EP0693434A1 - Schraubkappe mit eingelegter Dichtung - Google Patents

Schraubkappe mit eingelegter Dichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0693434A1
EP0693434A1 EP95401711A EP95401711A EP0693434A1 EP 0693434 A1 EP0693434 A1 EP 0693434A1 EP 95401711 A EP95401711 A EP 95401711A EP 95401711 A EP95401711 A EP 95401711A EP 0693434 A1 EP0693434 A1 EP 0693434A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
capsule
seal
neck
bottom wall
capsule according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95401711A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0693434B1 (de
Inventor
Bernard Guglielmini
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rical SA
Original Assignee
Rical SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rical SA filed Critical Rical SA
Publication of EP0693434A1 publication Critical patent/EP0693434A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0693434B1 publication Critical patent/EP0693434B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0435—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with separate sealing elements
    • B65D41/045—Discs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a capsule for plugging the threaded neck of a container such as a bottle, composed of a capsule body comprising a bottom wall, and an annular skirt projecting from the bottom wall and having an internal thread, and a circular seal with an outside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the neck, added in the capsule body in a position adjacent to the bottom wall, the capsule body being provided with means for tightening of the seal against the end face and against the outer edge of the neck of the container.
  • Capsules of this type are known, for example, from patent application EP-A-055 916 and US patent No. 4,658,976.
  • an annular rim or bead is provided inside the capsule body, at the intersection of the bottom wall with the skirt.
  • this rim has the shape of a rectangular step with a vertical flank substantially aligned with the external surface of the neck, a horizontal flank and a convex part connecting these two flanks to one another.
  • the rim may have the shape of a convex bead without horizontal and vertical sides, this bead connecting to the skirt perpendicular to the axis of the capsule body and connecting to the bottom wall at an angle d 'about 45 °.
  • the rim is a simple concave bead, that is to say a rounding of the angle of intersection of the bottom wall with the skirt of the capsule body. It should be noted that in all of the embodiments, a retaining ring is provided on the skirt to hold the seal in place. position.
  • an annular step also having a vertical side and a horizontal side is provided at the intersection of the bottom wall with the skirt of the capsule body.
  • the vertical side of this step here is not aligned with the outside face of the neck of the container, but offset towards the outside with respect to this face by a distance markedly less than the thickness of the joint, so as to obtain, when tightening the capsule on the neck, a bending of the external part of the seal and a tightening of this part of the seal against the external face of the neck, with compression of this part corresponding to a reduction in the thickness of the joint between 40 and 60%.
  • capsules have given satisfactory results when they are used with seals made of flexible and flexible material, for example made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).
  • EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
  • the use of such seals on capsule bodies made of plastic materials such as polypropylene has the disadvantage that both the materials used for the production of the seals and the materials used for the production of the capsule bodies are relatively permeable to gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen. Therefore, the life of the products packaged in bottles, flasks or other containers closed by such capsules is reduced due to gas exchange through the capsules.
  • gas exchanges can, for example, lead to penetration of oxygen inside the containers, hence an alteration in the organoleptic properties of sensitive products such as fatty substances of the unsaturated type. They can also cause a loss of aroma from aromatic substances. These gaseous exchanges can moreover cause uptake of undesirable external odors, for example by the product storage environment, by the product contained in the container. This is the reason why it has already been proposed to use, for these applications, seals having better barrier properties to gases and other volatile substances.
  • Such seals include at least one layer in one plastic material with gas barrier effect, high modulus of rigidity, possibly combined with at least one layer of a plastic material with low modulus of rigidity.
  • the layer with a high modulus of rigidity can consist of PET (poly (ethylene terephthalate)), PA (polyamide), PVDC poly (vinylidene chloride) or E / VAL (ethylene / vinyl alcohol)), having a stiffness modulus of the order of 1300 to 2200 MPa.
  • the present invention relates to a screw closure cap which ensures good sealing performance even when using a seal with a high rigidity module.
  • the invention further relates to a closure cap combining good sealing performance and good gas impermeability, thanks to the use of a seal formed from a plastic material with gas barrier effect, with high modulus. stiffness, or comprising at least one layer of such a material.
  • the capsule which is the subject of the invention for plugging the threaded neck of a container is composed of a capsule body and a circular gasket attached in the capsule body.
  • the capsule body includes a bottom wall, and an annular skirt projecting from the bottom wall and having an internal thread.
  • the seal has an outside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the stopper container neck.
  • the capsule body is provided with means for clamping the seal against the end face and against the outside edge of the neck.
  • Said means comprise an annular rim provided inside the capsule body, at the intersection of the bottom wall with the skirt, and defining in the capsule body, over a height greater than the thickness of the joint, a shape general frustoconical with an angle at the top equal to or less than 90 °.
  • the seal even if it is relatively rigid, can nevertheless be deformed to follow the shape of the rim and thus be tightened all around the periphery against the outside edge of the neck and seal the location of said edge, even when the latter has irregularities, this by means of a relatively weak compression of the joint.
  • said flange extends over a height equal to at least twice the thickness of the joint.
  • the angle at the top of the generally frustoconical shape of the rim can advantageously be between 90 and 45 ° and preferably be of the order of approximately 60 °.
  • This general frustoconical shape can, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, be defined by two frustoconical parts, one of which forms an angle at the apex between 45 and 60 ° and is connected by a concave part to the bottom wall of the capsule body and the other makes an angle at the apex between 60 and 90 ° and is connected by a concave part to the skirt of the capsule body, the two frustoconical parts connecting to each other by a part convex.
  • the screw cap 1 as illustrated in FIG. 1 is drawn when plugging the neck 2 of a bottle containing, for example, a carbonated drink.
  • the capsule 1 consists of a capsule body 3 and an attached seal 4.
  • the capsule body 3 comprises a bottom wall 5 and an annular skirt 6 projecting from the bottom wall 5.
  • the wall 6 is internally provided with a thread 7 capable of cooperating with an external thread 8 of the neck 2, when the capsule 1 is screwed onto the neck 2.
  • the capsule body 3 has internally a rim 9 at the point of intersection of the skirt 6 with the bottom wall 5.
  • the inner rim 9 defines a generally frustoconical shape with an apex angle less than 90 °, in this case of the order of 60 °.
  • This general frustoconical shape is defined by two frustoconical parts 10 and 11, the first of which forms an apex angle of approximately 45 ° and the second an apex angle of approximately 90 °, the part 10 being connected to the bottom wall 5 by a concave part 12 and the part 11 connecting to the skirt 6 by a concave part 13.
  • the two parts 10 and 11 are connected to each other by a convex part 14.
  • the height of the flange 9 is greater than the thickness of the seal 4. In the example shown, the height of the flange 9 is approximately equal to four times the thickness of the seal 4.
  • the seal 4 has an outside diameter substantially equal to the inside diameter of the skirt 6 in the part located above the thread 7.
  • the seal 4 attached in the capsule body 3, between the thread 7 and the bottom wall 5 is intended sealing the neck 2 when the capsule 1 is screwed onto the latter.
  • this seal must be produced on the one hand by tightening the seal 4 between the end face 15 of the neck 2 and the bottom wall 5 of the capsule body 3 and on the other hand, by tightening the seal 4 between the outer edge 16 of the neck 2 and the inner rim 9 of the capsule body 3.
  • the seal 14 even if it is rigid, can follow the shape of the rim, by bending at less than 90 °, in this case at about 60 °, and undergoes only reduced compression.
  • the capsule as described above can be used in combination with attached seals 4 of all types, including flexible and flexible seals such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer or polyvinyl chloride, it has particular advantages in combination with rigid seals, specially designed to ensure good gas impermeability. he can for example, composite seals comprising at least one layer having a high modulus of rigidity, possibly combined with one or more layers with low modulus of rigidity.
  • Such a composite joint can for example comprise a middle layer constituted by a sheet of PET, PA, PVDC or E / VAL with a thickness comprised between 100 and 250 ⁇ m, having a modulus of rigidity comprised between approximately 1300 and 2200 MPa, and at at least two outer layers each consisting of a sheet of elastomeric PP with a thickness of between 300 and 550 ⁇ m, having a modulus of rigidity of between approximately 100 and 300 MPa.
  • Such a composite joint optimally combines gas impermeability properties, thanks to the barrier effect of the middle layer with high modulus of rigidity, and liquid tightness properties, thanks to the outer layers with low modulus of rigidity.
  • a capsule combining a polypropylene capsule body and such a rigid composite seal can find particularly advantageous applications for the corking of bottles containing carbonated drinks.
  • locking means which can be for example in the form of a continuous or discontinuous annular rib 17, of variable profile, preferably in V, with angle with an acute or rounded apex.
  • the height of these locking means can be, for example, between approximately 0.1 and 0.3 mm for a joint of the type as described above by way of example.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
EP95401711A 1994-07-20 1995-07-19 Schraubkappe mit eingelegter Dichtung Expired - Lifetime EP0693434B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9408993A FR2722764B1 (fr) 1994-07-20 1994-07-20 Capsule de bouchage a vis a joint rapporte
FR9408993 1994-07-20

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0693434A1 true EP0693434A1 (de) 1996-01-24
EP0693434B1 EP0693434B1 (de) 1998-05-20

Family

ID=9465583

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95401711A Expired - Lifetime EP0693434B1 (de) 1994-07-20 1995-07-19 Schraubkappe mit eingelegter Dichtung

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5875909A (de)
EP (1) EP0693434B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE166308T1 (de)
AU (1) AU683755B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2154108A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69502553T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0693434T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2116696T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2722764B1 (de)
HU (1) HUT71938A (de)
PL (1) PL309683A1 (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997035779A1 (en) * 1996-03-26 1997-10-02 Carnaudmetalbox Plc Composite closure, method for assembling it and method for closing a container with it
DE19712364A1 (de) * 1997-03-25 1998-10-01 Bericap Gmbh & Co Kg Schnappverschluß
FR2783509A1 (fr) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-24 Dimav Pe Di France Capsule couronne pour bouteille
WO2000040472A1 (en) * 1999-01-05 2000-07-13 Sacmi Cooperativa Meccanici Imola S.C.R.L. Screw cap with applied bung
US6220466B1 (en) 1996-03-26 2001-04-24 Carnaudmetalbox (Holdings) Usa Inc. Composite closure, method for assembling it and method for closing a container with it
USD625616S1 (en) 2009-01-27 2010-10-19 Rexam Beverage Can Company Beverage container
US8016148B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2011-09-13 Rexam Beverage Can Company Necked-in can body and method for making same
DE102019133231A1 (de) * 2018-12-18 2020-06-18 Tieh Chin Kung Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Verschlussvorrichtung eines zerbrechlichen Flaschenkörpers
CN113291618A (zh) * 2021-07-26 2021-08-24 常州树杰塑业有限公司 一种用于承载塑料薄膜添加剂用的添加桶

Families Citing this family (45)

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US20040173556A1 (en) * 1997-09-19 2004-09-09 Smolko Daniel D. Vented closures for containers
US7107783B2 (en) 1997-09-19 2006-09-19 Advanced Porcus Technologies, Llc Self-cooling containers for liquids
US6398048B1 (en) * 1997-09-19 2002-06-04 Gregory Kevorkian Vented beverage container
US5927530A (en) * 1998-05-21 1999-07-27 Phoenix Closures, Inc. Angled tab closure liner
US6491175B1 (en) * 2000-06-28 2002-12-10 Saad Taha Single piece closure for a pressurized container
US6609694B2 (en) * 2001-02-21 2003-08-26 Rexam Medical Packaging Inc. Molded closure and apparatus for making same
US6874648B2 (en) * 2001-09-21 2005-04-05 Owens-Illinois Closure Inc. Closure with gas-barrier liner and package incorporating same
US7168581B2 (en) * 2001-12-21 2007-01-30 Rexam Medical Packaging Inc. Closure for a retort processed container having a peelable seal
US20050269283A1 (en) * 2002-07-08 2005-12-08 Ribpack S.P.A. Container closure wirh sealing element and process and apparatus for making it
US7644902B1 (en) 2003-05-31 2010-01-12 Rexam Medical Packaging Inc. Apparatus for producing a retort thermal processed container with a peelable seal
FR2856663B1 (fr) * 2003-06-24 2005-07-22 Pechiney Capsules Capsule de bouchage a vis amelioree
ITMO20040203A1 (it) * 2004-07-30 2004-10-30 Sacmi Mezzi di chiuesra
US7798359B1 (en) 2004-08-17 2010-09-21 Momar Industries LLC Heat-sealed, peelable lidding membrane for retort packaging
US8100277B1 (en) * 2005-07-14 2012-01-24 Rexam Closures And Containers Inc. Peelable seal for an opening in a container neck
US7780024B1 (en) 2005-07-14 2010-08-24 Rexam Closures And Containers Inc. Self peel flick-it seal for an opening in a container neck
PT1792843E (pt) * 2005-12-01 2008-05-05 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Método de produção de topos de plástico para recipientes selados de produtos alimentares vazáveis, e topos de plástico para recipientes assim produzidos
US20070262165A1 (en) * 2006-05-09 2007-11-15 Landau Steven M System and method for altering the aroma within the head space of a container
EP2074052B1 (de) * 2006-09-01 2014-12-24 MWV Slatersville, LLC. Abgabeverschluss mit behindertem, versetztem, nichtlinearem strömungsprofil
WO2008028195A2 (en) * 2006-09-01 2008-03-06 Polytop Corporation Dispensing closure having a flow conduit with key-hole shape
US7980432B2 (en) 2006-09-01 2011-07-19 Polytop Corporation Dispensing closure having a flow conduit with key-hole shape
US8336745B2 (en) 2006-09-01 2012-12-25 Mwv Slatersville, Llc Dispensing closure having a flow conduit with key-hole shape
US7637402B2 (en) * 2006-09-01 2009-12-29 Polytop Corporation Dispensing cap with center channel and helical flow profile
FR2907429B1 (fr) * 2006-10-24 2010-11-12 Alcan Packaging Capsules Capsule de bouchage a joint de forme multicouche
US8251236B1 (en) 2007-11-02 2012-08-28 Berry Plastics Corporation Closure with lifting mechanism
USD622145S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2010-08-24 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD620360S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2010-07-27 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD619459S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2010-07-13 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD639164S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2011-06-07 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD619458S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2010-07-13 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD638708S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2011-05-31 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD619457S1 (en) 2008-04-30 2010-07-13 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD607754S1 (en) 2008-10-22 2010-01-12 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD621723S1 (en) 2009-01-27 2010-08-17 Rexam Beverage Can Company Beverage container
USD670167S1 (en) 2010-06-17 2012-11-06 Rexam Beverage Can Europe Limited Container with cap
USD675527S1 (en) 2010-06-17 2013-02-05 Rexam Beverage Can Europe Limited Container with closure
USD684483S1 (en) 2010-06-17 2013-06-18 Rexam Beverage Can Europe Limited Container
USD707569S1 (en) 2011-07-15 2014-06-24 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD713267S1 (en) 2011-07-15 2014-09-16 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container
USD712753S1 (en) 2011-07-15 2014-09-09 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container
USD707568S1 (en) 2011-07-15 2014-06-24 Rexam Beverage Can Company Container body
USD744833S1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-08 Rexam Beverage Can Company Bottle
USD745397S1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-15 Rexam Beverage Can Company Bottle
USD745398S1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-15 Rexam Beverage Can Company Bottle
USD745396S1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-15 Rexam Beverage Can Company Bottle
USD745399S1 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-15 Rexam Beverage Can Company Bottle

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1982002182A1 (en) * 1980-12-22 1982-07-08 Ethyl Prod Closure
US4658976A (en) 1983-04-15 1987-04-21 Aluminum Company Of America Lined plastic closure
EP0263699A2 (de) * 1986-10-07 1988-04-13 Tredegar Molded Products Company Verschluss mit Entlüftung für Getränke
US4930646A (en) * 1989-02-01 1990-06-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Capliner/innerseal composite utilizing cold seal adhesive
EP0473529A1 (de) * 1990-08-20 1992-03-04 Ultimos Desarrollos, S.A. Verbesserte Verschlusskappe für Flaschen
EP0530977A2 (de) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-10 Tri- Seal International Inc. Verschluss mit Dichtungsscheibe für einen mit heisser Flüssigkeit zu füllenden Behälter sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
WO1994012399A1 (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-09 H-C Industries, Inc. Closure assembly with insert liner

Family Cites Families (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA459783A (en) * 1949-09-20 Aluminum Company Of America Closure blank for forming top and side seals
GB683521A (en) * 1946-11-27 1952-12-03 Aluminum Co Of America Improvements in or relating to closure blanks
US4462502A (en) * 1980-12-22 1984-07-31 Ethyl Molded Products Company Threaded closure with liner
AU533823B3 (en) * 1983-06-23 1984-01-05 Lilypak Limited Improvements to plastic closures for carbonated beverages
DE59002543D1 (de) * 1989-05-17 1993-10-07 Crown Cork Ag Schraubkappe aus kunststoffmaterial.
US5356021A (en) * 1993-09-30 1994-10-18 H-C Industries, Inc. Container closure with multiple liner seals

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1982002182A1 (en) * 1980-12-22 1982-07-08 Ethyl Prod Closure
EP0055916A1 (de) 1980-12-22 1982-07-14 Tredegar Molded Products Company Verschluss
US4658976A (en) 1983-04-15 1987-04-21 Aluminum Company Of America Lined plastic closure
EP0263699A2 (de) * 1986-10-07 1988-04-13 Tredegar Molded Products Company Verschluss mit Entlüftung für Getränke
US4930646A (en) * 1989-02-01 1990-06-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Capliner/innerseal composite utilizing cold seal adhesive
EP0473529A1 (de) * 1990-08-20 1992-03-04 Ultimos Desarrollos, S.A. Verbesserte Verschlusskappe für Flaschen
EP0530977A2 (de) * 1991-09-06 1993-03-10 Tri- Seal International Inc. Verschluss mit Dichtungsscheibe für einen mit heisser Flüssigkeit zu füllenden Behälter sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
WO1994012399A1 (en) * 1992-11-24 1994-06-09 H-C Industries, Inc. Closure assembly with insert liner

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997035779A1 (en) * 1996-03-26 1997-10-02 Carnaudmetalbox Plc Composite closure, method for assembling it and method for closing a container with it
US6220466B1 (en) 1996-03-26 2001-04-24 Carnaudmetalbox (Holdings) Usa Inc. Composite closure, method for assembling it and method for closing a container with it
DE19712364A1 (de) * 1997-03-25 1998-10-01 Bericap Gmbh & Co Kg Schnappverschluß
FR2783509A1 (fr) * 1998-09-23 2000-03-24 Dimav Pe Di France Capsule couronne pour bouteille
WO2000040472A1 (en) * 1999-01-05 2000-07-13 Sacmi Cooperativa Meccanici Imola S.C.R.L. Screw cap with applied bung
US8016148B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2011-09-13 Rexam Beverage Can Company Necked-in can body and method for making same
USD625616S1 (en) 2009-01-27 2010-10-19 Rexam Beverage Can Company Beverage container
DE102019133231A1 (de) * 2018-12-18 2020-06-18 Tieh Chin Kung Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Verschlussvorrichtung eines zerbrechlichen Flaschenkörpers
CN111332597A (zh) * 2018-12-18 2020-06-26 铁金钢金属工业有限公司 易碎瓶体的盖体结构
DE102019133231B4 (de) * 2018-12-18 2020-12-31 Tieh Chin Kung Metal Industry Co., Ltd. Verschlussvorrichtung eines zerbrechlichen Flaschenkörpers
CN113291618A (zh) * 2021-07-26 2021-08-24 常州树杰塑业有限公司 一种用于承载塑料薄膜添加剂用的添加桶

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU683755B2 (en) 1997-11-20
DK0693434T3 (da) 1998-11-30
PL309683A1 (en) 1996-01-22
HUT71938A (en) 1996-02-28
CA2154108A1 (fr) 1996-01-21
DE69502553T2 (de) 1998-09-10
ATE166308T1 (de) 1998-06-15
FR2722764A1 (fr) 1996-01-26
ES2116696T3 (es) 1998-07-16
FR2722764B1 (fr) 1996-10-04
HU9502168D0 (en) 1995-09-28
DE69502553D1 (de) 1998-06-25
EP0693434B1 (de) 1998-05-20
AU2505095A (en) 1996-02-01
US5875909A (en) 1999-03-02

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