EP0908382A2 - Verfahren zum Zusammenbau schwimmender Meeresbauwerke - Google Patents
Verfahren zum Zusammenbau schwimmender Meeresbauwerke Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0908382A2 EP0908382A2 EP98307473A EP98307473A EP0908382A2 EP 0908382 A2 EP0908382 A2 EP 0908382A2 EP 98307473 A EP98307473 A EP 98307473A EP 98307473 A EP98307473 A EP 98307473A EP 0908382 A2 EP0908382 A2 EP 0908382A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- hull
- components
- offshore structure
- floating offshore
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
- E02B17/02—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto
- E02B17/027—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto steel structures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B77/00—Transporting or installing offshore structures on site using buoyancy forces, e.g. using semi-submersible barges, ballasting the structure or transporting of oil-and-gas platforms
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
- E02B17/02—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto
- E02B17/021—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto with relative movement between supporting construction and platform
- E02B17/024—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto with relative movement between supporting construction and platform shock absorbing means for the supporting construction
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
- E02B2017/0039—Methods for placing the offshore structure
- E02B2017/0043—Placing the offshore structure on a pre-installed foundation structure
Definitions
- This invention relates to methods of assembling floating offshore structures, such as in the installation of decks on offshore structures.
- topsides In the offshore drilling industry, unlike ships which can be fully assembled at an inshore facility, many types of oil drilling or production facilities require part of the assembly to take place either at the field location itself or afloat prior to tow to the installation site. For example, it is, by the nature of the design of jacket type production platforms, that the production deck (topsides) be installed after the jacket has been installed and piled to the sea floor. The topsides are typically installed in one or more pieces using heavy lift marine cranes. This can be a costly and weather sensitive operation. Also, additional cost is incurred due to the additional logistical support for the final hook-up of the topsides to the platform which must then take place offshore. The offshore hook-up problem is further aggravated if the topsides requires several lifts and/or the production platform is in a remote location.
- Concrete GBS production platforms and floating production platforms such as Spar Platforms can provide the option, due to their buoyancy capacity, of avoiding the cost associated with offshore heavy lift operations by allowing a "float over" deck installation operation.
- a fully completed deck is loaded on barges in a catamaran configuration, the platform is ballasted down to a reduced freeboard, and the topsides floated over the platform. The platform is deballasted, thereby picking up the topsides and lifting it to the proper elevation above the water line.
- the transport of the topsides and the mating operation itself must take place in fairly benign conditions.
- the traditional construction sequence for steel hull Spars, involves the joining of structural sections in the horizontal position, followed by upending of the entire Spar hull to the vertical position.
- the structural sections may consist of either plated hull tank sections only, or combination of plated tank and truss type sections.
- Such Spar type platforms are described in U.S. Patents No. 4,702,321 and 5,558,467.
- the topsides can only be installed after the upending operation and thus must take place in a location with substantial water depth.
- a method embodying the invention provides mating the topsides on a floating offshore structure such as a spar hull, joining components of the spar hull, and/or a combination or variation of these procedures.
- the installation is carried out as follows.
- the spar hull component is towed to the mating site and upended, outfitted with controls and hardware necessary to effect controlled submergence of the spar hull component, and is submerged to a predetermined depth, thereby positioning the submerged spar hull component either floating above the seabed or, alternatively, resting on it.
- the second component to be mated with the top of the spar hull component is positioned above the submerged spar hull component.
- the draft of the submerged spar hull component is decreased until the two components are fully engaged.
- Fig. 1 illustrates the situation where a floating offshore structure such as a spar hull 10 has been towed to a mating site having sufficient water depth to carry out the mating operation between the topsides 26 and hull 10.
- the mating site may also be the final operational site. If towed horizontally, the spar hull 10 is upended into its normal vertical operating position and then submerged a predetermined depth below the water surface to provide a zero water plane area (no surface piercing elements) across the spar hull 10.
- the spar hull 10 illustrated is generally comprised of a truss section 12, a hard tank section 14, and a soft tank section 16. Such a spar hull is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,558,467.
- the hard tank section 14 is provided with a plurality of stabbing posts 18 or other arrangement for effecting the alignment and engagement of the components.
- stabbing posts 18 or other arrangement for effecting the alignment and engagement of the components.
- the type of spar hull shown, a truss spar is only an example of the type of floating structure that may be used in the method of the invention.
- Other floating offshore structures, such as a spar hull described in U.S. Patent No. 4,702,321 may also be used in the method of the invention.
- weighted draft control lines 20 such as heavy chains, which are partly resting on the sea floor 21, are attached to the lower end of the spar hull 10, and a ballast control line 22, or "life line", is attached between the spar hull 10 and a surface vessel 24 with air compressors on board.
- the weighted draft control lines may be free hanging from the spar or attached to anchors 11, thereby also serving for station keeping purposes.
- clump weights 13 or bundles of chain can be attached to the lines near the seabed.
- the spar hull 10 is then submerged by ballasting tanks in the spar hull and, with the aid of the draft control lines 20 which change the submerged weight of the spar hull as chain is lifted on or off the bottom, equilibrium at the desired depth is achieved.
- the ballast control line 22 is used to control and adjust buoyancy of the spar hull 10 as necessary during ballasting for submergence and, later, deballasting upward into engagement with the topsides 26.
- the submerged depth of the spar hull can be controlled by the ballast control lines 22 in conjunction with a length of buoyancy elements 23 either rigidly or flexibly attached to the top of the hull and floating at the surface.
- the submerged weight of the structure is changed by the number or length of buoyancy elements pulled below the surface as the hull submergence draft is progressively increased to the desired depth.
- FIG. 6 Another useful alternative shown in Fig. 6 is to provide the bottom extremity of the spar hull component 10 with spud piles 15, cans, or a mud mat.
- This allows the spar hull component to be submerged at a site with pre-determined water depth and soil conditions and ballasted to allow the structure to rest on the sea bed and the spud piles 15, if so provided, to penetrate the sea floor 21.
- spud piles 15 provide station keeping capability by means of shear resistance of the piles in the soil for surviving design level storms while providing sufficient lateral compliancy to avoid large environmentally induced bending loads in the submerged structure. Overturning is prevented by the location of the center of buoyancy being above the center of gravity for the submerged structure.
- one or more maneuvering vessels 28 are used to move the self-floating topsides 26 into floating position above the spar hull 10. It should be noted that, depending upon the distance from the fabrication site to the mating site, the topsides may be towed out in a self-floating mode or on a heavy lift vessel and then put afloat during the appropriate weather window. As seen in Fig. 2 and 3, a plurality of mating lines 30 may be used, each engaged with a winch 32 mounted on the topsides 26.
- the topsides 26 is provided with a plurality of sleeves 34, vertical bores, sized to receive the stabbing posts 18.
- the mating lines 30 are each run down through their respective sleeves 34 and attached to the stabbing posts 18 using divers or underwater robots.
- the draft of the spar hull 10 is decreased by deballasting, or winching, or a combination of both to engage the stabbing posts 18 into the sleeves 34. It is desirable for the tension on the mating lines 30 to be at a level sufficient to insure that the stabbing posts 18 remain properly aligned with their respective sleeves 34 and to cause the two components to move together vertically, thereby eliminating contact forces during the mating operation.
- the spar hull 10 is deballasted to raise the topsides 26 to a safe freeboard.
- the connections between the topsides 26 and spar hull 10 are then completed, the ballast control line 22, and draft control lines 20 are removed. If required, solid ballast is then installed. If not already at the final drilling or production site, the completed spar is towed to the final site.
- both the topsides and the top of the spar hull component are provided with a plurality of sleeves 34 sized to receive alignment posts 18.
- the alignment posts 18 are lowered from the topsides 26 through the matching sets of hull and topsides sleeves 34, thereby effectuating alignment of the two components without restraining them vertically.
- the spar hull is then deballasted to make contact between the hull and topsides and further deballasted to raise the topsides to a safe elevation above the water.
- Fig. 4 illustrates an alternative wherein the truss section 12 and the hard tank section 14 are moved to the mating site as separate components. This allows the topsides 26 to be mated to the hard tank section 14 prior to tow out to the mating site.
- the stabbing posts 18 or similar arrangement are provided at the upper end of the truss section 12 and the sleeves 34 for receiving the stabbing posts are provided at the lower end of the hard tank section 14.
- the first component of the offshore structure, the truss section 12 is submerged as described above.
- the second component of the offshore structure, the hard tank section 14 and topsides 26, are then floated into position above the truss section 12.
- the draft of the truss section 12 is decreased until the two components are fully engaged.
- the mating lines 30 and winches 32 are used as described above.
- Fig. 5 illustrates another alternative wherein the components of the offshore structure may be separated into three components (truss section, hard tank section, and topsides), with only the truss section 12 and hard tank section 14 being shown.
- the mating procedure is carried out as described above.
- the main difference is that the upper portion of the hard tank section is also provided with stabbing posts 19 which are received in sleeves 34 in the topsides as seen in Fig. 2.
- the truss section 12 (first component) is submerged, the hard tank section 14 (second component) is floated into position over the truss section 12, and the draft of the truss section 12 is decreased until both of these components are fully engaged.
- the same procedure may then be used for mating the topsides 26 (third component) to the hard tank section as described above.
- the principles of this invention can be further enhanced to carry out the operations in more severe environmental conditions by incorporating certain provisions, either singly or in combination, into the designs of the spar hull components to be joined together.
- One means to reduce loads produced during the initial contact stages of the mating operation is to provide the stabbing posts 18 or sleeves 34 with shock absorbing material, indicated by numeral 25 in Fig. 8.
- FIG. 9 Another alternative, seen in Fig. 9, is to use the stabbing posts 18 for alignment purposes while allowing the stabbing posts 18 to remain unrestricted vertically within the receptacles 34 throughout the operation.
- the floating and submerged components are provided with matching grooves 27 and protrusions 29 to carry out the load transfer and final alignment.
- the matching grooves and protrusions are provided with shock absorbing material 25, thereby reducing the loads created as the two components are gradually brought into contact.
- the matching grooves and protrusions are engaged, the lateral alignment of the two components is secured and full load transfer can take place by deballasting the submerged hull component to the required freeboard.
- the main structural framing on which the grooves and protrusions 27, 29 are fixed comprises the main structural bulkheads 31A, B respectively in the floating topside component 26 and the submerged spar hull 10.
- Fig. 13, 14 illustrate an alternate embodiment to that of Fig. 10-12 where the matching grooves 29 and protrusions 27 are respectively fixed to a circular ring bulkhead 33 on the topsides 26 and the perimeter of the submerged spar hull 10.
- Fig. 15 illustrates an alternate embodiment to that of Fig. 13-14 where the upper end of the spar hull 10 is provided with a circular shoulder bulkhead 37 around the perimeter of the hull which engages with the circular ring bulkhead 33 in the topsides 26. Fendering 39 may also be provided on the circular ring bulkhead 33. This embodiment eliminates the need for the stabbing posts described above.
- Fig. 16 illustrates another embodiment to those of Fig. 15 and 2 where the circular shoulder 37 around the perimeter of the hull is replaced with an alignment bevel 42 around the bottom perimeter of the circular ring bulkhead 33 on the floating topside 26 to guide the submerged hull 10 as it engages the topsides opening.
- hydraulic chain jacks 38 or similar hoisting devices are shown to be fixed to heavy plates 43.
- Heavy plates 43 fit inside deck recesses 45 and are seated on shock absorbing material 25.
- the heavy plates 43, shock absorbing material 25, and the deck recesses 45 act as a compliant or shock absorbing plunger assembly 44.
- the joining with the spar hull 10 is carried out in a similar manner as previously described where the topsides 26 is positioned above the spar hull 10, mating lines 30 are attached to the top of the spar hull 10, and chain stoppers 40 are engaged, thereby locking the mating lines 30 to heavy plates 43.
- the tension in mating lines 30 is increased by reducing the air pressure in ballast tanks 35 in a controlled manner by means of ballast control line 22, thereby allowing more water to enter the tank through ballast tank inlet 36.
- ballast control line 22 Alternatively, water can be pumped into ballast tank 35 by pumping water through ballast control line 22.
- the tension is increased to a pre-determined level due to the increasing submerged weight of hull 10, the two components are increasingly caused to move vertically together.
- any shock loads which could occur in a seaway are absorbed by the shock absorbing plunger assembly 44 on which the chain stoppers are mounted.
- the chain stoppers 40 are released and the joining operation can continue by operating the chain jacks.
- alignment bevel 42 Proper lateral alignment of the spar hull 10 and topsides 26 during the engagement operation is aided by alignment bevel 42. This invention allows the two components to be safely joined in seaways without the undesirable impact loads which could otherwise occur using prior art methods.
- Another benefit of this invention over the prior art is the ability to put operations on hold while waiting on favorable weather or fully reverse the operation at any point of engagement with minimal risk to the two components or personnel. Due to the reversibility of the operation, the invention can also be used to disassemble two spar components which have been joined using the invention.
- both the topsides 26 and the top of the spar hull 10 are provided with a plurality of sleeves 34 sized to receive jacking posts 46.
- the jacking posts 46 are lowered from the topsides 26 through the matching sets of hull and topsides sleeves 34 and are connected to the hull 10 by means of locking connectors 48, thereby effectuating alignment of the two components initially without restraining them vertically.
- Jack-up devices 47 mounted on the topsides 26 are then activated against jacking posts 46, thereby decreasing the submerged draft of the spar hull component 10 until contact is made in a controlled manner while restraining the undesirable vertical relative motions between the two components caused by environmental forces.
- the step of ballasting or deballasting the submerged component can be eliminated.
- the use of shock absorbing material can be eliminated by the use of this embodiment.
- the principles and advantages of this embodiment can be realized using a number of other types of jacking, winching, or hoisting devices generally known in the art.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Foundations (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US93146197A | 1997-09-16 | 1997-09-16 | |
US931461 | 1997-09-16 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0908382A2 true EP0908382A2 (de) | 1999-04-14 |
EP0908382A3 EP0908382A3 (de) | 1999-08-11 |
Family
ID=25460807
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98307473A Withdrawn EP0908382A3 (de) | 1997-09-16 | 1998-09-15 | Verfahren zum Zusammenbau schwimmender Meeresbauwerke |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0908382A3 (de) |
AU (1) | AU8517998A (de) |
BR (1) | BR9803458A (de) |
FI (1) | FI981967A0 (de) |
NO (1) | NO984239L (de) |
OA (1) | OA10876A (de) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2338455A (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 1999-12-22 | Deep Oil Technology Inc | Assembly of a floating structure |
GB2378472A (en) * | 2001-08-10 | 2003-02-12 | Spartec Inc | Method of constructing a floating offshore structure |
WO2013025807A3 (en) * | 2011-08-15 | 2013-04-11 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant cold water pipe connection |
US8899043B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2014-12-02 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion plant |
US9086057B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2015-07-21 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion cold water pipe |
US9797386B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2017-10-24 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant |
US10619944B2 (en) | 2012-10-16 | 2020-04-14 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Heat exchanger including manifold |
CN114313127A (zh) * | 2022-01-13 | 2022-04-12 | 东北石油大学 | 装配式frp混凝土组合牵索塔式减震平台群及其施工方法 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2538275B (en) | 2015-05-13 | 2018-01-31 | Crondall Energy Consultants Ltd | Floating production unit and method of installing a floating production unit |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4702321A (en) | 1985-09-20 | 1987-10-27 | Horton Edward E | Drilling, production and oil storage caisson for deep water |
US5558467A (en) | 1994-11-08 | 1996-09-24 | Deep Oil Technology, Inc. | Deep water offshore apparatus |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3572041A (en) * | 1968-09-18 | 1971-03-23 | Shell Oil Co | Spar-type floating production facility |
NO151209C (no) * | 1976-05-20 | 1985-02-27 | Doris Dev Richesse Sous Marine | Fralandsbyggverk og fremgangsmaate til dets fremstilling |
FR2400086A1 (fr) * | 1977-08-08 | 1979-03-09 | Sea Tank Co | Procede et dispositif de mise en place d'un pont de travail sur les colonnes d'une structure-poids offshore |
DK46186A (da) * | 1985-02-01 | 1986-08-02 | Conoco Uk Ltd | Fremgangsmaade og udstyr til samling af en offshoreplatforms daek og underdel |
NO872009L (no) * | 1987-05-14 | 1988-11-15 | Norwegian Contractors | Fremgangsmaate for aa installere et flytelegeme paa en sjoebunn. |
FR2720086B1 (fr) * | 1991-01-15 | 1996-07-26 | Doris Engineering | Procédé d'installation d'un dispositif de protection contre la houle et dispositif résultant de la mise en Óoeuvre de ce procédé. |
NO302284B1 (no) * | 1993-12-10 | 1998-02-16 | Aker Norwegian Contractors As | Fremgangsmåte for nedsenking og installasjon på havbunnen av en lagringstank for petroleumsprodukter |
US5609442A (en) * | 1995-08-10 | 1997-03-11 | Deep Oil Technology, Inc. | Offshore apparatus and method for oil operations |
-
1998
- 1998-09-14 NO NO984239A patent/NO984239L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-09-14 FI FI981967A patent/FI981967A0/fi unknown
- 1998-09-14 OA OA9800167A patent/OA10876A/en unknown
- 1998-09-15 EP EP98307473A patent/EP0908382A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-09-15 BR BR9803458-8A patent/BR9803458A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-09-16 AU AU85179/98A patent/AU8517998A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4702321A (en) | 1985-09-20 | 1987-10-27 | Horton Edward E | Drilling, production and oil storage caisson for deep water |
US5558467A (en) | 1994-11-08 | 1996-09-24 | Deep Oil Technology, Inc. | Deep water offshore apparatus |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2338455B (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 2002-04-03 | Deep Oil Technology Inc | Assembling floating offshore structures and/or mating decks onto buoyant substructures |
GB2338455A (en) * | 1998-06-19 | 1999-12-22 | Deep Oil Technology Inc | Assembly of a floating structure |
GB2378472A (en) * | 2001-08-10 | 2003-02-12 | Spartec Inc | Method of constructing a floating offshore structure |
US10184457B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2019-01-22 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion plant |
US11859597B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2024-01-02 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant |
US11371490B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2022-06-28 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant |
US8899043B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2014-12-02 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion plant |
US9086057B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2015-07-21 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion cold water pipe |
US10844848B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2020-11-24 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant |
US9797386B2 (en) | 2010-01-21 | 2017-10-24 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant |
US9151279B2 (en) | 2011-08-15 | 2015-10-06 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant cold water pipe connection |
US9909571B2 (en) | 2011-08-15 | 2018-03-06 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant cold water pipe connection |
EP2758663A4 (de) * | 2011-08-15 | 2015-07-29 | Abell Foundation Inc | Kaltwasserleitungsverbindung eines kraftwerks zur umwandlung von meereswärmeenergie |
KR20140050105A (ko) * | 2011-08-15 | 2014-04-28 | 더 아벨 파운데이션, 인크. | 해양 열 에너지 변환 발전소 냉수관 연결부 |
WO2013025807A3 (en) * | 2011-08-15 | 2013-04-11 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant cold water pipe connection |
US10619944B2 (en) | 2012-10-16 | 2020-04-14 | The Abell Foundation, Inc. | Heat exchanger including manifold |
CN114313127A (zh) * | 2022-01-13 | 2022-04-12 | 东北石油大学 | 装配式frp混凝土组合牵索塔式减震平台群及其施工方法 |
CN114313127B (zh) * | 2022-01-13 | 2024-03-26 | 东北石油大学 | 装配式frp混凝土组合牵索塔式减震平台群及其施工方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI981967A0 (fi) | 1998-09-14 |
EP0908382A3 (de) | 1999-08-11 |
AU8517998A (en) | 1999-04-01 |
OA10876A (en) | 2001-10-05 |
NO984239L (no) | 1999-03-17 |
NO984239D0 (no) | 1998-09-14 |
BR9803458A (pt) | 2002-07-09 |
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