EP0657011A1 - Burner - Google Patents
BurnerInfo
- Publication number
- EP0657011A1 EP0657011A1 EP94923708A EP94923708A EP0657011A1 EP 0657011 A1 EP0657011 A1 EP 0657011A1 EP 94923708 A EP94923708 A EP 94923708A EP 94923708 A EP94923708 A EP 94923708A EP 0657011 A1 EP0657011 A1 EP 0657011A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- flame
- burner according
- porous material
- gas
- burner
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C13/00—Apparatus in which combustion takes place in the presence of catalytic material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F23C99/006—Flameless combustion stabilised within a bed of porous heat-resistant material
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/22—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating
- F24H1/40—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water tube or tubes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2209/00—Safety arrangements
- F23D2209/10—Flame flashback
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/0027—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using fluid fuel
- F24H1/0045—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters using fluid fuel with catalytic combustion
Definitions
- the invention relates to a burner with a housing which has a combustion chamber with an inlet for a gas / air mixture as fuel and an outlet for the exhaust gas.
- Burners of this type usually work with a flame which burns freely in the combustion chamber and which burns the gas / air mixture, the hot exhaust gas being used as the heat source.
- the hot exhaust gas for heat exchange is guided past water-carrying pipes in order to generate hot water or steam therein.
- Pollutants such as NO x or CO are formed in such burners. These toxic and harmful gases are produced either at a high flame temperature or incomplete combustion in unstable flames or at a low flame temperature, which could be reduced, but then creates an unstable flame. Furthermore, an incomplete combustion of the gas / air mixture is expected, which reduces the efficiency.
- Thermomax 'burner has a low NO x emission.
- the flame stability is increased reaches this burner through a heat-dissipating burner plate which essentially consists of a perforated plate with circular bores through which the gas to be burned flows. Due to the heat dissipation via the perforated plate, the flame is practically held on the burner plate, which creates a stable flame.
- the burner plate is also not sufficient to ensure flame stability in all operating parameters. For example, it is indicated that at high air ratios, a mixture preheating of around 300 ° C. should be provided, since this increases the combustion speed and thus reduces the tendency for the flames to lift off.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a burner in which the flame burns stably at low temperature and pollutant emissions
- the object is achieved in that the housing contains a porous material with coherent cavities, the porosity of which changes along the combustion chamber in such a way that the pore size increases in the direction of flow of the gas / air mixture from the inlet to the outlet, in one Zone or at an interface of the porous material in the combustion chamber for the pore size gives a critical Peclet number for the flame development above which a flame can arise and below which the flame development is suppressed.
- the housing is filled with a porous material which has the property of opposing the flow of the gas / air mixture, so that the amount of gas to be combusted is throttled.
- the porous material which has the property of opposing the flow of the gas / air mixture, so that the amount of gas to be combusted is throttled.
- the heat capacity of the porous material in the combustion chamber absorbs the heat of combustion better and can therefore be transferred for further use more cheaply than in the prior art.
- the porous material creates additional cooling that reduces the flame temperature With a certain pore size, the chemical reaction of the flame and the thermal relaxation are of the same size, so that no flame can arise below this pore size, but a free flame takes place above it.
- This condition is suitably described with the help of the P ⁇ clet number, which indicates the ratio of heat flow due to transport to heat flow due to conduction.
- the poetry at which ignition can occur there is a supercritical P ⁇ clet number for flame development. Since the flame can only arise in the area with the critical P ⁇ clet number, a self-stabilizing flame front is generated in the porous material.
- the use of a porous material in the combustion chamber also requires a high heat capacity, as a result of which a high thermal energy and high efficiency values stored locally in the porous material can advantageously be achieved.
- This high heat capacity also has the advantage that a heat exchanger, for example for heating water, for producing hot water or steam, can be integrated in the combustion chamber, as a result of which a significantly better heat transfer for the heat exchange is achieved than in the prior art.
- the high power density is due to a higher combustion rate in the porous medium and a much larger flame front surface which arises due to the porosity.
- the porous material also has the advantage that a high level of turbulence arises in the flow of the gas / air mixture, as a result of which combustion speeds up to 50 times higher than normal can be achieved. In particular, better degrees of combustion are associated with this and higher power densities are achieved. Measurements were carried out on an exemplary embodiment described below, which show that efficiencies greater than 95% can be achieved for heat utilization.
- the burner according to the invention Since the porous material itself opposes the gas flow, the burner according to the invention operates essentially under a wide pressure range. This enables operation under various pressures and even under high pressure. There is therefore a wide range of applications for the burner according to the invention.
- the critical Peclet number is 65 +/- 25 and in particular 65 for natural gas / air mixtures.
- Burner by designing the porosity of the porous material to a critical P ⁇ clet number of 65 in terms of the operating mode.
- a burner according to the teaching of the invention can have a continuous transition from a low porosity to a high porosity in the combustion chamber, in which case the flame development begins with a porosity with the critical P ⁇ clet number Gas / air mixtures also vary. If the porosity of the porous material in the jacket were to run continuously, this would have the disadvantage that the flame could shift under different conditions.
- two zones of different pore sizes lying one behind the other in the flow direction of the gas / air mixture are provided in the jacket, the first zone downstream of the inlet having a Peclet number for flame development, which is smaller than the critical P ⁇ clet number, and the second zone further away from the inlet has a P ⁇ clet number which is larger than the critical one
- the flame generation is fixed to the area or the area between the two zones, and essentially independent of operating parameters which could lead to a variation in the critical Peclet number.
- the measure mentioned for determining the location of the flame origin therefore further increases the stability and makes it possible to build a burner which can be used over a wide range of uses.
- the first zone has a pore size which gives a P ⁇ clet number ⁇ 40 and the second zone has a pore size which gives a P ⁇ clet number ⁇ 90.
- the entire known range of variation from critical Peclet numbers which, as already mentioned above, can be 65 +/- 25, is covered.
- the specified values for the design of the zones for P ⁇ clet numbers ⁇ 40 or> 90 are, as will become clear later in the exemplary embodiment, easy to achieve and allow a burner to be used for a wide range of different purposes
- the porous material is a heat-resistant foam plastic, a ceramic or metal or a metal alloy. How such porous materials can be produced is known from the prior art.
- the heat resistance does not have to be particularly high for normal domestic burners, since the flame is cooled by the porous material itself.
- the temperatures remain below 1400 °.
- a preferred development of the invention therefore provides that the porous material is heat-resistant up to 1500 ° C.
- a large number of possible materials are available for a burner according to the invention, so that the material selection can not only be made on the basis of technical considerations, but also that a burner can also be optimized with regard to an inexpensive construction and a low manufacturing outlay.
- the porous material consists of packing, e.g. in the form of bulk material which, if necessary, can be solidified, for example by sintering.
- porous material can consist of loosely layered grains, but it can also be solidified into a coherent porous mass.
- Bulk material has the particular advantage that it can be easily filled into the housing and can be handled very easily in terms of production technology. However, it is also easily possible to remove bulk material from the housing again when the burner is expected, for example for cleaning.
- the bulk material contains metal, a metal alloy or ceramic, in particular steatite, Stemalox or Al ⁇ D g
- metal a metal alloy or ceramic, in particular steatite, Stemalox or Al ⁇ D g
- the bulk material mentioned is readily available and is also reasonably priced.
- a burner according to the invention which is inexpensive and simple to manufacture is achieved. possible.
- the bulk material in the vicinity of the outlet consists of grains of spherical shape with average diameters of 5 mm and in the subsequent area with average diameters> 11 mm if the diameter is between 5 and 11 mm in order to achieve the critical P ⁇ clet number lies and is in particular 9mm.
- the uniformity of the bulk material can easily be checked during manufacture. In particular, this also applies to the attainable porosity, which is then only determined by the diameter of the spherical grains and their arrangement in the bed. It has been shown with steel, steatite, stealox or Al 2 0 3 and when using natural gas / air mixtures that the Peclet number of 65 for balls with a diameter of 9mm and Peclet numbers of 40 and 90 for diameters of about 11 or 5mm can be achieved.
- the necessary porosity is thus achieved with simple means in the further development, especially since bulk material of the type mentioned and the corresponding size is readily available.
- the required porosities for a burner according to the invention can thus be achieved without great effort.
- the NO x and CO emissions in particular can be reduced by using catalyst materials.
- the inner surfaces of the cavities of the porous material or the surfaces of the grains of the bulk material are coated with a catalyst material.
- the housing has at least partially a cooling device.
- the heat that flows into the housing could also be shielded from the outside world with insulating material, but cooling has the advantage that the. Heat can be absorbed by the coolant and then reused. Because of this, the efficiency of a burner according to the invention can be increased further.
- the cooling device is designed as a cooling coil surrounding or forming the housing, through which a coolant, in particular water, flows. Furthermore, a monitoring device can be provided which prevents the supply of fuel into the combustion chamber in the event of a coolant failure different.
- the heat absorbed in the cooling can be used further, since the flowing coolant transports heat that can be removed at another location.
- the flow of the coolant is interrupted by a line break or blockage of the cooling coil, which could heat up the outer wall of the burner, which can lead to fire or burns. It is therefore expedient to provide a monitoring device which prevents the supply of fuel to the combustion chamber if the coolant fails
- a cooling device for heat exchange is provided in an area of larger pore openings of the material.
- this cooling device which can be designed as a cooling coil
- the heat in the burner is dissipated, for example as hot water or steam, and can be used in further processes for heating or operating turbines.
- the heat transfer takes place here not only through direct interaction of the hot gas with the cooling device, but for the most part via the porous material, which ensures better heat transfer than in the prior art. This feature also serves to increase efficiency.
- cooling of the housing is provided, which is connected in series with the cooling device for heat exchange.
- the energy which is absorbed by the cooling of the housing in the coolant is conducted in the same circuit in which the heat in the coolant is used for heat exchange.
- the coolant is preferably only used to cool the housing and then passed into the interior of the burner, where it interacts with the porous material at high temperature is increased.
- the cooling device in the burner forms a further flow resistance, which can be taken into account when designing the porous material in the area of the cooling device.
- the cooling device then acts similarly to the porous material.
- the amount of porous material can then be reduced, a more effective heat transfer also being achieved if, according to a further development, the cooling device itself is designed such that it acts at least partially as a porous material and / or replaces porous material.
- the distance between the cooling device and the flame should also be selected as cheaply as possible.
- materials suitable for forming the cooling device can also be selected for lower temperatures if the cooling device is located outside the flame area.
- the flame is not additionally cooled by the cooling device if it is outside the flame area, which further increases the stability of the flame.
- a preferred development of the invention provides that the distance of the cooling device from the area with the critical Peclet number is at least so large that the cooling device is not in contact with the flame. Because of the good heat conduction in the porous material, this has little influence on the heat transfer from the flame to the cooling device.
- a preferred development of the invention provides that a gap with a dimension greater than 1 mm between the inner wall of the housing and the insert is provided by an additional device, for example an insert in the burner chamber in which the porous Material is created. This further suppresses the CO emissions caused by incomplete or unstable combustion.
- Tests on exemplary embodiments have shown that the highest effectiveness is achieved when the porosity is generated with bulk material and the cooling device at a distance of 2 to 4 grain sizes of the bulk material from the boundary region with the critical P ⁇ clet number 65 is arranged.
- the favorable conditions result when the cooling device is so far away from the zone with the porosity required for the critical P ⁇ clet number that it does not immerse into the flame area.
- an ignition device is arranged on the burner so that the gas / air mixture is ignited in a region with a porosity that has the critical P kritclet number.
- the gas / air mixture could be ignited at all points on the burner where a combustible gas / air mixture is present, for example from the outlet.
- the ignition takes place in an area in which the porosity has the critical Petclet number. As a result, the flame is ignited precisely in the area by burning even in the stable state. Because of this, a high level of stability is achieved at the time of ignition, since there is only one in other places
- Flashback would have to take place, but this is not possible at high fuel flow rates. In this case, ignition could only take place if the fuel flow is reduced in the meantime.
- the feature of the further development therefore greatly reduces the outlay on equipment for a burner according to the invention, since regulation of the ignition process can be omitted.
- a flame trap is arranged between the inlet and the porous material. Because of the porous material, the flame is not expected to kick back, since the Peclet number in the inlet area does not permit the formation of a flame. Nevertheless, a flame trap is provided primarily for safety reasons, which can be important, for example, if the bulk material having the high porosity has been accidentally filled into the inlet area after cleaning work The flame trap should be as simple as possible since it is normally not required. According to a preferred further development, the flame trap is a plate which has a large number of holes with a diameter smaller than the "quenching" diameter critical for the respective fuels. It has been shown that this flame trap is effective with natural gas / air mixtures.
- Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the burner with three zones.
- FIG. 3 shows a diagram for Peclet numbers as a function of the ball diameter in the case of a ball bed
- FIG. 4 shows a diagram for the temperature profile within the porous material in the embodiment according to FIG. 2
- 5 shows a section through a burner designed as a water heater or steam generator corresponding to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, but with the outlet arranged downwards, and
- Fig. 6 shows a section through a burner provided with an insert.
- Turbulence is generated in the fuel flow in the porous material.
- a positive feedback between flame acceleration and the generation of turbulence is dampened by local suppression by the chemical reactions due to intensive heat exchange in the turbulent flame zone. If the characteristic time of thermal compensation becomes shorter than the chemical conversion, the flame formation is prevented. Since, in addition, a wide variety of speeds occur in turbulent flow, the proportions of the flame are suppressed at maximum speeds, as a result of which stable flame propagation is generated.
- the P ⁇ clet number can be calculated using the following equation:
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a burner with a housing 1 which has an inlet 2 for the gas / air mixture and an outlet 3 for the exhaust gases. At a distance from the inlet 2 a flame trap 4 is provided, which divides the interior of the housing 1 of the gels between this flame trap 4 and the outlet 3 ⁇ gene part of the inner space of the housing 1 is filled with a porous material. 5 An ignition device 6 is also provided for igniting the gas mixture.
- the gas / air mixture enters through the inlet 2 and the exhaust gases leave the burner through the outlet 6.
- the porous material 5 has locally different porosities, specifically according to the differently hatched zones A, B and C.
- zone A there are Pores so small that the resulting Peclet number is smaller than the critical P ⁇ clet number (65 for natural gas / air mixtures).
- the critical Peclet number is the limit above which a flame can develop or below which a flame is suppressed.
- zone C the peclet number is significantly larger than the critical p ⁇ clet number, so that a flame can develop there.
- Zone B represents a transition area within which the porosity reaches the critical P ⁇ clet number.
- the flame can only arise in zone B, and only at the points where the porosity reaches the critical P ⁇ clet number.
- the porous material cools the flame so that only little NO x is generated.
- the inner surfaces of the cavities of the porous Mate ⁇ material, namely of the zone B may also be coated with a catalyst who ⁇ , whereby a further reduction of the NO x and CO stake is achieved in the exhaust gas.
- zone B Due to the physical laws for flame development in porous material described above, the flame will stabilize in zone B, in places where the gas / air mixture just reaches the critical P ⁇ clet number. This but also means that the flame attachments can shift within the region B when there are strong changes in the physical parameters, so that local flame stability is in principle not given.
- the transition layer given by zone B has the advantage that the flame front changes at the smallest possible Chen cavities stabilized, whereby the best possible heat transfer from the
- Zone B has been omitted from that described in FIG. 1, so that only the two zones A and C are present.
- the flame stabilizes at the boundary layer between Zone A and Zone C based on the laws described above.
- the flame is therefore defined by the interface and is therefore stable in place. Due to the variance of +/- 25 of the specified P ⁇ clet number of 65, it is advantageous to provide a porosity in zone A whose P ⁇ clet number is less than 40 and in Zone C a porosity that of a P ⁇ clet
- the boundary layer determines the location of the flame development for a large range of gas / air mixtures, which ensures the stability for a large range of gas parameters.
- porous material Different materials, for example ceramic materials, can be used for the porous material.
- heat-resistant foam plastics are also possible.
- bulk material is used as the porous material.
- the parameter d m for the porosity which is included in the equation for the P ⁇ clet number, can be calculated as d m on the basis of geometric considerations where ⁇ f is the diameter of the spherical grains of the bulk material.
- the temperature profile in the direction of flow of the gas / air mixture in such a test burner is shown in FIG. 4 for various outputs, the jacket being cooled from the outside. It was shown that even at high power of 9kW the highest temperature was below 1500 ° C. Therefore, all materials can be used that are temperature stable up to 1500 ° C.
- a first vertical line is drawn, which is the interface between the
- Zone A and Zone C It can be clearly seen that the highest temperature occurs at the interface or in relation to just behind the interface in zone C.
- the low gas temperature at the outlet also shows that the heat of the burned gas / air mixture is almost completely absorbed by the porous material, which enables the construction of a heat exchanger with great efficiency.
- a burner according to the embodiment of FIG. 2 it is possible to provide a water heater with a Lei ⁇ stung from 5kW to build an exhaust gas temperature of 60 C ⁇ and an efficiency of 95%.
- the structural dimensions of the burner could be kept very small, so the length of the burner was only 15 cm and the diameter 8 cm. The small dimensions are mainly due to the high power density, which is with
- Zone A and Zone C are created. It follows that for the generation of hot steam, the heat transfer from the flame to the water to be heated in the vicinity of this
- Interface should take place.
- One carries the water intended for steam generation
- the cooling device should therefore run in the area of the porous material which is approximately 3 cm from the interface.
- FIG. 5 shows the schematic structure of a burner suitable for heating water or for generating steam.
- This essentially comprises again the housing 1, the inlet 2, the outlet 3, the flame trap 4, the ignition device 6 and the porous material 5.
- the burner is arranged with its outlet 3 downward, so that condensate can flow off easily .
- the porous material 5 is only indicated schematically by balls of the same size. This does not correspond to the real situation, since the porosity of the porous material changes along the direction of flow of the gas / air mixture, the balls having a smaller diameter in the inlet area than in the outlet area.
- an external cooling device 8 which surrounds or even forms the housing 1, which can be designed as a cooling coil arranged around the housing 1 and prevents heat dissipation to the outside.
- the cooling coil is flowed through by water and is provided with a water monitor which interrupts the inflow of the gas / air mixture into inlet 2 in the event of coolant failure, so that the
- Housing 1 is always cooled when the burner is in operation. This ensures that the outer wall cannot heat up too much, which in turn prevents the housing from being burned or starting a fire.
- the heat dissipated from the housing wall by the cooling coil can be reused, which increases the efficiency in the production of hot water or steam.
- 5 shows the arrangement of an inner cooling seal 9 which extends from the outlet 3 to just before the interface 7 into the porous material of zone C.
- the internal cooling device 9 is only indicated schematically, in practice it can e.g. have the shape of a spiral so that the best possible heat transfer from the porous material 5 is ensured.
- the cooling device 9 can itself form the porous material or contribute to the porosity, as a result of which an even better heat transfer is possible.
- the outer cooling device 8 is m 'rt inner DER. Cooling device 9 connected in series, whereby the water which has already been preheated through the housing 1 is guided into the inner cooling device 9 and is used for heating the water or for generating steam.
- an insert 10 which consists of a suitable material, is provided in the flame area of the combustion chamber, as can be seen from FIG. 6. which receives the porous material 5 and shields the inner wall of the housing 1 against direct heat radiation.
- the insert 10 can also be designed such that it is arranged at a distance from the inner wall of the housing 1 so that there is between the inner wall and the insert 10 forms a gap 11 which is free of the combustible gas / air mixture. This design of the combustion chamber in the flame area further suppresses the CO emissions caused by incomplete or unstable combustion.
- the flame trap 4 is intended to prevent the flame from kicking back. Basically, it is not necessary in the burner according to the invention, since the flame cannot penetrate to inlet 2 in zone A due to the low P ⁇ clet number, it is therefore only intended to increase safety.
- the flame trap in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 5 consists of a 4 mm thick steel sheet into which a large number of holes with a diameter of 1 mm have been drilled, the density of the holes being less than 20 / cm 2 .
- the ignition device 6 is located in the vicinity of the interface 7 in order to enable a particularly effective ignition. In the exemplary embodiment, the flame burns self-stabilizing at the interface 7.
- the exemplary embodiments described above show the simple construction of the burner according to the invention at low temperature, good heat transfer and a stable flame. In the case of incomplete combustion, it is also possible for the burners according to the invention to operate them in a stoichiometric manner or to carry out better combustion by providing catalyst material in the porous material, the pollutant content in the exhaust gas being reduced still further.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Gas Burners (AREA)
- Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
- Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4322109 | 1993-07-02 | ||
DE4322109A DE4322109C2 (en) | 1993-07-02 | 1993-07-02 | Burner for a gas / air mixture |
PCT/EP1994/002156 WO1995001532A1 (en) | 1993-07-02 | 1994-07-01 | Burner |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0657011A1 true EP0657011A1 (en) | 1995-06-14 |
EP0657011B1 EP0657011B1 (en) | 1999-01-20 |
Family
ID=6491841
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94923708A Expired - Lifetime EP0657011B1 (en) | 1993-07-02 | 1994-07-01 | Burner |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5522723A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0657011B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3219411B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1046802C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE176039T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE4322109C2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0657011T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2129659T3 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3029984T3 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2125204C1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1995001532A1 (en) |
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DE102008000010A1 (en) | 2008-01-07 | 2009-07-09 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Plate-shaped ceramic heat radiating body of an infrared surface radiator |
EP2314917A2 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-27 | Atomic Energy Council - Institute of Nuclear Energy Research | Porous-medium burning apparatus |
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US6003477A (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 1999-12-21 | Srp 687 Pty. Ltd. | Ignition inhibiting gas water heater |
US6155211A (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 2000-12-05 | Srp 687 Pty Ltd. | Air inlets for water heaters |
US6135061A (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 2000-10-24 | Srp 687 Pty Ltd. | Air inlets for water heaters |
US6295951B1 (en) | 1995-04-04 | 2001-10-02 | Srp 687 Pty. Ltd. | Ignition inhibiting gas water heater |
US5797355A (en) | 1995-04-04 | 1998-08-25 | Srp 687 Pty Ltd | Ignition inhibiting gas water heater |
DE19527583C2 (en) * | 1995-07-28 | 1998-01-29 | Max Rhodius Gmbh | Burners, especially for heating systems |
FR2745063B1 (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1998-03-27 | Air Liquide | RADIANT BURNER FOR OXYGEN COMBUSTION |
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NL1005800C2 (en) * | 1996-11-16 | 1999-05-10 | Fasto Nefit Bv | Porous body for gas-burner - has open space at igniter between successive zones |
NL1004647C2 (en) * | 1996-11-29 | 1998-06-03 | Fasto Nefit Bv | Burner for gas and air mixture |
DE19718898C1 (en) * | 1997-05-03 | 1998-10-22 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Gas burner with a porous burner |
DE19718885C2 (en) | 1997-05-03 | 2003-10-09 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | gas burner |
DE19718886A1 (en) * | 1997-05-03 | 1998-11-05 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Process for the production of porous moldings |
DE19725646A1 (en) | 1997-06-18 | 1998-12-24 | Iav Gmbh | Cylinder-piston unit, in particular for steam engines |
US5890886A (en) * | 1997-07-21 | 1999-04-06 | Sulzer Chemtech Ag | Burner for heating systems |
US5993192A (en) * | 1997-09-16 | 1999-11-30 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | High heat flux catalytic radiant burner |
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DE102008000010A1 (en) | 2008-01-07 | 2009-07-09 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Plate-shaped ceramic heat radiating body of an infrared surface radiator |
DE102008000010B4 (en) * | 2008-01-07 | 2010-10-14 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Plate-shaped ceramic heat radiating body of an infrared surface radiator |
EP2314917A2 (en) | 2009-10-22 | 2011-04-27 | Atomic Energy Council - Institute of Nuclear Energy Research | Porous-medium burning apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5522723A (en) | 1996-06-04 |
EP0657011B1 (en) | 1999-01-20 |
DE4322109C2 (en) | 2001-02-22 |
JP3219411B2 (en) | 2001-10-15 |
WO1995001532A1 (en) | 1995-01-12 |
ATE176039T1 (en) | 1999-02-15 |
CN1111914A (en) | 1995-11-15 |
DE59407692D1 (en) | 1999-03-04 |
DK0657011T3 (en) | 1999-09-13 |
RU95112038A (en) | 1997-01-10 |
CN1046802C (en) | 1999-11-24 |
DE4322109A1 (en) | 1995-01-12 |
GR3029984T3 (en) | 1999-07-30 |
JPH08507363A (en) | 1996-08-06 |
ES2129659T3 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
RU2125204C1 (en) | 1999-01-20 |
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