EP0787812A1 - Steel for the manufacture of forgings and process for manufacturing said forgings - Google Patents

Steel for the manufacture of forgings and process for manufacturing said forgings Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0787812A1
EP0787812A1 EP97400025A EP97400025A EP0787812A1 EP 0787812 A1 EP0787812 A1 EP 0787812A1 EP 97400025 A EP97400025 A EP 97400025A EP 97400025 A EP97400025 A EP 97400025A EP 0787812 A1 EP0787812 A1 EP 0787812A1
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Prior art keywords
optionally
steel
temperature
process according
possibly
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EP97400025A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0787812B1 (en
Inventor
Jacques Bellus
Pierre Jolly
Claude Pichard
Vincent Jacot
Christian Tomme
Daniel Robat
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Ascometal SA
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Ascometal SA
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Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/02Hardening articles or materials formed by forging or rolling, with no further heating beyond that required for the formation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C21D1/19Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
    • C21D1/20Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/002Bainite

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the manufacture of forgings with high characteristics, made of steel.
  • the parts are made of a steel of the chromium-molybdenum type, the chemical composition of which comprises, by weight, from 0.25% to 0.45% of carbon, approximately 1% of chromium and approximately 0, 25% molybdenum.
  • the parts are forged and then subjected to a quenching and tempering heat treatment intended to give them a tempered martensitic structure in order to obtain in particular a tensile strength Rm of the order of 1000 MPa.
  • This technique has the disadvantage of being costly and sometimes of causing distortions in the geometry of the parts.
  • the forgings can also be made of steel containing less carbon than in the previous case, and be soaked in water in the hot forging to give them a bainitic or bainito-martensitic structure.
  • This technique makes it possible to obtain a tensile strength Rm greater than 1000 MPa and an elastic limit Rp 0.2 greater than 800 MPa, but it has the drawback of requiring water quenching which, sometimes generates geometrical deformations imposing the need for a straightening operation or which can even be prohibitive.
  • Some parts finally, are made of steel containing between 0.3% and 0.4% carbon and between 1.9% and 2.5% manganese. They are air-cooled after forging so as to present a bainitic structure with high mechanical characteristics. However, these parts often have segregated bands with martensitic structure making machining difficult.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a steel and a method for the manufacture of forgings with high characteristics which remedy these drawbacks.
  • the carbon content is less than or equal to 0.3%, preferably also, the manganese content is less than 1.6%.
  • the silicon content may preferably be either greater than 1.2% or less than 0.8%.
  • the cooling rate Vr is greater than 2 ° C / s.
  • the part After maintaining between Tm and Tf, the part can be cooled to room temperature and, optionally, be subjected to tempering between 150 ° C and 650 ° C.
  • the part After holding between Tm and Tf, the part can also be reheated to a temperature below 650 ° C, then cooled to room temperature.
  • the heat treatment can be carried out either after heating the part to a temperature above AC 3 , or directly after forging.
  • a piece of steel is supplied according to the invention and it is hot forged after having heated it to a temperature above AC 3, preferably above 1150 ° C., and better still, between 1200 ° C and 1280 ° C, so as to have given it an entirely austenitic structure and a sufficiently low flow stress.
  • the part is subjected to a heat treatment which can be carried out either directly in the hot forging, or after cooling of the part and reheating above the temperature AC 3 of the steel.
  • the heat treatment comprises cooling at a cooling rate Vr measured at the passage at 700 ° C greater than 0.5 ° C / s, and preferably greater than 2 ° C / s, to a temperature Tm between Ms + 100 ° C and Ms-20 ° C, Ms being the temperature at the start of martensitic transformation of the steel.
  • This cooling is followed by holding for a time greater than 2 min between the temperature Tm and a temperature Tf ⁇ Tm-100 ° C, and preferably Tf ⁇ Tm-60 ° C. Maintaining is followed either by cooling to ambient temperature possibly supplemented by tempering between 150 ° C and 650 ° C, or by reheating to a temperature less than or equal to 650 ° C before cooling to at room temperature.
  • the purpose of this heat treatment is to give the part an essentially bainitic structure comprising less than 20% of ferrite and at least 15%, and preferably at least 30%, of lower bainite formed between Tm and Tf. he can be carried out on the whole part or simply on a part having a particular functionality.
  • Tm, Tf, duration The conditions of maintenance (Tm, Tf, duration), as well as the proportions of each of the structures, and in particular the proportion of lower bainite, can be determined, in a manner known to those skilled in the art, using measurements. dilatometric on test bars.
  • the parts thus obtained have the advantage of having a tensile strength Rm of between 950 MPa and 1150 MPa, an elastic limit Rp 0.2 greater than 750 MPa, a Mesnager K resilience greater than 25 Joules / Cm 2 to 20 ° C, machinability at least equal to that of parts having a ferrito-pearlitic structure and good fatigue strength: ⁇ D / Rm> 0.5 in rotary bending at 2x10 6 cycles.
  • an axle was manufactured with a steel whose chemical composition included, in% by weight: VS Yes Mn Or Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0.25 0.5 1.67 0.09 0.52 - 0.199 0.2 0.03 - 0.02 - this steel also contained 0.065% S to improve machinability. Its Ms temperature was 380 ° C.
  • the part was hot forged between 1280 ° C and 1050 ° C. Directly after forging, the part was cooled with blown air at the speed of 2.6 ° C / s to the temperature of 425 ° C, then kept between 425 ° C and 400 ° C for 10 min; finally, the part was cooled to room temperature by natural air cooling.
  • a rocket was made with a steel whose chemical composition included, in% by weight: VS Yes Mn Or Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0.25 0.5 1.63 0.006 0.51 0.09 0.196 0.107 0.038 0.003 0.023 - this steel also contained 0.05% S to improve machinability. Its Ms temperature was 385 ° C.
  • the part was hot forged between 1270 ° C and 1040 ° C. Directly after forging, the part was cooled with blown air at a speed of 2.6 ° C / s to a temperature of 400 ° C, then kept between 400 ° C and 380 ° C for 10 minutes; the the part was then brought to the temperature of 550 ° C. for 1 hour, then it was cooled to ambient temperature by natural air cooling.
  • a ball joint was made with a steel whose chemical composition included, in% by weight: VS Yes Mn Or Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0.28 0.79 1.63 0.05 0.5 0.09 0.19 - 0.04 0.0033 0.023 - this steel also contained 0.06% S to improve machinability. Its Ms temperature was 350 ° C.
  • the part was hot forged between 1270 ° C and 1060 ° C. Directly after forging, the part was cooled in still air at the speed of 1.19 ° C / s to the temperature of 380 ° C, then kept between 380 ° C and 360 ° C for 10 min; finally, the part was cooled to room temperature by natural air cooling.
  • the parts thus obtained can be in particular parts for the automobile such as suspension wishbones, transmission shafts, connecting rods, but they can also be shafts, cams or any other forged part for various machines.

Abstract

Steel for forging comprises by weight 0.1-0.4% carbon, 1-1.8% manganese, 0.15-1.7% silicon and up to 1% nickel, 1.2% chromium, 0.3% molybdenum, 0.3% vanadium and 0.35% copper. Optional ingredients are 0.005-0.06% aluminium, 0.0005-0.01% boron, 0.005-0.03% titanium, 0.005-0.06% niobium, 0.005-0.1% sulphur and up to 0.006% calcium,, 0.03% tellurium, 0.05% selenium, 0.05% bismuth and 0.1% lead, the remainder being iron and impurities. Also claimed is hot-forging a component from an ingot of the steel followed by heat treatment to produce a structure comprising at least 15% bainite and at least 20% ferrite perlite.

Description

La présente invention est relative à la fabrication de pièces forgées à hautes caractéristiques, en acier.The present invention relates to the manufacture of forgings with high characteristics, made of steel.

Les pièces forgées à hautes caractéristiques, en acier, et notamment les pièces forgées à hautes caractéristiques pour l'automobile, sont fabriquées selon différentes techniques qui présentent chacune des inconvénients.Steel forgings with high characteristics, and in particular forgings with high characteristics for the automobile, are manufactured according to different techniques which each have drawbacks.

Selon une première technique, les pièces sont constituées d'un acier du type chrome-molybdène, dont la composition chimique comprend, en poids, de 0,25 % à 0,45 % de carbone, environ 1 % de chrome et environ 0,25 % de molybdène. Les pièces sont forgées puis soumises à un traitement thermique de trempe et de revenu destiné à leur conférer une structure martensitique revenue pour obtenir notamment une résistance à la traction Rm de l'ordre de 1000 MPa. Cette technique présente l'inconvénient d'être coûteuse et d'engendrer parfois des déformations de la géométrie des pièces.According to a first technique, the parts are made of a steel of the chromium-molybdenum type, the chemical composition of which comprises, by weight, from 0.25% to 0.45% of carbon, approximately 1% of chromium and approximately 0, 25% molybdenum. The parts are forged and then subjected to a quenching and tempering heat treatment intended to give them a tempered martensitic structure in order to obtain in particular a tensile strength Rm of the order of 1000 MPa. This technique has the disadvantage of being costly and sometimes of causing distortions in the geometry of the parts.

Selon une autre technique, les pièces sont constituées d'un acier contenant de 0,3% à 0,4% de carbone, de 1% à 1,7% de manganèse, de 0,25% à 1% de silicium et jusqu'à 0,1% de vanadium. Après forgeage, les pièces sont refroidies lentement pour leur conférer une structure ferrito-perlitique. Cette technique moins coûteuse que la précédente a cependant plusieurs inconvénients:

  • il n'est pas possible d'obtenir une résistance à la traction Rm supérieure à 1000 MPa,
  • le rapport limite d'élasticité sur résistance à la traction Rp0,2/Rm est inférieur à 0,75 ce qui limite les possibilités d'allégement des pièces lorsque celles-ci sont dimensionnées en particulier par référence à la limite d'élasticité,
  • la température de transition de la résilience est supérieure à 50°C ce qui conduit à une résistance aux chocs faible,
  • il est parfois nécessaire d'adapter les installations de fabrication en ajoutant des tunnels de refroidissement pour obtenir un refroidissement adapté après forgeage.
According to another technique, the parts are made of steel containing from 0.3% to 0.4% of carbon, from 1% to 1.7% of manganese, from 0.25% to 1% of silicon and up to '' 0.1% vanadium. After forging, the pieces are cooled slowly to give them a ferrito-pearlitic structure. This less expensive technique than the previous one has several drawbacks:
  • it is not possible to obtain a tensile strength Rm greater than 1000 MPa,
  • the elasticity limit to tensile strength ratio Rp 0.2 / Rm is less than 0.75, which limits the possibilities of lightening the parts when they are dimensioned in particular by reference to the elasticity limit,
  • the resilience transition temperature is greater than 50 ° C., which leads to low impact resistance,
  • it is sometimes necessary to adapt the manufacturing facilities by adding cooling tunnels to obtain suitable cooling after forging.

Les pièces forgée peuvent également être constituées d'un acier contenant moins de carbone que dans le cas précédant, et être trempées à l'eau dans la chaude de forgeage pour leur conférer une structure bainitique ou bainito-martensitique. Cette technique permet d'obtenir une résistance à la traction Rm supérieure à 1000 MPa et une limite d'élasticité Rp0,2 supérieure à 800 MPa, mais elle présente l'inconvénient d'exiger une trempe à l'eau qui, parfois, engendre des déformations géométriques imposant la nécessité d'une opération de redressage ou qui peuvent, même, être rédhibitoires.The forgings can also be made of steel containing less carbon than in the previous case, and be soaked in water in the hot forging to give them a bainitic or bainito-martensitic structure. This technique makes it possible to obtain a tensile strength Rm greater than 1000 MPa and an elastic limit Rp 0.2 greater than 800 MPa, but it has the drawback of requiring water quenching which, sometimes generates geometrical deformations imposing the need for a straightening operation or which can even be prohibitive.

Certaines pièces, enfin, sont constituées d'un acier contenant entre 0,3% et 0,4% de carbone et entre 1,9% et 2,5% de manganèse. Elles sont refroidies à l'air après forgeage de façon à présenter une structure bainitique à caractéristiques mécaniques élevées. Mais, ces pièces comportent souvent des bandes ségrégées à structure martensitique rendant l'usinage difficile.Some parts, finally, are made of steel containing between 0.3% and 0.4% carbon and between 1.9% and 2.5% manganese. They are air-cooled after forging so as to present a bainitic structure with high mechanical characteristics. However, these parts often have segregated bands with martensitic structure making machining difficult.

Le but de la présente invention est de proposer un acier et un procédé pour la fabrication de pièces forgées à hautes caractéristiques qui remédient à ces inconvénients.The object of the present invention is to provide a steel and a method for the manufacture of forgings with high characteristics which remedy these drawbacks.

A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un acier pour la fabrication de pièces forgées dont la composition chimique comprend, en poids: 0,1% ≤ C ≤ 0,4%

Figure imgb0001
1% ≤ Mn ≤ 1,8%
Figure imgb0002
0,15% ≤ Si ≤ 1,7%
Figure imgb0003
0% ≤ Ni ≤ 1%
Figure imgb0004
0% ≤ Cr ≤ 1,2%
Figure imgb0005
0% ≤ Mo ≤ 0,3%
Figure imgb0006
0% ≤ V ≤ 0,3%
Figure imgb0007
Cu ≤ 0,35%
Figure imgb0008

  • éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,06% d'aluminium,
  • éventuellement du bore en des teneurs comprises entre 0,0005% et 0,01%,
  • éventuellement entre 0,005% et 0,03% de titane,
  • éventuellement entre 0,005% et 0,06% de niobium,
  • éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,1% de soufre, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,006% de calcium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,03% de tellure, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de sélénium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de bismuth, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,1% de plomb,
    le reste étant du fer et des impuretés résultant de l'élaboration.
To this end, the subject of the invention is a steel for the manufacture of forgings, the chemical composition of which comprises, by weight: 0.1% ≤ C ≤ 0.4%
Figure imgb0001
1% ≤ Mn ≤ 1.8%
Figure imgb0002
0.15% ≤ If ≤ 1.7%
Figure imgb0003
0% ≤ Ni ≤ 1%
Figure imgb0004
0% ≤ Cr ≤ 1.2%
Figure imgb0005
0% ≤ Mo ≤ 0.3%
Figure imgb0006
0% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%
Figure imgb0007
Cu ≤ 0.35%
Figure imgb0008
  • optionally from 0.005% to 0.06% aluminum,
  • optionally boron in contents of between 0.0005% and 0.01%,
  • optionally between 0.005% and 0.03% of titanium,
  • optionally between 0.005% and 0.06% niobium,
  • optionally from 0.005% to 0.1% sulfur, optionally up to 0.006% calcium, optionally up to 0.03% tellurium, optionally up to 0.05% selenium, optionally up to 0.05 % bismuth, possibly up to 0.1% lead,
    the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from processing.

De préférence, la teneur en carbone est inférieure ou égale à 0,3%, de préférence également, la teneur en manganèse est inférieure à 1,6%. Selon la nature des applications envisagées, la teneur en silicium peut être, de préférence, soit supérieure à 1,2% soit inférieure à 0,8%.Preferably, the carbon content is less than or equal to 0.3%, preferably also, the manganese content is less than 1.6%. Depending on the nature of the applications envisaged, the silicon content may preferably be either greater than 1.2% or less than 0.8%.

L'invention concerne également un procédé pour la fabrication d'une pièce forgée selon lequel:

  • on approvisionne un lopin en un acier selon l'invention et on le forge à chaud pour obtenir une pièce,
  • on soumet la pièce à un traitement thermique comportant un refroidissement depuis une température à la quelle l'acier est entièrement austénitique jusqu'à une température Tm comprise entre Ms+100°C et Ms-20°C à une vitesse de refroidissement Vr supérieure à 0,5°C/s, suivi d'un maintien de la pièce entre Tm et Tf, avec Tf ≥ Tm-100°C, et de préférence Tf ≥ Tm-60°C, pendant au moins 2 minutes de façon à obtenir une structure comportant au moins 15%, et de préférence, au moins 30% de bainite formée entre Tm et Tf.
The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a forged part according to which:
  • a piece of steel is supplied according to the invention and it is hot forged to obtain a part,
  • the part is subjected to a heat treatment comprising cooling from a temperature at which the steel is entirely austenitic up to a temperature Tm of between Ms + 100 ° C and Ms-20 ° C at a cooling rate Vr greater than 0.5 ° C / s, followed by holding the part between Tm and Tf, with Tf ≥ Tm-100 ° C, and preferably Tf ≥ Tm-60 ° C, for at least 2 minutes so as to obtain a structure comprising at least 15%, and preferably, at least 30% of bainite formed between Tm and Tf.

De préférence, la vitesse de refroidissement Vr est supérieure à 2°C/s.Preferably, the cooling rate Vr is greater than 2 ° C / s.

Après le maintien entre Tm et Tf, la pièce peut être refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante et, éventuellement, être soumise à .un revenu entre 150°C et 650°C.After maintaining between Tm and Tf, the part can be cooled to room temperature and, optionally, be subjected to tempering between 150 ° C and 650 ° C.

Après le maintien entre Tm et Tf, la pièce peut, également, être réchauffée à une température inférieure à 650°C, puis refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante.After holding between Tm and Tf, the part can also be reheated to a temperature below 650 ° C, then cooled to room temperature.

Le traitement thermique peut être effectué soit après un chauffage de la pièce à une température supérieure à AC3, soit directement après forgeage.The heat treatment can be carried out either after heating the part to a temperature above AC 3 , or directly after forging.

L'invention va maintenant être décrite de façon plus précise, mais non limitative et illustrée par les exemples qui suivent.The invention will now be described in more detail, but without limitation, and illustrated by the examples which follow.

La composition chimique de l'acier selon l'invention comprend, en poids:

  • plus de 0,1% de carbone, et de préférence plus de 0,15%, pour obtenir une dureté suffisante, mais, moins de 0,4%, et de préférence moins de 0,3 %, afin de limiter la résistance à la traction Rm à 1200 MPa;
  • plus de 1% de manganèse pour obtenir une trempabilité suffisante, mais moins de 1,8%, et de préférence moins de 1,6 % pour éviter la formation de bandes ségrégées;
  • plus de 0,15% de silicium pour durcir la ferrite et, éventuellement, pour favoriser la formation d'austénite résiduelle ce qui améliore la limite d'endurance en fatigue, mais moins de 1,7%, car, au delà, le silicium fragilise l'acier; entre 0,15 % et 0,8% le silicium durcit la ferrite sans favoriser la formation d'austénite résiduelle; entre 1,2 % et 1,7 % le silicium favorise suffisamment la formation d'austénite résiduelle pour améliorer la limite d'endurance en fatigue; selon les applications, la teneur en silicium peut être choisie dans l'une ou l'autre de ces plages;
  • de 0% à 1% de nickel, de 0% à 1,2% de chrome et de 0% à 0,3% de molybdène pour ajuster la trempabilité;
  • éventuellement du titane en des teneurs comprises entre 0,005% et 0,03%;
  • éventuellement du niobium en des teneurs comprises entre 0,005% et 0,06%;
  • éventuellement du bore en des teneurs comprises entre 0,0005 % et 0,01% pour compléter l'effet des élément précédents sur la trempabilité; dans ce cas, il est préférable que l'acier contienne du titane pour renforcer l'effet du bore;
  • de 0% à 0,3% de vanadium pour obtenir un durcissement complémentaire et améliorer la trempabilité;
  • moins de 0,35% de cuivre, élément résiduel présent fréquemment dans l'acier élaboré à partir de ferrailles, mais qui, en trop grande quantité, a l'inconvénient de détériorer la forgeabilité;
  • éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,06% d'aluminium pour assurer la désoxydation de l'acier et pour contrôler le grossissement du grain austénitique, notamment lorsque la teneur en silicium est inférieure à 0,5 %;
  • éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,1% de soufre, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,006% de calcium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,03% de tellure, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de sélénium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de bismuth, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,1% de plomb, pour améliorer l'usinabilité;
    le reste étant du fer et des impuretés résultant de l'élaboration.
The chemical composition of the steel according to the invention comprises, by weight:
  • more than 0.1% carbon, and preferably more than 0.15%, to obtain sufficient hardness, but less than 0.4%, and preferably less than 0.3%, in order to limit the resistance to the traction Rm at 1200 MPa;
  • more than 1% of manganese to obtain sufficient quenchability, but less than 1.8%, and preferably less than 1.6% to avoid the formation of segregated bands;
  • more than 0.15% of silicon to harden the ferrite and, possibly, to favor the formation of residual austenite which improves the limit of endurance in fatigue, but less than 1.7%, because, beyond, silicon weakens steel; between 0.15% and 0.8% the silicon hardens the ferrite without promoting the formation of residual austenite; between 1.2% and 1.7% silicon sufficiently promotes the formation of residual austenite to improve the fatigue endurance limit; depending on the applications, the silicon content can be chosen from one or other of these ranges;
  • from 0% to 1% nickel, from 0% to 1.2% chromium and from 0% to 0.3% molybdenum to adjust the hardenability;
  • optionally titanium in contents of between 0.005% and 0.03%;
  • optionally niobium in contents of between 0.005% and 0.06%;
  • optionally boron in contents of between 0.0005% and 0.01% to complete the effect of the preceding elements on the quenchability; in this case, it is preferable that the steel contains titanium to enhance the effect of boron;
  • from 0% to 0.3% vanadium to obtain additional hardening and improve the hardenability;
  • less than 0.35% copper, a residual element frequently present in steel produced from scrap, but which, in too large a quantity, has the disadvantage of deteriorating the forgeability;
  • optionally from 0.005% to 0.06% of aluminum to ensure the deoxidation of the steel and to control the magnification of the austenitic grain, in particular when the silicon content is less than 0.5%;
  • optionally from 0.005% to 0.1% sulfur, optionally up to 0.006% calcium, optionally up to 0.03% tellurium, optionally up to 0.05% selenium, optionally up to 0.05 % bismuth, possibly up to 0.1% lead, to improve machinability;
    the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from processing.

Pour fabriquer une pièce forgée, on approvisionne un lopin en acier selon l'invention et on le forge à chaud après l'avoir chauffé à une température supérieure à AC3, de préférence supérieure à 1150 °C, et mieux encore, comprise entre 1200°C et 1280 °C, de façon à lui avoir conféré une structure entièrement austénitique et une contrainte d'écoulement suffisamment faible. Après forgeage, on soumet la pièce à un traitement thermique qui peut être effectué soit directement dans la chaude de forgeage, soit après refroidissement de la pièce et réchauffage au dessus de la température AC3 de l'acier.To manufacture a forged part, a piece of steel is supplied according to the invention and it is hot forged after having heated it to a temperature above AC 3, preferably above 1150 ° C., and better still, between 1200 ° C and 1280 ° C, so as to have given it an entirely austenitic structure and a sufficiently low flow stress. After forging, the part is subjected to a heat treatment which can be carried out either directly in the hot forging, or after cooling of the part and reheating above the temperature AC 3 of the steel.

Le traitement thermique comporte un refroidissement à une vitesse de refroidissement Vr mesurée au passage à 700 °C supérieure à 0,5°C/s, et de préférence supérieure à 2 °C/s, jusqu'à une température Tm comprise entre Ms+100°C et Ms-20°C, Ms étant la température de début de transformation martensitique de l'acier. Ce refroidissement est suivi par un maintien pendant un temps supérieur à 2 mn entre la température Tm et une température Tf ≥ Tm-100°C, et de préférence Tf ≥ Tm-60°C. Le maintien est suivi soit d'un refroidissement jusqu'à la température ambiante éventuellement complété par un revenu entre 150 °C et 650 °C, soit d'un réchauffage jusqu'à une température inférieure ou égale à 650°C avant refroidissement jusqu'à la température ambiante.The heat treatment comprises cooling at a cooling rate Vr measured at the passage at 700 ° C greater than 0.5 ° C / s, and preferably greater than 2 ° C / s, to a temperature Tm between Ms + 100 ° C and Ms-20 ° C, Ms being the temperature at the start of martensitic transformation of the steel. This cooling is followed by holding for a time greater than 2 min between the temperature Tm and a temperature Tf ≥ Tm-100 ° C, and preferably Tf ≥ Tm-60 ° C. Maintaining is followed either by cooling to ambient temperature possibly supplemented by tempering between 150 ° C and 650 ° C, or by reheating to a temperature less than or equal to 650 ° C before cooling to at room temperature.

Ce traitement thermique a pour but de conférer à la pièce une structure essentiellement bainitique comportant moins de 20% de ferrite et au moins 15%, et de préférence au moins 30 %, de bainite inférieure formée entre Tm et Tf. Il peut être effectué sur toute la pièce ou simplement sur une partie ayant une fonctionnalité particulière.The purpose of this heat treatment is to give the part an essentially bainitic structure comprising less than 20% of ferrite and at least 15%, and preferably at least 30%, of lower bainite formed between Tm and Tf. he can be carried out on the whole part or simply on a part having a particular functionality.

Les conditions du maintien (Tm, Tf, durée), ainsi que les proportions de chacune des structures, et en particulier la proportion de bainite inférieure, peuvent être déterminées, de façon connue par l'Homme du Métier, à l'aide de mesures dilatométriques sur des barreaux d'essai.The conditions of maintenance (Tm, Tf, duration), as well as the proportions of each of the structures, and in particular the proportion of lower bainite, can be determined, in a manner known to those skilled in the art, using measurements. dilatometric on test bars.

Les pièces ainsi obtenues ont l'avantage d'avoir une résistance à la traction Rm comprise entre 950 MPa et 1150 MPa, une limite d'élasticité Rp0.2 supérieure à 750 MPa, une résilience Mesnager K supérieure à 25 Joules/Cm2 à 20°C, une usinabilité au moins égale à celle des pièces ayant une structure ferrito-perlitique et une bonne tenue en fatigue : σD / Rm > 0,5 en flexion rotative à 2x106 cycles.The parts thus obtained have the advantage of having a tensile strength Rm of between 950 MPa and 1150 MPa, an elastic limit Rp 0.2 greater than 750 MPa, a Mesnager K resilience greater than 25 Joules / Cm 2 to 20 ° C, machinability at least equal to that of parts having a ferrito-pearlitic structure and good fatigue strength: σ D / Rm> 0.5 in rotary bending at 2x10 6 cycles.

A titre de premier exemple, on a fabriqué un axe avec un acier dont la composition chimique comportait, en % en poids: C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0,25 0,5 1,67 0,09 0,52 - 0,199 0,2 0,03 - 0,02 - cet acier contenait, en outre, 0,065 % de S pour améliorer l'usinabilité. Sa température Ms était de 380°C.As a first example, an axle was manufactured with a steel whose chemical composition included, in% by weight: VS Yes Mn Or Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0.25 0.5 1.67 0.09 0.52 - 0.199 0.2 0.03 - 0.02 - this steel also contained 0.065% S to improve machinability. Its Ms temperature was 380 ° C.

La pièce a été forgée à chaud entre 1280°C et 1050°C. Directement après forgeage, la pièce a été refroidie à l'air soufflé à la vitesse de 2,6°C/s jusqu'à la température de 425°C, puis maintenue entre 425°C et 400°C pendant 10 mn; enfin, la pièce a été refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante par refroidissement naturel à l'air.The part was hot forged between 1280 ° C and 1050 ° C. Directly after forging, the part was cooled with blown air at the speed of 2.6 ° C / s to the temperature of 425 ° C, then kept between 425 ° C and 400 ° C for 10 min; finally, the part was cooled to room temperature by natural air cooling.

La pièce ainsi obtenue avait une structure comportant au moins 80% de bainite. Ses caractéristiques étaient: Rm = 1100 MPa

Figure imgb0009
Rp 0,2 = 870 MPa
Figure imgb0010
A% = 10%
Figure imgb0011
Z = 60%
Figure imgb0012
The part thus obtained had a structure comprising at least 80% of bainite. Its characteristics were: Rm = 1100 MPa
Figure imgb0009
Rp 0.2 = 870 MPa
Figure imgb0010
A% = 10%
Figure imgb0011
Z = 60%
Figure imgb0012

A titre de deuxième exemple, on a fabriqué une fusée avec un acier dont la composition chimique comportait, en % en poids: C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0,25 0,5 1,63 0,006 0,51 0,09 0,196 0,107 0,038 0,003 0,023 - cet acier contenait, en outre, 0,05% de S pour améliorer l'usinabilité. Sa température Ms était de 385°C.As a second example, a rocket was made with a steel whose chemical composition included, in% by weight: VS Yes Mn Or Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0.25 0.5 1.63 0.006 0.51 0.09 0.196 0.107 0.038 0.003 0.023 - this steel also contained 0.05% S to improve machinability. Its Ms temperature was 385 ° C.

La pièce a été forgée à chaud entre 1270°C et 1040°C. Directement après forgeage, la pièce a été refroidie à l'air soufflé à la vitesse de 2,6°C/s jusqu'à la température de 400°C, puis maintenue entre 400°C et 380°C pendant 10 mn; la pièce a alors été portée à la température de 550°C pendant 1 heure, puis elle a été refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante par refroidissement naturel à l'air.The part was hot forged between 1270 ° C and 1040 ° C. Directly after forging, the part was cooled with blown air at a speed of 2.6 ° C / s to a temperature of 400 ° C, then kept between 400 ° C and 380 ° C for 10 minutes; the the part was then brought to the temperature of 550 ° C. for 1 hour, then it was cooled to ambient temperature by natural air cooling.

La pièce ainsi obtenue avait une structure comportant au moins 80% de bainite. Ses caractéristiques étaient: Rm = 967 MPa

Figure imgb0013
Rp 0,2 = 822 MPa
Figure imgb0014
A% = 12%
Figure imgb0015
Z = 60%
Figure imgb0016
The part thus obtained had a structure comprising at least 80% of bainite. Its characteristics were: Rm = 967 MPa
Figure imgb0013
Rp 0.2 = 822 MPa
Figure imgb0014
A% = 12%
Figure imgb0015
Z = 60%
Figure imgb0016

A titre de troisième exemple, on a fabriqué une rotule avec un acier dont la composition chimique comportait, en % en poids: C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0,28 0,79 1,63 0,05 0,5 0,09 0,19 - 0,04 0,0033 0,023 - cet acier contenait, en outre, 0,06% de S pour améliorer l'usinabilité. Sa température Ms était de 350°C.As a third example, a ball joint was made with a steel whose chemical composition included, in% by weight: VS Yes Mn Or Cr Mo Cu V Al B Ti Nb 0.28 0.79 1.63 0.05 0.5 0.09 0.19 - 0.04 0.0033 0.023 - this steel also contained 0.06% S to improve machinability. Its Ms temperature was 350 ° C.

La pièce a été forgée à chaud entre 1270°C et 1060°C. Directement après forgeage, la pièce a été refroidie à l'air calme à la vitesse de 1,19°C/s jusqu'à la température de 380°C, puis maintenue entre 380°C et 360°C pendant 10 mn; enfin, la pièce a été refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante par refroidissement naturel à l'air.The part was hot forged between 1270 ° C and 1060 ° C. Directly after forging, the part was cooled in still air at the speed of 1.19 ° C / s to the temperature of 380 ° C, then kept between 380 ° C and 360 ° C for 10 min; finally, the part was cooled to room temperature by natural air cooling.

La pièce ainsi obtenue avait une structure comportant au moins 80% de bainite. Ses caractéristiques étaient: Rm = 1170 MPa

Figure imgb0017
Rp 0,2 = 947 MPa
Figure imgb0018
A% = 8%
Figure imgb0019
Z = 50%
Figure imgb0020
The part thus obtained had a structure comprising at least 80% of bainite. Its characteristics were: Rm = 1170 MPa
Figure imgb0017
Rp 0.2 = 947 MPa
Figure imgb0018
A% = 8%
Figure imgb0019
Z = 50%
Figure imgb0020

Les pièces ainsi obtenues peuvent être notamment des pièces pour l'automobile telles que des triangles de suspension, des arbres de transmission, des bielles, mais elles peuvent également être des arbres, des cames ou toute autre pièce forgée pour des machines diverses.The parts thus obtained can be in particular parts for the automobile such as suspension wishbones, transmission shafts, connecting rods, but they can also be shafts, cams or any other forged part for various machines.

Claims (14)

Acier pour la fabrication de pièces forgées caractérisé en ce que sa composition chimique comprend, en poids: 0,1% ≤ C ≤ 0,4%
Figure imgb0021
1% ≤ Mn ≤ 1,8%
Figure imgb0022
1,2% ≤ Si ≤ 1,7%
Figure imgb0023
0% ≤ Ni ≤ 1%
Figure imgb0024
0% ≤ Cr ≤ 1,2%
Figure imgb0025
0% ≤ Mo ≤ 0,3%
Figure imgb0026
0% ≤ V ≤ 0,3%
Figure imgb0027
Cu ≤ 0,35%
Figure imgb0028
- éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,06% d'aluminium, - éventuellement du bore en des teneurs comprises entre 0,0005% et 0,01%, - éventuellement entre 0,005% et 0,03% de titane, - éventuellement entre 0,005% et 0,06% de niobium, - éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,1% de soufre, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,006% de calcium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,03% de tellure, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de sélénium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de bismuth, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,1% de plomb,
le reste étant du fer et des impuretés résultant de l'élaboration.
Steel for the manufacture of forgings, characterized in that its chemical composition comprises, by weight: 0.1% ≤ C ≤ 0.4%
Figure imgb0021
1% ≤ Mn ≤ 1.8%
Figure imgb0022
1.2% ≤ If ≤ 1.7%
Figure imgb0023
0% ≤ Ni ≤ 1%
Figure imgb0024
0% ≤ Cr ≤ 1.2%
Figure imgb0025
0% ≤ Mo ≤ 0.3%
Figure imgb0026
0% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%
Figure imgb0027
Cu ≤ 0.35%
Figure imgb0028
- optionally from 0.005% to 0.06% aluminum, - optionally boron in contents of between 0.0005% and 0.01%, - optionally between 0.005% and 0.03% of titanium, - possibly between 0.005% and 0.06% niobium, - optionally from 0.005% to 0.1% of sulfur, optionally up to 0.006% of calcium, optionally up to 0.03% of tellurium, optionally up to 0.05% of selenium, optionally up to 0, 05% bismuth, possibly up to 0.1% lead,
the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from processing.
Procédé pour la fabrication d'une pièce de forge caractérisé en ce que: - on approvisionne un lopin en un acier dont la composition chimique comprend, en poids: 0,1% ≤ C ≤ 0,4%
Figure imgb0029
1% ≤ Mn ≤ 1,8%
Figure imgb0030
0,15% ≤ Si ≤ 1,7%
Figure imgb0031
0% ≤ Ni ≤ 1%
Figure imgb0032
0% ≤ Cr ≤ 1,2%
Figure imgb0033
0% ≤ Mo ≤ 0,3%
Figure imgb0034
0% ≤ V ≤ 0,3%
Figure imgb0035
Cu ≤ 0,35%
Figure imgb0036
- éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,06% d'aluminium, - éventuellement du bore en des teneurs comprises entre 0,0005% et 0,01%, - éventuellement entre 0,005% et 0,03% de titane, - éventuellement entre 0,005% et 0,06% de niobium, - éventuellement de 0,005% à 0,1% de soufre, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,006% de calcium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,03% de tellure, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de sélénium, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,05% de bismuth, éventuellement jusqu'à 0,1% de plomb,
le reste étant du fer et des impuretés résultant de l'élaboration.
- on forge à chaud le lopin pour obtenir une pièce, - on soumet la pièce à un traitement thermique comportant un refroidissement depuis une température à la quelle l'acier est entièrement austénitique jusqu'à une température Tm comprise entre Ms+100°C et Ms-20°C à une vitesse de refroidissement Vr supérieure à 0,5°C/s, suivi d'un maintien de la pièce entre la température Tm et une température Tf supérieure ou égale à Tm-100°C pendant au moins 2 minutes de façon à obtenir une structure comportant au moins 15% de bainite inférieure formée entre Tm et Tf et moins de 20% de ferrite perlite, Ms étant la température de début de transformation martensitique de l'acier.
Process for the production of a forge, characterized in that: - a piece of steel is supplied with a chemical composition including, by weight: 0.1% ≤ C ≤ 0.4%
Figure imgb0029
1% ≤ Mn ≤ 1.8%
Figure imgb0030
0.15% ≤ If ≤ 1.7%
Figure imgb0031
0% ≤ Ni ≤ 1%
Figure imgb0032
0% ≤ Cr ≤ 1.2%
Figure imgb0033
0% ≤ Mo ≤ 0.3%
Figure imgb0034
0% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%
Figure imgb0035
Cu ≤ 0.35%
Figure imgb0036
- optionally from 0.005% to 0.06% aluminum, - optionally boron in contents of between 0.0005% and 0.01%, - optionally between 0.005% and 0.03% of titanium, - possibly between 0.005% and 0.06% niobium, - optionally from 0.005% to 0.1% of sulfur, optionally up to 0.006% of calcium, optionally up to 0.03% of tellurium, optionally up to 0.05% selenium, possibly up to 0.05% bismuth, possibly up to 0.1% lead,
the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from processing.
- the hot piece is forged to obtain a part, - The part is subjected to a heat treatment comprising cooling from a temperature at which the steel is entirely austenitic up to a temperature Tm between Ms + 100 ° C and Ms-20 ° C at a higher cooling rate Vr at 0.5 ° C / s, followed by maintaining the part between the temperature Tm and a temperature Tf greater than or equal to Tm-100 ° C for at least 2 minutes so as to obtain a structure comprising at least 15% of lower bainite formed between Tm and Tf and less than 20% of perlite ferrite, Ms being the temperature at the start of martensitic transformation of the steel.
Procédé selon la revendication 2 caractérisé en ce que l'acier contient moins de 0,3% de carbone.Process according to Claim 2, characterized in that the steel contains less than 0.3% of carbon. Procédé selon la revendication 2 ou 3 caractérisé en ce que l'acier contient moins de 1,6% de manganèse.Process according to Claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the steel contains less than 1.6% of manganese. Procédé selon la revendication 2, 3 ou 4 caractérisé en ce que l'acier contient moins de 0,8% de silicium.Process according to Claim 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the steel contains less than 0.8% of silicon. Procédé selon la revendication 2, 3 ou 4 caractérisé en ce que l'acier contient plus de 1,2% de silicium.Process according to Claim 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the steel contains more than 1.2% of silicon. procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 6 caractérisé en ce que le maintien est choisi pour que la structure comporte au moins 30% de bainite inférieure formée entre Tm et Tf.Process according to any one of Claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the support is chosen so that the structure comprises at least 30% of lower bainite formed between Tm and Tf. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 7 caractérisé en ce que Tf est supérieure ou égale à Tm-60°C.Process according to any one of Claims 2 to 7, characterized in that Tf is greater than or equal to Tm-60 ° C. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 8 caractérisé en ce que la vitesse de refroidissement Vr est supérieure à 2°C/s.Process according to any one of Claims 2 to 8, characterized in that the cooling rate Vr is greater than 2 ° C / s. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 9 caractérisé en ce que après le maintien entre Tm et Tf, la pièce est refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante.Process according to any one of Claims 2 to 9, characterized in that after the hold between Tm and Tf, the part is cooled to ambient temperature. Procédé selon la revendication 10 caractérisé en ce que le traitement thermique comporte en outre un revenu entre 150°C et 650°C.A method according to claim 10 characterized in that the heat treatment further comprises an income between 150 ° C and 650 ° C. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 9 caractérisé en ce que après le maintien entre Tm et Tf, la pièce est réchauffée à une température inférieure à 650°C puis refroidie jusqu'à la température ambiante.A method according to any one of claims 2 to 9 characterized in that after the maintenance between Tm and Tf, the part is heated to a temperature below 650 ° C and then cooled to room temperature. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à12 caractérisé en ce que le traitement thermique est effectué après un chauffage de la pièce à une température supérieure à AC3.Process according to any one of Claims 2 to 12, characterized in that the heat treatment is carried out after the room has been heated to a temperature above AC 3 . Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 12 caractérisé en ce que le traitement thermique est effectué directement après forgeage.Process according to any one of Claims 2 to 12, characterized in that the heat treatment is carried out directly after forging.
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EP1201774A2 (en) * 2000-10-25 2002-05-02 Gohsyu Corporation Forging method
EP1201774A3 (en) * 2000-10-25 2004-03-17 Gohsyu Corporation Forging method
FR2916371A1 (en) * 2007-05-24 2008-11-28 Fwu Kuang Entpr Co Ltd Preparing forged parts having a tensile strength and high elongation, comprises forming forged parts from a wire rod, heating forged parts up to a temperature of specified range, and subjecting forged parts to first and second tempering
WO2009138586A2 (en) * 2008-05-15 2009-11-19 Arcelormittal Gandrange Micro-alloyed steel for hot forging parts having high mechanical characteristics
FR2931166A1 (en) * 2008-05-15 2009-11-20 Arcelormittal Gandrange Sa HOT FORGED STEEL WITH HIGH MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTS PRODUCED
WO2009138586A3 (en) * 2008-05-15 2010-01-07 Arcelormittal Gandrange Micro-alloyed steel for hot forging parts having high mechanical characteristics
WO2013117953A1 (en) * 2012-02-10 2013-08-15 Ascometal Process for making a steel part, and steel part so obtained
WO2016151390A1 (en) 2015-03-23 2016-09-29 Arcelormittal Parts with a bainitic structure having high strength properties and manufacturing process
WO2016151345A1 (en) 2015-03-23 2016-09-29 Arcelormittal Parts with a bainitic structure having high strength properties and manufacturing process

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US5820706A (en) 1998-10-13
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CA2196029A1 (en) 1997-08-09
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KR970062058A (en) 1997-09-12
HU9700269D0 (en) 1997-03-28

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