EP0777733A1 - Method of treating birds with avian myelomonocytic growth factor - Google Patents
Method of treating birds with avian myelomonocytic growth factorInfo
- Publication number
- EP0777733A1 EP0777733A1 EP95925611A EP95925611A EP0777733A1 EP 0777733 A1 EP0777733 A1 EP 0777733A1 EP 95925611 A EP95925611 A EP 95925611A EP 95925611 A EP95925611 A EP 95925611A EP 0777733 A1 EP0777733 A1 EP 0777733A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mgf
- cmgf
- bird
- avian
- ovo
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 101710187863 Myelomonocytic growth factor Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 101000716722 Gallus gallus Kit ligand Proteins 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 58
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 241000235058 Komagataella pastoris Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 claims description 9
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000272517 Anseriformes Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000001691 amnion Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010061126 Escherichia infection Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010039438 Salmonella Infections Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000020612 escherichia coli infection Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010039447 salmonellosis Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000001325 yolk sac Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 108700021117 chicken MGF Proteins 0.000 description 237
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 55
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 43
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 42
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 37
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 37
- 229930182566 Gentamicin Natural products 0.000 description 33
- CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N Gentamicin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)NC)CC[C@@H](N)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](NC)[C@@](C)(O)CO2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N 0.000 description 33
- 229960002518 gentamicin Drugs 0.000 description 33
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 32
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 32
- 210000002798 bone marrow cell Anatomy 0.000 description 29
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 29
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 description 28
- 102000009027 Albumins Human genes 0.000 description 26
- 108010088751 Albumins Proteins 0.000 description 25
- 210000003250 oocyst Anatomy 0.000 description 23
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 22
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 20
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 18
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 17
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBISA-N phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate Chemical compound C([C@]1(O)C(=O)C(C)=C[C@H]1[C@@]1(O)[C@H](C)[C@H]2OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(CO)=C[C@H]1[C@H]1[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C1(C)C PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBISA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 206010057249 Phagocytosis Diseases 0.000 description 13
- 210000000265 leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 13
- 230000008782 phagocytosis Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 13
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 238000002415 sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 12
- 102000009109 Fc receptors Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108010087819 Fc receptors Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241000223932 Eimeria tenella Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 7
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 7
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000001516 cell proliferation assay Methods 0.000 description 7
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 7
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 239000002644 phorbol ester Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003752 polymerase chain reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 241000235648 Pichia Species 0.000 description 6
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000003714 granulocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- BPHPUYQFMNQIOC-NXRLNHOXSA-N isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside Chemical compound CC(C)S[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O BPHPUYQFMNQIOC-NXRLNHOXSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 210000000689 upper leg Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 208000003495 Coccidiosis Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 206010023076 Isosporiasis Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229940023064 escherichia coli Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 5
- 210000003000 inclusion body Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 238000004007 reversed phase HPLC Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000014616 translation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 108010062580 Concanavalin A Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000829100 Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 4
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108010076504 Protein Sorting Signals Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000293869 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium Species 0.000 description 4
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004113 cell culture Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012091 fetal bovine serum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 4
- 210000005259 peripheral blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000011886 peripheral blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000013615 primer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004988 splenocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002103 transcriptional effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010017533 Fungal infection Diseases 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000031888 Mycoses Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000012980 RPMI-1640 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 238000003305 oral gavage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006152 selective media Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 2
- OSJPPGNTCRNQQC-UWTATZPHSA-N 3-phospho-D-glyceric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O OSJPPGNTCRNQQC-UWTATZPHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SPFYMRJSYKOXGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Baytril Chemical compound C1CN(CC)CCN1C(C(=C1)F)=CC2=C1C(=O)C(C(O)=O)=CN2C1CC1 SPFYMRJSYKOXGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000005731 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010070600 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101150069554 HIS4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000000588 Interleukin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006146 Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010022394 Threonine synthase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940105596 baytril Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000349 chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003636 conditioned culture medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004748 cultured cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004419 dihydrofolate reductase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003636 fecal output Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003394 haemopoietic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005571 horizontal transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002414 leg Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000006151 minimal media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002433 mononuclear leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000001539 phagocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000008488 polyadenylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000028172 protozoa infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000998 shell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 2
- DIGQNXIGRZPYDK-WKSCXVIASA-N (2R)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R,3S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]hexanoic acid Chemical compound C[C@@H]([C@@H](C(=N[C@@H](CS)C(=N[C@@H](C)C(=N[C@@H](CO)C(=NCC(=N[C@@H](CCC(=N)O)C(=NC(CS)C(=N[C@H]([C@H](C)O)C(=N[C@H](CS)C(=N[C@H](CO)C(=NCC(=N[C@H](CS)C(=NCC(=N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)N=C([C@H](CS)N=C([C@H](CO)N=C([C@H](CO)N=C([C@H](C)N=C(CN=C([C@H](CO)N=C([C@H](CS)N=C(CN=C(C(CS)N=C(C(CC(=O)O)N=C(CN)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O DIGQNXIGRZPYDK-WKSCXVIASA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBKVPJHMSUXZTA-MEJXFZFPSA-N (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C1=CNC=N1 SBKVPJHMSUXZTA-MEJXFZFPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFVHZQCOUORWEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-anilino-5-sulfonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C=12C(O)=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=CC2=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=1N=NC(C1=CC=CC(=C11)S(O)(=O)=O)=CC=C1NC1=CC=CC=C1 QFVHZQCOUORWEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010051457 Acid Phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000272525 Anas platyrhynchos Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000272814 Anser sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000031638 Body Weight Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000908115 Bolivar Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000699802 Cricetulus griseus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000003155 DNA primer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001712 DNA sequencing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101710088194 Dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000204 Dipeptidase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000223924 Eimeria Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710202200 Endolysin A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001522878 Escherichia coli B Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001302584 Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. W3110 Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091029865 Exogenous DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000255890 Galleria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701047 Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000693916 Gallus gallus Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010071602 Genetic polymorphism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010033128 Glucan Endo-1,3-beta-D-Glucosidase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000030595 Glucokinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010021582 Glucokinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003886 Glycoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000288 Glycoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005548 Hexokinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700040460 Hexokinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100039385 Histone deacetylase 11 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700038332 Histone deacetylase 11 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701109 Human adenovirus 2 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000702626 Infectious bursal disease virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000723 Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000014429 Insulin-like growth factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- VYOIELONWKIZJS-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-histidinal Chemical compound O=C[C@@H](N)CC1=CNC=N1 VYOIELONWKIZJS-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108090001090 Lectins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004856 Lectins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010038049 Mating Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003792 Metallothionein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000157 Metallothionein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101100449929 Mus musculus Guca1a gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000004988 N-glycosylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000010359 Newcastle Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108700022034 Opsonin Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012408 PCR amplification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010087702 Penicillinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001105 Phosphofructokinases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010069341 Phosphofructokinases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000012288 Phosphopyruvate Hydratase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010022181 Phosphopyruvate Hydratase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091000080 Phosphotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010037075 Protozoal infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010011939 Pyruvate Decarboxylase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000013009 Pyruvate Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020005115 Pyruvate Kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020005067 RNA Splice Sites Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001598112 Rachiplusia ou MNPV Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000220317 Rosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012722 SDS sample buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101100025165 Salmonella typhi murI gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012300 Sequence Analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000607720 Serratia Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000002105 Southern blotting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000256251 Spodoptera frugiperda Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000006601 Thymidine Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004440 Thymidine kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000255993 Trichoplusia ni Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000005924 Triose-Phosphate Isomerase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700015934 Triose-phosphate isomerases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000700618 Vaccinia virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011543 agarose gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004381 amniotic fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960000723 ampicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008365 aqueous carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000006635 beta-lactamase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940041514 candida albicans extract Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000004534 cecum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006037 cell lysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003711 chorioallantoic membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002759 chromosomal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001332 colony forming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009089 cytolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940009976 deoxycholate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N deoxycholic acid Chemical compound C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C1 KXGVEGMKQFWNSR-LLQZFEROSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000396 dipotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019797 dipotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001206 effect on leukocytes Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013020 embryo development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003013 erythroid precursor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002219 extraembryonic membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002550 fecal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010353 genetic engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108020004445 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006602 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000002414 glycolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013595 glycosylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006206 glycosylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidinium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].NC(N)=[NH2+] PJJJBBJSCAKJQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003284 homeostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006801 homologous recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002744 homologous recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 host cells Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000002865 immune cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002955 immunomodulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002584 immunomodulator Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940121354 immunomodulator Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000021267 infertility disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013383 initial experiment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000994 inner shell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002523 lectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009630 liquid culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006166 lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000066 myeloid cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003924 normoblast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000993 outer shell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001672 ovary Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950009506 penicillinase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000005105 peripheral blood lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 102000020233 phosphotransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000013600 plasmid vector Substances 0.000 description 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009696 proliferative response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001243 protein synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000022532 regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003362 replicative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004043 responsiveness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012465 retentate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010839 reverse transcription Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003705 ribosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003248 secreting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014639 sexual reproduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005030 transcription termination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011426 transformation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150108727 trpl gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013603 viral vector Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005253 yeast cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- C07K14/53—Colony-stimulating factor [CSF]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
- A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the treatment of birds by the in ovo administration of an avian myelomonocytic growth factor such as chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) .
- an avian myelomonocytic growth factor such as chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) .
- Chicken myelomonocytic growth factor is an avian hematopoietic cytokine which stimulates bone marrow cells to proliferate and produce cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage.
- cMGF was originally identified in lectin stimulated spleen cultures and purified from conditioned media produced by an LPS stimulated chicken macrophage cell line (HD11) by Leutz et al., EMBO J. 3, 3191-3197 (1984) .
- cMGF is a glycoprotein which stimulates the growth of virally transformed chicken myeloid cell lines and formation of macrophage and granulocyte colonies in normal bone marrow cultures in vi tro (Leutz et al .
- cMGF has been cloned by Leutz et al. , EMBO J 8, 175-181 (1989) , but sufficient pure cMGF, either native or recombinant, has not been available to characterize possible uses thereof.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,028,421 to Fredericksen discloses a method for increasing the weight of treated birds after hatch by introducing a T-cell growth factor into eggs on about the eighteenth day of incubation.
- a method of treating birds is disclosed herein. The method carried out by administering to a bird in ovo a biologically active amount of avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) .
- MMF myelomonocytic growth factor
- a second aspect of the present invention is a method of making purified recombinant avian myelomonocytic growth factor.
- the method includes culturing host cells (e.g., Escherichia coli , Pichia pastoris , and the like) which contain and express a recombinant DNA construct encoding MGF in a culture media, collecting culture media containing recombinant MGF from the host cells, and isolating the MGF from the culture media.
- host cells e.g., Escherichia coli , Pichia pastoris , and the like
- a third aspect of the present invention is a method of enhancing the growth of birds. This method is carried out by administering avian MGF to a bird in ovo in an amount effective to enhance the growth of the bird after hatch.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is a method of enhancing bone marrow proliferation in birds.
- a fifth aspect of the present invention is a method of inhibiting the progression of a bacterial infection such as an Escheri chia coli infection or Salmonella infection in a bird.
- the method comprises administering to said bird in ovo a avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) in an amount effective to inhibit the progression of the bacterial infection.
- MGF myelomonocytic growth factor
- a sixth aspect of the present invention is a method of inhibiting the progression of a viral, fungal, or protozoal infection in a bird by administering to the bird in ovo a avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) in an amount effective to inhibit the progression of the viral, fungal, or protozoal infection.
- MMF myelomonocytic growth factor
- Figure 1 is an illustration of Coomassie blue stained proteins of IPTG-induced or non-induced transformed BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli lysates separated and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE.
- Figure 2 is a graphical illustration of bone marrow proliferation induced by cMGF eluted from non- reducing SDS-PAGE gels.
- Figure 3 is a graphical illustration of bone marrow proliferation induced by the growth media of pPIC9-cMGF and pHIL-SI-cMGF transformed Pichia pastoris versus the GS115/His*Mut ⁇ albumin secreting stain.
- Figure 4 is a graphical illustration of Fc- receptor mediated phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells opsonized with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG by bone marrow cells cultured +/-20 ⁇ g/ml cMGF.
- Figure 5 is a graphical illustration of IS- induced nitrite production by bone marrow cells cultured +/-20 g/ml cMGF.
- Figure 6 is a graphical illustration of Phorbol ester induced superoxide production by bone marrow cells cultured +/-20 ⁇ g/ml cMGF.
- Figure 7 is a graphical illustration of Fc- receptor phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells opsonized with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG by bone marrow cells cultured for 48 Hours with the indicated doses of cMGF.
- Figure 8 is a graphical illustration of IS (PA-14A, 2.5 ug/ml) induced nitrite production by bone marrow cells cultured for 48 hours with the indicated doses of cMGF.
- Figure 9 is a graphical illustration of PMA- inducible superoxide production by adherence purified peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes isolated from the pooled blood of chicks bled on day 4 post hatch of day 18 injected eggs receiving 2.5 ug/egg yeast expressed albumin or 2.5, 0.25 and 0.025 ug/egg Pichia pas tor is expressed cMGF.
- Figure 10 is a graphical illustration of total pooled bone marrow cell counts obtained from 12 femurs removed from day old chicks hatched from egg injected with 0.1 U of IS, 0.25 ug of yeast expressed albumin, and either 0.25ug or 0.05ug of cMGF.
- Figure 11 is a graphical illustration of Phorbol ester induced superoxide production by adherence purified bone marrow cells obtained from 12 femurs removed from day old chicks hatched from egg injected with 0.1 U of IS, 0.25 ug of yeast expressed albumin, and either 0.25ug or 0.05ug of cMGF.
- in ovo refers to birds contained within an egg prior to hatch.
- the present invention may be conceived of as both a method of treating eggs and a method of treating birds.
- the present invention may be practiced with any type of bird egg, including chicken, turkey, duck, goose, quail, and pheasant eggs.
- Chicken eggs are preferred.
- Eggs treated by the method of the present invention are fertile eggs.
- the eggs may be treated at any point during incubation, although it is preferable to treat the eggs in the fourth quarter of incubation, and most preferably to treat the eggs on about the eighteenth day of incubation (i.e., the eighteenth day of embryonic development) .
- avian MGF as used MGF corresponding to MGF produced by any avian species.
- the term “avian” is intended to encompass all avian species, including, but not limited to, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, and pheasant. Various species of avian MGF are known. This term is also intended to include active fragments and analogs thereof.
- the MGF may be provided in any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, but is preferably provided in an aqueous carrier such as a phosphate- buffered saline solution.
- the administration of MGF in ovo provides a variety of useful results.
- the administration of MGF in ovo may be used to enhance growth of the hatched chick.
- the administration of MGF in ovo may be used to enhance the proliferation of bone marrow cells, resulting in a more fully developed immune system at an earlier stage ( i . e . , accelerate the onset of immune competence in the bird) .
- the administration of MGF in ovo provides, as noted above, a method of inhibiting the progression of bacterial infections in a bird, such as Escherichia coli infections (i.e., avian colisepticemia) or Salmonella infections.
- the administration of MGF in ovo provides, as also noted above, a method of inhibiting the progression of viral infections in a bird (e.g., infectious bursal disease virus infections, Newcastle's disease virus, Marek's disease virus, etc.) , of inhibiting the progression of fungal infections, and of inhibiting the progression of protozoal infections ⁇ e . g. , Eimeria species such as Eimeria tenella in avian coccidiosis) .
- the MGF may be administered concurrently with a vaccine (e . g. , a live vaccine or a nonreplicating immunogen) effective for protecting the bird against the aforesaid infection.
- MGF may be administered to eggs by any means which transports the compound through the shell.
- the preferred method of administration is, however, by injection.
- MGF may be injected into the egg at any site.
- the site of injection is within either the region defined by the amnion, including the amniotic fluid and the embryo itself, in the yolk sac, or in the air cell .
- Dosages of MGF used to carry out the methods described herein are not critical and can be determined in a routine manner.
- the dosages will vary with the species of bird being treated, the time and site of administration, and the desired effect.
- the upper limit of the dosage can be routinely determined, but in general will be as much as 10 or 100 ⁇ g per subject ( i . e . , per in ovo injection; per egg) or more.
- the lower limit of the dosage likewise can be routinely determined, but can be as little as 1000 or 1 ng per subject or less.
- the mechanism of injection is also not critical.
- the method employed does not unduly damage the tissues and organs of the embryo or the extraembryonic membranes surrounding it so that the treatment will not decrease hatch rate.
- a hypodermic syringe fitted with a needle of about 18 to 22 gauge is suitable.
- the needle need only be inserted into the egg by about two millimeters.
- a one inch needle when fully inserted from the center of the large end of the egg, will penetrate the shell, the outer and inner shell membranes enclosing the air cell, and the amnion.
- a needle of this length will terminate either in the fluid above the chick or in the chick itself.
- a pilot hole may be punched or drilled through the shell prior to insertion of the needle to prevent damaging or dulling of the needle.
- the egg can be sealed with a substantially bacteria-impermeable sealing material such as wax or the like to prevent subsequent entry of undesirable bacteria.
- a high speed automated injection system for avian embryos will be particularly suitable for practicing the present invention.
- Numerous such devices are available, exemplary being those disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,903,635 and 4,681,063 to Hebrank, U.S. Patent No. 5,056,464 to Lewis, and U.S. Patent Nos. 4,040,388, 4,469,047, and 4,593,646 to Miller, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. All such devices, as adapted for practicing the present invention, include an injector containing avian MGF as described herein, with the injector positioned to inject an egg carried by the apparatus with the avian MGF. Other features of the apparatus are discussed above.
- a sealing apparatus operatively associated with the injection apparatus may be provided for sealing the hole in the egg after injection thereof.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,903,635 to Hebrank and U.S. Patent No. 5,056,464 to Lewis, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
- These devices comprise an injection apparatus for delivering fluid substances into a plurality of eggs and apparatus for aligning the eggs in relation to the injection apparatus.
- the features of these apparatus may be combined with the features of the apparatus described above for practicing the present invention.
- injected eggs are incubated to hatch and the birds are raised to at least 2 weeks of age.
- Chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) and DNA encoding the same is known (Leutz et al . , EMBO J. 3, 3191-3197 (1984) ; Leutz et al . , EMBO J 8, 175-181 (1989) ) .
- the MGF proteins used to carry out the present invention may accordingly be made with techniques known in the art, or by variations thereof which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
- the production of recombinant DNA, vectors, host cells, and proteins by genetic engineering techniques is well known. See, e . g. , U.S. Patent No. 4,761,371 to Bell et al . at Col. 6 line 3 to Col. 9 line 65; U.S.
- DNA sequences encoding MGF proteins may be recovered by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure and splicing by overlap extension (SOE) , as is known in the art. See U.S. Patents Nos. 4,683,195 to Mullis et al. and 4,683,202 to Mullis.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- SOE overlap extension
- the MGF proteins may be synthesized in host cells transformed with vectors containing DNA encoding the MGF proteins.
- a vector is a replicable DNA construct. Vectors are used herein either to amplify DNA encoding the MGF protein and/or to express DNA which encodes the MGF protein.
- An expression vector is a replicable DNA construct in which a DNA sequence encoding the MGF protein is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting the expression of the MGF protein in a suitable host. The need for such control sequences will vary depending upon the host selected and the transformation method chosen. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation. Amplification vectors do not require expression control domains. All that is needed is the ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants.
- Vectors useful for practicing the present invention include plasmids, viruses (including phage) , retroviruses, and integratable DNA fragments (i.e., fragments integratable into the host genome by homologous recombination) .
- the vector replicates and functions independently of the host genome, or may, in some instances, integrate into the genome itself. Suitable vectors will contain replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the intended expression host.
- Transformed host cells are cells which have been transformed or transfected with the MGF protein vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. Transformed host cells ordinarily express the MGF protein, but host cells transformed for purposes of cloning or amplifying the MGF protein DNA need not express the MGF protein.
- DNA regions are operably linked when they are functionally related to each other.
- a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence
- a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation.
- operably linked means contiguous and, in the case of leader sequences, contiguous and in reading frame.
- Suitable host cells include prokaryotes, yeast cells or higher eukaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example Escherichia coli ⁇ E. coli ) or Bacilli.
- Higher eukaryotic cells include established cell lines of mammalian origin as described below.
- Exemplary host cells are E. coli W3110 (ATCC 27,325) , E. coli B, E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537) , and E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446) .
- Pseudomonas species, Bacillus species, and Serra tia marcesans are also suitable.
- a broad variety of suitable microbial vectors are available.
- a microbial vector will contain an origin of replication recognized by the intended host, a promoter which will function in the host and a phenotypic selection gene such as a gene encoding proteins conferring antibiotic resistance or supplying an auxotrophic requirement. Similar constructs will be manufactured for other hosts. E. coli is typically transformed using pBR322. See Bolivar et al . , Gene 2 , 95
- pBR322 contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance and thus provides easy means for identifying transformed cells.
- Expression vectors should contain a promoter which is recognized by the host organism. This generally means a promoter obtained from the intended host. Promoters most commonly used in recombinant microbial expression vectors include the beta-lactamase
- trp tryptophan promoter system
- trp tryptophan promoter system
- the tac promoter H. De Boer et al . , Proc . Na tl . Acad . Sci . USA 80, 21 (1983)
- these are commonly used, other microbial promoters are suitable. Details concerning nucleotide sequences of many have been published, enabling a skilled worker to operably ligate them to DNA encoding the MGF protein in plasmid or viral vectors (Siebenlist et al . , Cell 20, 269
- the promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequence are operably linked to the DNA encoding the MGF protein, i.e., they are positioned so as to promote transcription of the MGF protein messenger RNA from the DNA.
- Eukaryotic microbes such as yeast cultures may be transformed with suitable MGF protein-encoding vectors. See, e . g. , U.S. Patent No. 4,745,057. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms, although a number of other strains are commonly available.
- Yeast vectors may contain an origin of replication from the 2 micron yeast plasmid or an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) , a promoter, DNA encoding the MGF protein, sequences for polyadenylation and transcription termination, and a selection gene.
- An exemplary plasmid is YRp7, (Stinchcomb et al . , Na ture 282, 39 (1979) ; Kingsman et al . , Gene 7, 141 (1979) ; Tschemper et al . , Gene 10, 157 (1980)) .
- This plasmid contains the trpl gene, which provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example ATCC No.
- yeast vectors include the promoters for metallothionein, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al . , J. Biol . Chem. 255, 2073 (1980) or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al . , J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7, 149 (1968) ; and Holland et al .
- yeast host cell such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase , phosphofructokinase , glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase.
- Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in R. Hitzeman et al . , EPO Publn. No. 73,657.
- a particularly preferred yeast host cell is
- Pichia pastoris which is described along with suitable transformation vectors in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,683,293; 4,808,537; 4,812,405; 4,818,700; 4,837,148 4,855,231 4,857,467; 4,879,231; 4,882,279; 4,885,242 4,895, 800 4,929,555; 5,002,876; 5,004,688; 5,032,516 5,122,465 5,135,868; and 5,166,329, the disclosures of which applicant specifically intends to be incorporated herein by reference.
- Cultures of cells derived from multicellular organisms are a desirable host for recombinant MGF protein synthesis.
- any higher eukaryotic cell culture is workable, whether from vertebrate or invertebrate culture, including insect cells.
- mammalian cells are preferred, as illustrated in the Examples. Propagation of such cells in cell culture has become a routine procedure. See Tissue Culture, Academic Press, Kruse and Patterson, editors (1973) .
- useful host cell lines are VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and WI138, BHK, COS-7, CV, and MDCK cell lines.
- Expression vectors for such cells ordinarily include (if necessary) an origin of replication, a promoter located upstream from the gene to be expressed, along with a ribosome binding site, RNA splice site (if intron-containing genomic DNA is used) , a polyadenylation site, and a transcriptional termination sequence.
- the transcriptional and translational control sequences in expression vectors to be used in transforming vertebrate cells are often provided by viral sources.
- commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, and Simian Virus 40 (SV40) . See, e . g. , U.S. Patent No. 4,599,308.
- the early and late promoters are useful because both are obtained easily from the virus as a fragment which also contains the SV40 viral origin of replication. See Fiers et al. , Na ture 273, 113 (1978) .
- the vaccinia virus may be used as a vector, as described in the Examples. Further, the MGF protein promoter, control and/or signal sequences, ay also be used, provided such control sequences are compatible with the host cell chosen.
- An origin of replication may be provided either by construction of the vector to include an exogenous origin, such as may be derived from SV40 or other viral source (e.g. Polyoma, Adenovirus, VSV, or BPV) , or may be provided by the host cell chromosomal replication mechanism. If the vector is integrated into the host cell chromosome, the latter may be sufficient. Rather than using vectors which contain viral origins of replication, one can transform mammalian cells by the method of cotransformation with a selectable marker and the MGF protein DNA.
- DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
- thymidine kinase See U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,216.
- Such markers are proteins, generally enzymes, that enable the identification of transformant cells, i.e., cells which are competent to take up exogenous DNA. Generally, identification is by survival of transformants in culture medium that is toxic, or from which the cells cannot obtain critical nutrition without having taken up the marker protein.
- Host cells such as insect cells (e.g., cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells) and expression vectors such as the baculovirus expression vector (e.g., vectors derived from Autogrrapha calif ornica MNPV, Trichoplusia ni MNPV, Rachiplusia ou MNPV, or Galleria ou MNPV) may be employed in carrying out the present invention, as described in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,745,051 and 4,879,236 to Smith et al .
- a baculovirus expression vector comprises a baculovirus genome containing the gene to be expressed inserted into the polyhedron gene at a position ranging from the polyhedron transcriptional start signal to the ATG start site and under the transcriptional control of a baculovirus polyhedron promoter.
- bp means base pairs
- hr means hour
- kDa mean kilodaltons
- M means molar
- ⁇ g means micrograms
- ml means milliliters
- SDS means sodium dodecyl sulfate
- IPTG means Isopropyl- ⁇ - D-thiopyranoside
- RPMI Rosewell Park Memorial Institute
- FBS means fetal bovine serum
- HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
- RP-HPLC means reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography
- ng means nanograms
- YEA means yeast expressed albumin
- U means units
- IM means intramuscular
- ⁇ L means microliters
- mg means milligrams
- cfu means colony forming units
- °F means degrees Fahrenheit .
- EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of Chicken Myelomonocytic Growth Factor This example describes the isolation of the DNA encoding cMGF described in Leutz et al . , EMBO J. 8, 175- 181 (1989) , except that a C was found at nucleotide 114 rather than a T as reported by Leutz.
- RNA was prepared from guanadinium isothiocyanate lysed Concanavalin A (Con A) -stimulated splenocytes which had been isolated from 6 week leghorns .
- PCR reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction
- cMGF-specific oligonucleotide primers gave a band of the expected size of -560 bp and a larger -800 bp band. Both bands were specific to splenocytes stimulated with Con A for 48 hrs and were not amplified in the controls or in splenocytes stimulated for only 24 hrs.
- the 560 base pair PCR product encoding the cDNA for the mature cMGF protein was subcloned in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression vectors pET3A, B & C. Isopropyl- ⁇ -D-thiopyranoside (IPTG) was added to a growing culture of the BL21(DE3) E. coli host strain, to induce T7 polymerase, which in turn transcribes the target DNA in the plasmid. None of the cMGF recombinants cloned into pET3A, B & C using the Ndel and BamHI sites exhibited any IPTG inducible cMGF expression.
- BamHI site allows the translation of the cMGF protein as a fusion with the first 11 amino acids of the gene-10 protein, which may translate more efficiently and confer stability on the expressed protein.
- the cMGF clone was reamplified with cMGF primers 1+6 to engineer the BamHI sites and subclone it into pCRII.
- cMGF cDNA was subcloned into the BamHI site into the pET3A vector. Recombinants, in the correct orientation, were then identified by Aval digestion. An IPTG inducible band ⁇ 21 kDa in BL21(DE3) cells transformed with the pET3A- cMGF-BamHI plasmid was observed.
- a precursor of 26.5 kDa is synthesized whose 23 amino acid signal sequence is cleaved off and, in the presence of membranes, cMGF becomes glycosylated at two N- glycosylation sites to generate a 28 kDa mature cMGF form.
- the calculated molecular weight of the mature cMGF protein is ⁇ 20.014 kDa, which is about 4 kDa smaller than that determined by SDS-PAGE.
- the cells were broken open by sonication or mild detergent lysis with deoxycholate, followed by centrifugation to separate soluble and insoluble fractions. Samples were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine whether the putative cMGF protein is expressed in the soluble or insoluble fraction. The results from both cell lysis methods indicated that cMGF is preferentially contained in the insoluble fraction, presumably in the inclusion bodies. Natural cMGF and the rcMGF-trpE eluted from non-reducing SDS-PAGE gels stimulate growth of hematopoietic colonies in chick bone marrow cells, indicating that biological activity is not destroyed by SDS but was found to be sensitive to exposure to reducing reagents.
- rcMGF-glO targeted to inclusion bodies was recovered by washing inclusion bodies with 50% glycerol and solubilizing the inclusion bodies in 5% SDS.
- Several methods were attempted to refold putative cMGF-glO protein after removing SDS and contaminating bacterial LPS by HPLC and DETOXI-GELTM columns from Pierce
- Triton X-100 washed inclusion bodies containing the 21 kDa cMGF protein were solubilized in 5% SDS, 8 M urea and 6 M guanidinium-HCl and analyzed by RP-HPLC. Identical chromatography profiles were obtained for all solubilization methods and the 21 kDa cMGF protein was identified by SDS-PAGE. The dried RP-HPLC purified cMGF protein was solubilized by different techniques including SDS, Triton X-100, dipotassium phosphate and octyl- ⁇ -glucoside . Detergent was determined to be the most effective method of solubilization.
- Pichia pastoris is methylotropic, and therefore capable of metabolizing methanol as a sole carbon source, and producing protein products with glycosylation similar to mammalian systems. Plasmids are available which direct protein products to be intracellular or secreted. Heterologous protein expression in this system is tightly regulated and induced to very high levels by the addition of methanol to the growth media.
- the Pichia pastoris expression kit available from INVITROGEN ® was used (telephone number 602-748-4400) .
- the cMGF clone was reamplfied with primers 7+6 to engineer in BamHI and EcoRI sites, and subcloned into two Pichia expression vectors, pPIC9 and pHIL-Sl both of which produce secreted fusion protein products with signal peptides from the ⁇ -mating factor or acid phosphatase genes respectively. Initially the PCR product was subcloned into the pCRTMII vector. Digestion with EcoRI/BamHI or EcoRI alone resulted in the correct size inserts.
- the cMGF inserts were isolated from a low melting point agarose gel using the phenol/chloroform method and ligated into the EcoRI site of pPIC9 vector or the EcoRI/BamHI sites of pHIL-SI. The ligation was transformed into DH5 ⁇ f' and plated onto selective media. Potential cMGF subclones were verified by restriction digests of the DNA. One clone of each type was selected for further analysis. The correct orientation of cMGF insert in the pPIC9-cMGF and the pHIL-SI-cMGF subclones were checked by digestion with the enzymes Aval and Bgl II. DNA sequencing of the 5' end of the clones confirmed that the clones were subcloned correctly and the cMGF cDNA is in-frame with the Pichia vector signal sequences for secretion.
- Spheroplasts were prepared from the GS115 (His-) strain by treatment with zymolase.
- the Pichia spheroplasts were transformed with Bgll l digests of cMGF subcloned into pPIC9 and pHILSl .
- the transformed yeast were plated onto selective media along with positive controls for transformation and secretion provided by Invitrogen.
- the Pichia GS115 (His-) strain had a defect in the histidinal dehydrogenase activity coded for the gene HIS4. This defect enabled the strain to grow on complex media or minimal media supplemented with histidine.
- GS115 His-
- HIS4 histidine
- cMGF recombinant clones Seven potential cMGF recombinant clones were selected from the transformation with the pHILSl-cMGF and pPIC9-cMGF vectors. These clones were grown in liquid culture in the presence of methanol to induce expression and secretion of the recombinant protein into the media. The culture media supernatant from each recombinant clone was collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The results revealed five potential cMGF clones expressing two predominant proteins of -25 and 29 kDa, the size of the glycosylated forms of native cMGF.
- the five potential positive samples were tested for in vi tro activity in the bone marrow proliferation assay and were found to be biologically active. Protein expression was scaled-up to a 40 mL, 2 day-induced culture with four of the five previously identified cMGF- expressing clones and the albumin-expressing transformant included as a negative control. Since the yeast methanol growth media inhibited bone marrow cell proliferation, the samples were processed using 10 k and 100 k CENTRIPREPTM ultrafilters from AMICONTM to exchange the yeast media with RPMI media and concentrate the samples. The results of the bone marrow proliferation assay are reported in Figure 3.
- This new procedure produced material containing the 25 and 29 kDa putative cMGF bands when analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and can be resolved on RP-HPLC.
- One of the fractions collected after RP-HPLC was active in the bone marrow proliferation assay and contained the two cMGF bands.
- the Southern blotting technique was used to determine the cMGF gene copy number in each positive clone. The results indicated that all of the cMGF expressing clones contained one copy of the gene cassette.
- Focus was also directed towards optimizing cell culture conditions to increase production of the cMGF product and one of the pPIC9-cMGF expressing clones was chosen for scale up to a 40.0 mL culture. Gentamicin was added to prevent bacterial contamination. The results obtained appeared to indicate that a 2-day methanol induction was optimal.
- cMGF induced acquisition of Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis and IS-induced nitrite production in BM cells after 48 hours of culture was dose dependent, beginning in the 10-100 ng/ml range and approaching maximal stimulation in the 1-2 micro-gram/ml range of cMGF concentration.
- cMGF effects on cultured BM cell PMA-induced superoxide production were once again more complex with stimulation in the 10-100 ng/ml range and inhibition at doses of 500 ng/ml or greater.
- cMGF induced proliferation of BM cells is also initiated in the nanogra range (data not shown) .
- Pichia pastoris produced recombinant cMGF therefore stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses.
- Concanavalin A stimulated splenocyte conditioned media (IS) which contains cMGF in addition to other cytokines, also stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow cells.
- IS splenocyte conditioned media
- cMGF was the most efficient at enhancing Fc- receptor mediated phagocytosis 37% versus 16% for Albumin, 5% for media alone and 2.5% for IS (data not shown) .
- Both cMGF and IS treatment significantly stimulated IS-induced nitrite production relative to albumin and media cultured cells (data not shown) .
- cMGF, IS, and albumin treatment all enhanced the PMA-induced superoxide response relative to media cultured cells (data not shown) .
- Pichia pastoris produced recombinant cMGF therefore stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses.
- IS which contains cMGF in addition to other cytokines (IL-2 & IFN, etc.), also stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses.
- treatment of BM with IS had either no effect or inhibited acquisition of Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis, an observation made previously with peritoneal elicited macrophages cultured with IS. It is therefore likely that in ovo delivery of cMGF will result in chicks hatching with greater numbers of functionally activated macrophages that are better able to cope with bacterial infections and perform their central role in the modulation of the immune response.
- Each mean represents 5 chicks within one trial .
- One hundred cells were counted for each chick sampled.
- PBL's Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes
- Non-adherent cells were removed by vigorous washing and the resulting adherent population of leukocytes assayed for their ability to perform Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis, IS- induced nitrite production and phorbol ester induced superoxide production. There was no detectable IS or LPS inducible nitrite production and Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis (opsonized-SRBC s) at any of the time points examined.
- leukocytes were able to phagocytose non-opsonized SRBC's, which may be a reflection of the normal homeostatic functions of blood monocytes, that is the recognition and phagocytosis of senescent, damaged or foreign RBC's or other cells.
- SRBC's normal homeostatic functions of blood monocytes
- PBL's from the 0.25 & 0.025 ⁇ g cMGF/egg groups produced more 0 2 in response to PMA than albumin controls on days 1, 4, and 7.
- PBL's from the 2.5 ⁇ g cMGF/egg group produced more 0 2 in response to PMA than albumin controls on day 4 post hatch but not on days 1 or 7.
- bone marrow cells were isolated from the femurs of day old chicks hatched from eggs injected with yeast expressed cMGF or albumin and
- Hatchability means are based on 9 replicates of 108 live embryonated eggs (n 972).* Treatment tested positive for bacterial contamination postinjection but not prior to injection, suggesting that the injectable may have became contaminated during the filling of syringes.
- Hatcher Contamination E. coli Challenge Screening Models The hatcher contamination model involves placing eggs (typically 36 eggs) which have been injected into the aircell with the VPI E. coli strain (typically 10 4 CFU's) in the top tray of the hatcher. The chicks that hatch from these infected eggs then transmit the pathogen to the experimental chicks hatching from eggs incubated in the same hatcher. The various treatment groups are represented in two separate locations within the hatcher, and the locations are randomly varied from trial to trial. On the day of hatch, chicks are pulled, wingbanded, commingled, placed in floor pens and monitored for mortality twice daily for two weeks. At two weeks, chicks are weighed and counted. A series of three separate E. coli hatcher contamination challenge models were performed (Table 3) .
- ovo cMGF consistently produces greater increases in both the number of bone marrow cells in chick femurs at hatch and the PMA inducible superoxide production from peripheral blood lymphocytes collected from Day 4 chicks when compared to YEA injected controls.
- YEA does not stimulate bone marrow cells to proliferate in vi tro .
- the YEA is dosed at an equivalent protein concentration to the 800 unit cMGF dose.
- Table 4 Efficacy of cMGF and IM with or without .05 mg gentamicin in the hatcher contamination model.
- the gentamicin treatment used as a positive control failed to reduce mortality below PBS injected controls, contrary to our previous data (Tables 3 and 4, above) .
- the reason for this is unknown, although the chicks were held in the hatcher an additional day in an attempt to elevate early chick mortality so that differences between the efficacy of various YEA doses could be better discriminated. It may be that this additional stress may have overwhelmed the efficacy of the articles tested.
- Treatment means based on approximately 105 chicks.
- chicks are orally gavaged with approximately IO 9 CFU's of E. coli VPI strain immediately prior to placement in floor pens on the day of hatch.
- the challenge culture is maintained on ice during the challenge procedure. Equal numbers of wingbanded chicks from each treatment group are commingled and randomly gavaged with 100 ⁇ L of the challenge culture prior to placement into floor pens. Chicks are monitored for mortality twice daily for 10 days.
- Table 8 Efficacy of in ovo cMGF and IM with or without gentamicin against an oral E. coli challenge at hatch.
- YEA fails to exhibit any of the other in vitro or in vivo effects of cMGF on bone marrow and immune cell populations
- YEA has consistently demonstrated efficacy in the hatcher contamination model when it was dosed on an equivalent protein basis as 800 U cMGF.
- the two preparations were tested in an oral challenge model to further evaluate and compare the efficacy of YEA to cMGF and also to determine if the protection could be attributed to in ovo delivery of protein (BSA) or products produced by the yeast expression system (YEM is the media derived from a transformed Pichia pastoris strain expressing intracellular 3-galactosidase) .
- BSA protein
- YEM is the media derived from a transformed Pichia pastoris strain expressing intracellular 3-galactosidase
- Table 9 Efficacy of YEA, YEM, cMGF and BSA in the oral Day of Hatch Gavage E. coli challenge model.
- the model is based on Leitner and Heller's finding (1992: Avian Diseases 36:211-220) that stress, (specifically 36 hour food and water deprivation) resulted in E. coli colonization of the liver, spleen, and blood of young turkeys.
- the turkeys were orally gavaged with E. coli on hatch day, withdrawn from feed 5 days later and then organs harvested to evaluate colonization 36 hours later.
- broiler chicks were administered either PBS, YEA (yeast expressed albumin) , 5, 50 or 500 U of cMGF in ovo, orally gavaged with IO 8 CFU E. coli (VPI 1990 strain) at hatch, removed from feed and water for 36 hours beginning on Day 4 posthatch and then either evaluated for tissue (liver and blood) colonization or Day 12 mortality.
- the results are presented in Table 10.
- Table 10 Efficacy of cMGF administration in ovo against E. coli organ invasion and early chick mortality.
- cMGF was injected into the albumin at either 0.25, 2.5, 25 or 250 U on Day 0 of incubation. Eggs were removed directly from the incubator (99°F) and dipped in an E. coli broth at 40°F for four minutes on Day 13 of incubation. The temperature differential assists in the transport of the bacteria across the shell and shell membranes. A similar E. coli challenge on Day 18 of incubation resulted in a 7% decrease in hatchability and a 7% increase in two week mortality (Reid et al . , 1961) . A separate group of cMGF injected eggs were not exposed to E. coli to evaluate the effects of Day 0 cMGF injection on hatchability. The results are presented in Tables 12 and 13.
- the hatcher contamination model is very similar to the E. coli hatcher contamination model described previously (see Example 9 above) except that the contaminated eggs (typically 15 eggs) placed in the top hatcher basket and used to deliver the challenge were injected with Salmonella typhimurium.
- the posthatch seeder challenge model involves the commingling of Salmonella exposed and unexposed birds in floor pens simulating the horizontal transmission of pathogens from chick to chick.
- cMGF and IM were all tested in both a Salmonella typhimurium hatcher contamination model and a posthatch seeder model. These models were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these cytokine products against a different bacterial pathogen that is intracellular in nature.
- the Day 10 mortality results for the Salmonella typhimurium Hatcher contamination model and Posthatch Seeder Model are presented below (Table 14) . Results are presented as percent of controls.
- Table 14 Efficacy of cMGF and IM against Salmonella typhimuri urn .
- PBS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (62) (62) (47) (43)
- the challenge was very robust and produced higher levels of mortality than previously conducted trials of these models.
- the only treatment that demonstrated efficacy was 0.5 mg Baytril in the hatcher contamination model, and even this exhibited a lower level of efficacy than in previous trials. It may be that the level of challenge may have overwhelmed the efficacy of the products tested.
- EXAMPLE 15 Coccidiosis Challenge Screening Model
- the efficacy of cMGF and IM were evaluated in a coccidiosis E. tenella oocyst challenge model (Table 15) .
- the model measures fecal oocyst output after a low level oral challenge and evaluates the ability of the parasite to either infect or replicate within the host.
- Efficacy measured by a reduction in the number of oocysts shed, suggests that either the parasite was unable to invade or infect cells within the subepithelial layer of the ceca, or that the parasite was unable to replicate once inside the cells and sexual reproduction or production of oocysts was inhibited.
- Table 15 Efficacy of cMGF and IM against an -Eimeria tenella challenge.
- Eimeria tenella oocysts Mean +/- S.D.
- Birds were challenged either 1 or 7 days posthatch.
- the oocyst output following challenge on Day 1 posthatch was unaffected by in ovo administration of cMGF or IM.
- the mean oocyst production was numerically reduced but not significantly, and IM actually increased the number of oocysts produced.
- the oocyst output following challenge on Day 7 posthatch was significantly reduced by in ovo administration of 40 U of cMGF. 800 U cMGF numerically reduced the oocyst output, while IM numerically increased oocyst output .
- Eimeria tenella oocyst production was numerically reduced after in ovo cMGF administration at
- Yeast expressed albumin (YEA) , at an equivalent protein concentration to cMGF at 800 U, exhibits comparable efficacy to 800 units of cMGF.
- YEA Yeast expressed albumin
- YEA does not stimulate bone marrow cells to proliferate in vi tro . It is therefore likely that the YEA efficacy in the E. coli hatcher contamination model is due to some alternate, as yet unknown, mechanism.
Abstract
A method of treating birds by administering to birds in ovo, avian myelomonocytic growth factor is disclosed. The method is preferably carried out on chickens with chicken MGF on about the eighteenth day of incubation.
Description
METHOD OF TREATING BIRDS WITH AVIAN MYELOMONOCYTIC GROWTH FACTOR
Related Applications This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Serial No. 08/292,854 filed August 19, 1994 for "Method of Treating Birds with Avian Myelomonocytic Growth Factor" by Paul Johnson, et al.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the treatment of birds by the in ovo administration of an avian myelomonocytic growth factor such as chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) .
Background of the Invention Chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) is an avian hematopoietic cytokine which stimulates bone marrow cells to proliferate and produce cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. cMGF was originally identified in lectin stimulated spleen cultures and purified from conditioned media produced by an LPS stimulated chicken macrophage cell line (HD11) by Leutz et al., EMBO J. 3, 3191-3197 (1984) . cMGF is a glycoprotein which stimulates the growth of virally transformed chicken myeloid cell lines and formation of macrophage and granulocyte colonies in normal bone marrow cultures in vi tro (Leutz et al . , supra) . cMGF has been cloned by Leutz et al. , EMBO J 8, 175-181 (1989) , but
sufficient pure cMGF, either native or recombinant, has not been available to characterize possible uses thereof.
U.S. Patent No. 5,028,421 to Fredericksen discloses a method for increasing the weight of treated birds after hatch by introducing a T-cell growth factor into eggs on about the eighteenth day of incubation.
U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 07/947,035, filed 17
September 1992, discloses a method of enhancing the growth of treated birds by introducing an insulin-like growth factor into eggs. Neither disclose nor suggest the use of a myelomonocytic growth factor to treat birds.
Summary of the Invention A method of treating birds is disclosed herein. The method carried out by administering to a bird in ovo a biologically active amount of avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) .
A second aspect of the present invention is a method of making purified recombinant avian myelomonocytic growth factor. The method includes culturing host cells (e.g., Escherichia coli , Pichia pastoris , and the like) which contain and express a recombinant DNA construct encoding MGF in a culture media, collecting culture media containing recombinant MGF from the host cells, and isolating the MGF from the culture media.
A third aspect of the present invention is a method of enhancing the growth of birds. This method is carried out by administering avian MGF to a bird in ovo in an amount effective to enhance the growth of the bird after hatch.
A fourth aspect of the present invention is a method of enhancing bone marrow proliferation in birds.
The method is carried out by administering avian MGF to a bird in ovo in an amount effective to enhance bone marrow proliferation in the bird.
A fifth aspect of the present invention is a method of inhibiting the progression of a bacterial infection such as an Escheri chia coli infection or Salmonella infection in a bird. The method comprises administering to said bird in ovo a avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) in an amount effective to inhibit the progression of the bacterial infection.
A sixth aspect of the present invention is a method of inhibiting the progression of a viral, fungal, or protozoal infection in a bird by administering to the bird in ovo a avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) in an amount effective to inhibit the progression of the viral, fungal, or protozoal infection.
The foregoing and other objects and aspects of the present invention are explained in detail in the specification set forth below.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is an illustration of Coomassie blue stained proteins of IPTG-induced or non-induced transformed BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli lysates separated and analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE.
Figure 2 is a graphical illustration of bone marrow proliferation induced by cMGF eluted from non- reducing SDS-PAGE gels. Figure 3 is a graphical illustration of bone marrow proliferation induced by the growth media of pPIC9-cMGF and pHIL-SI-cMGF transformed Pichia pastoris versus the GS115/His*Mut~ albumin secreting stain.
Figure 4 is a graphical illustration of Fc- receptor mediated phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells opsonized with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG by bone marrow cells cultured +/-20 μg/ml cMGF.
Figure 5 is a graphical illustration of IS- induced nitrite production by bone marrow cells cultured +/-20 g/ml cMGF.
Figure 6 is a graphical illustration of Phorbol ester induced superoxide production by bone marrow cells cultured +/-20 μg/ml cMGF.
Figure 7 is a graphical illustration of Fc- receptor phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells opsonized with rabbit anti-SRBC IgG by bone marrow cells cultured for 48 Hours with the indicated doses of cMGF.
Figure 8 is a graphical illustration of IS (PA-14A, 2.5 ug/ml) induced nitrite production by bone marrow cells cultured for 48 hours with the indicated doses of cMGF.
Figure 9 is a graphical illustration of PMA- inducible superoxide production by adherence purified peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes isolated from the pooled blood of chicks bled on day 4 post hatch of day 18 injected eggs receiving 2.5 ug/egg yeast expressed albumin or 2.5, 0.25 and 0.025 ug/egg Pichia pas tor is expressed cMGF.
Figure 10 is a graphical illustration of total pooled bone marrow cell counts obtained from 12 femurs removed from day old chicks hatched from egg injected with 0.1 U of IS, 0.25 ug of yeast expressed albumin, and either 0.25ug or 0.05ug of cMGF.
Figure 11 is a graphical illustration of Phorbol ester induced superoxide production by adherence purified bone marrow cells obtained from 12 femurs removed from day old chicks hatched from egg injected with 0.1 U of IS, 0.25 ug of yeast expressed albumin, and either 0.25ug or 0.05ug of cMGF.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The term " in ovo" as used herein refers to birds contained within an egg prior to hatch. Thus, the present invention may be conceived of as both a method of treating eggs and a method of treating birds. The present invention may be practiced with any type of bird egg, including chicken, turkey, duck, goose, quail, and
pheasant eggs. Chicken eggs are preferred. Eggs treated by the method of the present invention are fertile eggs. The eggs may be treated at any point during incubation, although it is preferable to treat the eggs in the fourth quarter of incubation, and most preferably to treat the eggs on about the eighteenth day of incubation (i.e., the eighteenth day of embryonic development) .
The term "avian MGF, " as used MGF corresponding to MGF produced by any avian species. The term "avian" is intended to encompass all avian species, including, but not limited to, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, and pheasant. Various species of avian MGF are known. This term is also intended to include active fragments and analogs thereof. The MGF may be provided in any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, but is preferably provided in an aqueous carrier such as a phosphate- buffered saline solution.
The administration of MGF in ovo provides a variety of useful results. For example, the administration of MGF in ovo may be used to enhance growth of the hatched chick. In addition, the administration of MGF in ovo may be used to enhance the proliferation of bone marrow cells, resulting in a more fully developed immune system at an earlier stage ( i . e . , accelerate the onset of immune competence in the bird) .
The administration of MGF in ovo provides, as noted above, a method of inhibiting the progression of bacterial infections in a bird, such as Escherichia coli infections (i.e., avian colisepticemia) or Salmonella infections. The administration of MGF in ovo provides, as also noted above, a method of inhibiting the progression of viral infections in a bird (e.g., infectious bursal disease virus infections, Newcastle's disease virus, Marek's disease virus, etc.) , of inhibiting the progression of fungal infections, and of inhibiting the progression of protozoal infections { e . g. ,
Eimeria species such as Eimeria tenella in avian coccidiosis) . The MGF may be administered concurrently with a vaccine ( e . g. , a live vaccine or a nonreplicating immunogen) effective for protecting the bird against the aforesaid infection.
MGF may be administered to eggs by any means which transports the compound through the shell. The preferred method of administration is, however, by injection. MGF may be injected into the egg at any site. Preferably, the site of injection is within either the region defined by the amnion, including the amniotic fluid and the embryo itself, in the yolk sac, or in the air cell . By the beginning of the fourth quarter of incubation, the amnion is sufficiently enlarged that penetration thereof is assured nearly all of the time when the injection is made from the center of the large end of the egg along the longitudinal axis .
Dosages of MGF used to carry out the methods described herein are not critical and can be determined in a routine manner. In general, the dosages will vary with the species of bird being treated, the time and site of administration, and the desired effect. The upper limit of the dosage can be routinely determined, but in general will be as much as 10 or 100 μg per subject ( i . e . , per in ovo injection; per egg) or more. The lower limit of the dosage likewise can be routinely determined, but can be as little as 1000 or 1 ng per subject or less.
The mechanism of injection is also not critical. Preferably, the method employed does not unduly damage the tissues and organs of the embryo or the extraembryonic membranes surrounding it so that the treatment will not decrease hatch rate. A hypodermic syringe fitted with a needle of about 18 to 22 gauge is suitable. To inject into the air cell, the needle need only be inserted into the egg by about two millimeters. A one inch needle, when fully inserted from the center of the large end of the egg, will penetrate the shell, the
outer and inner shell membranes enclosing the air cell, and the amnion. Depending on the precise stage of development and position of the embryo, a needle of this length will terminate either in the fluid above the chick or in the chick itself. A pilot hole may be punched or drilled through the shell prior to insertion of the needle to prevent damaging or dulling of the needle. If desired, the egg can be sealed with a substantially bacteria-impermeable sealing material such as wax or the like to prevent subsequent entry of undesirable bacteria.
It is envisioned that a high speed automated injection system for avian embryos will be particularly suitable for practicing the present invention. Numerous such devices are available, exemplary being those disclosed in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,903,635 and 4,681,063 to Hebrank, U.S. Patent No. 5,056,464 to Lewis, and U.S. Patent Nos. 4,040,388, 4,469,047, and 4,593,646 to Miller, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. All such devices, as adapted for practicing the present invention, include an injector containing avian MGF as described herein, with the injector positioned to inject an egg carried by the apparatus with the avian MGF. Other features of the apparatus are discussed above. In addition, if desired, a sealing apparatus operatively associated with the injection apparatus may be provided for sealing the hole in the egg after injection thereof.
Preferred apparatus for practicing the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,903,635 to Hebrank, and U.S. Patent No. 5,056,464 to Lewis, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. These devices comprise an injection apparatus for delivering fluid substances into a plurality of eggs and apparatus for aligning the eggs in relation to the injection apparatus. The features of these apparatus may be combined with the features of the apparatus described above for practicing the present
invention. In practicing the present invention, injected eggs are incubated to hatch and the birds are raised to at least 2 weeks of age.
Chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) and DNA encoding the same is known (Leutz et al . , EMBO J. 3, 3191-3197 (1984) ; Leutz et al . , EMBO J 8, 175-181 (1989) ) . The MGF proteins used to carry out the present invention may accordingly be made with techniques known in the art, or by variations thereof which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The production of recombinant DNA, vectors, host cells, and proteins by genetic engineering techniques is well known. See, e . g. , U.S. Patent No. 4,761,371 to Bell et al . at Col. 6 line 3 to Col. 9 line 65; U.S. Patent No. 4,877,729 to Clark et al . at Col. 4 line 38 to Col. 7 line 6; U.S. Patent No. 4,912,038 to Schilling at Col. 3 line 26 to Col. 14 line 12; and U.S. Patent No. 4,879,224 to Wallner at Col. 6 line 8 to Col. 8 line 59.
DNA sequences encoding MGF proteins may be recovered by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure and splicing by overlap extension (SOE) , as is known in the art. See U.S. Patents Nos. 4,683,195 to Mullis et al. and 4,683,202 to Mullis.
The MGF proteins may be synthesized in host cells transformed with vectors containing DNA encoding the MGF proteins. A vector is a replicable DNA construct. Vectors are used herein either to amplify DNA encoding the MGF protein and/or to express DNA which encodes the MGF protein. An expression vector is a replicable DNA construct in which a DNA sequence encoding the MGF protein is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting the expression of the MGF protein in a suitable host. The need for such control sequences will vary depending upon the host selected and the transformation method chosen. Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence
encoding suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation. Amplification vectors do not require expression control domains. All that is needed is the ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin of replication, and a selection gene to facilitate recognition of transformants.
Vectors useful for practicing the present invention include plasmids, viruses (including phage) , retroviruses, and integratable DNA fragments (i.e., fragments integratable into the host genome by homologous recombination) . The vector replicates and functions independently of the host genome, or may, in some instances, integrate into the genome itself. Suitable vectors will contain replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the intended expression host. Transformed host cells are cells which have been transformed or transfected with the MGF protein vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. Transformed host cells ordinarily express the MGF protein, but host cells transformed for purposes of cloning or amplifying the MGF protein DNA need not express the MGF protein.
DNA regions are operably linked when they are functionally related to each other. For example: a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. Generally, operably linked means contiguous and, in the case of leader sequences, contiguous and in reading frame.
Suitable host cells include prokaryotes, yeast cells or higher eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, for example Escherichia coli {E. coli ) or Bacilli. Higher eukaryotic cells include established cell lines of mammalian origin as described below. Exemplary host cells are E. coli
W3110 (ATCC 27,325) , E. coli B, E. coli X1776 (ATCC 31,537) , and E. coli 294 (ATCC 31,446) . Pseudomonas species, Bacillus species, and Serra tia marcesans are also suitable. A broad variety of suitable microbial vectors are available. Generally, a microbial vector will contain an origin of replication recognized by the intended host, a promoter which will function in the host and a phenotypic selection gene such as a gene encoding proteins conferring antibiotic resistance or supplying an auxotrophic requirement. Similar constructs will be manufactured for other hosts. E. coli is typically transformed using pBR322. See Bolivar et al . , Gene 2 , 95
(1977) . pBR322 contains genes for ampicillin and tetracycline resistance and thus provides easy means for identifying transformed cells.
Expression vectors should contain a promoter which is recognized by the host organism. This generally means a promoter obtained from the intended host. Promoters most commonly used in recombinant microbial expression vectors include the beta-lactamase
(penicillinase) and lactose promoter systems (Chang et al . , Nature 275, 615 (1978) ; and Goeddel et al . , Nature
281, 544 (1979) ) , a tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al . , Nucleic Acids Res . 8, 4057 (1980) and EPO App. Publ . No. 36,776) and the tac promoter (H. De Boer et al . , Proc . Na tl . Acad . Sci . USA 80, 21 (1983)) . While these are commonly used, other microbial promoters are suitable. Details concerning nucleotide sequences of many have been published, enabling a skilled worker to operably ligate them to DNA encoding the MGF protein in plasmid or viral vectors (Siebenlist et al . , Cell 20, 269
(1980) ) . The promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequence (for prokaryotic host expression) are operably linked to the DNA encoding the MGF protein, i.e., they are positioned so as to promote transcription of the MGF protein messenger RNA from the DNA.
Eukaryotic microbes such as yeast cultures may be transformed with suitable MGF protein-encoding vectors. See, e . g. , U.S. Patent No. 4,745,057. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms, although a number of other strains are commonly available. Yeast vectors may contain an origin of replication from the 2 micron yeast plasmid or an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) , a promoter, DNA encoding the MGF protein, sequences for polyadenylation and transcription termination, and a selection gene. An exemplary plasmid is YRp7, (Stinchcomb et al . , Na ture 282, 39 (1979) ; Kingsman et al . , Gene 7, 141 (1979) ; Tschemper et al . , Gene 10, 157 (1980)) . This plasmid contains the trpl gene, which provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example ATCC No. 44076 or PEP4-1 (Jones, Genetics 85, 12 (1977)) . The presence of the trpl lesion in the yeast host cell genome then provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by growth in the absence of tryptophan. Suitable promoting sequences in yeast vectors include the promoters for metallothionein, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al . , J. Biol . Chem. 255, 2073 (1980) or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al . , J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7, 149 (1968) ; and Holland et al . , Biochemistry 17, 4900 (1978)) , such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase , phosphofructokinase , glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase. Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in R. Hitzeman et al . , EPO Publn. No. 73,657. A particularly preferred yeast host cell is
Pichia pastoris, which is described along with suitable transformation vectors in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,683,293;
4,808,537; 4,812,405; 4,818,700; 4,837,148 4,855,231 4,857,467; 4,879,231; 4,882,279; 4,885,242 4,895, 800 4,929,555; 5,002,876; 5,004,688; 5,032,516 5,122,465 5,135,868; and 5,166,329, the disclosures of which applicant specifically intends to be incorporated herein by reference.
Cultures of cells derived from multicellular organisms are a desirable host for recombinant MGF protein synthesis. In principal, any higher eukaryotic cell culture is workable, whether from vertebrate or invertebrate culture, including insect cells. However, mammalian cells are preferred, as illustrated in the Examples. Propagation of such cells in cell culture has become a routine procedure. See Tissue Culture, Academic Press, Kruse and Patterson, editors (1973) . Examples of useful host cell lines are VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and WI138, BHK, COS-7, CV, and MDCK cell lines. Expression vectors for such cells ordinarily include (if necessary) an origin of replication, a promoter located upstream from the gene to be expressed, along with a ribosome binding site, RNA splice site (if intron-containing genomic DNA is used) , a polyadenylation site, and a transcriptional termination sequence. The transcriptional and translational control sequences in expression vectors to be used in transforming vertebrate cells are often provided by viral sources. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, and Simian Virus 40 (SV40) . See, e . g. , U.S. Patent No. 4,599,308. The early and late promoters are useful because both are obtained easily from the virus as a fragment which also contains the SV40 viral origin of replication. See Fiers et al. , Na ture 273, 113 (1978) . The vaccinia virus may be used as a vector, as described in the Examples. Further, the MGF protein promoter, control and/or signal sequences,
ay also be used, provided such control sequences are compatible with the host cell chosen.
An origin of replication may be provided either by construction of the vector to include an exogenous origin, such as may be derived from SV40 or other viral source (e.g. Polyoma, Adenovirus, VSV, or BPV) , or may be provided by the host cell chromosomal replication mechanism. If the vector is integrated into the host cell chromosome, the latter may be sufficient. Rather than using vectors which contain viral origins of replication, one can transform mammalian cells by the method of cotransformation with a selectable marker and the MGF protein DNA. An example of a suitable selectable marker is dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or thymidine kinase. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,216. Such markers are proteins, generally enzymes, that enable the identification of transformant cells, i.e., cells which are competent to take up exogenous DNA. Generally, identification is by survival of transformants in culture medium that is toxic, or from which the cells cannot obtain critical nutrition without having taken up the marker protein.
Host cells such as insect cells (e.g., cultured Spodoptera frugiperda cells) and expression vectors such as the baculovirus expression vector (e.g., vectors derived from Autogrrapha calif ornica MNPV, Trichoplusia ni MNPV, Rachiplusia ou MNPV, or Galleria ou MNPV) may be employed in carrying out the present invention, as described in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,745,051 and 4,879,236 to Smith et al . In general, a baculovirus expression vector comprises a baculovirus genome containing the gene to be expressed inserted into the polyhedron gene at a position ranging from the polyhedron transcriptional start signal to the ATG start site and under the transcriptional control of a baculovirus polyhedron promoter.
The following examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, and should not be
construed as limiting thereof. In these examples, bp means base pairs, hr means hour, kDa mean kilodaltons, M means molar, μg means micrograms, ml means milliliters, SDS means sodium dodecyl sulfate, IPTG means Isopropyl-β- D-thiopyranoside, RPMI means Rosewell Park Memorial Institute, FBS means fetal bovine serum, HPLC means high pressure liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC means reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, ng means nanograms, YEA means yeast expressed albumin, U means units, IM means intramuscular, μL means microliters, mg means milligrams, cfu means colony forming units and °F means degrees Fahrenheit .
EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of Chicken Myelomonocytic Growth Factor This example describes the isolation of the DNA encoding cMGF described in Leutz et al . , EMBO J. 8, 175- 181 (1989) , except that a C was found at nucleotide 114 rather than a T as reported by Leutz.
Total RNA was prepared from guanadinium isothiocyanate lysed Concanavalin A (Con A) -stimulated splenocytes which had been isolated from 6 week leghorns . Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the thus prepared total RNA with cMGF- specific oligonucleotide primers gave a band of the expected size of -560 bp and a larger -800 bp band. Both bands were specific to splenocytes stimulated with Con A for 48 hrs and were not amplified in the controls or in splenocytes stimulated for only 24 hrs. A second round of PCR amplification of the 560 bp band using an internal cMGF primer 4 with cMGF primer 6 gave a product of the expected size. The 560 bp band was subcloned into the Invitrogen pCRII vector. DNA sequence analysis of three clones containing the 560 bp PCR product confirmed that the authentic cMGF cDNA had been cloned. The sequence varies from the published sequence by one base pair (the -> C transition noted above) , which does not result in
a change in the amino acid level, indicating that it is probably a naturally occurring genetic polymorphism among the chicken lines.
EXAMPLE 2 Expression of Chicken MGF in Escherichia coli
The 560 base pair PCR product encoding the cDNA for the mature cMGF protein was subcloned in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression vectors pET3A, B & C. Isopropyl-β-D-thiopyranoside (IPTG) was added to a growing culture of the BL21(DE3) E. coli host strain, to induce T7 polymerase, which in turn transcribes the target DNA in the plasmid. None of the cMGF recombinants cloned into pET3A, B & C using the Ndel and BamHI sites exhibited any IPTG inducible cMGF expression. Use of the BamHI site allows the translation of the cMGF protein as a fusion with the first 11 amino acids of the gene-10 protein, which may translate more efficiently and confer stability on the expressed protein. The cMGF clone was reamplified with cMGF primers 1+6 to engineer the BamHI sites and subclone it into pCRII. cMGF cDNA was subcloned into the BamHI site into the pET3A vector. Recombinants, in the correct orientation, were then identified by Aval digestion. An IPTG inducible band ~ 21 kDa in BL21(DE3) cells transformed with the pET3A- cMGF-BamHI plasmid was observed. Log phase cultures of the three clones were induced by the addition of IPTG and grown for 3 hrs under conditions previously found to be suitable for expression of the positive control protein gCap41 cloned into the BamHI site of the pET3A vector. The E. coli were pelleted, solubilized in SDS sample buffer and the proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1) .
During in vi tro translation of mRNA derived from the complete cMGF coding sequence, a precursor of 26.5 kDa is synthesized whose 23 amino acid signal sequence is cleaved off and, in the presence of
membranes, cMGF becomes glycosylated at two N- glycosylation sites to generate a 28 kDa mature cMGF form. The calculated molecular weight of the mature cMGF protein is ~ 20.014 kDa, which is about 4 kDa smaller than that determined by SDS-PAGE.
The cells were broken open by sonication or mild detergent lysis with deoxycholate, followed by centrifugation to separate soluble and insoluble fractions. Samples were then analyzed by SDS-PAGE to determine whether the putative cMGF protein is expressed in the soluble or insoluble fraction. The results from both cell lysis methods indicated that cMGF is preferentially contained in the insoluble fraction, presumably in the inclusion bodies. Natural cMGF and the rcMGF-trpE eluted from non-reducing SDS-PAGE gels stimulate growth of hematopoietic colonies in chick bone marrow cells, indicating that biological activity is not destroyed by SDS but was found to be sensitive to exposure to reducing reagents. rcMGF-glO targeted to inclusion bodies was recovered by washing inclusion bodies with 50% glycerol and solubilizing the inclusion bodies in 5% SDS. Several methods were attempted to refold putative cMGF-glO protein after removing SDS and contaminating bacterial LPS by HPLC and DETOXI-GEL™ columns from Pierce
(Rockford, Illinois, USA) . The existence of a 21 kDa putative cMGF band was confirmed by SDS-PAGE gels for each procedure, but none of the samples exhibited activity in bone marrow proliferation assays. Elution of the 21 kDa putative cMGF band from non-reducing SDS-PAGE gels, by overnight incubation of 2- 3 mm2 gel slices in RPMI 1640 media + gentamicin, however, did demonstrate activity in the bone marrow proliferation assay while the 41 kDa gCAP band eluted from the same gel did not. See Figure 2. 0.1% Triton X-100 washed inclusion bodies containing the 21 kDa cMGF protein were solubilized in 5% SDS, 8 M urea and 6 M guanidinium-HCl
and analyzed by RP-HPLC. Identical chromatography profiles were obtained for all solubilization methods and the 21 kDa cMGF protein was identified by SDS-PAGE. The dried RP-HPLC purified cMGF protein was solubilized by different techniques including SDS, Triton X-100, dipotassium phosphate and octyl-β-glucoside . Detergent was determined to be the most effective method of solubilization. Size exclusion analysis of solubilized cMGF-inclusion bodies indicated that the protein was eluting as large aggregates, but that the addition of 10% ethanol to the mobile phase of the column significantly changed the elution profile of the cMGF to that more approximating a monomer.
EXAMPLE 3 Expression of Chicken MGF in Pichia pastoris
Pichia pastoris is methylotropic, and therefore capable of metabolizing methanol as a sole carbon source, and producing protein products with glycosylation similar to mammalian systems. Plasmids are available which direct protein products to be intracellular or secreted. Heterologous protein expression in this system is tightly regulated and induced to very high levels by the addition of methanol to the growth media. The Pichia pastoris expression kit available from INVITROGEN® was used (telephone number 602-748-4400) .
The cMGF clone was reamplfied with primers 7+6 to engineer in BamHI and EcoRI sites, and subcloned into two Pichia expression vectors, pPIC9 and pHIL-Sl both of which produce secreted fusion protein products with signal peptides from the α-mating factor or acid phosphatase genes respectively. Initially the PCR product was subcloned into the pCR™II vector. Digestion with EcoRI/BamHI or EcoRI alone resulted in the correct size inserts. The cMGF inserts were isolated from a low melting point agarose gel using the phenol/chloroform method and ligated into the EcoRI site of pPIC9 vector or
the EcoRI/BamHI sites of pHIL-SI. The ligation was transformed into DH5αf' and plated onto selective media. Potential cMGF subclones were verified by restriction digests of the DNA. One clone of each type was selected for further analysis. The correct orientation of cMGF insert in the pPIC9-cMGF and the pHIL-SI-cMGF subclones were checked by digestion with the enzymes Aval and Bgl II. DNA sequencing of the 5' end of the clones confirmed that the clones were subcloned correctly and the cMGF cDNA is in-frame with the Pichia vector signal sequences for secretion.
Spheroplasts were prepared from the GS115 (His-) strain by treatment with zymolase. The Pichia spheroplasts were transformed with Bgll l digests of cMGF subcloned into pPIC9 and pHILSl . The transformed yeast were plated onto selective media along with positive controls for transformation and secretion provided by Invitrogen. The Pichia GS115 (His-) strain had a defect in the histidinal dehydrogenase activity coded for the gene HIS4. This defect enabled the strain to grow on complex media or minimal media supplemented with histidine. When GS115 (His-) is transformed with plasmids containing the HIS4 gene, the transformants are selected on their ability to grow on minimal media not supplemented with histidine. Transformants were then plated on selective media that allowed the identification of recombinants that have stably integrated the cMGF gene into the yeast genome.
Seven potential cMGF recombinant clones were selected from the transformation with the pHILSl-cMGF and pPIC9-cMGF vectors. These clones were grown in liquid culture in the presence of methanol to induce expression and secretion of the recombinant protein into the media. The culture media supernatant from each recombinant clone was collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The results revealed five potential cMGF clones expressing two
predominant proteins of -25 and 29 kDa, the size of the glycosylated forms of native cMGF.
The five potential positive samples were tested for in vi tro activity in the bone marrow proliferation assay and were found to be biologically active. Protein expression was scaled-up to a 40 mL, 2 day-induced culture with four of the five previously identified cMGF- expressing clones and the albumin-expressing transformant included as a negative control. Since the yeast methanol growth media inhibited bone marrow cell proliferation, the samples were processed using 10 k and 100 k CENTRIPREP™ ultrafilters from AMICON™ to exchange the yeast media with RPMI media and concentrate the samples. The results of the bone marrow proliferation assay are reported in Figure 3.
All of the cMGF transformed yeast samples exhibited activity in the bone marrow proliferation assay while the albumin control exhibited no proliferative response. The four clones which had shown activity after the first 2 day induction period, were induced for an additional 2 days and the supernatants were processed by ultrafiltration, as described above. No difference in activity was observed for samples induced for the first 2 day period compared to those induced between 2 and 4 days. In addition, the 100 k retentate and 10 k filtrate fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and in the bone marrow proliferation assay. To recover biologically active secreted cMGF from the transformed yeast growth media, the buffer exchange and concentration procedure were modified, eliminating the 100 k filter and utilizing 10% ethanol in the early wash steps. This new procedure produced material containing the 25 and 29 kDa putative cMGF bands when analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and can be resolved on RP-HPLC. One of the fractions collected after RP-HPLC was active in the bone marrow proliferation assay and contained the two cMGF bands.
In the Pichia expression system, multiple copies of the gene integrated into the yeast chromosome often results in higher levels of protein expression. Therefore, the Southern blotting technique was used to determine the cMGF gene copy number in each positive clone. The results indicated that all of the cMGF expressing clones contained one copy of the gene cassette. Focus was also directed towards optimizing cell culture conditions to increase production of the cMGF product and one of the pPIC9-cMGF expressing clones was chosen for scale up to a 40.0 mL culture. Gentamicin was added to prevent bacterial contamination. The results obtained appeared to indicate that a 2-day methanol induction was optimal.
EXAMPLE 4 cMGF Induced Enhancement of Macrophage Functional Responses in Cultured Bone Marrow Cells
Chicken bone marrow cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 media + 5% FBS ± 20 μg/ml cMGF and assayed for their ability to perform Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis, IS- induced nitrite production and phorbol ester induced superoxide production at time 0 and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 days in culture. The results are reported in Figures 4- 6. The acquisition of Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis and IS-induced nitrite production are significantly accelerated and enhanced by the presence of cMGF in the culture media. See Figures 4 and 5. However, phorbol ester induced superoxide production is unaffected by the presence of cMGF. See Figure 6. These results indicate that pichia pastoris produced recombinant cMGF stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of macrophage functional responses.
EXAMPLE 5 Recovery of cMGF for In vivo and In ovo Use
To recover biologically active Pichia pastoris expressed cMGF from spent transformed yeast growth media, samples were processed using CENTRIPREP™ 10K filters (Amicon) to exchange the yeast media and concentrate the proteins therein. Yeast media was exchanged by ultrafiltration using phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 10% ethanol in the early wash steps, followed by PBS alone in the final washes. The resulting product was used in the in vivo and in ovo experiments described below, with amounts indicating the amount of total protein in the preparation.
EXAMPLE 6 In vi tro cMGF Activity
The previous data described the cloning and expression of cMGF and described initial experiments on the effects of treatment of bone marrow cells in vi tro with Pichia pastoris expressed cMGF which demonstrated proliferation of these cells and acquisition of mature macrophage function responses. These studies have been extended and some preliminary in vivo data has been collected.
The acquisition of Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis and IS-induced nitrite production was significantly accelerated and enhanced by the presence of micro-gram quantities of cMGF (20 ug/ml) in the media over the first two days of BM cell culture. Effects of cMGF on phorbol ester induced superoxide production appears more complicated and is still under evaluation. To determine the dose response for the cMGF induced acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses in BM cultures, cells were incubated in RPMI 1640 media + 5% FBS plus the indicated doses of cMGF for 48 hours and assayed for their ability to perform Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis (Figure 7) , IS-induced nitrite production
(Figure 8) and phorbol ester induced superoxide production (data not shown) .
The cMGF induced acquisition of Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis and IS-induced nitrite production in BM cells after 48 hours of culture was dose dependent, beginning in the 10-100 ng/ml range and approaching maximal stimulation in the 1-2 micro-gram/ml range of cMGF concentration. cMGF effects on cultured BM cell PMA-induced superoxide production were once again more complex with stimulation in the 10-100 ng/ml range and inhibition at doses of 500 ng/ml or greater. cMGF induced proliferation of BM cells is also initiated in the nanogra range (data not shown) .
Pichia pastoris produced recombinant cMGF therefore stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses. Concanavalin A stimulated splenocyte conditioned media (IS) , which contains cMGF in addition to other cytokines, also stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow cells. Comparison of the effects of 48 hour culture of BM cells in media alone or media + 2.5 μg/ml of either IS, cMGF or yeast expressed albumin indicated that both cMGF and IS induced proliferation when compared to media alone, but that albumin at high doses also stimulated some proliferation (data not shown) . A comparison of the effects of cMGF, IS, and yeast expressed albumin on the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses in BM cultures was performed. cMGF was the most efficient at enhancing Fc- receptor mediated phagocytosis 37% versus 16% for Albumin, 5% for media alone and 2.5% for IS (data not shown) . Both cMGF and IS treatment significantly stimulated IS-induced nitrite production relative to albumin and media cultured cells (data not shown) . cMGF, IS, and albumin treatment all enhanced the PMA-induced superoxide response relative to media cultured cells (data not shown) .
Pichia pastoris produced recombinant cMGF therefore stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses. IS, which contains cMGF in addition to other cytokines (IL-2 & IFN, etc.), also stimulates both the proliferation of bone marrow cells and the acquisition of mature macrophage functional responses. However, treatment of BM with IS had either no effect or inhibited acquisition of Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis, an observation made previously with peritoneal elicited macrophages cultured with IS. It is therefore likely that in ovo delivery of cMGF will result in chicks hatching with greater numbers of functionally activated macrophages that are better able to cope with bacterial infections and perform their central role in the modulation of the immune response.
EXAMPLE 7
In ovo cMGF: Effects on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Leucocytes Post Hatch Eggs were injected on day 18 of incubation with either 2.5 μg/egg of yeast expressed albumin or 0.025, 0.25 or 2.5 μg/egg of yeast expressed cMGF and the chicks hatched from these eggs were housed and 5 chicks from each treatment group were bled at 1, 4, and 7 posthatch. Blood smears were prepared to evaluate leucocyte differential counts. The results are presented in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1. The effects of in ovo cmgf on white blood cell differential counts of chicks on days 1, 4, and 7 posthatch.
DAY 1 POSTHATCH
Treatment in ovo Lymphocytes Monocytes Granulocytes
Vehicle 68 +/- 27.0 7 +/- 4.0 23 +/- 24.9
0.025 ug cMGF 39 +/- 15.9 12 +/- 1.8 47 +/- 15.3
0.25 ug cMGF 80 +/- 12.4 8 +/- 5.4 12 +/- 10.9
2.5 ug cMGF 59 +/- 29.5 18 +/- 5.8 24 +/- 24
DAY 4 POSTHATCH
Treatment in ovo Lymphocytes Monocytes Granulocytes
Vehicle 83 +/- 10.6 14 +/- 8.3 3 +/- 3.0
0.025 ug MGF 81 +/- 6.3 12 +/- 4.1 8 +/- 6.1
0.25 ug cMGF 88 +/- 5.9 11 +/- 5.1 3 +/- 3.1
2.5 ug cMGF 93 +/- 2.4 4 +/- 1.5 2 +/- 1.26
DAY 7 POSTHATCH
Treatment in ovo Lymphocytes Monocytes Granulocytes
Vehicle 83 +/- 6.8 13 +/- 6.9 4 +/- 1.5
0.025 ug cMGF 87 +/- 5.0 10 +/- 2.9 3 +/- 2.4
0.25 ug cMGF 88 +/- 3.0 13 +/- 5.8 3 +/- 2.1
2.5 ug cMGF 85 +/- 6.9 11 +/- 4.7 2 +/- 2.2
Each mean represents 5 chicks within one trial . One hundred cells were counted for each chick sampled.
On day 1 posthatch abnormal leukocyte ratios were evident in 1 or 5 chicks for the vehicle (2.5 μg albumin) , 0.25 μg cMGF and 2.5 ug cMGF treatments and 5 of 5 of the 0.025 μg cMGF treatment. Granulocytes were elevated in the 0.025 μg cMGF in ovo had elevated levels of erythroblasts . No effect on leukocyte differential counts was evident on days 4 and 7 posthatch.
Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBL's) were prepared from the pooled blood by centrifugation over percoll gradients, about 5 chicks per treatment group, and the resulting PBL's placed into tissue culture and allowed to adhere for two hours. Non-adherent cells were removed by vigorous washing and the resulting adherent population of leukocytes assayed for their ability to perform Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis, IS- induced nitrite production and phorbol ester induced superoxide production. There was no detectable IS or LPS inducible nitrite production and Fc-receptor mediated phagocytosis (opsonized-SRBC s) at any of the time points examined. Interestingly, leukocytes were able to phagocytose non-opsonized SRBC's, which may be a reflection of the normal homeostatic functions of blood monocytes, that is the recognition and phagocytosis of senescent, damaged or foreign RBC's or other cells. At 1, 4 and 7 days post hatch adherence purified leukocytes generated measurable PMA-induced superoxide and those isolated from the cMGF injected groups on day 4 post hatch produced more that those form the albumin control group (Figure 9) .
PBL's from the 0.25 & 0.025 μg cMGF/egg groups produced more 02 in response to PMA than albumin controls on days 1, 4, and 7. PBL's from the 2.5 μg cMGF/egg group produced more 02 in response to PMA than albumin controls on day 4 post hatch but not on days 1 or 7.
In a similar experiment, bone marrow cells were isolated from the femurs of day old chicks hatched from eggs injected with yeast expressed cMGF or albumin and
IS. The number of cells isolated (Figure 10) and PMA- inducible superoxide production of adherence purified bone marrow cells is presented (Figure 11) .
In ovo cMGF significantly increased the number of bone marrow cells isolated from the femurs of day old chicks. Similar to the effects of in ovo cMGF on PBL functional responses, bone marrow cells from cMGF
treatment groups produced significantly more superoxide in response to PMA stimulation.
In ovo cMGF injection therefore increases the number and functional activation of bone marrow cells available, affects leukocyte blood differential counts (early on) and PMA-inducible superoxide production by blood leukocytes isolated from the chicks hatched form these eggs. Since superoxide production and it's reactive oxygen intermediate derivatives are one of the major anti-microbial products of monocyte/macrophages and granulocytes, which together with antibodies and complement form the first line of defense against bacterial pathogens, chicks hatching from eggs injected with cMGF may get fewer bacterial infections during this period of high susceptibility. The efficacy of in ovo cMGF administration in vivo E. coli challenge models is under investigation.
EXAMPLE 8 Hatchability Studies Eggs obtained from and incubated at a commercial hatchery (Rose Hill) were candled to detect live embryos. Viable eggs were injected in ovo on day 18 of incubation with a variety of test articles, placed in hatching baskets and returned to the incubator. The resulting hatchability on day 21 was recorded (Table 2) .
Table 2. Hatchability following in ovo cMGF administration
Treatment in ovo Hatchability % (S.D.)
Yeast Expressed Albumin 94.0 (2.1)
Immunomodulator 94.2 (2.8)
0.025 μg cMGF 94.9 (3.2)
0.25 μg cMGF 95.4 (2.4)
2.5 μg cMGF* 91.1 (4.1)
2.0 mg Gentamicin 96.1 (1.6)
Noinjected Controls 95.1 (2.1)
Hatchability means are based on 9 replicates of 108 live embryonated eggs (n=972).* Treatment tested positive for bacterial contamination postinjection but not prior to injection, suggesting that the injectable may have became contaminated during the filling of syringes.
With the exception of the 2.5 μg dose of cMGF, which may have become contaminated, in ovo injection of the test articles did not significantly affect hatchability.
EXAMPLE 9
Hatcher Contamination E. coli Challenge Screening Models The hatcher contamination model involves placing eggs (typically 36 eggs) which have been injected into the aircell with the VPI E. coli strain (typically 104 CFU's) in the top tray of the hatcher. The chicks that hatch from these infected eggs then transmit the pathogen to the experimental chicks hatching from eggs incubated in the same hatcher. The various treatment groups are represented in two separate locations within the hatcher, and the locations are randomly varied from trial to trial. On the day of hatch, chicks are pulled, wingbanded, commingled, placed in floor pens and monitored for mortality twice daily for two weeks. At two weeks, chicks are weighed and counted.
A series of three separate E. coli hatcher contamination challenge models were performed (Table 3) .
Table 3 : Efficacy of in ovo cMGF in the Hatcher Contamination E. coli Challenge Model.
In ovo Expt. 1 Expt. 2 Expt. 3 Mean SEM Treatment % % % % Mortality Mortality Mortality mortality
PBS 14.3 8.3 14.5 12.4 A ±3.5
Gentamicin 5.7 5.8 0.83 4.1 C ±2.8 0.2 mg cMGF 14.3 7.5 12.5 11.4 AB ±3.5 8 U cMGF 4.3 10 10.8 8.4 ABC ±3.5 80 U cMGF 5.7 2.5 10.1 6.1 BC ±3.8 800 U
10 min 280 247 CFU's 208 CFU's
Hatcher CFU's
CFU's
# Birds 70 120 120 310 per treatment
Means were partitioned by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Means with no common postscript A, B or C differ significantly (p≤0.05).
These models demonstrated efficacy of 0.2 mg gentamicin, YEA (yeast expressed albumin) , and 800 U rcMGF injected in ovo . The 800 U rcMGF treatment and the 0.2 mg Gentamicin were efficacious when compared to PBS but not relative to the YEA control. 80 units of cMGF was efficacious in Trial 1 but not in Trials 2 and 3. It is unclear why the YEA exhibits comparable efficacy to 800 units of cMGF. In ovo cMGF consistently produces greater increases in both the number of bone marrow cells in chick femurs at hatch and the PMA inducible superoxide production from peripheral blood lymphocytes collected
from Day 4 chicks when compared to YEA injected controls. In addition, YEA does not stimulate bone marrow cells to proliferate in vi tro . The YEA is dosed at an equivalent protein concentration to the 800 unit cMGF dose.
Two additional E. coli hatcher contamination challenge trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cMGF and 10 U of IM with or without gentamicin. The results are presented in Table 4.
Table 4: Efficacy of cMGF and IM with or without .05 mg gentamicin in the hatcher contamination model.
Treatment in ovo Day 14 Mortality % Day 14 Body Wei ght (g)
Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Mean Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Mean
PBS 4.2 3.8 4.0 303 320 312
.05 mg Gentamicin 0 0 0 305 322 314
10 U IM (9416) 2.9 1.0 2.0 319 310 315
40 U cMGF 3.8 5.7 4.8 299 299 299
200 U cMGF 3.3 1.0 2.2 313 310 312
800 U cMGF 1.1 2.9 2.0 308 305 307
10 U IM + .05 6.8 0 3.4 304 304 304 mg gentamicin
40 U cMGF + .05 1.9 1.0 1.5 298 316 307 mg Gentamicin
200 U cMGF + 3.8 1 2.4 310 309 310
.05 mg
Gentamicin
800 U cMGF + 0 0 0 305 311 308
.05 mg
Gentamicin
Nonchallenged 1 1 1 314 311 313 Controls
The mortality was low in both trials when compared to previous tests, however the positive (.05 mg gentamicin) and negative controls (PBS) were probably
significantly different from each other. Treatments which numerically reduced mortality were 200 and 800 U of cMGF, 10 U of IM and the combination of 40, 200 or 800 U of cMGF with .05 mg gentamicin. 40 U cMGF was not efficacious. Although the level of mortality was low compared to previous trials (perhaps due to the use of different flock as the source of eggs and housing the chicks in a different grow out facility) , these data are consistent with previous data which showed that cMGF exhibited a dose response.
To further evaluate the efficacy of YEA in the hatcher contamination E. coli challenge model, a YEA dose-response trial was performed (Table 5) .
Table 5. Efficacy of YEA against E. coli associated early chick mortality
Treatment in Hatchability (%) Two Week Two Week ovo Mortality (%) Body Weight (g)
PBS 92 7.0 289
0.2 mg 96 8.7 300 Gentamicin
.2 μg YEA 92 7.0 299
. l g YEA 93 12.2 291
.04 μg YEA 98 8.7 311
.02 ug YEA 92 14.8 288
.002 μg YEA 94 12.2 300
500 U cMGF 95 8.7 279 (.2 μg protein)
The gentamicin treatment used as a positive control failed to reduce mortality below PBS injected controls, contrary to our previous data (Tables 3 and 4, above) . The reason for this is unknown, although the chicks were held in the hatcher an additional day in an attempt to elevate early chick mortality so that
differences between the efficacy of various YEA doses could be better discriminated. It may be that this additional stress may have overwhelmed the efficacy of the articles tested. In order to correctly discriminate between the relative efficacies of rcMGF and YEA, it may first be necessary to purify these proteins away from potential contaminants present as a component of the yeast media or produced by the yeast during production.
EXAMPLE 10
Intramuscular E. coli Challenge Screening Models
The efficacy of in ovo administration of IM and cMGF against an E. coli intramuscular challenge on Day 3 and Day 7 posthatch was evaluated (Tables 6 and 7) . This is a new model which evaluates cytokine efficacy against a systemic infection, bypassing the protective barriers of the skin, gut and lung epithelia and protection afforded by GALT or BALT. It also begins to evaluate the duration of efficacy as birds are not challenged until Day 3 or 7 posthatch. The Day 3 challenge experiment compared the efficacy of in ovo versus intramuscular hatch-day injection of cytokines.
Birds were injected with test articles either in ovo on day 18 or intramuscularly (left leg) at day of hatch. Chicks were wingbanded, commingled and placed in floor pens. On day 3 or 7 chicks were injected intramuscularly with the appropriate dose of E. coli CQR strain into the right leg. Chicks were replaced in the floor pens and mortality was monitored for seven days post challenge (Tables 6 and 7) .
Table 6: Efficacy of in ovo or day of hatch cMGF and IM administration against a Day 3 Intramuscular E. coli challenge.
Treatment % Mortality % Mortality (105 cfu) (IO4 cfu)
Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Mean Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Mean
PBS in ovo 10.3 19.4 14.9 5.6 8.3 7.0
.05 mg Gentamicin 15.1 13.6 14.4 3.9 5.0 4.5 in ovo
10 U IM in ovo 10.8 12.7 11.8 5.0 5.0 5.0
40 U cMGF in ovo 6.9 11.1 9.0 5.2 10.0 7.6
200 U cMGF in 11.9 18.3 15.1 5.6 8.3 7.0 ovo
800 U cMGF in 5.0 16.7 10.9 5.1 8.3 6.7 ovo
PBS at hatch 10.3 8.7 9.5 6.3 3.3 4.8
.05 mg gentamicin 9.5 11.7 10.6 3.9 1.7 2.8 at hatch
10 U IM at hatch 9.5 8.7 9.1 4.7 1.7 3.2
40 U cMGF at 5.6 17.5 11.6 3.2 8.3 5.8 hatch
200 U cMGF at 13.5 15.1 14.3 3.9 5.0 4.5 hatch
800 U cMGF at 16.7 18.3 17.5 3.2 11.7 7.5 hatch
Treatment means based on approximately 105 chicks.
The results of the Day 3 challenge model were inconsistent (Table 6) . In the first trial 40 U of cMGF reduced mortality following both in ovo and day of hatch injection and challenge with 10s CFU's. However this finding was not repeated at the lower challenge level (10" CFU's) . In trial two, 40 U of cMGF reduced mortality following the 10s challenge when injected in ovo but not posthatch.
Table 7 : Efficacy of in ovo cMGF and IM against a Day 7 intramuscular E. coli challenge.
Treatment in ovo One Week Mortality Two Week Body Weight
% (g)
IO6 10s 106 IO5
PBS 43.3 5.0 309 285
.05 mg Gentamicin 28.3 6.7 237 279
10 U IM (9416) 26.7 8.3 294 296
40 U cMGF 33.3 3.3 312 295
200 U cMGF 43.3 8.3 259 270
800 U cMGF 28.3 13.3 304 277
In the first trial the challenge levels chosen,
104 and IO5 CFU's, produced no significant mortality (data not shown) . In the second trial, only the IO6 CFU challenge dose resulted in a high level of mortality in which Gentamicin, 10 U of IM and both 40 U and 800 U of cMGF numerically reduced mortality.
EXAMPLE 11 Oral Gavage E. coli Challenge Screening Models
In this model chicks are orally gavaged with approximately IO9 CFU's of E. coli VPI strain immediately prior to placement in floor pens on the day of hatch.
The challenge culture is maintained on ice during the challenge procedure. Equal numbers of wingbanded chicks from each treatment group are commingled and randomly gavaged with 100 μL of the challenge culture prior to placement into floor pens. Chicks are monitored for mortality twice daily for 10 days.
The results of the two trials evaluating the efficacy of in ovo cMGF and IM administration with or without gentamicin against a hatch day oral E. coli challenge are presented below (Table 8) . This trial was designed to evaluate an IM dose of 10 U and the efficacy of cMGF, and to determine if there were any added
benefits when cytokines were injected with 0.05 mg gentamicin.
Table 8: Efficacy of in ovo cMGF and IM with or without gentamicin against an oral E. coli challenge at hatch.
Treatment in ovo Mortality %
Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean
PBS 13.4 8.9 11.1
.05 mg Gentamicin 5.0 3.3 4.2
10 U IM (9416) 6.7 3.3 5.0
40 U cMGF 16.7 7.8 12.3
200 U cMGF 8.3 12.2 10.3
800 U cMGF 11.7 6.7 9.2
10 U IM + .05 mg 5.0 3.3 4.2 Gentamicin
40 U cMGF + .05 mg 4.2 3.3 3.8 Gentamicin
200 U cMGF + .05 mg 9.2 8.9 9.1 Gentamicin
800 U cMGF + .05 mg 7.5 2.2 4.9 Gentamicin
PBS nonchallenged controls 8.3 1.1 4.7
Two pens of the eight pens were deleted from study two. These pens had excessive mortality levels of 50% .
In this model, both 10 U IM and .05 mg gentamicin clearly demonstrated efficacy against E. coli . Neither 40 U or 200 U of cMGF demonstrated efficacy, although 800 U numerically reduced mortality. There was no additive effect when IM was added to gentamicin. The two trials were similar in their results except that in trial 1 non-challenged controls had a surprisingly high level of mortality, perhaps due to horizontal transmission within pens as treatment groups were commingled and equally represented.
In other E. coli hatcher contamination challenge trials (see Example 9 above) , yeast expressed albumin (YEA) has been used as a vehicle control for testing cMGF efficacy. However, although YEA fails to exhibit any of the other in vitro or in vivo effects of cMGF on bone marrow and immune cell populations, YEA has consistently demonstrated efficacy in the hatcher contamination model when it was dosed on an equivalent protein basis as 800 U cMGF. The two preparations were tested in an oral challenge model to further evaluate and compare the efficacy of YEA to cMGF and also to determine if the protection could be attributed to in ovo delivery of protein (BSA) or products produced by the yeast expression system (YEM is the media derived from a transformed Pichia pastoris strain expressing intracellular 3-galactosidase) . The results are presented in Table 9.
Table 9: Efficacy of YEA, YEM, cMGF and BSA in the oral Day of Hatch Gavage E. coli challenge model.
Treatment in ovo Mortality % Body Weight (g)
Trial Trial Mean Trial Trial Mean
1 2 1 2
PBS 13.7 10.8 12.3 222 175 199
.05 mg Gentamicin 10.0 5.8 7.9 220 173 197
Yeast Expressed 7.6 1.7 4.7 218 177 198 Albumin
Yeast Extract Media 7.5 8.3 7.9 230 172 204
800 U CMGF 10.8 5.8 8.3 221 179 200
BSA (equivalent 11.7 7.5 9.6 226 174 200 protein)
Mean Mortality based on 240 chicks per treatment (120 in each of two independent trials). YEM, cMGF, YEA, .05 g gentamicin and BSA all reduced mortality, but YEA was the most efficacious. Equivalent body weights of birds suggest birds which did not die in the treated groups are not sick or depressed in growth.
EXAMPLE 12 Dietary Stress -E coli Challenge Model
The model is based on Leitner and Heller's finding (1992: Avian Diseases 36:211-220) that stress, (specifically 36 hour food and water deprivation) resulted in E. coli colonization of the liver, spleen, and blood of young turkeys. The turkeys were orally gavaged with E. coli on hatch day, withdrawn from feed 5 days later and then organs harvested to evaluate colonization 36 hours later. In the first experiment broiler chicks were administered either PBS, YEA (yeast expressed albumin) , 5, 50 or 500 U of cMGF in ovo, orally gavaged with IO8 CFU E. coli (VPI 1990 strain) at hatch, removed from feed and water for 36 hours beginning on Day 4 posthatch and then either evaluated for tissue (liver and blood) colonization or Day 12 mortality. The results are presented in Table 10.
Table 10: Efficacy of cMGF administration in ovo against E. coli organ invasion and early chick mortality.
Treatment in ovo Percent chicks with Day 12 Mortality tissue colonization n = 15 n = 5
PBS 0 16.7%
YEA 0 0%
5 U cMGF 20% 14.3%
50 U cMGF 20% 25%
500 U cMGF 0 7.1 %
There was very little organ invasion, making it difficult to discern any effects due to in ovo cMGF administration. The highest dose of cMGF and an equivalent amount of YEA protein both reduced mortality. A second study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of
in ovo cMGF administration in this model, The results of both trials are presented in Table 11.
Table 11. Efficacy of cMGF in ovo against E. coli organ invasion and mortality following oral gavage of E. coli at hatch followed by food and water deprivation four days posthatch.
Treatment in Percent of chicks Day 12 ovo exhibiting organ Mortality (%) invasion
Trial Trial Mean Trial Trial Mean Mn) 2(n) l(n) 2(n)
PBS 0 (5) 0 (5) 0 11.8 16.0 13.9
(17) (25)
YEA ( .2 μg 0 (1) 0 (5) 0 0 (17) 11.0 5.6 protein) (27)
5 U cMGF 16.6 20 18.3 10.0 21.4 15.7 (6) (5) (19) (28)
50 U cMGF 20 40 30.0 11.8 26.9 19.4 (10) (5) (17) (26)
500 U CMGF 0 (5) 10 10.0 5.3 32.1 18.7 .. ( .2 ug protein) (5) (19) (28)
There was no evidence of organ invasion in the PBS injected controls. In the first trial feed and water were deprived for 36 hours beginning on Day 4 posthatch and the chicks were orally gavaged with 100 μL of a IO9 cfu/mL E. coli culture. This challenge regimen resulted in no colonization of the liver or blood of PBS injected chicks. In trial two the period of feed and water deprivation was increased to 48 hours and the chicks were orally gavaged with 200 μl of a IO9 cfu/mL E. coli culture; however, there was still no evidence of organ invasion in the PBS injected chicks. Chicks receiving YEA at 0.2 μg also failed to exhibit any organ colonization. Interestingly, however, chicks which received cMGF in ovo did exhibit organ invasion, and the results were somewhat consistent in both trials, with the 500 U dose having the least. Perhaps cMGF increases the number of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage which can phagocytose and internalize bacteria, but these cells are not sufficiently activated to be biocidal and serve
as reservoir of bacteria in the form of tissue macrophages. A second signal such as cIFN may be required for full activation and the destruction of intracellular bacteria. Twelve day mortality was increased in the second trial due to either the increased challenge dose, the increased period of feed and water deprivation, or both. Food and water deprivation did increase two week mortality above levels normally seen in the hatcher contamination and oral gavage models. There was also considerable variability in the mortality data between the two trials, but cMGF appeared to have no effect. It is unclear whether organ colonization and mortality may be correlated since both PBS and YEA groups had no detectable organ colonization but had considerably different mortality levels.
EXAMPLE 13
Day 0 in ovo cMGF Injection and Day 13 in ovo E. coli Challenge Model In ovo cMGF injection on Day 0 of incubation was evaluated to determine if it would increase the number of functional responsiveness of embryo phagocytes that defend against bacterial pathogens beginning the second week of egg incubation. Klasing (1991) surmised opsonin mediated phagocytosis could sufficiently defend the embryo against bacterial pathogens by the second week of incubation. Phagocytic cells protect the embryo during the critical period after the chorioallantoic membrane fuses with the shell membrane, permitting dissemination of pathogens on the shell to the embryo. cMGF was injected into the albumin at either 0.25, 2.5, 25 or 250 U on Day 0 of incubation. Eggs were removed directly from the incubator (99°F) and dipped in an E. coli broth at 40°F for four minutes on Day 13 of incubation. The temperature differential assists in the transport of the bacteria across the shell and shell membranes. A similar E. coli challenge on Day 18 of
incubation resulted in a 7% decrease in hatchability and a 7% increase in two week mortality (Reid et al . , 1961) . A separate group of cMGF injected eggs were not exposed to E. coli to evaluate the effects of Day 0 cMGF injection on hatchability. The results are presented in Tables 12 and 13.
Table 12. Hatchability following Day 0 cMGF injection.
Treatment in ovo Hatchability % Infertile, Early and Middle Embryonic Mortality (%)
PBS 84 11.8
0.25 U cMGF 91 5.9
2.5 U cMGF 84 11.8
25 U cMGF 91 4.4
250 U cMGF 85 8.8
Hatchability was not consistently affected by
Day 0 cMGF administration (Table 12) , although the data is variable because only one replicate of 68 eggs was evaluated for each treatment group.
Table 13. Efficacy of Day 0 cMGF injection against an E. coli challenge on Day 13 of incubation: Hatchability results.
Treatment in ovo Hatchability % Embryonic Mortality
After E. coli Challenge
(%)
PBS 92 8.7
0.25 U cMGF 83 14.5
2.5 U cMGF 87 12.7
25 U cMGF 83 16.9
250 U cMGF 90 10.2
The model used to evaluate bacterial challenge during incubation worked well . Hatchability of eggs alive at the time of challenge was 87.3% compared to
94.5% for eggs which were not challenged. The percent of late embryonic mortality and dead chicks was significantly increased above normal unchallenged eggs. Day 0 cMGF administration numerically increased embryonic mortality and demonstrated no efficacy in this model.
EXAMPLE 14
Salmonella twhimurium Hatcher Contamination and Posthatch Seeder Screening Challenge Models
The hatcher contamination model is very similar to the E. coli hatcher contamination model described previously (see Example 9 above) except that the contaminated eggs (typically 15 eggs) placed in the top hatcher basket and used to deliver the challenge were injected with Salmonella typhimurium. The posthatch seeder challenge model involves the commingling of Salmonella exposed and unexposed birds in floor pens simulating the horizontal transmission of pathogens from chick to chick. cMGF and IM were all tested in both a Salmonella typhimurium hatcher contamination model and a posthatch seeder model. These models were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these cytokine products against a different bacterial pathogen that is intracellular in nature. The Day 10 mortality results for the Salmonella typhimurium Hatcher contamination model and Posthatch Seeder Model are presented below (Table 14) . Results are presented as percent of controls.
Table 14: Efficacy of cMGF and IM against Salmonella typhimuri urn .
Treatment in ovo Hatcher Model Seeder Model
Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Mean Ex. l Ex. 2 Mean
PBS 100 100 100 100 100 100 (62) (62) (47) (43)
0.5 mg Baytril 62 81 72 138 42 90
10 U IM 85 116 101 106 74 90
.01 U IM 81 140 111 113 93 103
800 U cMGF 75 141 108 113 69 91
Each treatment mean based on 120 chicks (15 in each of 4 pens in each of two trials).
The challenge was very robust and produced higher levels of mortality than previously conducted trials of these models. The only treatment that demonstrated efficacy was 0.5 mg Baytril in the hatcher contamination model, and even this exhibited a lower level of efficacy than in previous trials. It may be that the level of challenge may have overwhelmed the efficacy of the products tested.
EXAMPLE 15 Coccidiosis Challenge Screening Model The efficacy of cMGF and IM were evaluated in a coccidiosis E. tenella oocyst challenge model (Table 15) . The model measures fecal oocyst output after a low level oral challenge and evaluates the ability of the parasite to either infect or replicate within the host. Efficacy, measured by a reduction in the number of oocysts shed, suggests that either the parasite was unable to invade or infect cells within the subepithelial layer of the ceca, or that the parasite was unable to replicate once inside the cells and sexual reproduction or production of oocysts was inhibited. Chicks were challenged orally on day 1 or day 7 post-hatch with 1000
oocysts, fecal output was collected during a period of 72 hours post challenge, and the number of oocysts shed were enumerated (Table 15) .
Table 15: Efficacy of cMGF and IM against an -Eimeria tenella challenge.
Treatment in ovo Day chicks were Oocyst Production (X Day 18 of incubation challenged with 1000 IO6) per bird
Eimeria tenella oocysts Mean +/- S.D.
PBS Not Challenged 0
PBS Day 1 8.1 +/- 1.9 AB
10 U IM (9416) Day 1 11.8 +/- 1.3 A
0.01 U IM (9416) Day 1 12.3 +/- 0.8 A
800 U cMGF Day 1 8.1 +/- 2.7 AB
40 U cMGF Day 1 6.9 +/- 1.9 AB
PBS Not Challenged 0
PBS Day 7 15.1 +/- 3.1 AB
10 U IM Day 7 17.3 +/- 4.4 A
800 U cMGF Day 7 7.1 +/- 0.6 BC
40 U cMGF Day 7 3.5 +/- 1.5 C
Birds were challenged either 1 or 7 days posthatch. The oocyst output following challenge on Day 1 posthatch was unaffected by in ovo administration of cMGF or IM. For 40 U of cMGF, the mean oocyst production was numerically reduced but not significantly, and IM actually increased the number of oocysts produced. The oocyst output following challenge on Day 7 posthatch was significantly reduced by in ovo administration of 40 U of cMGF. 800 U cMGF numerically reduced the oocyst output, while IM numerically increased oocyst output .
The efficacy of in ovo cMGF administration against coccidiosis was evaluated in a second Eimeria tenella oocyst production challenge model. Eggs were injected with either PBS, YEA, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200 or 800
U cMGF on day 19 of incubation. Broiler chicks were then challenged with 1000 Eimeria tenella oocysts on Day 7 posthatch and fecal output was collected during a period of 72 hours post challenge, and the number of oocysts shed enumerated (Table 16) .
Table 16. Efficacy of in ovo cMGF against Eimeria tenella oocyst production following Day 7 oral challenge with 1000 oocysts.
Treatment in ovo USDA Trial Embrex Trial Pooled Results oocysts produced per bird X 106
PBS 3.06 4.26 3.67 ± 0.6
YEA 3.89 4.13 4.01 ± 0.12
5 U cMGF 1.16 3.10 2.13 ± 0.97
10 U cMGF 2.29 2.70 2.50 ± 0.2
50 U cMGF 1.74 3.20 2.47 ± 0.73
100 U cMGF 3.51 2.24 2.89 ± 0.64
200 U cMGF 1.17 5.13 3.15 ± 1.98
800 U cMGF 3.58 4.90 4.24 ± 0.66
Three pools of feces from five birds were counted in each trial (n = 6).
Eimeria tenella oocyst production was numerically reduced after in ovo cMGF administration at
5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 U cMGF. 800 U cMGF was ineffective. These results are consistent with a previous study which demonstrated efficacy of 40 but not 800 U cMGF in an oocyst production challenge trial. Future studies need to evaluate YEA at equivalent protein levels to protective cMGF doses, the kinetics and dose response of cMGF and efficacy against other coccidial strains.
It should be noted that the challenge models described in Examples 8 - 15 were initiated for this evaluation of cMGF, and additional development of these models would likely lead to more consistent data. For
example, the dose of E. coli used to produce mortality in the first day 7 intramuscular challenge model were too low to be effective, and the Salmonella typhimurium challenges may have been so robust that any efficacy was obscured. Nevertheless, the data from these preliminary challenge models indicate that cMGF has consistently demonstrated a dose-dependent efficacy against a hatcher contamination E. coli challenge and has also exhibited a dose dependent efficacy against Coccidiosis E. tenella oocyst challenge. The data from the other models tested were less consistent in that, while cMGF at various doses may have demonstrated efficacy in individual trials, the data was not always reproduced in a second experiment . Overall, however, these data would be consistent with the hypothesis that in ovo administration of recombinant cMGF provides a benefit to hatching chicks which makes them less susceptible to infectious pathogens during the first few weeks post hatch.
Yeast expressed albumin (YEA) , at an equivalent protein concentration to cMGF at 800 U, exhibits comparable efficacy to 800 units of cMGF. In ovo cMGF administration has produced increases in both the number of bone marrow cells in chick femurs at hatch, and the PMA inducible superoxide production from peripheral blood leukocytes collected from Day 4 chicks, when compared to YEA injected controls. In addition, YEA does not stimulate bone marrow cells to proliferate in vi tro . It is therefore likely that the YEA efficacy in the E. coli hatcher contamination model is due to some alternate, as yet unknown, mechanism.
The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.
Claims
1. A method of making purified recombinant avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) , comprising: culturing host cells which contain and express a recombinant DNA construct encoding MGF in a culture media; collecting culture media containing recombinant MGF from said host cells; and isolating said MGF from said culture media.
2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said MGF is chicken MGF.
3. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said host cell is Escherichia coli .
4. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said host cell is Pichia pastoris .
5. A method according to Claim 3, wherein said MGF is glycosylated MGF.
6. Avian MGF produced by the method of Claim
7. A method of treating a bird, comprising administering to said bird in ovo a biologically active amount of avian Myelomonocytic Growth Factor.
8. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said bird is selected from the group consisting of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail and pheasant.
9. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said birds is selected from the group consisting of chickens and turkeys .
10. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said avian MGF is administered to said bird during about the last quarter of in ovo incubation.
11. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said bird is a chicken and said avian MGF is administered to said chicken on about the fifteenth to nineteenth day of incubation.
12. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said bird is a turkey and said avian MGF is administered to said turkey on about the twenty-first to twenty-sixth day of incubation.
13. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said administering step is carried out by injecting the avian MGF into the egg in which the bird is contained.
14. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said administering step is carried out by injecting said MGF into the region defined by the amnion, the yolk sac, or the air cell.
15. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said bird is a chicken and said avian MGF is chicken MGF.
16. A method according to Claim 7, wherein a vaccine is administered to said bird concurrently with said avian MGF.
17. A method according to Claim 16, wherein said vaccine is a live vaccine.
18. A method according to Claim 16, wherein said vaccine is a nonreplicating vaccine.
19. A method of inhibiting the progression of bacterial infections in a bird, comprising administering to said bird in ovo a bacterial infection-inhibiting amount of avian myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF) .
20. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said bird is selected from the group consisting of chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail and pheasant.
21. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said birds is selected from the group consisting of chickens and turkeys.
22. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said avian MGF is administered to said bird during about the last quarter of in ovo incubation.
23. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said bird is a chicken and said avian MGF is administered to said chicken on about the fifteenth to nineteenth day of incubation.
24. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said bird is a turkey and said avian MGF is administered to said turkey on about the twenty-first to twenty-sixth day of incubation.
25. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said administering step is carried out by injecting the avian MGF into the egg in which the bird is contained.
26. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said administering step is carried out by injecting said MGF into the region defined by the amnion, the yolk sac, or the air cell.
27. A method according to Claim 19, wherein said bird is a chicken and said avian MGF is chicken MGF.
28. A method according to claim 19, wherein said bacterial infection is Escherichia coli infection.
29. A method according to claim 19, wherein said bacterial infection is a Salmonella infection.
30. A method according to Claim 19, wherein a vaccine is administered to said bird concurrently with said avian MGF.
31. A method according to Claim 30, wherein said vaccine is a live vaccine.
32. A method according to Claim 30, wherein said vaccine is a nonreplicating vaccine.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US29285494A | 1994-08-19 | 1994-08-19 | |
US292854 | 1994-08-19 | ||
US46772495A | 1995-06-06 | 1995-06-06 | |
US467724 | 1995-06-06 | ||
PCT/US1995/008663 WO1996006170A1 (en) | 1994-08-19 | 1995-07-12 | Method of treating birds with avian myelomonocytic growth factor |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0777733A1 true EP0777733A1 (en) | 1997-06-11 |
Family
ID=26967599
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95925611A Withdrawn EP0777733A1 (en) | 1994-08-19 | 1995-07-12 | Method of treating birds with avian myelomonocytic growth factor |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0777733A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH10505232A (en) |
AU (1) | AU686842B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2197650A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL114685A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996006170A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002102404A1 (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2002-12-27 | Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique | Uses of cytokines |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5162111A (en) * | 1986-07-30 | 1992-11-10 | Grabstein Kenneth H | Treatment of bacterial diseases with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor |
KR0133561B1 (en) * | 1988-05-13 | 1998-04-21 | 스티븐 엠. 오드레 | Purification method of g-csf |
-
1995
- 1995-07-12 CA CA002197650A patent/CA2197650A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-12 EP EP95925611A patent/EP0777733A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-07-12 AU AU29685/95A patent/AU686842B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-07-12 WO PCT/US1995/008663 patent/WO1996006170A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-07-12 JP JP8508052A patent/JPH10505232A/en active Pending
- 1995-07-20 IL IL11468595A patent/IL114685A0/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9606170A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU686842B2 (en) | 1998-02-12 |
IL114685A0 (en) | 1995-11-27 |
CA2197650A1 (en) | 1996-02-29 |
JPH10505232A (en) | 1998-05-26 |
WO1996006170A1 (en) | 1996-02-29 |
AU2968595A (en) | 1996-03-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
KR0133561B1 (en) | Purification method of g-csf | |
Old | Tumor necrosis factor | |
US5028421A (en) | Method of treating birds | |
KR101028937B1 (en) | Modified vaccinia virus ankara for the vaccination of neonates | |
JPH07500343A (en) | Connective cell and immunosuppressive therapy | |
Ogunbanwo et al. | Influence of bacteriocin in the control of Escherichia coli infection of broiler chickens in Nigeria | |
JP3372952B2 (en) | Poultry mycoplasma antigen, its gene, recombinant vector containing the gene, and vaccine using the same | |
Verheyen | Echinococcus granulosus: the influence of mebendazole therapy on the ultrastructural morphology of the germinal layer of hydatid cysts in humans and mice | |
JPH07504662A (en) | Immune stimulants for therapeutic use in immunocompromised hosts | |
AU686842B2 (en) | Method of treating birds with avian myelomonocytic growth factor | |
EP1080111B1 (en) | The induction of antiobiotic peptides by lait (scd14) protein | |
JP2007509854A (en) | Therapeutic compositions and methods | |
EP0471457A2 (en) | Herpesvirus-based viral vector which expresses a foot & mouth disease virus epitope | |
AU2001283304B2 (en) | Method and composition for altering a T cell mediated pathology | |
Hammar et al. | Induction of tubuloreticular structures in cultured human endothelial cells by recombinant interferon alfa and beta | |
EP3967706A1 (en) | Aav mutant that efficiently infects supporting cells | |
US10821164B2 (en) | Peptides for inducing Chagas disease responses | |
EP0473696B1 (en) | Avian Interleukin-2 for enhancing growth in birds | |
US20240123052A1 (en) | Vaccines For Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis And Methods of Using the Same | |
AU2001283304A1 (en) | Method and composition for altering a T cell mediated pathology | |
EP0256792A2 (en) | Vaccines for fowl colibacillosis | |
Lawn et al. | Ultrastructure of the central nervous system in Marek's disease and the effect of route of infection on lesion incidence in the central nervous system | |
Ismail et al. | Effect of dexamethasone treatment on the hematological and histological parameters of mice following experimental bacterial infection | |
KR101919314B1 (en) | A vaccine composition for Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus | |
CN107530557A (en) | ISG15 and its purposes as adjuvant |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19970228 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN |
|
18W | Application withdrawn |
Withdrawal date: 19980923 |