EP0653588A1 - Circulating fluidized bed reactor with heat exchange surface extensions - Google Patents

Circulating fluidized bed reactor with heat exchange surface extensions Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0653588A1
EP0653588A1 EP94402508A EP94402508A EP0653588A1 EP 0653588 A1 EP0653588 A1 EP 0653588A1 EP 94402508 A EP94402508 A EP 94402508A EP 94402508 A EP94402508 A EP 94402508A EP 0653588 A1 EP0653588 A1 EP 0653588A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
extensions
reactor
walls
tubes
heat exchange
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Granted
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EP94402508A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0653588B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Claude Semedard
Pierre Gauville
Pascale Amadieu
Jean Aubry
Jean-Xavier Morin
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Alstom Power Boiler SA
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GEC Alsthom Stein Industrie
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Publication of EP0653588A1 publication Critical patent/EP0653588A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0084—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed with recirculation of separated solids or with cooling of the bed particles outside the combustion bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0015—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type
    • F22B31/003—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type with tubes surrounding the bed or with water tube wall partitions

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor with heat exchange surface extensions.
  • the circulating fluidized bed reactor is used routinely in thermal power stations and for increasingly higher powers.
  • the invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising a lower zone provided with a fluidization grid, means for injecting primary air below the grid, means for injecting secondary air at above the grid and of fuel introduction means, the walls surrounding this lower zone being provided with heat exchange tubes, and an upper zone surrounded by walls provided with heat exchange tubes.
  • the present invention solves these erosion and distortion problems while going against the technical prejudice of seeking to increase the surface area of the heat exchange panels of the reactor.
  • At least one wall of at least one of said zones is provided with vertical heat exchange panels known as extensions fixed perpendicular to the wall, formed of heat exchange tubes, internal to the reactor. , horizontal width between 150 and 500 mm and spaced from each other by a distance between 1.5 and 4 times their width.
  • the extensions are not very wide and thus the warping of the walls of the reactor due to mechanical stresses caused by differential expansions is avoided and these extensions are located in the descending layer of the solids, as will be described more precisely below.
  • said width is defined as the distance between the internal face of the fins of the walls and the generator furthest from the most distant extension tube.
  • the extensions are welded continuously to the walls of the zone.
  • the extensions are distant from the wall by a distance of less than 60 mm, this distance being the distance between the internal face of the fins of the walls and the generatrix of the nearest extension tube, the extensions being supported at least in their upper part.
  • the extensions are distributed over the internal perimeter of the reactor.
  • the extensions can be located over the entire height of the reactor.
  • the extensions are arranged over the entire height of the wall of the upper zone.
  • the tube extensions may include auxiliary tubes connected to the free end of the extensions, fixed outside the plane of symmetry of the extensions.
  • the reactor comprises at least one dense internal fluidized bed, in communication with the interior of the reactor through its upper part, which receives the solid matter falling along the walls of the upper zone and returns it to the less in part by overflow towards the lower zone all along and above the discharge walls, this internal bed being fitted with exchange tubes connected at their lower part to a supply inlet and at their upper part to a relief outlet, the extension tubes are used as the outlet outlet tubes for those fitted to this internal bed.
  • Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of a circulating fluidized bed reactor.
  • Figure 2 is a partial view in vertical section of a reactor wall according to the invention.
  • Figure 3A is a sectional view along III-III of Figure 2 and Figure 3B is a similar sectional view according to a variant.
  • FIG. 4A is a vertical section view of a reactor according to the invention according to an alternative embodiment and FIG. 4B is a detailed view of part IV.
  • FIGS 5, 6 and 7 show in partial sections various arrangements of reactors according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 which corresponds to a conventional functioning of a circulating bed reactor, the latter comprises a lower zone 3 of increasing section upwards and an upper parallelepipedic zone 2.
  • the lower zone 3 is provided with a fluidization grid 11, primary air injection means 12 below the grid 11, secondary air injection means 13 above the grid 11 and fuel introduction means 10.
  • the walls 5 surrounding this lower zone 3 are provided with heat exchange tubes.
  • the upper zone 2 is also surrounded by walls 4 provided with heat exchange tubes.
  • the solid particles rise above the grid 11 towards the top of the reactor according to the arrows 6. These particles tend to spread towards the walls 4, 5 and fall back down. However, a part of the finest particles is re-entrained upwards, according to swirling movements such as 7. The other particles approach the walls 4, 5 and flow along these downwards according to the arrows 8 where they form a dense layer of solids.
  • the invention consists in making extensions of heat exchange surfaces of small width embedded in this layer of descending solids and thus improving the heat exchange coefficients of the walls of the reactor.
  • the extensions according to the invention cause an increase in the thickness of the layer of solids along the walls by what may be called a wedge effect. It is indeed created at the presence of a corner an extra layer thickness due to the rounded shape that naturally takes the layer of solids at this location. Thanks to the extensions in accordance with the invention, a large number of corners are created and the thickness of solids is all the more increased. The average concentration of solids is therefore artificially increased in the cavity delimited between two extensions compared to a simple plane wall, which improves the exchange coefficient.
  • extensions according to the invention have two exchange faces which increases the surface overall exchange of the reactor and therefore also improves the exchange coefficient.
  • FIGS 2 and 3A show an embodiment of an extension according to the invention.
  • extensions are preferably made in a conventional manner, that is to say made up of tubes connected by planar fins.
  • the extension 14 represented comprises three vertical exchange tubes 15 embedded and protected in the upper and lower part by layers of concrete 16.
  • the tubes 15, like the tubes 9 moreover, are connected to one another by planar welded fins 20
  • the tubes 15 are supplied with water-vapor emulsion in the lower part by a supply inlet and in the upper part, they are connected to an outlet 19. In order to avoid differential expansion, these tubes 15 are supplied by an emulsion.
  • the extensions 14 fixed perpendicularly at least to a wall 4, 5 of at least one of the zones 2, 3, formed of tubes 15, internal to the reactor have a horizontal width 1 of between 150 and 500 mm and spaced from each other by a distance D of between 1.5 and 4 times their width, this width being defined as the distance between the internal face of the fins 30 of the wall 4, 5 and the generator furthest from the tube 15A most distant extensions.
  • the extensions can be continuously welded to the wall 4, 5 of the zones 2, 3, as shown in FIG. 2, or be distant from the walls 4, 5 by a distance d of less than 60 mm, this distance being the distance between the internal face of the fins 30 of the walls and the generator of the nearest tube 15B, which amounts to removing the first fin 20A from the extensions and supporting these extensions in their upper part and possibly in their lower part.
  • the extensions 14 of tubes 15 may include auxiliary tubes 15C connected to the free end 14A of the extensions 14, fixed outside the plane of symmetry of the extensions 14, in order to reinforce the mechanical strength of the extensions 14, as for example shown in the Figure 3B.
  • FIG. 4A shows a particularly advantageous arrangement of the extensions according to the invention.
  • the tubes of the extensions 14 in accordance with the invention can be used as outlet tubes for freeing those constituting the walls of these beds 22, 23 and possibly those immersed in these beds 22, 23, which avoids crossing the wall 4 with the risks of erosion that this entails, the release outlet tubes being vertical and no longer horizontal.
  • FIG. 4B shows an example of a connection at the outlet for clearing the exchange tubes 24 equipping the internal bed 22 and the tubes 15 with an extension 14.
  • each internal bed 22, 23 is installed between at least two extensions 14 and this results in another effect and technical advantage of the invention.
  • the spaces between extensions 14 form channels or fall paths 21 of the solids towards the beds 22, 23 and causes an increase in the flow rate of the solids descending towards them.
  • the internal beds 22, 23 being connected to external exchangers, these are supplied with a higher flow rate of solids, which improves the exchange and makes it possible to significantly reduce the size of these external exchangers.
  • FIGS. 5 to 7 several possible arrangements of the extensions 14 are described.
  • the reactor is conventionally provided with a cyclone 31.
  • the extensions 14 equipped with tubes 15 are arranged over the entire height of the wall 4 of the upper zone. 2 of the reactor, on one or more sides of this zone 2. In this case, the extensions leave from the ceiling of the reactor and pass in the lower part of the inclined walls 5 of the lower zone 3. Any erosion problem is then eliminated with respect to in the prior art, no more clear horizontal part being subjected to the flow of particles.

Abstract

The present invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor including a lower region (3) equipped with a fluidization grid (11), with means for injecting primary air (12) below the grid (11), with means for injecting secondary air (13) above the grid (11) and with means for introducing fuel (10), the walls (5) surrounding this lower region being equipped with heat-exchange tubes, and an upper region (2) surrounded by walls (4) provided with heat-exchange tubes (9), the heat-exchange tubes (9) being joined together by fins (30). The walls of the said regions (2, 3) are equipped with vertical heat-exchange panels known as extensions (14) fixed perpendicularly to the walls (4, 5) of the regions (2, 3) these extensions being formed of tubes (15) internal to the reactor, of a horizontal width of between 150 and 500 mm and spaced apart by a distance of between 1.5 and 4 times their width, this width being defined as the distance between the internal face of the fins (30) of the walls (4, 5) and the furthermost generatrix of the furthermost tube of the extensions. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant à extensions de surface d'échange thermique.The present invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor with heat exchange surface extensions.

Le réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant est utilisé de façon courante dans les centrales thermiques et pour des puissances de plus en plus élevées.The circulating fluidized bed reactor is used routinely in thermal power stations and for increasingly higher powers.

Plus précisément l'invention concerne un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant comportant une zone inférieure pourvue d'une grille de fluidisation, de moyens d'injection d'air primaire en-dessous de la grille, de moyens d'injection d'air secondaire au-dessus de la grille et de moyens d'introduction de combustible, les parois entourant cette zone inférieure étant pourvues de tubes d'échange thermique, et une zone supérieure entourée par des parois munies de tubes d'échange thermique.More specifically, the invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising a lower zone provided with a fluidization grid, means for injecting primary air below the grid, means for injecting secondary air at above the grid and of fuel introduction means, the walls surrounding this lower zone being provided with heat exchange tubes, and an upper zone surrounded by walls provided with heat exchange tubes.

Il est connu que, pour obtenir une bonne efficacité de désulfuration des fumées, la température du réacteur doit être maintenue constante à une valeur proche de 850°C. Un moyen efficace est d'installer des panneaux d'échange thermique dans le réacteur et d'utiliser, pour maintenir cette température, soit l'ajustement de la concentration en matières solides par réglage des débits d'air primaire et secondaire, soit un débit variable de recyclage de gaz de combustion, soit le refroidissement des solides recyclés dans des lits fluidisés denses extérieurs au réacteur.It is known that, in order to obtain good flue gas desulfurization efficiency, the temperature of the reactor must be kept constant at a value close to 850 ° C. An effective way is to install heat exchange panels in the reactor and to use, to maintain this temperature, either the adjustment of the concentration of solids by adjusting the primary and secondary air flows, or a flow combustion gas recycling variable, ie the cooling of the solids recycled in dense fluidized beds outside the reactor.

Plusieurs agencements de tels panneaux sont connus:

  • des panneaux verticaux en forme de L suspendus en partie haute du réacteur à fonction de surchauffeur,
  • des panneaux horizontaux en partie supérieure et traversant le réacteur de part en part à fonction de surchauffeur,
  • des panneaux en forme de U suspendus au plafond du réacteur à fonction de surchauffeur,
  • des panneaux très larges fixés perpendiculairement à la paroi du réacteur et parcourus par une émulsion, tels que ceux équipant le réacteur de lit fluidisé décrit dans le brevet US-4 442 796,
  • des panneaux de séparation du réacteur disposés sur une hauteur partielle et présentant éventuellement des ouvertures de communication, comme décrit dans le brevet US-4 165 717.
Several arrangements of such panels are known:
  • vertical L-shaped panels suspended in the upper part of the reactor with a superheater function,
  • horizontal panels in the upper part and passing right through the reactor as a superheater,
  • U-shaped panels suspended from the reactor ceiling as a superheater,
  • very wide panels fixed perpendicular to the wall of the reactor and traversed by an emulsion, such as those equipping the fluidized bed reactor described in patent US Pat. No. 4,442,796,
  • reactor separation panels arranged over a partial height and possibly having communication openings, as described in US Pat. No. 4,165,717.

Lorsque la puissance de l'installation augmente, il est donc, selon l'art antérieur, estimé qu'il est nécessaire d'étendre l'implantation de ces panneaux d'échangeurs d'une part en surface et d'autre part vers des niveaux de plus en plus bas dans le réacteur avec corrélativement des risques d'érosion augmentés en partie basse de ces panneaux soumis au flux de particules solides, des risques de distorsion des panneaux et des parois du fait des dilatations différentielles augmentées par les hauteurs de panneaux toujours supérieures et des risques de vibration.When the power of the installation increases, it is therefore, according to the prior art, considered that it is necessary to extend the installation of these exchanger panels on the one hand on the surface and on the other hand towards lower and lower levels in the reactor with correspondingly increased risk of erosion at the bottom of these panels subjected to the flow of solid particles, risks of distortion of the panels and walls due to differential expansions increased by the heights of the panels always higher and risks of vibration.

La présente invention résout ces problèmes d'érosion et de distorsion tout en allant à l'encontre du préjugé technique consistant à chercher à augmenter la surface des panneaux d'échange thermique du réacteur.The present invention solves these erosion and distortion problems while going against the technical prejudice of seeking to increase the surface area of the heat exchange panels of the reactor.

Pour ce faire, conformément à l'invention, au moins une paroi d'au moins une des dites zones est pourvue de panneaux d'échange thermique verticaux dits extensions fixés perpendiculairement à la paroi, formés de tubes d'échange thermique, internes au réacteur, de largeur horizontale comprise entre 150 et 500 mm et espacés les uns des autres d'une distance comprise entre 1,5 et 4 fois leur largeur.To do this, in accordance with the invention, at least one wall of at least one of said zones is provided with vertical heat exchange panels known as extensions fixed perpendicular to the wall, formed of heat exchange tubes, internal to the reactor. , horizontal width between 150 and 500 mm and spaced from each other by a distance between 1.5 and 4 times their width.

Les extensions sont peu larges et ainsi l'on évite les voilements des parois du réacteur dûs aux efforts mécaniques provoqués par des dilatations différentielles et ces extensions se situent dans la couche descendante des solides, comme il sera décrit plus précisément plus loin.The extensions are not very wide and thus the warping of the walls of the reactor due to mechanical stresses caused by differential expansions is avoided and these extensions are located in the descending layer of the solids, as will be described more precisely below.

Dans le cas où les tubes d'échange thermique des parois sont reliés par des ailettes, ladite largeur est définie comme la distance entre la face interne des ailettes des parois et la génératrice la plus éloignée du tube des extensions le plus éloigné.In the case where the heat exchange tubes of the walls are connected by fins, said width is defined as the distance between the internal face of the fins of the walls and the generator furthest from the most distant extension tube.

Selon une première variante de fixation, les extensions sont soudées de façon continue à la parois de la zone.According to a first fixing variant, the extensions are welded continuously to the walls of the zone.

Selon une seconde variante de fixation, les extensions sont distantes de la paroi d'une distance inférieure à 60 mm, cette distance étant la distance entre la face interne des ailettes des parois et la génératrice du tube des extensions le plus proche, les extensions étant supportées au moins en leur partie haute.According to a second fixing variant, the extensions are distant from the wall by a distance of less than 60 mm, this distance being the distance between the internal face of the fins of the walls and the generatrix of the nearest extension tube, the extensions being supported at least in their upper part.

Avantageusement, les extensions sont réparties sur le périmètre interne du réacteur.Advantageously, the extensions are distributed over the internal perimeter of the reactor.

Les extensions peuvent se situer sur toute la hauteur du réacteur.The extensions can be located over the entire height of the reactor.

Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, les extensions sont disposées sur toute la hauteur de la paroi de la zone supérieure.According to a preferred embodiment, the extensions are arranged over the entire height of the wall of the upper zone.

Dans ce cas, les extensions partent du plafond du réacteur et traversent en partie basse les parois inclinées de la zone inférieure. Tout problème d'érosion est alors supprimé par rapport à l'art antérieur où des parties horizontales dégagées sont soumises aux flux de particules et sont donc érodées.In this case, the extensions start from the reactor ceiling and pass through the inclined walls of the lower zone at the bottom. Any erosion problem is then eliminated compared to the prior art where clear horizontal parts are subjected to the flow of particles and are therefore eroded.

Afin d'augmenter leur résistance mécanique, les extensions de tubes peuvent comporter des tubes auxiliaires reliés à l'extrémité libre des extensions, fixés en dehors du plan de symétrie des extensions.In order to increase their mechanical resistance, the tube extensions may include auxiliary tubes connected to the free end of the extensions, fixed outside the plane of symmetry of the extensions.

Selon une variante de réalisation particulière, où le réacteur comporte au moins un lit fluidisé dense interne, en communication avec l'intérieur du réacteur par sa partie supérieure, qui reçoit les matières solides tombant le long des parois de la zone supérieure et les renvoie au moins en partie par débordement vers la zone inférieure tout le long et au-dessus des parois de déversement, ce lit interne étant équipé de tubes d'échange reliés à leur partie basse à une arrivée d'alimentation et à leur partie haute à une sortie de dégagement, les tubes des extensions sont utilisés comme tubes de sortie de dégagement de ceux équipant ce lit interne.According to a particular embodiment, where the reactor comprises at least one dense internal fluidized bed, in communication with the interior of the reactor through its upper part, which receives the solid matter falling along the walls of the upper zone and returns it to the less in part by overflow towards the lower zone all along and above the discharge walls, this internal bed being fitted with exchange tubes connected at their lower part to a supply inlet and at their upper part to a relief outlet, the extension tubes are used as the outlet outlet tubes for those fitted to this internal bed.

L'invention est exposée ci-après plus en détail à l'aide de figures ne représentant qu'un mode de réalisation préférée.The invention is set out below in more detail with the aid of figures representing only a preferred embodiment.

La figure 1 est une vue en coupe verticale d'un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant.Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of a circulating fluidized bed reactor.

La figure 2 est une vue partielle en coupe verticale d'une paroi de réacteur conforme à l'invention.Figure 2 is a partial view in vertical section of a reactor wall according to the invention.

La figure 3A est une vue en coupe selon III-III de la figure 2 et la figure 3B est une vue en coupe analogue selon une variante.Figure 3A is a sectional view along III-III of Figure 2 and Figure 3B is a similar sectional view according to a variant.

La figure 4A est une vue en coupe verticale d'un réacteur conforme à l'invention selon une variante de réalisation et la figure 4B est une vue en détail de la partie IV.FIG. 4A is a vertical section view of a reactor according to the invention according to an alternative embodiment and FIG. 4B is a detailed view of part IV.

Les figures 5, 6 et 7 représentent en coupes partielles divers agencements de réacteurs conformes à l'invention.Figures 5, 6 and 7 show in partial sections various arrangements of reactors according to the invention.

Sur la figure 1 qui correspond à un fonctionnement classique de réacteur à lit circulant, ce dernier comporte une zone inférieure 3 de section croissante vers le haut et une zone supérieure parallélèpipèdique 2. La zone inférieure 3 est pourvue d'une grille de fluidisation 11, de moyens d'injection d'air primaire 12 en-dessous de la grille 11, de moyens d'injection d'air secondaire 13 au-dessus de la grille 11 et de moyens d'introduction de combustible 10. Les parois 5 entourant cette zone inférieure 3 sont pourvues de tubes d'échange thermique. La zone supérieure 2 est également entourée par des parois 4 munies de tubes d'échange thermique.In FIG. 1 which corresponds to a conventional functioning of a circulating bed reactor, the latter comprises a lower zone 3 of increasing section upwards and an upper parallelepipedic zone 2. The lower zone 3 is provided with a fluidization grid 11, primary air injection means 12 below the grid 11, secondary air injection means 13 above the grid 11 and fuel introduction means 10. The walls 5 surrounding this lower zone 3 are provided with heat exchange tubes. The upper zone 2 is also surrounded by walls 4 provided with heat exchange tubes.

Les particules solides s'élèvent au-dessus de la grille 11 vers le haut du réacteur selon les flèches 6. Ces particules tendent à s'écarter vers les parois 4, 5 et à retomber vers le bas. Toutefois, une partie des particules les plus fines est réentraînée vers le haut, suivant des mouvements tourbillonnaires tels que 7. Les autres particules se rapprochent des parois 4, 5 et s'écoulent le long de celles-ci vers le bas selon les flèches 8 où elles forment une couche dense de solides.The solid particles rise above the grid 11 towards the top of the reactor according to the arrows 6. These particles tend to spread towards the walls 4, 5 and fall back down. However, a part of the finest particles is re-entrained upwards, according to swirling movements such as 7. The other particles approach the walls 4, 5 and flow along these downwards according to the arrows 8 where they form a dense layer of solids.

Des mesures de cette couche dense de solides le long des parois indiquent qu'elle est d'épaisseur variable sur la hauteur du réacteur et selon la charge du réacteur, cette épaisseur étant sensiblement comprise entre 50 et 500 mm.Measurements of this dense layer of solids along the walls indicate that it is of variable thickness over the height of the reactor and according to the reactor load, this thickness being substantially between 50 and 500 mm.

L'invention consiste à réaliser des extensions de surfaces d'échange thermique de faible largeur noyées dans cette couche de solides descendants et ainsi améliorer les coefficients d'échange thermique des parois du réacteur.The invention consists in making extensions of heat exchange surfaces of small width embedded in this layer of descending solids and thus improving the heat exchange coefficients of the walls of the reactor.

Dans un réacteur classique sans extensions conformes à l'invention, pour un coefficient global de 180 W/m².°K, approximativement une part de 100 W/m².°K est obtenue par rayonnement et une part de 80 W/m².°K par convection relative aux particules solides. Grâce à l'invention, la part relative à la convection est fortement augmentée et le coefficient global en conséquence.In a conventional reactor without extensions in accordance with the invention, for an overall coefficient of 180 W / m². ° K, approximately a part of 100 W / m². ° K is obtained by radiation and a part of 80 W / m². ° K by convection relative to solid particles. Thanks to the invention, the proportion relating to convection is greatly increased and the overall coefficient accordingly.

En effet, les extensions conformes à l'invention entraînent une augmentation de l'épaisseur de la couche de solides le long des parois par ce que l'on peut appeler un effet de coin. Il se crée en effet à la présence d'un coin une surépaisseur de couche dûe à la forme arrondie que prend naturellement la couche de solides à cet endroit. Grâce aux extensions conformes à l'invention, un nombre important de coins est créé et l'épaisseur de solides est d'autant augmentée. La concentration moyenne en solides est donc artificiellement augmentée dans la cavité délimitée entre deux extensions par rapport à une simple paroi plane, ce qui améliore le coefficient d'échange.Indeed, the extensions according to the invention cause an increase in the thickness of the layer of solids along the walls by what may be called a wedge effect. It is indeed created at the presence of a corner an extra layer thickness due to the rounded shape that naturally takes the layer of solids at this location. Thanks to the extensions in accordance with the invention, a large number of corners are created and the thickness of solids is all the more increased. The average concentration of solids is therefore artificially increased in the cavity delimited between two extensions compared to a simple plane wall, which improves the exchange coefficient.

Par ailleurs, les extensions conformes à l'invention présentent deux faces d'échange ce qui augmente la surface d'échange globale du réacteur et donc améliore également le coefficient d'échange.Furthermore, the extensions according to the invention have two exchange faces which increases the surface overall exchange of the reactor and therefore also improves the exchange coefficient.

Les figures 2 et 3A représentent un exemple de réalisation d'une extension conforme à l'invention.Figures 2 and 3A show an embodiment of an extension according to the invention.

Ces extensions sont de préférence réalisées de façon classique, c'est-à-dire constituées de tubes reliés par des ailettes planes. A la paroi 4 pourvue de tubes d'échange longitudinaux 9 sont adjointes des extensions 14 perpendiculaires à la paroi 4 et internes au réacteur. L'extension 14 représentée comporte trois tubes d'échange verticaux 15 noyés et protégés en partie haute et basse par des couches de béton 16. Les tubes 15 comme d'ailleurs les tubes 9 sont reliés les uns aux autres par des ailettes planes soudées 20. Les tubes 15 sont alimentés en émulsion eau-vapeur en partie basse par une arrivée d'alimentation et en partie haute, ils sont reliés à une sortie 19. Afin d'éviter les dilatations différentielles, ces tubes 15 sont alimentés par une émulsion.These extensions are preferably made in a conventional manner, that is to say made up of tubes connected by planar fins. To the wall 4 provided with longitudinal exchange tubes 9 are added extensions 14 perpendicular to the wall 4 and internal to the reactor. The extension 14 represented comprises three vertical exchange tubes 15 embedded and protected in the upper and lower part by layers of concrete 16. The tubes 15, like the tubes 9 moreover, are connected to one another by planar welded fins 20 The tubes 15 are supplied with water-vapor emulsion in the lower part by a supply inlet and in the upper part, they are connected to an outlet 19. In order to avoid differential expansion, these tubes 15 are supplied by an emulsion.

Selon l'invention, les extensions 14 fixées perpendiculairement au moins à une paroi 4, 5 d'au moins une des zones 2, 3, formées de tubes 15, internes au réacteur, sont de largeur 1 horizontale comprise entre 150 et 500 mm et espacées les unes des autres d'une distance D comprise entre 1,5 et 4 fois leur largeur, cette largeur étant définie comme la distance entre la face interne des ailettes 30 de la paroi 4, 5 et la génératrice la plus éloignée du tube 15A des extensions le plus éloigné.According to the invention, the extensions 14 fixed perpendicularly at least to a wall 4, 5 of at least one of the zones 2, 3, formed of tubes 15, internal to the reactor, have a horizontal width 1 of between 150 and 500 mm and spaced from each other by a distance D of between 1.5 and 4 times their width, this width being defined as the distance between the internal face of the fins 30 of the wall 4, 5 and the generator furthest from the tube 15A most distant extensions.

Les extensions peuvent être soudées de façon continue à la paroi 4, 5 des zones 2, 3, comme représenté sur la figure 2, ou être distantes des parois 4, 5 d'une distance d inférieure à 60 mm, cette distance étant la distance entre la face interne des ailettes 30 des parois et la génératrice du tube 15B le plus proche, ce qui revient à supprimer la première ailette 20A des extensions et à supporter ces extensions en leur partie haute et éventuellement en leur partie basse.The extensions can be continuously welded to the wall 4, 5 of the zones 2, 3, as shown in FIG. 2, or be distant from the walls 4, 5 by a distance d of less than 60 mm, this distance being the distance between the internal face of the fins 30 of the walls and the generator of the nearest tube 15B, which amounts to removing the first fin 20A from the extensions and supporting these extensions in their upper part and possibly in their lower part.

Les extensions 14 de tubes 15 peuvent comporter des tubes auxiliaires 15C reliés à l'extrémité libre 14A des extensions 14, fixés en dehors du plan de symétrie des extensions 14, afin de renforcer la tenue mécanique des extensions 14, comme par exemple représenté sur la figure 3B.The extensions 14 of tubes 15 may include auxiliary tubes 15C connected to the free end 14A of the extensions 14, fixed outside the plane of symmetry of the extensions 14, in order to reinforce the mechanical strength of the extensions 14, as for example shown in the Figure 3B.

La figure 4A représente un agencement des extensions conformes à l'invention particulièrement avantageux.FIG. 4A shows a particularly advantageous arrangement of the extensions according to the invention.

Il est connu, par exemple de la demande de brevet français n°2 690 512 déposée par la Déposante, d'équiper le réacteur de lits fluidisés denses internes 22, 23. Ces lits fluidisés denses 22, 23 sont en communication avec l'intérieur du réacteur par leur partie supérieure qui reçoit les matières solides tombant le long des parois 4 de la zone supérieure 2 et les renvoie au moins en partie par débordement vers la zone inférieure 3 tout le long et au-dessus des parois de déversement 28, 29. Ces lits internes 22, 23 ont leur paroi équipée de tubes d'échange reliés à leur partie basse à une arrivée d'alimentation et à leur partie haute à une sortie de dégagement. Eventuellement, ces lits comportent également des tubes d'échange immergés. Avantageusement, les tubes des extensions 14 conformes à l'invention peuvent être utilisés comme tubes de sortie de dégagement de ceux constituant les parois ces lits 22, 23 et éventuellement de ceux immergés dans ces lits 22, 23, ce qui évite une traversée de la paroi 4 avec les risques d'érosion que cela comporte, les tubes de sortie de dégagement étant verticaux et non plus horizontaux. La figure 4B représente un exemple de liaison en sortie de dégagement des tubes d'échange 24 équipant le lit interne 22 et des tubes 15 d'une extension 14.It is known, for example from French patent application No. 2 690 512 filed by the Applicant, to equip the reactor with internal dense fluidized beds 22, 23. These dense fluidized beds 22, 23 are in communication with the interior of the reactor by their upper part which receives the solid materials falling along the walls 4 of the upper zone 2 and returns them at least in part by overflow to the lower zone 3 all along and above the discharge walls 28, 29 These internal beds 22, 23 have their walls fitted with exchange tubes connected at their lower part to a supply inlet and to their upper part at a release outlet. Optionally, these beds also include immersed exchange tubes. Advantageously, the tubes of the extensions 14 in accordance with the invention can be used as outlet tubes for freeing those constituting the walls of these beds 22, 23 and possibly those immersed in these beds 22, 23, which avoids crossing the wall 4 with the risks of erosion that this entails, the release outlet tubes being vertical and no longer horizontal. FIG. 4B shows an example of a connection at the outlet for clearing the exchange tubes 24 equipping the internal bed 22 and the tubes 15 with an extension 14.

Selon ce mode de réalisation, chaque lit interne 22, 23 se trouve installé entre au moins deux extensions 14 et il en résulte un autre effet et avantage technique de l'invention. En effet, les espaces entre extensions 14 forment des canaux ou chemins de chute 21 des solides vers les lits 22, 23 et entraîne une augmentation du débit des solides descendants vers ceux-ci. Les lits internes 22, 23 étant reliés à des échangeurs externes, ceux-ci sont alimentés par un débit supérieur de solides, ce qui améliore l'échange et permet de diminuer sensiblement la taille de ces échangeurs externes.According to this embodiment, each internal bed 22, 23 is installed between at least two extensions 14 and this results in another effect and technical advantage of the invention. Indeed, the spaces between extensions 14 form channels or fall paths 21 of the solids towards the beds 22, 23 and causes an increase in the flow rate of the solids descending towards them. The internal beds 22, 23 being connected to external exchangers, these are supplied with a higher flow rate of solids, which improves the exchange and makes it possible to significantly reduce the size of these external exchangers.

Sur les figures 5 à 7, sont décrits plusieurs agencements possibles des extensions 14. Le réacteur est pourvu de façon classique d'un cyclone 31. Les extensions 14 équipées de tubes 15 sont disposées sur toute le hauteur de la paroi 4 de la zone supérieure 2 du réacteur, sur un ou plusieurs côtés de cette zone 2. Dans ce cas, les extensions partent du plafond du réacteur et traversent en partie basse les parois 5 inclinées de la zone inférieure 3. Tout problème d'érosion est alors supprimé par rapport à l'art antérieur, plus aucune partie horizontale dégagée n'étant soumise aux flux de particules.In FIGS. 5 to 7, several possible arrangements of the extensions 14 are described. The reactor is conventionally provided with a cyclone 31. The extensions 14 equipped with tubes 15 are arranged over the entire height of the wall 4 of the upper zone. 2 of the reactor, on one or more sides of this zone 2. In this case, the extensions leave from the ceiling of the reactor and pass in the lower part of the inclined walls 5 of the lower zone 3. Any erosion problem is then eliminated with respect to in the prior art, no more clear horizontal part being subjected to the flow of particles.

Claims (9)

1) Réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant comportant une zone inférieure (3) pourvue d'une grille de fluidisation (11), de moyens d'injection d'air primaire (12) en-dessous de la grille (11), de moyens d'injection d'air secondaire (13) au-dessus de la grille (11) et de moyens d'introduction de combustible (10), les parois (5) entourant cette zone inférieure étant pourvues de tubes d'échange thermique, et une zone supérieure (2) entourée par des parois (4) munies de tubes d'échange thermique (9), caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une paroi d'au moins une des dites zones (2, 3) est pourvue de panneaux d'échange thermique verticaux dits extensions (14) fixés perpendiculairement à la paroi (4, 5), formés de tubes d'échange thermique (15), internes au réacteur, de largeur horizontale (1) comprise entre 150 et 500 mm et espacés les uns des autres d'une distance (D) comprise entre 1,5 et 4 fois leur largeur. 1) Circulating fluidized bed reactor comprising a lower zone (3) provided with a fluidization grid (11), primary air injection means (12) below the grid (11), means d secondary air injection (13) above the grid (11) and of fuel introduction means (10), the walls (5) surrounding this lower zone being provided with heat exchange tubes, and a upper zone (2) surrounded by walls (4) provided with heat exchange tubes (9), characterized in that at least one wall of at least one of said zones (2, 3) is provided with panels vertical heat exchange known as extensions (14) fixed perpendicular to the wall (4, 5), formed of heat exchange tubes (15), internal to the reactor, of horizontal width (1) between 150 and 500 mm and spaced apart from each other by a distance (D) of between 1.5 and 4 times their width. 2) Réacteur selon la revendication 1, dont les tubes d'échange thermique (9) des parois (4, 5) sont reliés par des ailettes (30), caractérisé en ce que ladite largeur (1) est définie comme la distance entre la face interne des ailettes (30) des parois (4, 5) et la génératrice la plus éloignée du tube (15A) des extensions le plus éloigné. 2) Reactor according to claim 1, the heat exchange tubes (9) of the walls (4, 5) are connected by fins (30), characterized in that said width (1) is defined as the distance between the internal face of the fins (30) of the walls (4, 5) and the generator furthest from the tube (15A) of the furthest extensions. 3) Réacteur selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les extensions sont soudées de façon continue à la paroi (4, 5) de la zone (2, 3). 3) Reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that the extensions are continuously welded to the wall (4, 5) of the area (2, 3). 4) Réacteur selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les extensions (14) sont distantes de la paroi (4, 5) d'une distance (d) inférieure à 60 mm, cette distance étant la distance entre le face interne des ailettes (30) des parois et la génératrice du tube (15B) des extensions le plus proche, les extensions étant supportées au moins en leur partie haute. 4) Reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that the extensions (14) are distant from the wall (4, 5) by a distance (d) less than 60 mm, this distance being the distance between the internal face of the fins (30) of the walls and the generatrix of the tube (15B) of the nearest extensions, the extensions being supported at least in their upper part. 5) Réacteur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les extensions (14) sont réparties sur le périmètre interne du réacteur. 5) Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the extensions (14) are distributed over the internal perimeter of the reactor. 6) Réacteur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les extensions (14) sont situées sur toute la hauteur du réacteur. 6) Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the extensions (14) are located over the entire height of the reactor. 7) Réacteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que les extensions (14) sont disposées sur toute la hauteur de la paroi (4) de la zone supérieure (2). 7) Reactor according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the extensions (14) are arranged over the entire height of the wall (4) of the upper zone (2). 8) Réacteur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les extensions (14) de tubes (15) comportent des tubes auxiliaires (15C) reliés à l'extrémité libre (14A) des extensions (14), fixés en dehors du plan de symétrie des extensions (14). 8) Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the extensions (14) of tubes (15) comprise auxiliary tubes (15C) connected to the free end (14A) of the extensions (14), fixed outside of the plane of symmetry of the extensions (14). 9) Réacteur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, et comportant au moins un lit fluidisé dense interne (22, 23), en communication avec l'intérieur du réacteur par sa partie supérieure, qui reçoit les matières solides tombant le long des parois (4) de la zone supérieure (2) et les renvoie au moins en partie par débordement vers la zone inférieure (3) tout le long et au-dessus d'une paroi de déversement (28, 29), ce lit interne (22, 23) étant équipé de tubes d'échange reliés à leur partie basse à une arrivée d'alimentation et à leur partie haute à une sortie de dégagement, réacteur caractérisé en ce que les tubes (15) des extensions (14) sont utilisés comme tubes de sortie de dégagement de ceux équipant ce lit interne (22, 23). 9) Reactor according to one of the preceding claims, and comprising at least one dense internal fluidized bed (22, 23), in communication with the interior of the reactor through its upper part, which receives the solid matter falling along the walls ( 4) from the upper zone (2) and returns them at least in part by overflow to the lower zone (3) all along and above a discharge wall (28, 29), this internal bed (22, 23) being equipped with exchange tubes connected at their lower part to a supply inlet and at their upper part to a release outlet, reactor characterized in that the tubes (15) of the extensions (14) are used as tubes release outlet for those fitted to this internal bed (22, 23).
EP94402508A 1993-11-10 1994-11-07 Circulating fluidized bed reactor with heat exchange surface extensions Expired - Lifetime EP0653588B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9313476 1993-11-10
FR9313476A FR2712378B1 (en) 1993-11-10 1993-11-10 Circulating fluidized bed reactor with heat exchange surface extensions.

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EP0653588A1 true EP0653588A1 (en) 1995-05-17
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DE (1) DE69404423T2 (en)
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FI (1) FI103299B (en)
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PL305777A1 (en) 1995-05-15
RU2119119C1 (en) 1998-09-20
FI945229A (en) 1995-05-11
CZ290558B6 (en) 2002-08-14
FI945229A0 (en) 1994-11-07
CA2135460A1 (en) 1995-05-11
FR2712378B1 (en) 1995-12-29
FI103299B1 (en) 1999-05-31
CZ276294A3 (en) 1995-06-14
DE69404423T2 (en) 1997-12-04
SK135594A3 (en) 1995-06-07
PL178960B1 (en) 2000-07-31
CN1073882C (en) 2001-10-31
EP0653588B1 (en) 1997-07-23
US5707591A (en) 1998-01-13
RU94040179A (en) 1996-11-10
CN1174095A (en) 1998-02-25
ATE155867T1 (en) 1997-08-15
ES2104310T3 (en) 1997-10-01
FR2712378A1 (en) 1995-05-19
CA2135460C (en) 1998-11-03
DE69404423D1 (en) 1997-09-04
GR3024601T3 (en) 1997-12-31
FI103299B (en) 1999-05-31

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