Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L12/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising contact lenses; Accessories therefor
  • A61L12/08—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
  • A61L12/12—Non-macromolecular oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. hydrogen peroxide or ozone
  • A61L12/124—Hydrogen peroxide; Peroxy compounds
  • A61L12/126—Hydrogen peroxide; Peroxy compounds neutralised with catalase or peroxidase
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
  • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins

Definitions

• Peroxidases can be isolated from a variety of sources and their properties vary as a function of the source.
• the molecular weight of peroxidases ranges from 12,000 daltons for NADH peroxidase to 149,000 daltons for myeloperoxidase.
• the peroxidase as taught in U.S. Patent No's 4,476,231; 4,473,550; and 4,588,586 is a peroxidase which falls under the Enzyme Commission's (E.C.) classification of 1.11.1.7.
• Practical considerations of cost and stability favor horseradish peroxidase as the preferred peroxidase within the E.C. 1.11.1.7 classification.
• Horseradish peroxidase has a molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons.
• Peroxidases are glycoproteins. Glycoproteins with a molecular weight greater than 10,000 daltons are known to act as immunogens in animals. Horseradish peroxidase is known to be an effective immunogen and it is possible to purchase antibodies to this protein commercially. In fact peroxidase-anti-peroxidase soluble complexes are sold as a reagent and used in (1) immunohistological applications on frozen or paraffin embedded tissue sections, (2) electron microscopy and (3) immunoblots. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are available to horseradish peroxidase.
• anti-peroxidase antibodies Repeated contact of peroxidase with a wound or tissue could cause the formation of anti-peroxidase antibodies. Once anti-peroxidase antibodies are formed within an animal, subsequent exposure to peroxidase could cause an allergic reaction. Such an allergic reaction can take the full spectrum of immediate and delayed types of allergic reactions produced by foreign macromolecules. These reactions include exfoliative dermatitis, urticaria and angiodema, fever, asthma and even anaphylaxis.
• a fundamental aspect of this invention is to use a peroxidase enzyme to form reaction products in the presence of substrates consisting of an aqueous source of hydrogen peroxide and an iodide; unreacted substrates and reaction products are then isolated, preferably be a separation process, from the peroxidase enzyme to form an independent source of biocidal agents for inactivating pathogens.
• the enyzme peroxidase is first immobilized to a solid support before it is reacted with the aqueous peroxide and iodide source to generate the reaction products which are then isolated apart from the peroxidase by a separation process.
• the amount of oxidation of the iodide anions defines the reaction products.
• the present invention is a method for inactivating pathogens comprising the steps of:
• non-immobilized peroxidase enzyme in dialysis tubing and diffuse a source of hydrogen peroxide and an iodide in an aqueous medium across the dialysis tubing to the enzyme for the purpose of forming a reaction product from the oxidation of iodide anions whereupon said reaction product would diffuse back across the dialysis tubing and thereby be separated from the non-immobilized peroxidase.
• This method is feasible does not offer the flexibility and process control inherent in the use of an immobilized enzyme.
• a fundamental aspect of this invention is the physical separation of peroxidase from its reaction products prior to applying the peroxidase reaction products to surfaces for inactivation of pathogenic organisms.
• This invention describes the use of immobilized enzymes to achieve this separation.
• Enzymes and proteins may be immobilized to solid supports by different means.
• One method is to establish a covalent bond between the protein and a solid support.
• Another method is to covalently link agents to the solid support that tightly bind the protein of interest; by this expedient, the protein of interest is tightly bound when it contacts the linking agent.
• enzymes Once coupled to a solid support, enzymes are able to catalyze reactions when their substrates are brought into contact with said immobilized proteins.
• the rate of catalysis or specific activity for immobilized enzymes is typically less than the corresponding specific activity in solution due to a number of factors not the least of which is diffusional constraints on substrates.
• a wide range of solid supports have been used to immobilize enzymes including porous glass, paper, wool, gold, silver, magnetic particles, latex, agarose, poly(hydroxymethacrylate), polyacrylamide and other porous polymers.
• the solid support is first modified ("activated") with a chemical agent such that the solid support contains a functional group that can form a chemical bond to specific functional groups of proteins.
• Cyanogen bromide was one of the first activating agents used with agarose supports to immobilize proteins.
• These chemical groups include epoxyl derivitives, maleimides, oxiranes, hydrazides, p-nitrophenyl chloroformate and other haloacetyl derivatives, divinyl sulfones, epichlorohydrin and succinimidyl esters including N-hydroxysuccinimide.
• a column is the most common physical format for use of an immobilized enzyme.
• column processing a liquid containing the enzyme's substrates is passed through a packed column that contains the immobilized enzyme. The flow rate of the liquid is closely controlled and pumped into an inlet port that lies at one end of the column. The products of the reaction are collected from the column at the outlet port on the opposite side of the column. Alternatively the products can be pumped back over the immobilized enzyme column.
• Another physical format that is used with immobilized enzymes is batch processing. Batch processing is performed by suspending the solid matrix in a solution that contains the reaction substrates and then removing the solid matrix by a physical technique such as filtration after the reaction has reached its desired stage of completion.
• the immobilized peroxidase generates a biocidal composition that is subsequently separated from the immobilized enzyme to yield biocidal agents which do not contain a peroxidase enzyme. It has been observed that immobilized peroxidase can catalyze the reaction between peroxide and iodide when they are brought into contact in an aqueous environment and effect the oxidation of substantial amounts of the initial concentration of iodide. In addition, the biocidal properties of the reaction products are maintained once the reaction products are removed from the immobilized enzyme for a period of time sufficient for the inactivation of pathogenic organisms or surfaces distinct and distant from those in which the peroxidase reaction was originated.
• peroxidase of this invention is identified by the International Union of Biochemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry by the Enzyme Commission identification number E.C. 1.11.1.7.
• Peroxidase can be obtained from a wide variety of sources. The least expensive and most robust peroxidase suitable for this application is horseradish peroxidase although lactoperoxidase can also be used. Commercially obtained peroxidase comes lyophilized as a dry powder and must be attached to a solid support prior to use. There are no limitations on the material composition which is suitable for use as a solid support for peroxidase. It is possible to purchase preactivated solid supports that can be mixed with peroxidase under defined conditions to generate the immobilized enzyme. Further examples of peroxidase enzymes encompass myeloperoxidase and soybean peroxidase.
• Activated solid supports are available from a variety of commercial sources. These materials are usually composed of a porous polymeric backbone that is derivitized with functional groups that react with amino, carboxyl, sulfhydral or arginyl groups on proteins. It is preferable to select a solid phase material that has a large surface area to maximize binding of protein to the solid support. In addition a preferred solid phase will permit a rapid flow rate when packed into a column.
• Examples of preferred solid phase materials for the immobilization of peroxidase include carboxylated latex particles, controlled pore glass, aminoethyl polyacrylamide gels, adipic acid dihydrazide agarose, amino-benzyloxymethyl-cellulose, bromoacetyl-cellulose, and N-hydroxysuccinimide agarose.
• the donor molecule of this invention is iodide anion which serves as a substrate for the enyzme peroxidase.
• Suitable sources of iodide anion for this invention include sodium iodide and potassium iodide as well as other salts of iodide.
• the simple salts of iodide have the advantage of being relatively inexpensive.
• Iodide anion must be dissolved in an aqueous environment and contacted with the immobilized enzyme in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. It is suitable to use a buffer which contains iodide anion to equilibrate the solution in which the immobilized enzyme is equilibrated prior to initiation of the reaction.
• iodide anion used for this invention ranges between 0.15 - 5.0 mg/mL.
• the preferred range for iodide anion lies between 0.5 and 2.0 mg/mL and is a function of the pH, ionic strength and the peroxide concentration.
• Hydrogen or methyl peroxide is the oxidant that acts as a substrate for this reaction.
• Peroxide is a less stable molecule than iodide in solution and it is preferable to add the peroxide as the last component in this reaction.
• the concentration range of peroxide suitable for this invention lies between 0.005 and 01.50% (w/w).
• the preferred range of peroxide will vary with the pH of the aqueous environment and the concentration of iodide but typically lies between 0.01 - 0.2%.
• Suitable materials which can serve as precursors for hydrogen peroxide include metal peroxides, percarbonates, persulphates, perphosphates, peroxyesters, urea peroxide, peroxyacids, alkylperoxides, acylperoxides and perborates. Mixtures of two or more of these substances can also be used.
• Sodium percarbonate is particularly suitable because it is delivers approximately 29% (w/w) hydrogen peroxide once it is dissolved in water and it is composed of chemical that are generally regarded as safe.
• At least 25% of the initial concentration of iodide anions should be oxidized to yield reaction products that have an acceptable level of biocidal activity.
• the preferred range of oxidation for the iodide anions is 75 - 95% of the initial concentration of iodide anions.
• the amount of hydrogen peroxide that must be enzymatically reduced is equal to at least 12.5% of the initial molar concentration of iodide anions.
• the preferred amount of hydrogen peroxide that should be reduced is equal to 40 - 200% of the initial concentration of iodide anions.
• Suitable buffers for this invention include phosphate, citrate, carbonate and Goode buffers. Any buffer which has the capacity to control the pH to within ⁇ 0.10 pH units operating under a constant temperature between 6 and 55 o C is suitable for use with this invention.
• Immobilized enzyme preparations can be used in a column format or in a batch process.
• the reaction should be allowed to run with mixing until the reaction has reached an equilibrium.
• the equilibrium point is that point in the reaction at which the concentration of iodide anion does not change in concentration more than 1.0% per hour.
• the effluent from the column can be pumped back onto the column until the column effluent has reached equilibrium as described above. Alternatively, the flow rate through the column can be adjusted until the reaction has reached its equilibrium concentration.
• the concentration of iodide anion, peroxide, pH and reaction time will determine the amount of oxidation of iodide anions (i.e., reaction products). Once the reaction is initiated the concentration of iodide anions will decrease as they are oxidized. Reaction conditions should be controlled so that the concentration of iodide anion decreases by at least 25% and may be decreased by as much as 95%. The level of iodide oxidation will vary with pH and the concentration of peroxide. The preferred range for iodide oxidation is between 75 - 95%. Reaction conditions must be controlled so that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreases by an amount that is equal to at least 12.5% of the initial concentration of iodide anions. The preferred range for peroxide reduction is equal to an amount that is equal to at least 40% of the initial concentration of iodide anions.
• the reaction product is easily separated from the immobilized enzyme by such simple methods as filtration or magnetic separation. Once the reaction product is separated from the immobilized enzyme it can be directly applied animal or human tissue including ocular tissue. Applications of the reaction products to mammalian tissues include use as a lavage during invasive surgery, as a wound disinfectant, as a whole body disinfectant or as a disinfectant for burns. Alternatively, the reaction product can be applied to solid surfaces such as metals, plastics, minerals, natural and synthetic fibers and paper or polymeric membranes. The application of the separated reaction product to inanimate or living tissue is easily accomplished by simply transferring the fluid by a suitable vessel and then depositing the reaction product onto the desired surface.
• Example 1 Cyanogen bromide (Sigma Chemical Co. Cat. No. C-1150) and 1-1' carbonyldimidazole (Sigma Chemical Co. Cat. No. C-8778) activated agarose gels were coupled to horseradish peroxidase. The amount of immobilized enzyme coupled to these gels was estimated by quantifying the total absorbance at 280 and 405 nm prior to and after the coupling reaction. The amount of enzymatic activity prior to and after enzyme immobilization to these gels was determined using the precipitating substrate 1-1' chloro-4-naphthol (Sigma Chemical Co. Cat. No. C-6788).
• cyanogen bromide activated gel was swollen in 10 mL of 10 millimolar sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. Five mL of the 1-1' carbonyldiamidazole activated gel and 10 mL of the swollen cyanogen bromide activated gel were each added to a separate 15 mL centrifuge tube and spun down at 1,500 rpm for 5 minutes in a centrifuge. The supernatant was poured off and 10 mL of phosphate buffer was added. The gels were mixed for at least 20 seconds beyond the time that they appeared fully suspended. A 5 mL aliquot of the reconstituted gel suspension was added to a new centrifuge tube.
• HRP horse radish peroxidase
• the absorbance results indicate that an upper limit of about 40% of the applied protein was coupled to the gel. This is calculated by determining the ratio of recovered protein to the applied protein as determined by absorbance measurements. This indicates that about 20 mg of HRP was bound to each type of gel.
• the amount of enzymatic activity expressed by the immobilized enzyme as compared to the total amount of enzymatic activity applied to the gels was determined and the results are shown in Table II. Table II Total Applied and Immobilized Relative Peroxidase Activity Units Sample Volume Time (sec) Dilution Total Units CB-gel 5.0 mL 30 1/1,000 166 CI-gel 5.0 mL 51 1/1,000 98 Applied HRP 5.0 mL 28 1/10,000 1,780
• a unit of enzyme activity was determined by measuring the amount of time required to form a visually detectable precipitate at 25 o C using 200 ul of the substrate 1-1' chloro-4-naphthol (Sigma Chemical Co. Cat. No. C-6788) and 10 ul of sample. The amount of total relative enzyme units was calculated by multiplying the sample dilution times the sample volume and dividing by the time required to observe a precipitate. The uncoupled HRP that was applied to the gel had a relative "specific activity" of 35.6 units per mg. Immobilized enzyme exhibited a relative specific activity of 5.62 and 3.31 units per mg for CB-gel and CI-gel respectively. These activity measurements are useful in that they allow for a comparison between the different forms of the enzyme; there is no significance to these measurements this fact.
• the immobilized enzyme was physically separated from the buffer in which it was stored in order to determine if any of the enzyme activity was "uncoupled” i.e., associated with the buffer and not the solid matrix.
• the estimate of uncoupled peroxidase activity in the immobilized enzyme samples was determined by centrifuging a sample of immobilized enzyme and measuring the peroxidase activity in 10 ul of the supernatant. Undiluted supernatant of CI-gels and CB-gels did not develop a precipitate after incubation for two hours at 25 o C. This means that the amount of uncoupled or soluble peroxidase activity in the gels is less than 0.04% of the activity attributed to immobilized enzyme.
• Example 2 Horseradish peroxidase was dissolved at a concentration of 20 mg/mL in 0.10 molar sodium acetate buffer at pH 5.0 and stored in a refrigerator. Ten mL of the peroxidase solution was mixed with 5 mL of Affi-Gel 10 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California; catalog number 153-6046). The gel slurry was mixed at 4 o C for 4 hours and then the coupling reaction was stopped by pouring the gel suspension into a 1.5 x 10 cm column with a 35 micron porous support disc. The gel rests on the support disc and the reaction fluid was allowed to drain by gravity. Water was immediately added to the column before the solid support dried.
• One hundred mL of a 0.010 molar ethanolamine -hydrochloric acid mixture at a pH of 8.0 was run through the gel under gravity.
• One hundred mL of a 0.50 molar sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.5 was run over the column under gravity.
• Three sequential 100 mL volumes of a pH 7.5 phosphate buffer mixture was run over the column; the molarities of the phosphate buffers were 0.3, 0.20 and 0.10 molar.
• the gel was stored in 10 mL of a 0.10 molar sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of 5.0.
• a reaction between the immobilized peroxidase, iodide anions and peroxide was initiated as follows.
• the immobilized enzyme slurry was diluted in water to a concentration where its activity was 0.05 relative units per mL.
• the activity per mL of the immobilized enzyme was measured relative to the activity of soluble peroxidase by measuring the time required to develop a visually perceptible precipitate with the substrate 4-chloro-1-napthol (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO; catalog number C-6788).
• One mL of immobilized enzyme slurry in water was added to 8 mL of a 1.25 mg/mL stock solution of sodium iodide in 20 millimolar citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.0.
• One mL of a 0.5 % hydrogen peroxide solution was added to this mixture and the resulting suspension was mixed using a small magnetic stir bar at 20 o C for 1 hour.
• the reaction product was separated from the immobilized enzyme and used to inactivate pathogenic organisms. After 1 hour the suspension was filtered through a disk filter into a glass vial. The glass vial was sealed and stored at room temperature. One minute after filtration, a 0.75 mL aliquot of the reaction product was withdrawn from the vial and added to a test tube which contained 0.1 mL of a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus in normal saline at a concentration of 10 7 colony forming units (cfu) per mL. The components were mixed and incubated at 25 o C for 10 minutes.
• TSB typticase soy broth
• TSB has a final pH of 7.3 and is comprised of 17 grams pancreatic digest of casein; 3 grams papaic digest of soy meal; 5 grams sodium chloride; 2.5 grams glucose; 2.5 grams potassium phosphate dibasic; 1000 ml of distilled water. This mixture was incubated at 37 o C for three days and examined for signs of growth.
• Example 3 Horseradish peroxidase was dissolved at a concentration of 40 mg/mL in water. Ten mL of the peroxidase solution was mixed with 10 mL of Affi-Gel 102 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California; catalog number 153-2401) and diluted with 10 mL of 20 millimolar sodium phosphate at pH 6.0. The gel slurry and enzyme solution was mixed on a rocker arm at 4 o C for 30 minutes to allow for temperature equilibration. The two solutions were combined and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 with 1 normal hydrochloric acid (HCl).
• HCl normal hydrochloric acid
• the coupling reaction was stopped by pouring the gel suspension into a 2.5 x 10 cm column with a 35 micron porous support disc. The gel rests on the support disc and the reaction fluid was allowed to drain by gravity. Water was immediately added to the column before the solid support dried.
• One hundred mL of a 0.50 molar citrate-phosphate buffer at a pH of 5.0 was run over the column under gravity.
• Three sequential 100 mL volumes of a pH 5.0 citrate-phosphate buffer mixture was then run over the column; the molarities of the phosphate buffers were 0.3, 0.20 and 0.10 respectively.
• the gel was stored in 20 mL of a 0.10 molar citrate-phosphate buffer at a pH of 5.0.
• a reaction between the immobilized peroxidase, iodide anions and peroxide was initiated as follows.
• the immobilized enzyme slurry was diluted in water to a concentration where its activity was 0.05 units per mL as described above.
• One mL of immobilized enzyme slurry in water was added to 8 mL of a 5.0 mg/mL stock solution of sodium iodide in 20 millimolar citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.0.
• One mL of a 0.1% hydrogen peroxide solution was added to this mixture and the resulting suspension was mixed using a small magnetic stir bar at 20 o C for 2 hours.
• the reaction product was separated from the immobilized enzyme and used to inactivate pathogenic organisms.
• Example 4 A ten mL aliquot of a 2.5% (w/w) suspension of carboxylated latex particles (Sigma Chemical Co. Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO; catalog number CLB-4) was placed in a 50 mL screw top plastic vial and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) in a centrifuge (Centra-7R, International Equipment Company). The supernatant was poured off and the particles were resuspended by mechanical nutation in 40 mL of 10 millimolar sodium borate, pH 8.5. These steps serve to wash the beads. The wash procedure was repeated a total of three times and the final suspension was made in 0.10 molar sodium phosphate at pH 7.5. The wash procedure was repeated four more times using 0.10 molar sodium phosphate at pH 7.5 and the final suspension was prepared such the beads were 2.5% (w/v) in 0.10 molar sodium phosphate at pH 7.5.

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• 1995
  • 1995-05-29 EP EP95108235A patent/EP0745327A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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