EP0803881A1 - Polymer based high tension current limiter - Google Patents
Polymer based high tension current limiter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0803881A1 EP0803881A1 EP97400880A EP97400880A EP0803881A1 EP 0803881 A1 EP0803881 A1 EP 0803881A1 EP 97400880 A EP97400880 A EP 97400880A EP 97400880 A EP97400880 A EP 97400880A EP 0803881 A1 EP0803881 A1 EP 0803881A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- elements
- matrix
- limiter according
- polymer
- conductors
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/13—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material current responsive
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a high voltage polymer current limiter.
- a polymer current limiter comprising at least one stack of several stages of elements of linear resistance and of elements with variable resistance of polymer, characterized in that each stage is constituted by a linear resistance in the form of a disc around which the polymer elements in the form of a pellet are connected in parallel, the transverse axes of the said pellet being perpendicular to the axis of the stack.
- the polymer elements small in size and especially thin, have metal tabs welded on each of their faces and the end of which is welded to a collector.
- This device which requires a large number of welds or electrical connections, is not very economical and is not sufficiently robust.
- each element has a relatively high own capacity. This results in a large capacity per stage, which results in a possibility of unbalancing the voltage distribution between the stages.
- An object of the present invention is to design a polymer current limiter having a robust structure, requiring only a very small number of soldering or electrical connections, and having a low overall capacity.
- the subject of the invention is a high voltage polymer current limiter comprising, per phase, a fast circuit breaker pole, a semi-fast protection circuit breaker pole and a set of elements based on polymer of very low resistivity loaded with black. of carbon mounted in series and in parallel, characterized in that the elements comprise a matrix of polymer charged with carbon having an elongated shape and having inside it two parallel metallic conductors.
- the matrix has an oblong section.
- the matrix is surrounded by a sheath of insulating material.
- the sheath material is a fluoropolymer.
- the two conductors of an element open out at the same end out of the matrix and a group of elements in series is constituted by an assembly of elements arranged side by side and in contact two by two by the short side of their lateral surface, and connected by connections arranged on the same side of the assembly.
- the two conductors of an element open out of the matrix respectively at opposite ends and that a group of elements in series is constituted by an assembly of elements arranged side by side. side by side and in pairs contact by the long side of their lateral surface and connected by connections arranged alternately on either side of the assembly.
- the electrical resistivity of the polymer charged with carbon black is approximately 1 ⁇ xcm.
- the length of an element is of the order of 1000 mm.
- the distance between the parallel conductors of an element is of the order of 10 mm.
- reference 1 designates a polymer element used in the production of the limiter of the invention.
- This element comprises two parallel conductors, 2 and 3, preferably made of tinned copper, in the form of a braid or rod.
- These conductors are coated in a matrix 4 of polymer (polyethylene) loaded with carbon black; the matrix is protected by an insulating sheath 5, for example of fluoropolymer, ensuring good mechanical and dielectric strength; the matrix is closed at its two ends by insulating plugs 6 and 7.
- the conductors have, inside the matrix, a length L and are separated by a distance e. At one end of the element, the conductors 2 and 3 pass through the end plug (the plug 7 in Fig.1).
- the electrical resistivity of the polymer loaded with carbon black is approximately 1 ⁇ xcm for a compound comprising 50% by weight of polymer and 50% by weight of carbon black.
- the matrix has a preferably oblong section, which makes it possible to reduce the size of the device.
- Fig.2 shows a limiter pole according to the invention, inserted on a phase 1 of the line to be protected.
- the limiter pole comprises a fast circuit breaker pole D arranged in series in line l and, in parallel on the terminals of this circuit breaker, an assembly comprising in series a semi-fast circuit breaker d and a plurality of polymer elements of the type described above, connected in series, and referenced P1 to P4.
- the elements are arranged side by side, and in pairs contact by the short side of their insulating surface.
- the elements P1 to P4 are connected in series by metallic connections C1 to C3 which are all on the same side. In the two conductors of the same element, the currents flow in opposite directions.
- All the elements P1 to P4 are rigidly assembled by insulating strips B1, B2.
- the assembly is preferably placed in an insulating enclosure, not shown, filled with a dielectric gas such as nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, and provided with current bushings.
- a limiter for a nominal voltage line at 24 kV will include 20 groups of elements in parallel, each group being made up of twenty polymer elements in series.
- circuit breaker D opens very quickly. The current goes out in the circuit breaker D and drifts in all the elements P1 to P4.
- the current causes very rapid heating (one to two milliseconds for example) of the polymer elements whose ohmic resistance, beyond a certain temperature threshold, for example 110 ° C., increases by a factor of up to 100. This sudden increase in resistance of the group of polymer elements makes it possible to limit the fault current.
- the residual current is cut by the circuit breaker d which opens for example 20 ms after the appearance of the fault.
- Fig. 3 shows how we carry out the paralleling of two groups G1 and G2 of 4 elements P1 to P4 and Q1 to Q4.
- Fig.4 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the currents in the two conductors of each polymer element are in the same direction. For this, the two conductors of an element open respectively out of the matrix at opposite ends.
- Fig.4 shows an assembly of 4 elements P'1, P'2, P'3, P'4 arranged side by side and in contact two by two by the long side of their lateral surface.
- the connections C'1, C'2, C'3 are not on the same side but alternate.
- the references B'1 and B'2 designate insulating assembly strips.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
- Cable Accessories (AREA)
- Push-Button Switches (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un limiteur de courant à polymère à haute tension.The present invention relates to a high voltage polymer current limiter.
Dans la demande de brevet français n° 95 10 662 du 12 septembre 1995, le Demandeur a décrit un limiteur de courant à polymère comprenant au moins un empilement de plusieurs étages d'éléments de résistance linéaire et d'éléments à résistance variable en polymère, caractérisé en ce que chaque étage est constitué par une résistance linéaire en forme de disque autour duquel sont connectés en parallèle les éléments en polymère en forme de pastille, les axes transversaux desdites pastilles étant perpendiculaires à l'axe de l'empilement.In French patent application No. 95 10 662 of September 12, 1995, the Applicant described a polymer current limiter comprising at least one stack of several stages of elements of linear resistance and of elements with variable resistance of polymer, characterized in that each stage is constituted by a linear resistance in the form of a disc around which the polymer elements in the form of a pellet are connected in parallel, the transverse axes of the said pellet being perpendicular to the axis of the stack.
Les éléments en polymère, de faibles dimensions et surtout de faible épaisseur, possèdent des pattes métalliques soudées sur chacune de leur face et dont l'extrémité est soudée à un collecteur.The polymer elements, small in size and especially thin, have metal tabs welded on each of their faces and the end of which is welded to a collector.
Ce dispositif, qui nécessite un grand nombre de soudures ou de liaisons électriques, n'est pas très économique et n'est pas suffisamment robuste.This device, which requires a large number of welds or electrical connections, is not very economical and is not sufficiently robust.
D'autre part, chaque élément présente une capacité propre relativement élevée. Ceci entraîne une capacité importante par étage, d'où il résulte une possibilité de deséquilibrer la répartition de tension entre les étages.On the other hand, each element has a relatively high own capacity. This results in a large capacity per stage, which results in a possibility of unbalancing the voltage distribution between the stages.
Un but de la présente invention est de concevoir un limiteur de courant à polymère ayant une structure robuste, ne nécessitant qu'un très faible nombre de soudure ou de liaisons électriques, et présentant une capacité globale faible.An object of the present invention is to design a polymer current limiter having a robust structure, requiring only a very small number of soldering or electrical connections, and having a low overall capacity.
L'invention a pour objet un limiteur de courant à polymère à haute tension comportant par phase un pôle de disjoncteur rapide, un pôle de disjoncteur de protection semi-rapide et un ensemble d'éléments à base de polymère de très faible résistivité chargé de noir de carbone montés en série et en parallèle, caractérisé en ce que les éléments comportent une matrice en polymère chargé de carbone ayant une forme allongée et comportant à son intérieur deux conducteurs métalliques parallèles.The subject of the invention is a high voltage polymer current limiter comprising, per phase, a fast circuit breaker pole, a semi-fast protection circuit breaker pole and a set of elements based on polymer of very low resistivity loaded with black. of carbon mounted in series and in parallel, characterized in that the elements comprise a matrix of polymer charged with carbon having an elongated shape and having inside it two parallel metallic conductors.
Avantageusement, la matrice a une section oblongue.Advantageously, the matrix has an oblong section.
De préférence, la matrice est entourée d'une gaine en matériau isolant.Preferably, the matrix is surrounded by a sheath of insulating material.
Dans un mode préféré de réalisation, le matériau de la gaine est un polymère fluoré.In a preferred embodiment, the sheath material is a fluoropolymer.
Dans un premier mode d'exécution de l'invention, les deux conducteurs d'un élément débouchent à une même extrémité hors de la matrice et un groupe d'éléments en série est constitué par un assemblage d'éléments disposés côte-à-côte et en contact deux à deux par le petit côté de leur surface latérale, et connectés par des connexions disposées d'un même côté de l'assemblage.In a first embodiment of the invention, the two conductors of an element open out at the same end out of the matrix and a group of elements in series is constituted by an assembly of elements arranged side by side and in contact two by two by the short side of their lateral surface, and connected by connections arranged on the same side of the assembly.
Dans un second mode d'exécution de l'invention, les deux conducteurs d'un élément débouchent hors de la matrice respectivement à des extrémités opposées et qu'un groupe d'éléments en série est constitué par un assemblage d'éléments disposés côte-à-côte et en contact deux à deux par le grand côté de leur surface latérale et connectés par des connexions disposées alternativement de part et d'autre de l'assemblage.In a second embodiment of the invention, the two conductors of an element open out of the matrix respectively at opposite ends and that a group of elements in series is constituted by an assembly of elements arranged side by side. side by side and in pairs contact by the long side of their lateral surface and connected by connections arranged alternately on either side of the assembly.
Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, la résistivité électrique du polymère chargé de noir de carbone est d'environ 1 Ωxcm.According to a characteristic of the invention, the electrical resistivity of the polymer charged with carbon black is approximately 1 Ωxcm.
Préférentiellement, la longueur d'un élément est de l'ordre de 1000 mm.Preferably, the length of an element is of the order of 1000 mm.
Préférentiellement, la distance entre les conducteurs parallèles d'un élément est de l'ordre de 10 mm.Preferably, the distance between the parallel conductors of an element is of the order of 10 mm.
Divers exemples de mise en oeuvre de l'invention sont maintenant décrits en référence au dessin annexé dans lequel:
- la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un élément en polymère utilisé dans le limiteur de l'invention,
- la figure 2 est une vue schématique d'un limiteur selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention,
- la figure 3 montre la mise en parallèles de deux groupes d'éléments de polymère,
- la figure 4 représente un autre agencement d'un groupe de polymère utilisé dans un limiteur selon l'invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a polymer element used in the limiter of the invention,
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a limiter according to a first embodiment of the invention,
- FIG. 3 shows the paralleling of two groups of polymer elements,
- FIG. 4 represents another arrangement of a group of polymers used in a limiter according to the invention.
Dans la Fig. 1, la référence 1 désigne un élément à polymère utilisé dans la réalisation du limiteur de l'invention. Cet élément comprend deux conducteurs parallèles, 2 et 3, de préférence en cuivre étamé, sous forme de tresse ou de tige. Ces conducteurs sont enrobés dans une matrice 4 en polymère (polyéthylène) chargé de noir de carbone; la matrice est protégée par une gaine isolante 5, par exemple en polymère fluoré, assurant une bonne tenue mécanique et diélectrique; la matrice est fermée à ses deux extrémités par des bouchons isolants 6 et 7. Les conducteurs ont, à l'intérieur de la matrice, une longueur L et sont séparés par une distance e. A l'une des extrémités de l'élément, les conducteurs 2 et 3 traversent le bouchon d'extrémité (le bouchon 7 dans la Fig.1).In Fig. 1, reference 1 designates a polymer element used in the production of the limiter of the invention. This element comprises two parallel conductors, 2 and 3, preferably made of tinned copper, in the form of a braid or rod. These conductors are coated in a matrix 4 of polymer (polyethylene) loaded with carbon black; the matrix is protected by an
La résistivité électrique du polymère chargé de noir de carbone est d'environ 1 Ωxcm pour un composé comprenant 50% en poids de polymère et 50% en poids de noir de carbone.The electrical resistivity of the polymer loaded with carbon black is approximately 1 Ωxcm for a compound comprising 50% by weight of polymer and 50% by weight of carbon black.
La matrice a une section de préférence oblongue, ce qui permet de réduire l'encombrement de l'appareil.The matrix has a preferably oblong section, which makes it possible to reduce the size of the device.
A titre d'exemple:
- la distance e entre les deux
conducteurs 2 et 3 est de 10 mm, - le diamètre des conducteurs est de 2 mm,
- la longueur L du conducteur à l'intérieur de la matrice est de 1000 mm,
- l'épaisseur maximale de l'élément est de 5 mm, la résistance électrique d'un élément de polymère est de 50 mΩ.
- the distance e between the two
conductors 2 and 3 is 10 mm, - the diameter of the conductors is 2 mm,
- the length L of the conductor inside the matrix is 1000 mm,
- the maximum element thickness is 5 mm, the electrical resistance of a polymer element is 50 mΩ.
La Fig.2 représente un pôle de limiteur selon l'invention, inséré sur une phase 1 de la ligne à protéger.Fig.2 shows a limiter pole according to the invention, inserted on a phase 1 of the line to be protected.
Le pôle de limiteur comprend un pôle de disjoncteur rapide D disposé en série dans la ligne l et, en parallèle sur les bornes de ce disjoncteur, un ensemble comprenant en série un disjoncteur semi-rapide d et une pluralité d'éléments à polymère du type décrit plus haut, reliés en série , et référencés P1 à P4.The limiter pole comprises a fast circuit breaker pole D arranged in series in line l and, in parallel on the terminals of this circuit breaker, an assembly comprising in series a semi-fast circuit breaker d and a plurality of polymer elements of the type described above, connected in series, and referenced P1 to P4.
Les éléments sont disposés côte-à-côte, et en contact deux à deux par le petit côté de leur surface isolante.The elements are arranged side by side, and in pairs contact by the short side of their insulating surface.
Les mises en série des éléments P1 à P4 sont réalisées par des connexions métalliques C1 à C3 qui se trouvent toutes du même côté. Dans les deux conducteurs d'un même élément, les courants circulent en sens contraires.The elements P1 to P4 are connected in series by metallic connections C1 to C3 which are all on the same side. In the two conductors of the same element, the currents flow in opposite directions.
L'ensemble des éléments P1 à P4 est assemblé rigidement par des bandes isolantes B1, B2. L'ensemble est préférentiellement placé dans une enceinte isolante non représentée, remplie d'un gaz diélectrique tel que l'azote à la pression atmosphérique, et munie de traversées de courant.All the elements P1 to P4 are rigidly assembled by insulating strips B1, B2. The assembly is preferably placed in an insulating enclosure, not shown, filled with a dielectric gas such as nitrogen at atmospheric pressure, and provided with current bushings.
Un limiteur pour une ligne de tension nominale à 24 kV comprendra 20 groupes d'éléments en parallèle, chaque groupe étant formé de vingt éléments de polymère en série.A limiter for a nominal voltage line at 24 kV will include 20 groups of elements in parallel, each group being made up of twenty polymer elements in series.
Le fonctionnement du limiteur est le suivant:
- lorsque la ligne fonctionne normalement, les disjoncteurs D et d sont fermés. La totalité du courant nominal traverse le disjoncteur D en raison de la grande valeur de la résistance de l'ensemble des éléments de polymère vis-à-vis de la valeur de la résistance de contact entre les contacts du disjoncteur.
- when the line is operating normally, circuit breakers D and d are closed. The entire nominal current flows through the circuit breaker D due to the large value of the resistance of all the polymer elements vis-à-vis the value of the contact resistance between the contacts of the circuit breaker.
Si un défaut survient, le disjoncteur D s'ouvre très rapidement. Le courant s'éteint dans le disjoncteur D et dérive dans l'ensemble des éléments P1 à P4.If a fault occurs, circuit breaker D opens very quickly. The current goes out in the circuit breaker D and drifts in all the elements P1 to P4.
Le courant entraîne un échauffement très rapide (une à deux millisecondes par exemple) des éléments de polymère dont la résistance ohmique, au-delà d'un certain seuil de température, par exemple 110 °C, croît d'un facteur pouvant atteindre 100. Cette brusque augmentation de la résistance du groupe d'éléments de polymère permet de limiter le courant de défaut.The current causes very rapid heating (one to two milliseconds for example) of the polymer elements whose ohmic resistance, beyond a certain temperature threshold, for example 110 ° C., increases by a factor of up to 100. This sudden increase in resistance of the group of polymer elements makes it possible to limit the fault current.
Le courant résiduel est coupé par le disjoncteur d qui s'ouvre par exemple 20 ms après l'apparition du défaut.The residual current is cut by the circuit breaker d which opens for example 20 ms after the appearance of the fault.
La Fig. 3 montre comment on réalise la mise en parallèle de deux groupes G1 et G2 de 4 éléments P1 à P4 et Q1 à Q4.Fig. 3 shows how we carry out the paralleling of two groups G1 and G2 of 4 elements P1 to P4 and Q1 to Q4.
La Fig.4 illustre une variante de réalisation dans laquelle les courants dans les deux conducteurs de chaque élément de polymère sont de même sens. Pour cela, les deux conducteurs d'un élément débouchent respectivement hors de la matrice à des extrémités opposées. La Fig.4 montre un assemblage de 4 éléments P'1, P'2, P'3, P'4 disposés côte-à-côte et en contact deux à deux par le grand côté de leur surface latérale. Les connexions C'1, C'2, C'3 ne sont pas d'un même côté mais alternées. Les références B'1 et B'2 désignent des bandes isolantes d'assemblage.Fig.4 illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the currents in the two conductors of each polymer element are in the same direction. For this, the two conductors of an element open respectively out of the matrix at opposite ends. Fig.4 shows an assembly of 4 elements P'1, P'2, P'3, P'4 arranged side by side and in contact two by two by the long side of their lateral surface. The connections C'1, C'2, C'3 are not on the same side but alternate. The references B'1 and B'2 designate insulating assembly strips.
Claims (9)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9605304 | 1996-04-26 | ||
FR9605304A FR2748166B1 (en) | 1996-04-26 | 1996-04-26 | HIGH VOLTAGE POLYMER CURRENT LIMITER |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0803881A1 true EP0803881A1 (en) | 1997-10-29 |
EP0803881B1 EP0803881B1 (en) | 1999-08-25 |
Family
ID=9491631
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97400880A Expired - Lifetime EP0803881B1 (en) | 1996-04-26 | 1997-04-21 | Polymer based high tension current limiter |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5977862A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0803881B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE183849T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69700445T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2135970T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2748166B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102005008313A1 (en) * | 2005-02-17 | 2006-08-24 | Siemens Ag | Switching resistor for an electrical switching device |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4352083A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1982-09-28 | Raychem Corporation | Circuit protection devices |
FR2506067A1 (en) * | 1981-05-15 | 1982-11-19 | Alsthom Atlantique | High voltage circuit breaker - where main switch has by=pass circuit contg. rows of resistors employed to quench arc when switch is opened |
US4400614A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1983-08-23 | Raychem Corporation | PTC Devices and their preparation |
US4560524A (en) * | 1983-04-15 | 1985-12-24 | Smuckler Jack H | Method of manufacturing a positive temperature coefficient resistive heating element |
EP0461864A1 (en) * | 1990-06-15 | 1991-12-18 | Daito Communication Apparatus Co. Ltd. | Self-resetting overcurrent protection element |
Family Cites Families (18)
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US649388A (en) * | 1899-06-08 | 1900-05-08 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Lightning-arrester. |
US2769071A (en) * | 1953-04-10 | 1956-10-30 | Frank L Ward | Bridge balancing devices |
US2988722A (en) * | 1960-08-16 | 1961-06-13 | Allen Bradley Co | High voltage resistor |
US3213402A (en) * | 1961-03-28 | 1965-10-19 | Tassara Luigi | Encapsulated high precision resistor |
US3249810A (en) * | 1962-11-20 | 1966-05-03 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Circuit interrupting apparatus |
US3340382A (en) * | 1965-05-03 | 1967-09-05 | Arc O Vec Inc | Multi-cell electrical heater |
US3543002A (en) * | 1968-02-20 | 1970-11-24 | Milletron Inc | Quartz heater pack |
CH559447A5 (en) * | 1973-05-21 | 1975-02-28 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
US4876440A (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1989-10-24 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
US4475138A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1984-10-02 | Raychem Corporation | Circuit protection devices comprising PTC element |
US4859836A (en) * | 1983-10-07 | 1989-08-22 | Raychem Corporation | Melt-shapeable fluoropolymer compositions |
US4780598A (en) * | 1984-07-10 | 1988-10-25 | Raychem Corporation | Composite circuit protection devices |
US4884163A (en) * | 1985-03-14 | 1989-11-28 | Raychem Corporation | Conductive polymer devices |
CA1267675A (en) * | 1985-04-19 | 1990-04-10 | Erwin Karl Ernst Stanzel | Sheet heater |
US4967176A (en) * | 1988-07-15 | 1990-10-30 | Raychem Corporation | Assemblies of PTC circuit protection devices |
US5247277A (en) * | 1990-02-14 | 1993-09-21 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices |
US5379022A (en) * | 1993-05-03 | 1995-01-03 | Fluke Corporation | Thermistor device with extended operating range |
US5737160A (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1998-04-07 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical switches comprising arrangement of mechanical switches and PCT device |
-
1996
- 1996-04-26 FR FR9605304A patent/FR2748166B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-04-21 ES ES97400880T patent/ES2135970T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-21 DE DE69700445T patent/DE69700445T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-21 AT AT97400880T patent/ATE183849T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-04-21 EP EP97400880A patent/EP0803881B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-04-25 US US08/840,621 patent/US5977862A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4352083A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1982-09-28 | Raychem Corporation | Circuit protection devices |
US4400614A (en) * | 1980-05-19 | 1983-08-23 | Raychem Corporation | PTC Devices and their preparation |
FR2506067A1 (en) * | 1981-05-15 | 1982-11-19 | Alsthom Atlantique | High voltage circuit breaker - where main switch has by=pass circuit contg. rows of resistors employed to quench arc when switch is opened |
US4560524A (en) * | 1983-04-15 | 1985-12-24 | Smuckler Jack H | Method of manufacturing a positive temperature coefficient resistive heating element |
EP0461864A1 (en) * | 1990-06-15 | 1991-12-18 | Daito Communication Apparatus Co. Ltd. | Self-resetting overcurrent protection element |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE183849T1 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
DE69700445D1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
ES2135970T3 (en) | 1999-11-01 |
DE69700445T2 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
FR2748166B1 (en) | 1998-06-05 |
EP0803881B1 (en) | 1999-08-25 |
US5977862A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
FR2748166A1 (en) | 1997-10-31 |
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