EP0761338A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'articles profilés - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'articles profilés Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0761338A1
EP0761338A1 EP96113445A EP96113445A EP0761338A1 EP 0761338 A1 EP0761338 A1 EP 0761338A1 EP 96113445 A EP96113445 A EP 96113445A EP 96113445 A EP96113445 A EP 96113445A EP 0761338 A1 EP0761338 A1 EP 0761338A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
opening
rollers
workpiece
profile
cage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96113445A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0761338B1 (fr
Inventor
Wolfgang Moser
Helmut Schuppler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
L Schuler GmbH
Original Assignee
L Schuler GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by L Schuler GmbH filed Critical L Schuler GmbH
Publication of EP0761338A1 publication Critical patent/EP0761338A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0761338B1 publication Critical patent/EP0761338B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H5/00—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms
    • B21H5/02—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls
    • B21H5/025—Internally geared wheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D15/00—Corrugating tubes
    • B21D15/02—Corrugating tubes longitudinally
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H5/00—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms
    • B21H5/02—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H7/00—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons
    • B21H7/18—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons grooved pins; Rolling grooves, e.g. oil grooves, in articles
    • B21H7/187—Rolling helical or rectilinear grooves

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for producing, in particular, hollow profile bodies.
  • Such profile bodies are, for example, disk carriers of couplings, toothed belt pulleys or similar workpieces with a cylindrical basic structure, which have longitudinal recesses on their peripheral surface. It is often necessary to manufacture such workpieces with high accuracy and precision.
  • the accuracy and surface quality of the groove to be introduced into the outer peripheral surface of the workpiece are particularly important. Pitch inaccuracies, steps or steps in the surface or other defects are very likely to lead to premature belt wear when using a pulley with such surface defects.
  • the device has a device for clamping a shaft to be provided with a tooth profile. This device is set up to be axially displaced in a controlled manner and to give the shaft a desired angular position.
  • two profile rollers arranged transversely to the shaft are provided, each of which contains an eccentrically mounted profile roller. The profile rollers rotate in opposite directions, the eccentrically guided rollers periodically engaging the shaft and gradually deforming it.
  • the grooves to be made on the circumferential surface of the shaft are successively and gradually formed, which requires a longer period of time for each shaft.
  • DE-31 27 392 A1 discloses a device for cold rolling profiles, in which correspondingly profiled rolls are rolled on the circumference of the workpiece that is rotating.
  • the device has two profiled rollers which are mounted in a frame and can be moved towards and away from one another by means of an adjusting device.
  • the workpiece to be profiled is rotatably held between the rollers, the axis of rotation of the workpiece being parallel to the axes of rotation of the profiled rollers.
  • the profiled rollers are rotated in the same direction, forming the desired profile on the workpiece.
  • This device and the method are suitable for deforming massive workpieces.
  • the resulting reaction forces acting on the profiled rollers must be taken up by their storage, which may require a very massive construction.
  • the deformation of hollow workpieces is not taken into account in the above published application.
  • the method is intended for producing external longitudinal grooves or comparable surface structures on preferably hollow workpieces.
  • workpieces are usually partially or completely closed on one side and are therefore also referred to as housings.
  • the device according to claim 1 enables the workpiece to be made from a blank with a smooth outer contour by means of a press, each press stroke forming a workpiece from a blank. This enables an extremely high production output to be generated, which enables economical production.
  • Each press stroke involves a rolling process in which the profile rollers press the desired outer profile into the outer surface of the workpiece.
  • the profile rollers are arranged in an opening of the lower tool along the circumference of the workpiece to be machined and are held in a defined axial position relative to one another by means of a cage. If the workpiece is an upper tool attached to a stamp of the press is pressed between the rollers, these are supported radially outward on corresponding abutments provided on the wall of the opening. With their section engaging with the workpiece, they deform it, the workpiece pushed through between the rollers taking the rollers far into the opening by half the working stroke. The profile rolls roll on the abutments. The resulting radial forces are absorbed exclusively by the abutments supporting the rollers radially, but not by the cage which holds the profile rollers in a common plane.
  • the rotational movement of the rollers is generally caused by the fact that both the workpiece and the corresponding abutment cause circumferential forces on each roller, which act in the same circumferential direction and cause the roller to rotate.
  • the peripheral forces are transmitted by the static friction between the respective profile roller and the abutment and the workpiece, which with increasing radial force, i.e. increasing workpiece deformation, also increasing.
  • the shafts or bolts used to support the rollers are essentially free of forces; at most, a relatively small force acting in the direction of movement of the workpiece (axial direction) is introduced into the profile rollers. It can generate large rolling forces, with the axes of the rollers being completely relieved of the radial force. The larger the roller diameter, the smaller the force that may be additionally transmitted in the axial direction.
  • the deformation process is distributed over a press stroke section which is approximately twice as long as the length of the area to be deformed on the workpiece. In this way, the press stroke is reduced to a certain extent and good use is made of the force or work applied by the press.
  • the uniform deformation of the workpiece, which is distributed over the path of the press stroke, particularly eliminates force peaks such as may otherwise occur during the sudden deformation of workpieces.
  • the lower tool can be constructed rotationally symmetrically, the individual profile rollers producing the profile of the workpiece being distributed regularly and at uniform angles to one another along the circumference of the workpiece.
  • the individual grooves produced by the respective profile rollers are practically identical to one another; in particular, a shoulder-free outer contour is achieved.
  • toothed belt pulleys can be produced which, even without reworking, enable a long service life for a toothed belt that later runs over these toothed belt pulleys.
  • the profile rolls are arranged accordingly, non-round workpieces can also be machined.
  • the cage is connected to a transmission which holds the cage and thus the cage Drives profile rollers in the axial direction at half the ram speed as soon as the upper tool has placed on the lower tool.
  • This gear transmits axial forces into the cage, which, in addition to the peripheral forces acting on the profile rollers, enable them to roll off cleanly on the abutments and the workpiece and prevent slipping.
  • the gear means can be formed in a simple manner by a gear group, which is spaced from the profile roller group and carried by the cage. These gears mesh with a toothing provided on the circumference of the bore. On their inner side, with respect to the bore axis, the gearwheels are in engagement with the teeth of a plunger-like force transmission element which is driven into the opening of the lower tool during a working stroke by the workpiece and thus ultimately by the upper tool.
  • the gear train thus formed is a positive guide for the profile rollers, which, however, are only guided in the axial direction in such a way that they run anyway when they roll off exactly.
  • gear means such as lever gear or the like. are also applicable.
  • the force transmission element serves to hold the workpiece before it is deformed and for this purpose it has a corresponding holder on its end face facing the upper tool.
  • this can be formed by a flat surface which, if necessary, is provided with centering means.
  • the profile rollers are preferably mounted on the same in a radially displaceable manner.
  • the rollers have a diameter which is at least so large that the rollers make less than half a revolution during a press stroke. The result of this is that the reaction forces that occur during the deformation of the workpiece are predominantly radial forces. It also makes it possible to divide the profile rollers so that a section facing the workpiece is provided with the profile to be rolled and a radially outer section facing away from the workpiece is provided with a profile set up for the best possible power transmission to the abutment means.
  • the abutment can be designed in its simplest form as a closed ring, which converts the radial forces introduced into a pure tensile load.
  • individually adjustable support elements are provided as abutments, which are adjustable radially and / or in their inclination. The diameter of the workpiece to be deformed can thus be set within limits.
  • the inclination is adjustable, there is the possibility of guiding the profile rollers on tracks inclined to the longitudinal center axis of the opening. The result of this is that the workpiece to be deformed is converted into a frustoconical shape. This can counteract a tendency to widen, which is frequently observed in the case of workpieces which are closed on one side, after the shaping process has taken place.
  • the said means can be toothings which are provided on the abutment side of the rollers and which are in meshing engagement with a toothed rack.
  • the rack is kept free of radial forces and preferably has a certain axial play. This ensures that the turning of the profile rollers during a working stroke takes place independently of the engagement with the rack.
  • the toothed rack can be pretensioned to an undisplaced central position by spring means.
  • the said workpieces are deformed by means of a method claimed in claim 16, which is carried out when the device described above is actuated.
  • the process leads to workpieces with a good surface quality, which enables the workpieces to be used, for example as plate carriers for couplings or as toothed belt pulleys, without further finishing.
  • a high output can be achieved with the method.
  • FIG. 1 shows a press 1 which is used to manufacture the workpieces 2 shown in FIG. 2b from the blanks 3 illustrated in FIG. 2a.
  • the press has a stationary table 5, above which a ram 7 is mounted on the press stand 6 towards and away from the table 5.
  • the plunger 7 is driven by a drive device, not shown, such as an eccentric gear.
  • a forming tool 8 is arranged in the press 1 and is used to machine the blanks 3.
  • the forming tool 8 includes a lower tool 9 shown in detail in FIGS. 3 to 5, which is arranged on the table 5 and opposite an upper tool 11 connected to the plunger 7. As can be seen from the further description, the lower tool 9 and the upper tool 11 are designed so that the press forms a blank 3 into a workpiece 2 with each working stroke.
  • the male part 17 is a cylindrical body in the area of the blank 3, which is provided on its outer circumferential surface with an axial groove which corresponds to the inner contour of the workpiece 2 to be shaped, which is shown in FIG. 2b.
  • the lower tool 9 is an annular frame 19 that results, for example, from FIG. 4 and delimits an opening 21.
  • the opening 21 is coaxial a longitudinal central axis 22 defined by the rotationally symmetrical punch 13.
  • a cage 24 is arranged concentrically to the longitudinal center axis 22, essentially within the opening 21, in which a set of profile rollers 26 is rotatably mounted separately.
  • the profile rollers 26 are also shown, for example, in FIG. 4 and are each provided with a letter index for better differentiation.
  • Each profile roller 26 is divided into two and has a profile section 28, which is approximately semicircular disk-shaped in side view and can be brought into engagement with the blank 3 or the workpiece 2, and a support section 30 on the opposite side, which are also provided with a letter index for better differentiation.
  • the profile sections 28 are each provided in the circumferential direction with a grooved profile which is complementary to the outer profile to be formed on the workpiece 2.
  • Each profile section 28 has a total of three circumferential ribs, between which lie two grooves running in the circumferential direction.
  • the profile sections 28 are formed such that a recess is formed between two profile sections of two adjacent profile rollers 26, which receives an outwardly projecting rib of the workpiece 2 to be formed.
  • the profile rollers 26 are rotatably mounted on bolts 32 which are held by the cage 24.
  • the bolts 32 are seated in guides 34 which can be displaced radially outwards or inwards in the cage 24 with respect to the longitudinal central axis 22. In the axial direction, however, the guides 34 are kept essentially free of play with respect to the cage 24.
  • Abutment-serving bearing elements 35 are arranged, which have a flat running surface on their side facing the profile rollers 26.
  • the profile rollers 26 rest with their support sections 30 on the running surfaces.
  • the bearing elements 35 also have a groove passing through the tread, in each of which a rack 37 is accommodated.
  • a section past the rack 37 through the bearing element 35 is shown on the left side in FIG. 3 and a section that cuts the bearing element 35 in the region of the rack 37 (d) is shown on the right side.
  • the bearing elements 35 are also identical to one another.
  • the rack 37 is supported with a greater longitudinal play and is provided on its rear side with a projection 39 which engages with a spring means pretensioned by means of screws and is pretensioned by the latter to a central position of the rack 37.
  • the two bolts holding the spring means at each end allow the central position to be adjusted.
  • each bearing element 35 is chamfered on its rear side and is thus wedge-shaped. It is supported on a support ring 41 which has an inclined annular surface on its side facing the bearing element 35.
  • the axial position of the bearing element 35 with respect to the support ring 41 is fixed via an adjusting screw 43 (d, h) which is supported at one end on the support ring 41 and at the other end on the respective bearing element 35.
  • An adjustment of the adjusting screw 43 (d, h) results in an adjustment of the radial position of the corresponding bearing element 35.
  • the axial position of the cage 24 is determined by a gear 45, which is arranged below the profile rollers 26.
  • the gearbox contains a group of the Profile rollers 26 of spaced and circumferentially distributed gears 47 (letter index for distinction), which are rotatably mounted on the cage 24.
  • the gears 47 are in engagement with racks 51 which are mounted in a fixed manner and are arranged in the frame 19.
  • the toothed wheels 47 mesh with an externally toothed or toothed ram element 53 which is arranged concentrically with the longitudinal center axis 22.
  • the plunger element 53 which forms an inner rack, merges on its side facing the upper tool 11 into a die element 55, which is referred to as a riser and is designed to receive the blank 3 or the workpiece 2 on its end face.
  • the die element 55 is optionally provided with centering means, such as, for example, a bore and a pin which can be inserted therein.
  • the plunger element 53 is connected to a so-called air bolt 57, which is arranged coaxially to the longitudinal central axis 22 and is arranged in the direction of the longitudinal central axis 22 by a preferably pneumatic drive device (not shown further).
  • the device 8a described so far operates as follows:
  • the device 8 When the device 8 is open, ie when the punch 7 is in its upper dead position, a blank 3 is first placed on the die element 55 and subsequently the male part 17 is placed on the blank 3.
  • the patrix 17 and the punch 13 are part, ie firmly connected, during operation.
  • the punch 13 presses the blank 3 with the male part 17 between the profile rollers 26 into the position shown in FIG. 5.
  • the blank 3 is not yet in contact with the profile rollers 26. Via the tappet element 53 and the gear 45, however, the blank 3 takes the cage 24 with it at half the tappet speed, so that the profile rollers 26 begin to roll on the bearing elements 35. In the course of its downward movement, the blank 3 comes into contact with the profile rollers 26, which move downward at half the ram speed.
  • the diameter of the profile rollers 26 is dimensioned such that they clamp the blank 3 between them and press axially extending grooves into its outer peripheral surface.
  • the forces that arise are primarily radial forces that are supported on the bearing elements 35. Remaining axial forces are absorbed by the cage 24 and applied by the gear 45. However, the axial forces are considerably smaller than the radial forces.
  • the profile rollers 26 in the embodiment shown in the figures are dimensioned in such a way that they rotate only about 90 °, but in any case less than 180 °, when the plunger 13 is completely lifted. In the course of this rotation, they move into the position shown in FIG. 5, the profile section 28 brought into engagement with the blank 3 introducing the desired groove into the outer peripheral surface of the blank 3, so that the workpiece 2 is obtained.
  • the upper tool 11 After deformation, the upper tool 11 returns to its upper dead position, after which the air bolt 57 is actuated. This lifts the plunger element 53 and the die element 55 again, the cage 24 running back into its upper dead position. The workpiece 3 is pulled out of the lower tool 9, whereby it now runs along the profile rollers 26 almost without force or only with a small radial force. These are through the racks 37 turned back to their desired starting position.
  • the bearing elements 35 are only held axially and thus radially adjustable because of the wedge effect of the support ring 41.
  • the raceways defined by the bearing elements 35 for the support sections 30 of the profile rollers 26 are axially aligned.
  • An embodiment of this type is indicated schematically in FIG. 6, the profile roller and the bearing element being provided with a reference symbol identified by an apostrophe to differentiate them.
  • a press with a forming tool 8 is assumed, the upper tool 11 of which presses a workpiece 2 through a corresponding roller arrangement of a lower tool 9.
  • the lower tool 9 has an opening 21 which is coaxial with the upper tool 11 and in which a cage 24 is axially displaceable.
  • the cage 24 is provided with a roller group.
  • the rollers are rotatably mounted in the cage 24 and are supported on radially outer, stationary abutments 35 held in the lower tool 9.
  • the rollers are designed as profile rollers 26 and form the desired longitudinal structures in the workpiece 3 when it is moved between the profile rollers 26.
  • a gear 45 can be provided, which is formed, for example, by gears 47 rotatably mounted on the cage 24, which are supported radially on the outside on stationary racks 51 and radially on the inside on a ram 53 provided with racks, which of the workpiece 3 is operated. This facility enables high product quality and high production output at low cost.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
EP96113445A 1995-08-30 1996-08-22 Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'articles profilés Expired - Lifetime EP0761338B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19531907 1995-08-30
DE19531907A DE19531907A1 (de) 1995-08-30 1995-08-30 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Profilkörpern

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0761338A1 true EP0761338A1 (fr) 1997-03-12
EP0761338B1 EP0761338B1 (fr) 2001-10-24

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96113445A Expired - Lifetime EP0761338B1 (fr) 1995-08-30 1996-08-22 Procédé et dispositif pour la fabrication d'articles profilés

Country Status (3)

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US (1) US5794475A (fr)
EP (1) EP0761338B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19531907A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015058880A1 (fr) * 2013-10-22 2015-04-30 Allgaier Werke Gmbh Outil de galetage

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2591958C (fr) * 2004-12-23 2012-06-19 Mueller Weingarten Ag Procede pour realiser des rainures longitudinales dans des pieces cylindriques
DE102006007501A1 (de) * 2006-02-16 2007-08-23 Müller Weingarten AG Rollwerkzeug mit integrierter Ziehstufe
AT503037B1 (de) 2006-05-04 2007-07-15 Miba Sinter Austria Gmbh Verfahren zum herstellen eines zahnrades
DE102006025034A1 (de) * 2006-05-26 2007-11-29 Müller Weingarten AG Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Profilkörpern
DE102008017608B3 (de) * 2008-04-06 2009-04-30 Aweba Werkzeugbau Gmbh Aue Verfahren zur Herstellung eines innen- und außenverzahnten topfförmigen Blechteiles und eine Vorrichtung hierzu
DE102008038127B3 (de) * 2008-08-18 2010-02-04 Leib, Ulrich, Dr.-Ing. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von hochgenauen innen- und außenverzahnten, topfförmigen Blechteilen
DE102008047985A1 (de) * 2008-09-18 2010-03-25 Webo Werkzeugbau Oberschwaben Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Längsnuten in zylindrischen Werkstücken
DE102015009733A1 (de) * 2015-07-31 2017-02-02 Transform Automotive LLC, Inc. Verfahren zum Rollen von Lamellenträgern oder dergleichen und ein hierzu verwendeter Profilrollensatz
US20180036791A1 (en) * 2016-08-04 2018-02-08 Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG Tool and method for forming surface features onto a workpiece
DE102017119290A1 (de) 2017-08-23 2019-02-28 Aweba Werkzeugbau Gmbh Aue Formwerkzeug mit positionierten Zahnprofil-Drückrollen

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0006137A1 (fr) * 1978-05-22 1980-01-09 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Appareil de formage à froid
FR2482483A1 (fr) * 1980-05-14 1981-11-20 Renault Outil de faconnage par profilage, de cannelures ou de rainures sur des pieces cylindriques en tole
JPH0237931A (ja) * 1988-07-28 1990-02-07 Mazda Motor Corp 板金製スプライン体成形方法および成形工具
EP0558815A1 (fr) * 1992-03-04 1993-09-08 Ernst Grob Ag Dispositif pour la fabrication d'une pièce creuse profilée au moins à l'intérieur dans une direction droite ou oblique par rapport à l'axe de la pièce, et son utilisation

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2439957A1 (de) * 1974-08-20 1976-03-04 Grob Kaltwalzmasch Ernst Verfahren und vorrichtung zum kaltwalzen von parallelen profilen z.b. von zahnprofilen aus dem vollen material
DE2853957A1 (de) * 1978-12-14 1980-07-03 Karl Fischer Kochgefaess sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu seiner herstellung
CH647430A5 (de) * 1980-09-19 1985-01-31 Grob Ernst Fa Vorrichtung und verfahren zum kaltwalzen von profilen durch abwaelzen auf dem umfang eines dabei rotierenden werkstueckes.

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0006137A1 (fr) * 1978-05-22 1980-01-09 Ex-Cell-O Corporation Appareil de formage à froid
FR2482483A1 (fr) * 1980-05-14 1981-11-20 Renault Outil de faconnage par profilage, de cannelures ou de rainures sur des pieces cylindriques en tole
JPH0237931A (ja) * 1988-07-28 1990-02-07 Mazda Motor Corp 板金製スプライン体成形方法および成形工具
EP0558815A1 (fr) * 1992-03-04 1993-09-08 Ernst Grob Ag Dispositif pour la fabrication d'une pièce creuse profilée au moins à l'intérieur dans une direction droite ou oblique par rapport à l'axe de la pièce, et son utilisation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 196 (M - 0964) 20 April 1990 (1990-04-20) *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015058880A1 (fr) * 2013-10-22 2015-04-30 Allgaier Werke Gmbh Outil de galetage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE19531907A1 (de) 1997-03-06
US5794475A (en) 1998-08-18
EP0761338B1 (fr) 2001-10-24
DE59607991D1 (de) 2001-11-29

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