EP0910709B1 - Method of consolidating watery ground - Google Patents
Method of consolidating watery ground Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0910709B1 EP0910709B1 EP97929601A EP97929601A EP0910709B1 EP 0910709 B1 EP0910709 B1 EP 0910709B1 EP 97929601 A EP97929601 A EP 97929601A EP 97929601 A EP97929601 A EP 97929601A EP 0910709 B1 EP0910709 B1 EP 0910709B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pump
- drainage
- ground
- groundwater
- drainage element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/10—Improving by compacting by watering, draining, de-aerating or blasting, e.g. by installing sand or wick drains
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of consolidating watery ground, in particular to the forced consolidation of relatively impermeable, compressible soil strata.
- the accelerated drainage of clay and peat strata is known by firstly providing vertical drainage channels therein and then subjecting these layers to a load.
- the load applied exerts an excess pressure on the interstitial water in the clay or peat strata.
- the vertical drainage channels ensure a considerably improved discharge of the groundwater.
- This drainage method also means that water in the ground can flow in the horizontal direction towards the drainage channels, as a result of which optimum use is made of any stratification in the soil structure.
- the permeability of the ground in the horizontal direction is as a rule greater by a factor of 10 than that in the vertical direction.
- a horizontal drainage layer can be arranged at ground level above the top of the vertical drainage channels.
- This drainage layer generally comprises a layer of sand having a thickness of, for example 0.3 metres or more.
- This layer absorbs the groundwater which leaves the ground via the drainage channels.
- a specific embodiment is that in which this layer is covered by a film whose edges are buried in the ground to below the groundwater table.
- a drawback of the above-described consolidation method is that it is not possible to achieve an underpressure in the drainage layer situated at the surface of greater than 6-7 metres water column.
- the underpressure in the water-saturated ground decreases by 0.1 bar per metre of depth, so that at a depth of 6 metres atmospheric pressure prevails.
- gas and/or air is released at many locations in the ground owing to the pressure reduction in the groundwater. This formation of gas means that the volume to be pumped off increases, which impairs the efficiency of the water removal system.
- a further drawback of the above-described method is that all the vertical drainage channels are connected together via the drainage layer, so that the system as a whole is extremely sensitive to leakage. It is therefore frequently difficult in practice to maintain the desired underpressure for a relatively long period of time. The entire system is sensitive to a single leak. This is even more important when it is considered that the vertical drainage channels in the conventional methods are used in numbers of 2000 to 10,000 per hectare.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide a method of this kind in which a relatively small number of easy-to-operate pumps can be used, which pumps are relatively unsusceptible to maintenance, are not adversely affected by the groundwater level, and can be used at a great number of different depths.
- the method according to the invention comprises the following steps:
- this pump can be arranged at any desired position in the drainage element.
- the groundwater is pressed upwards instead of being sucked upwards.
- a pump according to the invention such as a venturi pump
- an underpressure of at least 9 metres water column can be generated. If the venturi pump according to the invention is placed at a depth of 5 metres, the effect for a groundwater level which lies one metre below ground level is an underpressure of 13 metres water column. In the known methods, an underpressure of not more than one metre water column is obtained. Due to the fact that a great pressure difference can be generated using the venturi pump according to the present invention, sufficient compression of the ground can be achieved within a relatively short time.
- the water level is lowered by using the pump according to the invention. Due to the lowering of the groundwater level, the load increases owing to the ground coming above water level and the absence of the upwards force of the groundwater thereon, as a result of which consolidation is achieved.
- Drainage element is intended to mean a structure which is arranged in the ground and has a greater porosity than the surrounding soil stratum.
- the drainage element may, for example, comprise a shaft having a diameter of, for example, 10 cm or more. This shaft may be filled with sand or another relatively porous material, such as for example rubble or gravel.
- the drainage element may also be formed by a vertical wall made of relatively permeable material and having a length of several hundred metres, a depth of between 1 and 7 metres and a width of between 5 cm and 25 cm. A strip of filter cloth which is inserted vertically into the ground may also be used as drainage element.
- the drainage element may, for example, comprise only a tubular element containing the pump according to the invention. With this type of soil, the groundwater level will fall and, in view of the low compressibility, a small degree of consolidation will be obtained.
- Pumps operating with a pumping liquid are of extremely simple design, since they do not comprise any mechanically moving parts and can be of relatively small size, such as for example having a diameter of about 10 centimetres and a length of about 20 centimetres.
- pumps of this kind are relatively unsusceptible to maintenance and can easily be arranged in, for example, a relatively tight drainage shaft or a relatively narrow tubular element, bends in the latter forming no obstacle to the introduction.
- it is possible using pumps of this kind to achieve a relatively high reduction in pressure which may be 50% higher than is usual with conventional motor-driven pumps. This results in greater efficiency and the desired degree of consolidation can be achieved more rapidly than in the known methods or a higher degree of consolidation can be achieved in the same time.
- the pump is formed by a venturi pump with a pump capacity of at least 1 m 3 per hour, preferably between 1 and 10 m 3 per hour.
- both gas and the groundwater around the pump are removed via the discharge line by being entrained with the pumping liquid.
- the pump will be used firstly to pump off gas which lies above the water.
- a large amount of gas and a small amount of water is pumped off and finally a mixture of gas and water is pumped away, since gas is continuously released as the underpressure rises and is continuously entrained.
- the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for quickly making building sites and traced-out roads suitable for construction and for ensuring that on completion the subsidence of the ground level which is still to be expected is as small as possible, and preferably negligible.
- cables and pipes, but also railways and paved or asphalted surfaces or roads, streets, squares, pavements, gardens and the like will no longer be subject to any settlement once a treated area has been completed. This results in a considerable saving on maintenance costs.
- Using the consolidation method according to the invention also makes it possible to consolidate strips of ground where streets and/or gardens are situated while carrying out building work around these strips which are being consolidated. Since the building work on the compressible ground involves driving piles, consolidation will not be possible at the location of the building work itself.
- An essentially airtight seal may be arranged at the feed opening of the drainage element, such as a sand-filled shaft, or a tubular element.
- the drainage element such as a sand-filled shaft, or a tubular element.
- the seal can be formed by a cap over that end of this tubular element which is situated above the ground.
- a cap of this kind placed over the blind part of the said tubular element is essential for obtaining sufficient underpressure.
- a multiplicity of drainage elements is arranged in the ground so as to achieve effective drainage.
- each drainage element surrounds a respective tubular element in which a pump is positioned. It is thus possible, for example, to consolidate a strip of 100 by 5 metres using one drainage element and one pump according to the invention arranged therein, so that only 20 drainage elements and pumps are required per hectare of land. For a settlement rate of 30 mm/day, it is then necessary to discharge 15 m 3 of water/gas under atmospheric pressure. Together with this amount there is also leakage water which flows in through the ground from the sides or the bottom and/or precipitation on the surface of the ground. A pump capacity of 1-3 m 3 per hour is sufficient to consolidate the ground.
- each drainage element is provided with its own pump, this has the advantage that in the event of an excess of gas being sucked in by one pump, for example due to the fact that the seal has developed a leak or a pump is malfunctioning, this has no adverse effect on the other pumps, which are independent thereof.
- each pump is provided with a monitoring device for determining the pressure difference across the respective pump. As a result it is possible to check efficiently that this pump is not sucking up an excess of air and that there is no need to replace the seal.
- Figure 1 shows a subsoil 1 having a groundwater table 3.
- a tubular element 5 with a vertical section 6 and a horizontal section 7 is arranged in the subsoil 1.
- the tube 5 is of a "blind" design in the vertical section 6 and is essentially impervious to water and air.
- the blind section of the tube 5 may, for example, be 25 m long. That end of the tube 5 which is positioned in the subsoil, having a diameter of, for example, 10 cm, is provided with perforations 8, through which the groundwater can penetrate into the tube 5.
- a venturi pump 9 having a flexible feedline 11 and a flexible discharge line 12 is positioned in the tube 5.
- a pumping liquid such as for example water
- a centrifugal pump 13 is fed through the feed-line 11, via a centrifugal pump 13, to the venturi pump 9 at a pressure of a number of atmospheres, for example 10 atmospheres excess pressure. Due to the pumping liquid, an underpressure is formed on the feed side of the venturi pump 9 and liquid and gas are entrained by the pumping liquid via the discharge line 12 at a lower pressure and higher flow rate compared to the feedline 11.
- the venturi pump 9 it is possible to remove between 1 and 10 m 3 of water and/or gas per hour from the subsoil 1.
- the tube 5 is situated in a drainage element 13.
- the drainage element 13 extends, for example, to a depth of 7 metres below the surface of the ground 1 and has a dimension perpendicular to the plane of the drawing of about 25-30 centimetres.
- the drainage element 13 is filled, for example, with a porous material such as sand or rubble.
- a number of drainage elements 13 are arranged parallel to one another in the subsoil at a mutual distance of, for example, 5 metres, so that, for example, each strip of 100 m x 5 m comprises a drainage element.
- Each drainage element is provided with its own venturi pump 9. It is also possible to arrange a plurality of venturi pumps 9 in a single drainage element, for example at both ends thereof.
- each strip of 100 m x 5 m can be settled at a rate of 30 mm per day.
- a top load can be applied to the subsoil 1 in the form of an additional layer of earth or sand and/or water.
- the tubes 5 can easily be lengthened to above the ground covering in order to be able to place the pumps 9 with their feedlines 11 and discharge lines 12 in the tubes 10 and to be able to recover them on completion.
- the above-described drainage structure is used in relatively impervious subsoils, such as clay or peat.
- the drainage method which involves placing a venturi pump in a drainage shaft or tube can also be used for subsoils of greater permeability, such as for example sand. In this case, it is not necessary to use a further drainage element in addition to a tubular drainage element.
- FIG. 2 shows a diagrammatic depiction of a venturi pump 9 according to the present invention.
- the pumping liquid B is fed through an opening 19 in an internal tube 20.
- the pumping liquid which passes out of the internal tube 20 at high speed via a nozzle 22, results in an underpressure at the feed opening 17 of the pump 9.
- groundwater and gas present around the pump are sucked into the feed opening 17 via the direction of the arrow A.
- the pumping liquid B and the gas and/or water A sucked in are discharged via the discharge opening 18 of the pump.
- a suitable venturi pump has a length of 320 millimetres and a maximum width of 70 millimetres. Pumps of this kind are produced by Grundfoss under model number 900216.
- the maximum discharge of the pumps is 2.5 m 3 /hour.
- the connections for the feedline 11 and the discharge line 12 are oriented next to one another in the same direction.
- the feed opening 17 lies on the opposite side.
- the venturi pump can be inserted, with the feed opening 17 at the front, into a tube with an internal diameter of 10 cm.
- an acid can be added to the pumping liquid B for dissolving the iron present in the groundwater, so that the venturi pump 9, the feedline 11 and discharge line 12 do not become blocked by this iron.
- Some of the discharged water A + B can be reused as pumping liquid B.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Description
- introducing a drainage element into the ground to below the groundwater table,
- placing a pump in the drainage element below the groundwater table,
- feeding a pumping liquid to the pump through a feedline,
- and discharging the pumping liquid and at least the groundwater present around the pump by entraining the groundwater with the pumping liquid through the discharge line.
Claims (12)
- Method of consolidating watery ground (1) with a groundwater table (3), comprising the following steps:introducing a drainage element (5, 13) into the ground (1) to below the groundwater table,placing a pump (9) in the drainage element (5, 13) below the groundwater table (3),feeding a pumping liquid to the pump (9) via a feedline (11),and discharging the pumping liquid and at least the groundwater present around the pump by entraining the groundwater with the pumping liquid via a discharge line (12).
- Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the pump (9) comprises a venturi pump with a pump capacity of at least 1 m3 per hour, preferably between 1 and 10 m3 per hour.
- Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that both gas and the groundwater around the pump (9) are removed via the discharge line (12) by entrainment together with the pumping liquid.
- Method according to Claim 3, characterized in that an essentially airtight seal (15) is arranged around a feed opening of the drainage element.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the drainage element (13) comprises a tubular element (5) with one tube end positioned in the ground, the tube wall being provided with perforations (8) in the region of the end which is positioned in the ground.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the drainage element (13) comprises a vertically directed wall made of a porous material, in which wall the pump (9) is arranged.
- Method according to Claims 5 and 6, characterized in that the drainage element (13) is formed by digging a trench in the subsoil (1), placing the tubular element (5) in the trench and filling the trench with a porous material, such as sand.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the drainage element has a width of between 5 cm and 40 cm, a length of between 1 metre and 500 metres and a depth of between 1 and 10 m.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a multiplicity of drainage elements is arranged in the ground, each having its own pump, such as not more than 100 pumps per hectare, preferably not more than 20 pumps per hectare.
- Method according to Claim 6, 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that a number of drainage elements are placed parallel to one another with a mutual spacing of between 0.5 m and 5 m, preferably about 2.5 m.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pump, or a pumping-liquid feed unit connected thereto, is provided with a monitoring device for determining the pressure difference across the respective pump.
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a solvent is fed to the pumping liquid, such as for example an acid.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL1003584 | 1996-07-12 | ||
NL1003584A NL1003584C2 (en) | 1996-07-12 | 1996-07-12 | Method for consolidating water-bearing soil. |
PCT/NL1997/000405 WO1998002616A1 (en) | 1996-07-12 | 1997-07-11 | Method of consolidating watery ground |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0910709A1 EP0910709A1 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
EP0910709B1 true EP0910709B1 (en) | 2002-02-13 |
Family
ID=19763199
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97929601A Expired - Lifetime EP0910709B1 (en) | 1996-07-12 | 1997-07-11 | Method of consolidating watery ground |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0910709B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69710464T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0910709T3 (en) |
NL (1) | NL1003584C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998002616A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1008617C2 (en) | 1998-03-17 | 1999-09-20 | Hollandsche Betongroep Nv | Consolidating method for water-containing layer of soil with limited liquid permeability e.g. clay |
NL1009792C1 (en) * | 1998-03-17 | 1999-09-20 | Hollandsche Betongroep Nv | Method for consolidating a water-retaining water-retaining layer, for example a clay or peat-containing layer. |
NL1016329C2 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2002-04-10 | Bos & Kalis Baggermaatsch | Method and device for consolidating soil layers. |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4927292A (en) * | 1989-03-17 | 1990-05-22 | Justice Donald R | Horizontal dewatering system |
FR2663373B1 (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1993-05-28 | Cognon Jean Marie | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ESTABLISHING A LOW IN A PERMEABLE ZONE ISOLATED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE BY A SEALED MEMBRANE. |
CA2108173A1 (en) * | 1991-04-09 | 1992-10-10 | Joachim Franke | Water procuring elements produced by bonded joints, a process for their production and their use |
NL9400593A (en) * | 1994-04-14 | 1995-11-01 | Stevin Wegenbouw | Method for compacting and consolidating the underwater sub-soil. |
-
1996
- 1996-07-12 NL NL1003584A patent/NL1003584C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-07-11 EP EP97929601A patent/EP0910709B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-11 DK DK97929601T patent/DK0910709T3/en active
- 1997-07-11 WO PCT/NL1997/000405 patent/WO1998002616A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-07-11 DE DE69710464T patent/DE69710464T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69710464D1 (en) | 2002-03-21 |
DE69710464T2 (en) | 2002-10-02 |
WO1998002616A1 (en) | 1998-01-22 |
EP0910709A1 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
NL1003584C2 (en) | 1997-06-06 |
DK0910709T3 (en) | 2002-03-25 |
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