EP0678886B1 - Mittel- oder Hochspannungslastschalter - Google Patents

Mittel- oder Hochspannungslastschalter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0678886B1
EP0678886B1 EP95400870A EP95400870A EP0678886B1 EP 0678886 B1 EP0678886 B1 EP 0678886B1 EP 95400870 A EP95400870 A EP 95400870A EP 95400870 A EP95400870 A EP 95400870A EP 0678886 B1 EP0678886 B1 EP 0678886B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
circuit
ramp
coil
arc
breaker according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95400870A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0678886A1 (de
Inventor
Jean Maineult
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Grid Solutions SAS
Original Assignee
GEC Alsthom T&D SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by GEC Alsthom T&D SA filed Critical GEC Alsthom T&D SA
Publication of EP0678886A1 publication Critical patent/EP0678886A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0678886B1 publication Critical patent/EP0678886B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/08—Stationary parts for restricting or subdividing the arc, e.g. barrier plate
    • H01H33/10—Metal parts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/18—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts using blow-out magnet
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H77/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting
    • H01H77/02—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism
    • H01H77/10—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening
    • H01H77/107—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening characterised by the blow-off force generating means, e.g. current loops

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a medium circuit breaker or high voltage including, in an envelope filled with a dielectric gas, a breaking chamber in which are arranged metal plates to split an arc electric in a multitude of elementary arcs under the action of a magnetic field.
  • Such a circuit breaker is known from document FR-8900215.
  • the metal plates of split are stacked in multiple compartments juxtaposed between them.
  • the electric arc is divided at the entrance of each compartment by electrodes and then split on the metal plates inside of each compartment under the action of magnetic fields.
  • each magnetic field is created by conductors suitably arranged to the entrance to a compartment. These conductors are bars folded. It was found that the strength of the magnetic field created by this kind of driver remains insufficient to ensure effective extinction of the electric arc despite the fractionation of it on the metal plates of splitting.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose a medium or high voltage circuit breaker, using the principle of splitting the arc into a large number of elementary arcs through metal plates of fractionation but which presents a better efficiency of break than that known from the above document and which is more easy to carry out while presenting a more compact.
  • the invention relates to a circuit breaker with medium or high voltage, characterized by an insulating ramp helical winding around a central generator, this ramp being arranged on the peripheral part inside the chamber and around an electrode conductive and the metal plates being arranged on along said ramp, around and away from the electrode conductive.
  • the section of this helical ramp by a plane perpendicular to its generator is of any shape provided that the distance between the fractionation plates and the electrode does not vary too much great.
  • the magnetic field is directed in one direction substantially parallel to the central generator of the ramp. It is easy to create such a magnetic field at using at least one electric coil arranged at a end of the ramp.
  • this coil is powered by at least part of the alternating current at the input of the circuit breaker. In this way, the magnetic field created by this coil is always in phase with the direction of current passing through the electric arc.
  • Such a coil arrangement provides a field intense magnetic and sufficient to effectively extinguish the electric arc.
  • the strength of the magnetic field can still be increased if a second coil is provided arranged at the other end of the ramp.
  • the long length of the ramp allows to extend the arc over a large distance, of the order of 1.5 metre. This results in efficient cooling and rapid deionization of the middle of the switching chamber.
  • the electric arc moves by rotating very quickly around the electrode conductive under the action of the magnetic field.
  • the arc takes the shape of a solenoid when entering the ramp.
  • the forces created by the magnetic field push the arc between the fractionation plates.
  • the forces created by the magnetic field tend to stabilize the arc in the midst of plates, thus ensuring a high and stable arc voltage in a reduced space.
  • the ramp includes a plurality of turns between which the metal fractionation plates, these turns forming screens between the metal plates.
  • Such a circuit breaker can be used, either to cut a current, either to limit a sudden increase in this one.
  • a circuit breaker current limiter we speak of a circuit breaker current limiter.
  • a circuit is provided. current supplying the coil through a means intended to split an electric arc into several arcs elementary.
  • the coil is therefore supplied by a part only current to cut.
  • the strength of the magnetic field created by the coil depends on the intensity of the part of the current to cut which feeds this coil.
  • the means for splitting the arch serves to increase the arc tension to increase the strength of the magnetic field accordingly.
  • the means for splitting the electric arc comprises an insulating support arranged between a fixed arcing contact and a arc insertion contact in the breaking chamber, the insertion contact being electrically connected to the coil and in which a series of conductive elements is provided carried by the insulating support and distributed over the support insulation between the fixed arcing contact and the contact of insertion.
  • an insulating means is provided electrically to conduct the arc of the insertion contact to the metal fractionation plates.
  • the contact insertion is carried by a conductive crown on which is arranged the insulating means for conducting the arc.
  • an insulating means is provided for conduct the arc which has a helical shape.
  • the coil is powered by all of the input current circuit breaker through the electrode which is mounted mobile on a conductive element cooperating so electromagnetic with the coil, building the ramp remaining identical.
  • the conductive element is a metal ring mounted on an axis of rotation close to the coil in such a way as the ring approaches the coil under the action of a elastic return element and moves away from the coil under the effect of electromagnetic forces created by a increased current at the input of the circuit breaker.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of the circuit breaker according to a first embodiment, this non-limiting circuit breaker in the closed position.
  • Figure 2 shows the circuit breaker of Figure 1 in a first semi-open position.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show the circuit breaker of the Figure 1 in a second semi-open position.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic sectional view of the circuit breaker according to a second embodiment, this current limiting circuit breaker in position closing.
  • Figure 6 shows the circuit breaker of Figure 5 in a semi-open position.
  • Figure 7 shows the circuit breaker of Figure 5 in an open position.
  • SF6 hexafluoride sulfur
  • the circuit breaker includes, inside the enclosure and for a phase of the current, a fixed arcing contact represented schematically by element 1. This fixed contact of arc is, if necessary, protected by a high element melting point to resist an electric arc.
  • Contact 1 is connected to a terminal not shown bringing the current indicated by I inside of the enclosure.
  • the circuit breaker also includes a movable arcing contact represented schematically by element 2. This contact 2 is also protected, if necessary, by a high-point element fusion 2a to resist an electric arc.
  • the arcing contact 2 is therefore mounted mobile around a axis 4 on a terminal 3 bringing the current inside the enclosure.
  • the movable contact 2 is moved around the axis 4 by through a connecting rod 5 of insulating material which is rotatably mounted around an axis 6 connected to one end of the contact 2.
  • the connecting rod 5 is itself mechanically connected to an operating device, not shown, conventional in oneself.
  • contact 2 In the closed position of the circuit breaker, contact 2 is electrically connected to contact 1. In position opening of the circuit breaker, contact 1 and contact 2 are separated and an electric arc is then established between these two contacts when the current input terminals are powered by a current to be cut.
  • the arrangement of the fixed 1 and mobile 2 contacts takes generally the form of series of knives such as shown and described in document FR-8900215.
  • the circuit breaker also includes a breaking chamber indicated by 30 and placed near contacts 1 and 2.
  • This breaking chamber includes an electrode conductive 7, for example in the form of a crown.
  • the crown 7 is provided with an insertion contact 7a or priming horn which is intended to cooperate electrically with the contact arc mobile 2.
  • Contact 7a is protected, if necessary, by a high melting point element 7b to withstand electric arc.
  • the crown-shaped electrode 7 has an element insulator 7c produced by a recess in the wall of the crown, this obviously preferably having a shape helical. This obviously is therefore filled with gas dielectric which gives it its insulating quality.
  • 7c is replaced by a deposit of insulating substance on the inner wall of the crown, this substance exhibiting good resistance for high temperatures like for example ceramic.
  • the outer periphery of the crown 7 is surrounded by the windings of an electric coil 8 which used to create a magnetic field.
  • the coil 8 is electrically connected to the crown 7 by a 7d connection and at the fixed arcing contact 1 by a connection 9.
  • Contact 1 is separated from contact 7a by a part insulator 11 carrying spaced metal bars 10 and electrically isolated from each other.
  • the role of these barrettes 10 is to split the electric arc which established between contacts 1 and 7a in large numbers elementary electric arcs so as to increase the coil supply voltage 8.
  • the interrupting chamber also has an electrode conductive 12 having a protected end 12a, if necessary, by a high melting point element for withstand an electric arc.
  • This electrode is intended for cooperate electrically with the movable arcing contact 2.
  • the electrode 12 ends at its other end with a disc-shaped support plate 12b, the plate 12b preferably part of the same room as the electrode 12.
  • the cut in the form of a cylinder and the electrode 12 extends along the axis of revolution of the cylinder.
  • the switching chamber also includes a ramp insulator 13 of helical shape which wraps around a central generator 13a, here confused with the axis of cylinder revolution.
  • This insulating ramp 13 is arranged on the periphery outside of the switching chamber, so on the surface inner cylinder revolution.
  • the ramp insulator 13 is covered at its upper part by the plate 12b, the electrode itself plunging inside the part 13 so that the ramp 13a also wraps around of electrode 12.
  • a large number of metal plates 14 are arranged along the ramp 13a, preferably at regular intervals of 1 to 1.5 millimeters, and are used for splitting of the electric arc. Plates 14 can be pre-assembled in packages to facilitate their implementation place along the ramp 13a. These metal plates are therefore arranged around the electrode 12 and at a distance from this one.
  • locations not shown are arranged in the ramp 13a to receive each plate 14 and immobilize it in place.
  • These metal fractionation plates 14 are arranged on edge between two turns of the ramp 13 and are preferably oriented radially towards the electrode 12 without being in contact with it. Their end part closest to electrode 12 is cut in V to increase the speed of arc rise inside the ramp 13. They are made of a thick magnetic material between 0.8 and 2mm.
  • the ramp 13 is made of an insulating material with high resistance to temperature and arc electrical, such as ceramic or a material thermoplastic or thermosetting.
  • the turns of the ramp extend sufficiently in direction of electrode 12 so as to define screens 13b which isolate the inserted fractionation plates 14 between two consecutive turns.
  • the part 12b and the sheath 15 have orifices 12c and 15a forming passages for expelling the gas dielectric.
  • the movable contact 2 is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow O visible in FIG. 1 between the fixed contact 1 and contact 7a, contacts 1 and 2 being supplied by the current to cut.
  • a part I2 of the current to be cut I passes through the crown 7, connection 7d, coil 8, connection 9 and returns to contact 1.
  • the other part I1 of current I transits through the electric arc A1 established between the contacts 1 and 2,7a.
  • the foot of the second electric arc A2 on the crown 7 is guided by the insulating element 7c and is directed towards the first splitting plates 14. This arc then jumps from plate to plate following the helical ramp 13.
  • the screens 13b act to avoid reboots of the second arc between the turns of the ramp 13.
  • circuit breaker As indicated previously, it is possible to build a circuit breaker according to the principle described above current limiter. Such a circuit breaker is shown in section schematic in Figure 5 without its enclosure filled with a dielectric gas under pressure.
  • the movable arcing contact described above is replaced here by a repulsive type mobile contact.
  • This circuit breaker includes, for each phase, a first input terminal 101 of a current I, a second input terminal 112 of current I, a movable contact of the type repellant which cooperates with the two terminals and a break indicated by 130.
  • the repellent-type movable contact comprises a part conductor 113 articulated on terminal 112 by via an axis 115 but electrically isolated from terminal 112 by an insulating piece 114. It also includes a conductive electrode 108 carried by the part 113. On Figure 5, this part 113 has the shape of a ring arranged on the top of the cylinder-shaped breaking chamber, the electrode 108 extending inside the chamber.
  • This repulsive type mobile contact can be operated by an insulating rod 117 connected to a device for maneuver not shown.
  • the insulating rod 117 is articulated on the part 113 by means of an axis 118.
  • the operating device is arranged to so that the connecting rod is free to move under the effect moving part 113 as shown below.
  • the interrupting chamber 130 includes, like that shown in Figure 1, a helical insulating ramp 106 wrapping inside the room around a central generator 106a. Metal plates of splitting 107 are arranged along the ramp insulating 106, between the turns 106b thereof.
  • the current input terminal 101 I is connected to a first coil 103 by a conductive connection 102.
  • the coil output 103 is electrically connected to a pad electrical contact 105 by a conductive connection 104.
  • the contact pad 105 and the coil 103 are arranged inside room 130 and near a end of the ramp 106.
  • the stud 105 is arranged for cooperate with the free end of the electrode 108.
  • the coil 103 used to create a magnetic field (indicated by B) directed in a direction parallel to the generator 106a from ramp 106.
  • a magnetic piece such as 120 is provided at inside coil 103 to focus the field magnetic on the periphery of the switching chamber.
  • a second coil 110 is arranged at the other end of the ramp 106. This coil 106 is intended for cooperate electromagnetically with the conductive ring 113.
  • the electrode 108 is connected by an electrical connection flexible 109 to the coil 110, itself connected to the terminal 112 by an electrical connection 111.
  • the coil 110 is arranged to create a field magnetic which is added to the magnetic field B.
  • An element magnetic 119 is also provided to modulate the intensity of the magnetic field B inside the chamber 130.
  • the coils 110 and 103 are supplied by the entire current I at the input of the circuit breaker when the electrode 108 is in contact with the pad 105 so that they create a magnetic field in permanently in the position of the electrode 108 shown on Figure 5.
  • the ring 113 is further connected to the chamber 130 by a spring 116 which opposes the rotation of the ring around of the axis 115 and which tends to hold the electrode 108 in contact with pad 105.
  • an insulating sleeve 121 for example in ceramic, having gas passage openings 121a, belt the ramp 106 between the coils 110 and 103.
  • the current I at the input of the circuit breaker passes through the elements 101,102,103,104,105,108,109,110,111, 112.
  • the coils 103 and 110 being supplied by the all of the current I, create inside the chamber of cut-off 130 a magnetic field B.
  • the magnetic field B induces on the arc A1 'a force electromagnetic represented by the arrow F which tends to rotate the arc A1 'around the electrode 108 and at the climb inside the ramp 106.
  • the arc penetrates inside the plates 107 and stabilizes in the weak magnetic field creating tension high and stable arc.
  • This arc voltage causes the reduction of the current short circuit until canceling its value.
  • the very large length of the arch makes it possible to obtain a very large deionization of the gaseous medium in the breaking chamber and the voltage withstand after the current has passed through zero.
  • the ring 113 is finally moved mechanically by the operating device which acts on the connecting rod 117 and therefore on electrode 108 so that electrode 108 is placed in a position substantially coaxial with the generator 106a of the ramp 106 as visible in FIG. 7.
  • This electrode 108 stabilizes in this position ensuring the full voltage withstand between the input terminals 101,112.

Landscapes

  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Circuit Breakers (AREA)
  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Push-Button Switches (AREA)
  • High-Tension Arc-Extinguishing Switches Without Spraying Means (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Mittel- oder Hochspannungslastschalter, der in einer mit einem dielektrischen Gas gefüllten Hülle eine Trennkammer (30; 130) umfasst, in der Metallische Platten (14;107 ) zum Zerteilen eines elektrischen Lichtbogens in eine Vielzahl von Elementarbögen unter der Wirkung eines Magnetfelds angeordnet sind, gekennzeichnet durch eine schraubenlinienförmige ieolierende Rampe (13; 106), die sich um eine zentrale Mantellinie (13a, 106a) windet, wobei diese Rampe am inneren Umfangsbereich der Kammer und um eine leitfähige Elektrode (12; 108) herum angeordnet ist und die metallischen Platten entlang der Rampe um die leitfähige Elektrode herum und in einem Abstand von dieser angeordnet sind.
  2. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 1, mit Mitteln (8; 110; 103) zum Erzeugen des Magnetfelds und zum Lenken desselben in eine zur zentralen Mantellinie der Rampe im Wesentlichen parallelen Richtung.
  3. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 2, bei dem das Magnetfeld von wenigstens einer an einem Ende der Rampe angeordneten elektrischen Spule (8; 110, 103) erzeugt wird.
  4. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Rampe (13; 106) eine Mehrzahl von windungen (13b, 106b) umfasst, zwischen denen die metallischen Zerteilerplatten (14; 107) angeordnet sind, wobei die windungen isolierende Abschirmungen zwischen den metallischen Platten bilden.
  5. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 3, mit einer Stromschaltung (1, 7, 7a, 7d, 9), die die Spule (8) über ein Mittel (11, 10) versorgt, das dazu vorgesehen ist, einen elektrischen Lichtbogen in mehrere Elementarbögen zu zerteilen.
  6. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 5, bei dem das Mittel zum Zerteilen des elektrischen Lichtbogens einen isolierenden Träger (11) umfasst, der zwischen einem festen Bogenkontakt (1) und einem Kontakt (7a) zum Einführen des Lichtbogens in die Trennkammer angeordnet ist, wobei der Einführkontakt elektrisch mit der Spule (8) verbunden ist, und bei dem eine Serie von Leiterelementen (10) vorgesehen sind, die vom isolierenden Träger getragen sind und die auf dem isolierenden Träger zwischen dem festen Bogenkontakt und dem Einführkontakt verteilt sind.
  7. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 6, mit einem isolierenden Mittel (7c) zum Führen des Lichtbogens vom Einführkontakt (7a) zu den metallischen Zerteilerplatten (14)
  8. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 7, bei dem der Einführkontakt (7a) von einem leitenden Kranz (7) getragen ist, auf dem das isolierende Mittel (7c) zum Führen des Lichtbogens angeordnet ist.
  9. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 8, bei dem das isolierende Mittel (7c) zum Führen des Lichtbogens eine Schraubenlinienform hat.
  10. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 8, bei dem die Spule (8) an der Peripherie des Kranzes (7) plaziert ist.
  11. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 3, bei dem die Spule (110) mit der Gesamtheit eines in den Lastschalter über die Elektrode (108) eintretenden Stroms versorgt wird, die an einem leitfähigen Element (113) beweglich montiert ist, das mit der Spule elektromagnetisch zusammenwirkt.
  12. Lastschalter nach Anspruch 11, bei dem das leitfähige Element (113) ein metallischer Ring ist, der auf einer Drehachse (110) nahe der Spule (110) so montiert ist, dass der Ring sich unter der Wirkung eines elastischen Rückstellelements (116) der Spule nähert und sich unter der Wirkung von elektromagnetischen Kräften, die durch eine Zunahme des in den Lastschalter eintretenden Stroms erzeugt werden, von der Spule entfernt.
EP95400870A 1994-04-22 1995-04-19 Mittel- oder Hochspannungslastschalter Expired - Lifetime EP0678886B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9404890A FR2719152B1 (fr) 1994-04-22 1994-04-22 Disjoncteur à moyenne ou haute tension.
FR9404890 1994-04-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0678886A1 EP0678886A1 (de) 1995-10-25
EP0678886B1 true EP0678886B1 (de) 1998-12-16

Family

ID=9462435

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95400870A Expired - Lifetime EP0678886B1 (de) 1994-04-22 1995-04-19 Mittel- oder Hochspannungslastschalter

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5616898A (de)
EP (1) EP0678886B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE174721T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2147576C (de)
DE (1) DE69506611T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0678886T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2126227T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2719152B1 (de)
GR (1) GR3029451T3 (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6100491A (en) * 1999-06-25 2000-08-08 Eaton Corporation Electric current switching apparatus having an arc extinguisher with an electromagnet
FR2834121B1 (fr) * 2001-12-21 2004-01-30 Alstom Disjoncteur limiteur de courant
DE10244846A1 (de) * 2002-09-20 2004-04-08 Siemens Ag Leistungsschalter mit Lichtbogenkühlelement
US8503151B2 (en) * 2009-09-30 2013-08-06 Lam Research Corporation Plasma arrestor insert
KR101690327B1 (ko) * 2009-03-31 2016-12-27 램 리써치 코포레이션 플라즈마 어레스터 인서트
FR3039924B1 (fr) 2015-08-07 2019-05-10 Supergrid Institute Appareil de coupure mecanique d'un circuit electrique
EP3709325B1 (de) * 2019-03-13 2023-05-03 ABB S.p.A. Trennvorrichtung

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE498021A (de) * 1949-10-13 Merlin Gerin
FR1100959A (fr) * 1954-03-10 1955-09-27 Gardy Particip App Procédé et dispositif de coupure d'arc électrique et leurs applications
FR2034118A1 (de) * 1969-02-05 1970-12-11 Kesl Karel
DE7007773U (de) * 1969-03-10 1970-06-04 Magrini Fabbriche Riunite Marg Lichtbogen-unterbrechungs- und loescheinheit fuer einen elektrischen leistungsschalter.
US3716685A (en) * 1970-09-14 1973-02-13 Massachusetts Inst Technology Magnetic circuit breaker
US4295021A (en) * 1979-01-19 1981-10-13 Asinovsky Erik I Electromagnetic arc extinction apparatus for switchgear
FR2641643B1 (fr) * 1989-01-10 1991-03-22 Alsthom Gec Disjoncteur a haute ou moyenne tension

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2147576A1 (fr) 1995-10-23
ES2126227T3 (es) 1999-03-16
DK0678886T3 (da) 1999-08-23
EP0678886A1 (de) 1995-10-25
FR2719152A1 (fr) 1995-10-27
DE69506611D1 (de) 1999-01-28
FR2719152B1 (fr) 1996-05-24
DE69506611T2 (de) 1999-05-27
ATE174721T1 (de) 1999-01-15
CA2147576C (fr) 1998-12-01
GR3029451T3 (en) 1999-05-28
US5616898A (en) 1997-04-01

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