EP0758084A2 - Optisches Verfahren zur Messung der Komponenten eines ausgeatmeten Gases - Google Patents

Optisches Verfahren zur Messung der Komponenten eines ausgeatmeten Gases Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0758084A2
EP0758084A2 EP96112885A EP96112885A EP0758084A2 EP 0758084 A2 EP0758084 A2 EP 0758084A2 EP 96112885 A EP96112885 A EP 96112885A EP 96112885 A EP96112885 A EP 96112885A EP 0758084 A2 EP0758084 A2 EP 0758084A2
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Prior art keywords
around
components
expiration
raman
wavenumber
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EP96112885A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0758084A3 (de
Inventor
Hiroshi Kyoto Dai-ichi Kagaku Co. Ltd. Yamamoto
Harumi Kyoto Dai-ichi Kagaku Co. Ltd. Uenoyama
Xiaoming Kyoto Dai-ichi Kagaku Co. Ltd. Dou
Yung Xiang Kyoto Dai-ichi Kagaku Co. Ltd. Wang
Kentaro Kyoto Dai-ichi Kagaku Co. Ltd. Shimada
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Arkray Inc
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Kyoto Daiichi Kagaku KK
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/65—Raman scattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/44—Raman spectrometry; Scattering spectrometry ; Fluorescence spectrometry

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of measuring the concentrations (or abundances or abundance ratios) of expiration components such as acetone, acetaldehyde, isoprene, ammonia, butyric acid, valeric acid, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the like, for example, with a relatively low-priced apparatus in a short time.
  • expiration components such as acetone, acetaldehyde, isoprene, ammonia, butyric acid, valeric acid, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the like, for example, with a relatively low-priced apparatus in a short time.
  • Expiration contains at least 400 types of volatile compounds. It is now being clarified that these expiration components are closely related to various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hepatopathy, nephropathy, congenital amino acid metabolism abnormality, enteric fermentation, malabsorptions of carbohydrate, hyperoxidation of intravital lipid and the like, intoxication by chemical substances and the like. Further, these are extremely important substances in clinical diagnostics due to specific odors.
  • the merit of an expiration test resides in noninvasiveness with easiness in specimen collection as compared with blood or the like. Thus, the expiration test can reduce physical and mental loads of the subject in specimen collection.
  • Methods of analyzing test gas components include gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), tandem mass spectrometry, an IR method (infrared spectral method), a semiconductor sensor method and the like.
  • the gas chromatography or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is adapted to separate and purify an expiratory specimen which is inspissated with some means by a gas chromatograph or a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer for thereafter determining the same.
  • a flame ionization detector (FID) is mainly employed as a detector for the gas chromatograph.
  • FPD flame photometric detector
  • PID photoionization detector
  • the flame ionization detector can determine a number of compounds, this detector has low sensitivity for inorganic compounds and sulfides.
  • the flame photometric detector and the photoionization detector are higher in sensitivity than the flame ionization detector for sulfides and for halogenated hydrocarbon and unsaturated compounds respectively.
  • the gas chromatography and the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry have such disadvantages that calibration and maintenance are frequently required in employment of apparatuses and it is difficult to use these methods as general purpose methods since the sensitivity for each substance varies with the detector. Further, high-priced apparatuses are required and the operations are troublesome.
  • tandem mass spectrometry is a recently developed analyzing technique, which can separate compounds on the basis of mass-to-charge ratios. Therefore, this method requires no separation by gas chromatography or the like and has high sensitivity, while an apparatus is at an extremely high cost.
  • the IR method is capable of identification of a number of components and determination in high sensitivity.
  • the spectra of samples containing substances having similar molecular structures such as hydrocarbon and compounds having the same substituents are considerably similar to each other and hard to identify.
  • a sensor which is employed in the semiconductor sensor method is fabricated by employing an oxide such as titanium oxide or copper oxide as a semiconductor material, converting the same to a nonstoichiometric composition oxide by a heat treatment and providing semiconductor characteristics thereto.
  • This sensor utilizes the fact that the band structure in a semiconductor is changed when test gas is adsorbed by the semiconductor to change its electric resistance and electric capacitance, for detecting the test gas from the change of the electric characteristics.
  • the semiconductor sensor is also sensitive to oxygen partial pressure in principle and its electric resistance and electric capacitance are changed not only by the test gas but the oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, the semiconductor sensor is problematic in reliability under such environment that oxygen is present and its partial pressure is changed.
  • Each of Japanese Patent Laying-Open Gazettes Nos. 6-229914 (1994) and 6-229915 (1994) discloses a gas detector which introduces an output of a high output optical pulse generator into a Raman fiber member for detecting presence/absence of gas from change of the optical output
  • Japanese Patent Laying-Open Gazette No. 6-242002 (1994) discloses a method of measuring the composition and concentration of a mixed gas in a respiratory tract. The former merely confirms presence/absence of the gas with no concentration measurement and identification of various components, while the latter is an anesthetic monitor for controlling/adjusting anesthesia in an operation.
  • the Raman spectroscopy has not yet been utilized as a clinical test method of detecting various expiration components or measuring concentrations.
  • the measured expiration volume When a specimen is prepared from expiration, the measured expiration volume must be strictly controlled and kept constant, in order to make quantitative measurement.
  • the amount of expiration exhaled by a human in a single breath depends on a personal equation, and it is not easy to collect a constant amount since the object is gas.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of simply measuring concentrations (abundances or abundance ratios) of expiration components such as acetone, acetaldehyde, isoprene, ammonia, butyric acid, valeric acid, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and the like, for example, at a relatively low cost in a short time.
  • the present invention utilizes the fact that the intra-expiratory components have specific Raman spectra respectively and hence it is possible to distinguish the respective components from each other in mixed gas and to measure the concentrations thereof.
  • respective components are quantitatively measured on the basis of a nitrogen concentration in expiration, in order to correct fluctuation of an expiration collection amount.
  • nitrogen which occupies about 78 percent by volume of air is inhaled in the lungs through a breath or the like is not metabolized but discharged. Therefore, the nitrogen concentration in the discharged expiration is substantially constant with a small personal equation. Namely, nitrogen having a stable concentration is utilized as a reference component, thereby measuring the concentrations of other expiration components while eliminating a personal equation and converting the data to absolute values.
  • the method according to the first aspect of the present invention is a measuring method of previously selecting wavelengths having excellent correlations between component concentrations and Raman spectral intensity values as to respective expiration components to be measured as measuring wavelengths which are specific to the components, irradiating an expiration specimen with Raman excitation light, measuring Raman spectra at the measuring wavelength which is specific to nitrogen and those at the measuring wavelengths previously selected for the components to be measured respectively, obtaining Raman spectral intensity ratios of the components to the Raman spectral intensity of nitrogen, and quantitatively analyzing the respective intra- expiratory components through a calibration curve which is previously prepared as to the Raman spectral intensity ratios of the respective components to nitrogen and the concentrations.
  • a method according to a second aspect of the present invention utilizes the fact that respective expiration components have specific Raman spectra respectively and hence it is possible to distinguish the respective components from each other in mixed gas and to measure the concentrations thereof, and obtains concentration ratios of a plurality of components in order to correct fluctuation of an expiration collection amount.
  • the method according to the second aspect of the present invention is a measuring method of previously selecting wavelengths having excellent correlations between component concentrations and Raman spectral intensity values as to a plurality of expiration components to be measured as measuring wavelengths which are specific to the components, irradiating an expiration specimen with Raman excitation light, measuring Raman spectra at the measuring wavelengths which are previously selected for the plurality of components respectively, and obtaining concentration ratios of the plurality of components through calibration curves which are previously prepared as to the Raman spectral intensity values and the concentrations on the respective components.
  • the measuring method according to the present invention simply irradiates an expiration specimen with Raman excitation light, whereby the expiration components can be directly determined in a short time, with no requirement for expendable items.
  • the wavelength having an excellent correlation between each component concentration and Raman spectral intensity is a wavelength having a correlation coefficient R of at least 0.8, preferably at least 0.9.
  • Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, acetone, acetaldehyde, ammonia, isoprene, isobutyric acid, n-butyric acid, isovaleric acid, n-valeric acid, propionic acid, ethanol and the like are contained as expiration components to be measured.
  • Preferable measuring wavelengths for the respective components which are wavelengths having correlation coefficients R in the above equation (1) of at least 0.9, can be selected:
  • the peak around 871 cm -1 is by vibration from CH 3
  • the peaks around 925 cm -1 , around 1438 cm -1 , around 2860 cm -1 and around 2936 cm -1 are by vibration from CH 3
  • the peaks around 1399 cm -1 , around 2696 cm -1 and around 2817 cm -1 are by vibration from CH
  • the peaks around 2725 cm -1 and around 2836 cm -1 are by resonance from CH.
  • the peaks of isoprene around 524 cm -1 , around 555 cm -1 and around 1078 cm -1 are by vibration from CCC
  • the peaks around 1002 cm -1 , around 1303 cm -1 and around 3104 cm -1 are by vibration from CH
  • the peaks around 781 cm -1 , around 2926 cm -1 , around 3001 cm -1 and around 3029 cm -1 are by vibration from CH 2
  • the peaks around 954 cm -1 , around 1388 cm -1 , around 1433 cm -1 , around 2879 cm -1 and around 2945 cm -1 are by vibration from CH 3
  • the peak around 1649 cm -1 is by vibration from CC.
  • the peak of isobutyric acid around 1284 cm -1 is vibration from COOH
  • the peaks around 1387 cm -1 , around 2940 cm -1 and around 2988 cm -1 are vibration from CH 3
  • the peak around 2901 cm -1 is vibration from CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • n-butyric acid around 2896 cm -1 is vibration from CH 2
  • the peak around 2981 cm -1 is vibration from CH 3
  • the peak around 3037 cm -1 is vibration from COOH.
  • the peak of isovaleric acid around 2858 cm -1 is vibration from CHCH 3 and CH 3
  • the peak around 2981 cm -1 is vibration from CH 3
  • the peak around 3037 cm -1 is vibration from COOH.
  • the peak of propionic acid around 2906 cm -1 is vibration from CH 2
  • the peak around 2962 cm -1 is vibration from CH 3
  • the peak around 3037 cm -1 is vibration from COOH.
  • the peak of ethanol around 883 cm -1 is vibration from CCO
  • the peaks around 2883 cm -1 and around 2978 cm -1 are vibration from CH 3
  • the peak around 2940 cm -1 is vibration from CH 2 .
  • the present invention is used as a technique of a clinical test for a specimen of expiration.
  • About 400 types of compounds derived from an organism are present in expiration. While carbon dioxide, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ammonia and the like are contained in the expiration in addition to nitrogen and oxygen which are principal components of the atmosphere, each component concentration of a normal person presents a personal equation, and significant difference is observed between a normal person and a patient who contracts a certain disease. Further, the concentrations of the components contained in expiration are at various levels from ppm to ppb levels. In the method according to the first aspect of the present invention, absolute concentrations of these various components can be obtained on the basis of the nitrogen concentration in the expiration.
  • Carbon dioxide is an index for a hyperventilation syndrome.
  • hyperventilation syndrome indicates such a state that overventilation is caused by a severe neurosis or hysterics of a young woman, the amount of carbon dioxide excreted from arterial blood is abnormally increased, and the ratio of bicarbonic acid to carbonic acid is increased to increase pH, resulting in hyper respiratory alkalosis. If excreted expiration has a high carbon dioxide concentration, therefore, the hyperventilation syndrome can be judged.
  • Most parts of intra-expiratory ketone bodies such as acetone are generated as intermediate metabolites of ⁇ -oxidation reaction of lipid in the liver.
  • fatty acids are utilized in such a large amount that the organism cannot completely use metabolites of the fatty acids but acetone from the liver is emergent in the blood and the intra-expiratory acetone concentration is increased simultaneously with increase of the intravascular concentration.
  • IDDM insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • the concentrations of ketone bodies which are metabolites of the intravascular fatty acids are reduced, and the intra-expiratory acetone concentration is also reduced.
  • This serves as an effective index for judgement of a curative effect for the diabetes mellitus, and can also serve as an index for self administration of the diabetic. Further, it is useful for monitoring or administration in case of starvation, overexercise or obesity.
  • Intra-expiratory ethanol and acetaldehyde are extremely useful in diagnosis and process observation of alcohol metabolism in case of alcoholism (drunkenness). Also in congenital acetaldehyde decomposition enzyme deficiency, measurement of the intra-expiratory acetaldehyde concentration is effective for its diagnosis.
  • ammonia is collected in the blood due to impossibility of metabolism to urea, and the amount of ammonia discharged in the expiration is increased.
  • intra-expiratory ammonia is significantly increased in case of hepatic insufficiency or renal insufficiency (uremia).
  • VFAs volatile fatty acids
  • acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid result from food fermentation by enteral microorganisms, and the balance of the enteral microorganism group is changed in case of a hepatic disease or amino acid metabolsm abnormality, such that the enterally produced VFAs are increased in amount and discharged in the expiration.
  • phenylketonuria genetic deficiency of phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase inverting phenylalanine which is aromatic amino acid to tyrosine
  • isovalericacidemia genetic deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase in a leucine metabolic process
  • the concentration ratios of a plurality of components obtained by the method according to the second aspect of the present invention are useful for diagnosis of measurement of a respiratory quotient or the like.
  • the term "respiratory quotient” indicates the ratio of a carbon dioxide expired amount to an oxygen absorbed amount (carbon dioxide expired amount/oxygen absorbed amount) in breathing of an individual.
  • the carbon dioxide expired amount can be obtained from Raman spectral intensity of carbon dioxide in expiration through a calibration curve, while the oxygen absorbed amount can be obtained by multiplying a relative value of a nitrogen concentration obtained from the Raman spectral intensity of nitrogen in the expiration through the calibration curve by the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in the air.
  • the respiratory quotient can be obtained by measuring Raman spectral intensity values of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the expiration.
  • the respiratory quotient is around 0.8 in a starvation state, and reduced in case of diabetes mellitus.
  • FIG. 1 An exemplary measuring apparatus for carrying out the inventive measuring method is shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the structure of the apparatus, which consists of a light source part 1, a sample part 2, an optical target adjusting part 3, an optical correction adjusting part 4, a spectrodetection part 5 and a data processing part 6.
  • Fig. 2 shows a concrete example illustrating the block diagram of Fig. 1 in detail.
  • the light source part 1 comprises an excitation light source 7, a bandpass filter 27 which transmits only excitation light from the excitation light source 7 while reflecting other light, a half mirror 9 which divides a beam from the excitation light source 7 into a sample beam 24s and a correction beam 24r, and a light source condenser lens 8 and a condenser lens 10 for converging the sample beam 24s on a sample 11 of the sample part 2.
  • the light source 7 is prepared from a laser unit, for example.
  • the laser unit can be prepared from a continuously oscillating Ar ion laser unit, a Kr ion laser unit, an He-Ne laser unit, an He-Cd laser unit or an Nd: YAG laser unit, laser diodes or a pulse laser unit, and can be selected from laser units of a wide wavelength range from near ultraviolet to near infrared regions.
  • a light source such as a halogen lamp generating multi- wavelength light can be utilized in combination with a spectroscope as a light source other than the laser unit.
  • the expiration sample 11 is stored in a cell 26 and set in the sample part 2, and irradiated with the sample beam 24s.
  • the expiration sample 11 can be temporarily stored in a Tedlar bag (registered trade mark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.), for example, to be thereafter supplied to the cell 26.
  • Tedlar bag registered trade mark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co.
  • the cell 26 may be either a bottomed cell or a flow cell.
  • the optical target adjusting part 3 comprises filter means 14 which removes the same wavelength component as excitation light from scattered light generated from the sample 11 stored in the sample cell 26 and irradiated with the sample beam 24s, and optical systems 13 and 15 adjusting beams for converging the scattered light on an inlet slit 25 of a spectroscope.
  • a half mirror 16 serving as wave combining means for placing the sample beam 24s from the optical target adjusting part 3 and the correction beam 24r outgoing from the optical correction adjusting part 4 on the same optical path is provided on an outlet position of the optical target adjusting part 3.
  • the filter means 14 in the optical target adjusting part 3 is preferably formed by a holographic notch filter including the excitation light wavelength in its notch region, or a cut filter shielding the excitation light wavelength and a shorter wavelength side therefrom.
  • the holographic notch filter is adapted to shield only a desired wavelength region, and transmit wavelength light of other regions.
  • a holographic notch filter including the excitation light wavelength in the shielded region (notch region) is employed, the sample beam 24s outgoing from the optical target adjusting part 3 includes only a target light component.
  • the holographic notch filter 14 is available from Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc. (U.S.A.), for example.
  • the holographic notch filter has characteristics of completely shielding wavelength light included in the notch region and transmitting at least 80 % of light of wavelength regions other than the notch region, for example.
  • the optical correction adjusting part 4 comprises a neutral density filter 17 for damping the light quantity of the correction beam 24r which is divided by the half mirror 9 in the excitation light source 1, and a mirror 18 for bending the optical path.
  • the correction beam 24r is adapted to correct fluctuation of spectral light intensity caused by fluctuation of excitation light intensity from the light source 7. If such correction is not required, the half mirror 9 in the light source part 1, the optical correction adjusting part 4 and the half mirror 16 which is wave combining means are unnecessary.
  • the correction beam 24r which includes only the excitation light from the light source 7 and is not passed through the sample 11, is not dependent on the sample 11 but expresses intensity fluctuation from the light source 7 with fidelity.
  • the spectrodetection part 5 comprises a spectroscope 21 which incorporates the sample beam 24s from the optical target adjusting part 3 and the correction beam 24r outgoing from the optical correction adjusting part 4 from the half mirror 16 through the inlet slit 25 for separating the same into spectral components thereof, and a detector 20 detecting the spectral light components separated by the spectroscope 21.
  • the spectrodetection part 5 is preferably a polychrometer which comprises a multi-channel photodetector for simultaneously detecting wavelength regions to be measured.
  • the spectrodetection part 5 is a polychrometer, it is possible to simultaneously detect the wavelength regions to be measured, and to simultaneously detect a target light spectrum of prescribed region and an excitation light. Consequently, no difference is caused between detection times of the respective wavelengths of the target light and the excitation light.
  • the spectrodetection part 5 may comprise a wavelength scanning type spectroscope and a single-channel photodetector as the spectroscope 21 and the detector 20 respectively, for successively detecting the wavelength regions to be measured.
  • the data processing part 6 comprises an arithmetic processing control part 22 and an output unit 23, and has a function of correcting target light intensity on the basis of detected intensity of the excitation light component in the spectrum detected by the detector 20 of the spectroscope 5.
  • the arithmetic processing control part 22 controls operations of the respective parts, performs spectral analysis or multivariate analysis of signals detected by the spectrodetection part 5, also performs data processing of correcting detected intensity of the target light on the basis of detected intensity of the excitation light component in the spectrum detected by the spectrodetection part 5, calculates Raman scattering spectra in which fluctuation of the light source is corrected, and also performs identification and determination of the sample 11 from the target light intensity.
  • the output unit 23 is a printer or a display outputting data processed by the arithmetic processing control part 22.
  • the sample beam 24s from the light source part 1 is applied to the sample 11 of the sample part 2.
  • the same wavelength component as the excitation light is removed from scattered light from the sample 11 through the optical target adjusting part 3, so that the scattered light is passed through the half mirror 16 and the inlet slit 25, and incident upon the spectroscope 21.
  • the light quantity of the correction beam 24r divided by the half mirror 9 in the excitation light source part 1 is adjusted through the optical correction adjusting part 4, so that the correction beam 24r is passed through the half mirror 16 and the inlet slit 25, and incident upon the spectroscope 21.
  • the correction beam 24r corrects fluctuation of spectral light intensity caused by fluctuation of the excitation light intensity, so that Raman spectral intensity of each component is detected.
  • ⁇ 90 ° in the measuring apparatus shown in Fig. 2, while the present invention is not restricted to this but the angle ⁇ may be in the range of 0 ° ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 360 °.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B shows a preferable cell 26 and a cell-holder 30 used in a sample part 2 in Fig. 2.
  • the cell 26 is a spherical quartz flow cell provided with cylindrical inlet 26a and outlet 26b of sample gas.
  • the cell holder 30 consists of two members 30a and 30b which are superposed with each other, and is provided with two cylindrical cell holding parts 32a and 32b, an integrating sphere part 34 linked with the cell holding parts 32a and 32b, an inlet hole 36 for irradiating the cell 26 which is held by the cell-holder 30 with excitation light through the integrating sphere part 34 and an out let hole 38 opening outwardly for taking out scattered light generated from a sample in the cell 26 to the exterior through the integrating sphere part 34.
  • the excitation light come in the integrating sphere part 34 reflects repeatedly resulting in reinforcement of the scattered light.
  • the half mirrors 9 and 16 may be transparent flat glasses laid obliquely on an optical path.
  • a transparent flat glass is favorable to increasing a transmitted light intensity.
  • the mirror 18 may also be a transparent flat glass.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the spectra of oxygen, nitrogen and water (water vapor) contained in the air.
  • the peaks around 1561 cm -1 , around 2334 cm -1 and around 3659 cm -1 are derived from oxygen gas, nitrogen gas and water vapor respectively.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates the spectrum of acetone gas.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a result of the correlation between peak strength around 2940 cm -1 in the spectrum of Fig. 5 and the concentration.
  • the peak strength in Fig 6 is corrected by N 2 intensity.
  • the correlation coefficient R is 0.984. From this result, it is understood that a linear relation is obtained between the peak intensity and the concentration even in low concentration gas such as an expiration component. It is understood that, when such correlation between the peak intensity (or a peak area) and the concentration is previously measured as to each component, each component can be determined by utilizing the same as a calibration curve.
  • Figs. 7 to 16 show Raman spectra of acetaldehyde gas, ammonia gas, isoprene gas, isobutyric acid gas, n-butyric acid gas, isovaleric acid gas, n-valeric acid gas, propionic acid gas, ethanol gas and carbon dioxide gas respectively.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
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EP96112885A 1995-08-09 1996-08-09 Optisches Verfahren zur Messung der Komponenten eines ausgeatmeten Gases Withdrawn EP0758084A3 (de)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP225899/95 1995-08-09
JP7225899A JPH0954040A (ja) 1995-08-09 1995-08-09 呼気中成分の光学的測定方法

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EP0758084A3 EP0758084A3 (de) 1998-12-09

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JP (1) JPH0954040A (de)
KR (1) KR970011839A (de)
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WO2016015740A1 (de) * 2014-08-01 2016-02-04 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Verfahren zur analyse eines dispersen mehrphasensystems

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KR970011839A (ko) 1997-03-27
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US5754288A (en) 1998-05-19
CA2182826A1 (en) 1997-02-10

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