C2, C3), said impedance constituting an antenna impedance, said antenna being characterized in that said antenna impedance is closer to a coplanar impedance than a microstrip impedance, said coplanar impedance being equal to the impedance of a coplanar line consisting of said coupling strip (C1) and said patch (6) on said substrate (2) in the absence of said antenna ground (4), said microstrip impedance being equal to the impedance of a microstrip line consisting of said coupling strip and said antenna ground on respective opposite sides of said substrate in the absence of said patch.
    2. An antenna according to claim 1, said patch (6) co-operating with said ground (4) to guide electromagnetic waves propagating in said antenna in a propagation direction, said coupling direction being at least close to said propagation direction.
    3. An antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that said antenna impedance is in the range 70% to 99.9% of said coplanar impedance.
    4. An antenna according to claim 3, characterized in that said antenna impedance is in the range 80% to 98% of said coplanar impedance.
    5. An antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that the width of said coupling slots (F4, F14) is in the range 3% to 60% of the thickness of said substrate (2).
    6. An antenna according to claim 5, characterized in that the width of said coupling slots (F4, F14) is less than 35% of the thickness of said substrate (2).
    7. An antenna according to claim 2, said substrate (2), said antenna ground (4) and said patch (6) constituting a resonant structure enabling traveling waves to propagate in said structure two mutually opposite ways (DF, DB) along said propagation direction (DL), said structure forming for said waves two reflectors imposing outward and return paths on them causing resonance of said antenna.
    8. An antenna according to claim 7, said coupling strip (C1) extending between an external connection point at which said strip is connected to a terminal (C3) of the antenna and an internal connection point (18) at which said strip is connected to said patch (6).
    9. An antenna according to claim 8, said patch having a rear edge (10) substantially perpendicular to said propagation direction (DL), said antenna further including a short-circuit conductor (C2) connecting said patch to said antenna ground (4) on said edge so that said resonance is a quarter-wave resonance having an electric field node at said rear edge, said coupling strip (C1) penetrating said area of the top surface at an external connection point on said rear edge, said strip extending in said area and being separated from said patch by the two coupling slots (F4, F14) on respective opposite sides of said strip, said internal connection point (18) being inside said area.
    10. A communication device including:
      an antenna according to any one of claims 1 to 5, and
      a signal processing unit (8). connected to said antenna by said antenna terminals and having an impedance substantially equal to said antenna impedance.
    11. A device according to claim 10, further including a connecting line connecting said terminals of said antenna to said processing unit, said connecting line including, at least in the vicinity of said antenna:
      a conductor extending on said bottom surface of said substrate in continuity with said antenna ground, and
      an elongate conductor extending on said top surface of the substrate in continuity with said coupling strip, said conductor having a width and constituting a connecting strip,
         said device being characterized in that said width of the connecting strip is greater than said width of the coupling strip.
    EP98403061A 1997-12-11 1998-12-07 Antenna realised according to microstrip technique and device incorporating this antenna Expired - Lifetime EP0923157B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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    FR9715697A FR2772519B1 (en) 1997-12-11 1997-12-11 ANTENNA REALIZED ACCORDING TO MICRO-TAPE TECHNIQUE AND DEVICE INCLUDING THIS ANTENNA
    FR9715697 1997-12-11

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    EP0923157A1 EP0923157A1 (en) 1999-06-16
    EP0923157B1 true EP0923157B1 (en) 2004-09-15

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    EP (1) EP0923157B1 (en)
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    CA (1) CA2254255A1 (en)
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    FR2772519A1 (en) 1999-06-18
    US6121930A (en) 2000-09-19
    CN1224254A (en) 1999-07-28
    JPH11317614A (en) 1999-11-16
    DE69826223T2 (en) 2005-11-03
    SG71880A1 (en) 2000-04-18
    FR2772519B1 (en) 2000-01-14
    ATE276591T1 (en) 2004-10-15
    CN1117414C (en) 2003-08-06
    DE69826223D1 (en) 2004-10-21
    AU9697598A (en) 1999-07-01
    EP0923157A1 (en) 1999-06-16
    TW393811B (en) 2000-06-11
    CA2254255A1 (en) 1999-06-11

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