EP0774299A1 - Sealing device for the protective hood of a drum mill - Google Patents

Sealing device for the protective hood of a drum mill Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0774299A1
EP0774299A1 EP96116398A EP96116398A EP0774299A1 EP 0774299 A1 EP0774299 A1 EP 0774299A1 EP 96116398 A EP96116398 A EP 96116398A EP 96116398 A EP96116398 A EP 96116398A EP 0774299 A1 EP0774299 A1 EP 0774299A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ring
protective hood
seal
mill body
hood
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96116398A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0774299B1 (en
Inventor
Mark Rypalla
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
A Friedrich Flender AG
Original Assignee
A Friedrich Flender AG
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Publication date
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Application filed by A Friedrich Flender AG filed Critical A Friedrich Flender AG
Publication of EP0774299A1 publication Critical patent/EP0774299A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C17/00—Disintegrating by tumbling mills, i.e. mills having a container charged with the material to be disintegrated with or without special disintegrating members such as pebbles or balls
    • B02C17/18—Details
    • B02C17/181—Bearings specially adapted for tumbling mills
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S277/00—Seal for a joint or juncture
    • Y10S277/903—Seal for rotating kiln or drum

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for the oil-impermeable sealing of a stationary protective hood against a rotating mill body.
  • the known oil-impermeable seals for tube mills correspond in structure to the radial shaft seals.
  • a sharp-edged sealing lip seals the stationary protective hood against the rotating tubular mill jacket or a correspondingly designed surface on a ring gear surrounding the tubular mill.
  • the high temperatures at the mill jacket and the strong dust accumulation during the grinding process lead to embrittlement of the elastic sealing material (Perbunan) and, as a result, to the failure of the seal.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of designing the generic device for sealing a mill body in such a way that the seal is simple in construction and assembly and that inexpensive materials with a long service life can be used.
  • the tube mill consists of a mill body with a cylindrical casing 1 and a conical end wall 2, both of which are provided on the inside with a wear-resistant lining.
  • a mill neck 3 is connected to the end wall 2 and serves to feed the material to be comminuted and / or to remove the ground material with the aid of a hot air stream.
  • the jacket 1 is surrounded by two races 4, which are each attached to the jacket 1 via a web 5. Only one race 4 is shown in the drawing.
  • the race 4 is mounted on oil-lubricated shoes, not shown.
  • the rotating mill body is driven, as usual, by a motor, the output shaft of which carries a pinion which engages in a toothed ring surrounding the casing 1 and fastened to the casing 1.
  • the race 4 with the slide shoe bearing or the ring gear is enclosed by a fixed protective hood 6.
  • This sealing system consists of one or more stationary sealing cords 7 made of a wear-resistant and temperature-resistant material.
  • the sealing cord 7 or the sealing cords 7 slide on a machined track 8, which is formed on the jacket 1 according to FIG. 2.
  • the sealing cord 7 is supported on a compressible ring 9, which generates the contact pressure required for the sealing effect.
  • the compressible ring 9 compensates for radial runout in the design as a radial seal (FIG. 2) and runout in the design as an axial seal (FIG. 3).
  • a one-part or multi-part retaining ring 10 is fastened to the protective hood 6 by means of screws 11 and in this way holds the compressible ring 9 and the sealing cord 7 on the protective hood 6.
  • the retaining ring 10 delimits an expansion space in connection with a part of the side wall of the protective hood 6 , in which the compressible ring 9 is kept under constant prestress and is protected from external influences.
  • the smallest possible gap is maintained between the rotating track 8 and the stationary retaining ring 10 and the stationary protective hood 6, which prevents the sealing cord 7 from oozing out to the side.
  • a similar seal is arranged on the other side of the race 8, not shown.
  • a brush ring 12 is fastened via the screws 11, the brush rings 13 of which touch the jacket 1. This brush ring 12 protects the seal against the coarsest dirt from the outside and against hard deposits that could damage the sealing cord 7.
  • the tube mill shown in the drawing rotates about a horizontal axis of rotation.
  • the invention is also applicable to tube mills with a vertical axis of rotation.
  • FIG. 2 shows a radial seal with a raceway 8 lying parallel to the axis of rotation.
  • the seal can be designed in the same way as an axial seal.
  • Such an axial seal is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the machined track 8 for laying the sealing cord 7 is laid perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the mill body, specifically on the web 5 which carries the race 4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
  • Sealing Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The seal provides an oil proof seal for the fixed protective hood (6) of a rotating millstone. It includes at least one fixed sealing cord (7) pressed over a compressible prestressed ring (9) against a running track (8) rotating with the millstone. A holding ring (10) is connected to the hood. This ring, with part of the hood's side wall, forms an expansion cavity for the sealing cord and the compressible ring. A brush ring (12) may be connected to the holding ring on the side of the cord facing away from the hood, with its brushes (13) on the running track.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur ölundurchlässigen Abdichtung einer ortsfesten Schutzhaube gegen einen rotierenden Mühlenkörper.The invention relates to a device for the oil-impermeable sealing of a stationary protective hood against a rotating mill body.

Die bekannten ölundurchlässigen Dichtungen für Rohrmühlen (DE-OS 41 40 388, EP-PS 175 109) entsprechen im Aufbau den Radialwellendichtringen. Dabei dichtet eine scharfkantige Dichtlippe die ortsfeste Schutzhaube gegen den rotierenden Rohrmühlenmantel oder eine entsprechend gestaltete Fläche an einem die Rohrmühle umgebenden Zahnkranz ab. Die hohen Temperaturen am Mühlenmantel und der starke Staubanfall während des Mahlprozesses führen zu einer Versprödung des elastischen Dichtungswerkstoffes (Perbunan) und als Folge davon zum Ausfall der Dichtung.The known oil-impermeable seals for tube mills (DE-OS 41 40 388, EP-PS 175 109) correspond in structure to the radial shaft seals. A sharp-edged sealing lip seals the stationary protective hood against the rotating tubular mill jacket or a correspondingly designed surface on a ring gear surrounding the tubular mill. The high temperatures at the mill jacket and the strong dust accumulation during the grinding process lead to embrittlement of the elastic sealing material (Perbunan) and, as a result, to the failure of the seal.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, die gattungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Abdichtung eines Mühlenkörpers derart zu gestalten, daß die Abdichtung einfach in der Konstruktion und in der Montage ist und daß preisgünstige Werkstoffe mit langer Lebensdauer eingesetzt werden können.The invention is therefore based on the object of designing the generic device for sealing a mill body in such a way that the seal is simple in construction and assembly and that inexpensive materials with a long service life can be used.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einer gattungsgemäßen Vorrichtung erfindungsgemäß durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruches 1 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.This object is achieved according to the invention in a generic device by the characterizing features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

Mehrere Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in der Zeichnung dargestellt und werden im folgenden näher erläutert. Es zeigen

Fig. 1
im Längsschnitt ein Ende einer Rohrmühle,
Fig. 2
die Einzelheit Z nach Fig. 1 und
Fig. 3
eine andere Ausführungsform des Abdichtung.
Several embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing and are explained in more detail below. Show it
Fig. 1
in longitudinal section one end of a tube mill,
Fig. 2
the detail Z of FIG. 1 and
Fig. 3
another embodiment of the seal.

Die Rohrmühle besteht aus einem Mühlenkörper mit einem zylindrischen Mantel 1 und einer konischen Stirnwand 2, die beide auf der Innenseite mit einer verschleißfesten Auskleidung versehen sind. An die Stirnwand 2 ist ein Mühlenhals 3 angeschlossen, der der Zuführung des zu zerkleinernden Gutes und/oder der Abführung des Mahlgutes mit Hilfe eines heißen Tragluftstromes dient.The tube mill consists of a mill body with a cylindrical casing 1 and a conical end wall 2, both of which are provided on the inside with a wear-resistant lining. A mill neck 3 is connected to the end wall 2 and serves to feed the material to be comminuted and / or to remove the ground material with the aid of a hot air stream.

Der Mantel 1 ist von zwei Laufringen 4 umgeben, die jeweils über einen Steg 5 an dem Mantel 1 befestigt sind. In der Zeichnung ist nur ein Laufring 4 gezeigt ist. Der Laufring 4 ist auf ölgeschmierten, nicht gezeigten Gleitschuhen gelagert. Der Antrieb des rotierenden Mühlenkörper erfolgt, wie üblich, durch einen Motor, dessen Abtriebswelle ein Ritzel trägt, das in einen den Mantel 1 umgebenden und an dem Mantel 1 befestigten Zahnkranz eingreift. Der Laufring 4 mit der Gleitschuhlagerung oder der Zahnkranz ist von einer ortfesten Schutzhaube 6 umschlossen.The jacket 1 is surrounded by two races 4, which are each attached to the jacket 1 via a web 5. Only one race 4 is shown in the drawing. The race 4 is mounted on oil-lubricated shoes, not shown. The rotating mill body is driven, as usual, by a motor, the output shaft of which carries a pinion which engages in a toothed ring surrounding the casing 1 and fastened to the casing 1. The race 4 with the slide shoe bearing or the ring gear is enclosed by a fixed protective hood 6.

Um die ortsfeste Schutzhaube 6 gegenüber dem rotierenden Mühlenkörper öldicht abzudichten, wird das nachfolgende beschriebene Abdichtsystem verwendet. Dieses Abdichtsystem besteht aus einer oder mehreren ortsfesten Dichtschnüren 7 aus einem verschleißfesten und temperaturbeständigen Werkstoff. Die Dichtschnur 7 oder die Dichtschnüren 7 gleiten auf einer bearbeiteten Laufbahn 8, die nach Fig. 2 auf dem Mantel 1 gebildet ist.In order to seal the stationary protective hood 6 in an oil-tight manner with respect to the rotating mill body, the sealing system described below is used. This sealing system consists of one or more stationary sealing cords 7 made of a wear-resistant and temperature-resistant material. The sealing cord 7 or the sealing cords 7 slide on a machined track 8, which is formed on the jacket 1 according to FIG. 2.

Die Dichtschnur 7 ist auf einem kompressiblen Ring 9 abgestützt, der den für die Dichtwirkung erforderlichen Anpreßdruck erzeugt. Außerdem gleicht der kompressible Ring 9 Rundlauffehler bei der Ausführung als Radialdichtung (Fig. 2) und Planlauffehler bei der Ausführung als Axialdichtung (Fig. 3) aus.The sealing cord 7 is supported on a compressible ring 9, which generates the contact pressure required for the sealing effect. In addition, the compressible ring 9 compensates for radial runout in the design as a radial seal (FIG. 2) and runout in the design as an axial seal (FIG. 3).

Ein ein- oder mehrteiliger Haltering 10 ist mittels Schrauben 11 an der Schutzhaube 6 befestigt und hält auf diese Weise den kompressiblen Ring 9 und die Dichtschnur 7 an der Schutzhaube 6. Der Haltering 10 begrenzt in Verbindung mit einem Teil der Seitenwand der Schutzhaube 6 einen Ausdehnungsraum, in dem der kompressible Ring 9 unter dauernder Vorspannung gehalten und vor äußeren Einflüssen geschützt ist. Zwischen der rotierenden Laufbahn 8 und dem ortsfesten Haltering 10 sowie der ortsfesten Schutzhaube 6 ist ein möglichst enger Spalt eingehalten, der ein seitliches Herausquillen der Dichtschnur 7 verhindert. Auf der anderen, nicht gezeigten Seite des Laufringes 8 ist eine gleichartige Abdichtung angeordnet.A one-part or multi-part retaining ring 10 is fastened to the protective hood 6 by means of screws 11 and in this way holds the compressible ring 9 and the sealing cord 7 on the protective hood 6. The retaining ring 10 delimits an expansion space in connection with a part of the side wall of the protective hood 6 , in which the compressible ring 9 is kept under constant prestress and is protected from external influences. The smallest possible gap is maintained between the rotating track 8 and the stationary retaining ring 10 and the stationary protective hood 6, which prevents the sealing cord 7 from oozing out to the side. On the other side of the race 8, not shown, a similar seal is arranged.

An dem Haltering 10 ist auf der der Schutzhaube 6 abgewandten Seite über die Schrauben 11 ein Bürstenring 12 befestigt, dessen Bürsten 13 den Mantel 1 berühren. Dieser Bürstenring 12 schützt die Abdichtung vor gröbsten Verschmutzungen von außen und vor harten Ablagerungen, die die Dichtschnur 7 beschädigen könnten.On the retaining ring 10, on the side facing away from the protective hood 6, a brush ring 12 is fastened via the screws 11, the brush rings 13 of which touch the jacket 1. This brush ring 12 protects the seal against the coarsest dirt from the outside and against hard deposits that could damage the sealing cord 7.

Die in der Zeichnung dargestellte Rohrmühle rotiert um eine waagerechte Rotationsachse. Die Erfindung ist auch für Rohrmühlen mit einer vertikalen Rotationsachse anwendbar.The tube mill shown in the drawing rotates about a horizontal axis of rotation. The invention is also applicable to tube mills with a vertical axis of rotation.

Die Abdichtung gemäß Fig. 2 zeigt eine Radialdichtung mit einer parallel zu der Rotationsachse liegenden Laufbahn 8. Die Abdichtung kann in gleicher Weise als Axialdichtung ausgebildet werden. Eine solche Axialdichtung ist in der Fig. 3 dargestellt. Bei dieser Ausführungsform ist die bearbeitete Laufbahn 8 zur Anlage der Dichtschnur 7 senkrecht zur Rotationsachse des Mühlenkörpers verlegt und zwar auf dem Steg 5, der den Laufring 4 trägt.2 shows a radial seal with a raceway 8 lying parallel to the axis of rotation. The seal can be designed in the same way as an axial seal. Such an axial seal is shown in FIG. 3. In this embodiment, the machined track 8 for laying the sealing cord 7 is laid perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the mill body, specifically on the web 5 which carries the race 4.

Claims (4)

Vorrichtung zur ölundurchlässigen Abdichtung einer ortsfesten Schutzhaube (6) gegen einen rotierenden Mühlenkörper, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mindestens eine ortsfeste Dichtschnur (7) über einen kompressiblen, vorgespannten Ring (9) gegen eine an dem Mühlenkörper gebildete und mit dem Mühlenkörper rotierende Laufbahn (8) gepreßt ist und daß mit der Schutzhaube (6) ein Haltering (10) verbunden ist, der mit einem Teil der Seitenwand der Schutzhaube (6) einen Ausdehnungsraum für die Dichtschnur (7) und für den kompressiblen Ring (9) begrenzt.Device for the oil-impermeable sealing of a stationary protective hood (6) against a rotating mill body, characterized in that at least one stationary sealing cord (7) via a compressible, prestressed ring (9) against a raceway (8) formed on the mill body and rotating with the mill body. is pressed and that with the protective hood (6) a retaining ring (10) is connected, which with part of the side wall of the protective hood (6) limits an expansion space for the sealing cord (7) and for the compressible ring (9). Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß auf der der Schutzhaube (6) abgewandten Seite der Dichtschnur (7) mit dem Haltering (10) ein Bürstenring (12) verbunden ist, dessen Bürsten (13) an der Laufbahn (8) anliegen.Device according to claim 1, characterized in that on the side of the sealing cord (7) facing away from the protective hood (6), a brush ring (12) is connected to the retaining ring (10), the brushes (13) of which bear against the raceway (8). Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Laufbahn (8) parallel zu der waagerecht oder vertikal verlaufenden Rotationsachse des Mühlenkörpers angeordnet ist und daß die Abdichtung als Radialdichtung ausgebildet ist.Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the track (8) is arranged parallel to the horizontal or vertical axis of rotation of the mill body and that the seal is designed as a radial seal. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Laufbahn (8) senkrecht zu der waagerecht oder vertikal verlaufenden Rotationsachse des Mühlenkörpers angeordnet ist und daß die Abdichtung als Axialdichtung ausgebildet ist.Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the track (8) is arranged perpendicular to the horizontal or vertical axis of rotation of the mill body and that the seal is designed as an axial seal.
EP96116398A 1995-11-15 1996-10-12 Sealing device for the protective hood of a drum mill Expired - Lifetime EP0774299B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19542563 1995-11-15
DE19542563A DE19542563A1 (en) 1995-11-15 1995-11-15 Device for sealing a protective hood of a mill body

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0774299A1 true EP0774299A1 (en) 1997-05-21
EP0774299B1 EP0774299B1 (en) 2001-12-12

Family

ID=7777521

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96116398A Expired - Lifetime EP0774299B1 (en) 1995-11-15 1996-10-12 Sealing device for the protective hood of a drum mill

Country Status (4)

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US (1) US5769428A (en)
EP (1) EP0774299B1 (en)
DE (2) DE19542563A1 (en)
DK (1) DK0774299T3 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004028696A1 (en) * 2002-09-25 2004-04-08 Alstom Technology Ltd Coal pulverizer brush seal assembly
US7237297B2 (en) 2000-07-10 2007-07-03 Uni-Charm Corporation Cleaning article
CN102580825A (en) * 2012-02-27 2012-07-18 南京凯盛国际工程有限公司 Sealing compressing device for mill
CN103990516A (en) * 2014-05-14 2014-08-20 洛阳诚创耐磨材料有限公司 External sealing device for feed pipe of mining mill

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19645163C2 (en) * 1996-11-02 2000-10-05 Mtu Muenchen Gmbh Brush seal for rotor-stator arrangement
DE20302000U1 (en) * 2003-02-08 2004-07-08 Vta Verfahrenstechnik Und Automatisierung Gmbh Ring sealing arrangement for an indirectly heated rotary kiln
DE10305147B4 (en) * 2003-02-08 2005-03-17 Vta Verfahrenstechnik Und Automatisierung Gmbh Rotary kiln with longitudinal sealing of the heating tunnel and method for producing such a longitudinal seal
US7686612B1 (en) 2006-12-28 2010-03-30 Barry Buteau Rotary kiln seal
CN103899757A (en) * 2014-04-08 2014-07-02 蓝小玲 Rotary cylinder seal device
CN104074976A (en) * 2014-06-28 2014-10-01 山东省章丘鼓风机股份有限公司 Ball crusher gearwheel cover with novel sealing device

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE491748C (en) * 1930-02-14 Maschb Anstalt Humboldt Sealing device for the inlet or outlet nozzle of pipe mills
DE1028858B (en) * 1955-02-26 1958-04-24 Miag Muehlenbau & Ind Gmbh Tilting sliding bearing for the storage of hollow trunnions of tubular mills
US3051399A (en) * 1959-11-10 1962-08-28 Nordberg Manufacturing Co Grinding mill trunnion
EP0066316A1 (en) * 1981-05-18 1982-12-08 Philips Electronics Uk Limited Tumble drier
US4966471A (en) * 1990-01-08 1990-10-30 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Trunnion bearing dust seal

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DE590792C (en) * 1931-08-19 1934-01-09 Fried Krupp Grusonwerk Akt Ges Rohrmühle
US2441901A (en) * 1946-02-09 1948-05-18 Smidth & Co As F L Mill
GB1413853A (en) * 1972-11-03 1975-11-12 Stromsholmens Mek Verkstad Sealing device
DE2741738C3 (en) * 1977-09-16 1981-04-02 Smit Ovens Nijmegen B.V., Nijmegen Front jacket sliding seal between a stationary hood and a rotary kiln end
DE3433905A1 (en) * 1984-09-14 1986-03-27 Krupp Polysius Ag, 4720 Beckum TURN DRUM
US4804195A (en) * 1986-12-29 1989-02-14 Parker Thomas H High temperature sealing device
GB2239925A (en) * 1990-01-11 1991-07-17 Dowty Seals Ltd Seals
DE4031928C2 (en) * 1990-10-09 2000-09-21 Babcock Energie Umwelt Tube mill
DE4140388C2 (en) * 1991-12-07 2002-04-18 Babcock Energie Umwelt tube mill
US5425543A (en) * 1993-09-17 1995-06-20 Buckshaw; Dennis J. Seal assembly for rotating shaft
US5647598A (en) * 1995-07-19 1997-07-15 Vaudolon; Jean-Pierre Stuffing box seal having braided packings and lip seal rings in combination with a shaft sleeve

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE491748C (en) * 1930-02-14 Maschb Anstalt Humboldt Sealing device for the inlet or outlet nozzle of pipe mills
DE1028858B (en) * 1955-02-26 1958-04-24 Miag Muehlenbau & Ind Gmbh Tilting sliding bearing for the storage of hollow trunnions of tubular mills
US3051399A (en) * 1959-11-10 1962-08-28 Nordberg Manufacturing Co Grinding mill trunnion
EP0066316A1 (en) * 1981-05-18 1982-12-08 Philips Electronics Uk Limited Tumble drier
US4966471A (en) * 1990-01-08 1990-10-30 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Trunnion bearing dust seal

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7237297B2 (en) 2000-07-10 2007-07-03 Uni-Charm Corporation Cleaning article
WO2004028696A1 (en) * 2002-09-25 2004-04-08 Alstom Technology Ltd Coal pulverizer brush seal assembly
CN102580825A (en) * 2012-02-27 2012-07-18 南京凯盛国际工程有限公司 Sealing compressing device for mill
CN103990516A (en) * 2014-05-14 2014-08-20 洛阳诚创耐磨材料有限公司 External sealing device for feed pipe of mining mill

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5769428A (en) 1998-06-23
DE19542563A1 (en) 1997-05-22
DK0774299T3 (en) 2002-04-02
EP0774299B1 (en) 2001-12-12
DE59608433D1 (en) 2002-01-24

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