EP0630398A1 - Emulsified fuels. - Google Patents
Emulsified fuels.Info
- Publication number
- EP0630398A1 EP0630398A1 EP93918743A EP93918743A EP0630398A1 EP 0630398 A1 EP0630398 A1 EP 0630398A1 EP 93918743 A EP93918743 A EP 93918743A EP 93918743 A EP93918743 A EP 93918743A EP 0630398 A1 EP0630398 A1 EP 0630398A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- weight
- present
- additives
- amount
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to improved emulsified fuels and the corresponding methods for reducing the consumption of fuels and the emission of polluting gases resulting from their combustion, said fuels being mainly composed (more than 50% by weight). fuel, water and a set of additives.
- the invention relates more particularly to fuels as described above in which the set of additives, composed of minor amounts of sorbitan oleate, of polyalkylene glycol, and of alkylphenol ethoxylate, makes it possible to considerably reduce the emission of polluting gases such as carbon monoxide, further improving the combustion efficiency.
- Air pollution is not only a health hazard, it also causes acid rain and therefore pollution of lakes and rivers.
- PCT publication WO 86/00333 describes the composition of fuels intended to improve the combustion efficiency and consequently to save combustible.
- the fuels described in this publication include fuel-water emulsions containing polyolefin additives.
- this publication which is devoted to fuel economy, does not in any way address the issue of limiting pollution.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,877,414 describes the composition of emulsified fuels using relatively large amounts of surfactants as well as alpha olefins and alkyl benzenes.
- the products prepared according to this patent are estimated to be very expensive, taking into account the levels of use of the additives designated as essential for achieving the desired goal.
- emulsions tend to decompose quickly, especially when subjected to low temperatures. Attempts have been made to emulsify gasoline using the most favorable formula in this patent, and it has been found that the emulsion will decompose within an hour. Similar attempts to emulsify diesel oil using this formula have resulted in an emulsion decomposing in one hour at low room temperature.
- the present invention solves the problems indicated above and makes it possible to obtain highly improved stable emulsified fuels which considerably reduce the polluting gases produced by combustion and which also make it possible to achieve significant savings in terms of real fuel consumption.
- the fuels emulsified according to the present invention comprise specific quantities of fuel and water, as well as a set of additives in minor quantities.
- This set of additives comprises, and preferably essentially comprises, specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate.
- Fuels can be prepared quickly using simple in-line static mixers and add-on equipment, and remain stable at all normal ambient temperatures for at least about four months.
- the optimum fuels that can be prepared using this invention consist of about 65 to 95%, by weight, of fuel (e.g. diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, coal dust), and about 5 to 35%, by weight, of water.
- the optimum set of additives represents 0.1 to 0.5%, by weight, of the final emulsified fuel.
- the optimum additive may also include a metal oxide such as magnesium oxide and a fuel mixing agent such as diesel oil # 2 to facilitate the premixing of the additive components.
- the additive package may include, in addition to the preferable components described above, toluene and alkyl benzene.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the optimal device for composing the emulsified fuels according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 represents the device 10 to be used preferably for the preparation of emulsified fuels according to the invention.
- the device 10 consists of a fuel tank 12 adapted so as to be able to contain a liquid fuel such as diesel oil.
- the reservoir 12 is connected by means of the conduit 14 to a first static mixer 16.
- a non-return valve 18 is installed in the conduit 14 upstream of the static mixer 16.
- a pipe 20 for supplying additives, equipped with a non-return valve 22, a pump 24 and an additive tank 26, communicates with the conduit 14 between the valve 18 and the mixer 16.
- the additive tank 26 comprises the set of additives desired.
- the outlet end of the mixer 16 is connected to the conduit 28, the opposite end of which is connected to a second static mixer 30.
- a non-return valve 32 is located in the conduit 28 as shown.
- a water inlet pipe 34 communicates with the pipe 28 between the valve 32 and the mixer 30.
- the pipe 34 comprises a non-return valve 36, a pump 38 and a water tank 40.
- the outlet of the mete * langeur 30 leads to a storage area (not shown) intended for the final emulsified product.
- the static mixer When preparing emulsified fuels according to the invention, it is preferable to thoroughly mix the additive assembly with the fuel before adding the water. If the order of these operations were reversed, the products obtained could be unstable. In addition, it was found that the static mixer must be constructed and used so that it produces internal pressures of at least 10 kg / cm 2 . All ingredients except fuel are used at room temperature; thus, for example, the liquid fuel is generally at a temperature of about 18 to 20 ° C, although during processing the. product warms up at least slightly. It is also necessary to use bacteria-free water in order to improve the long-term storage stability of the final product. In particular, it is preferable to warm the fuel slightly before adding. The fuel should be heated to a temperature of about 30 to 60 ° C, preferably about 40 ° C. The average size of particles of the final emulsion should be 0.01 mm or less to get the best possible results.
- the device represented in FIG. 1 is considered optimal from the point of view of production efficiency, but equivalent emulsified fuels can be produced by a system comprising a single mixer and suitable means for recycling the fuel / additive mixture to the using the mixer by adding water.
- This type of mixer assembly was used to prepare the test fuels described in this document, and the static mixer employed had a length of 250 mm and a nominal diameter of 25 mm, and contained a total of nine internal static elements.
- Liquid hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene and fuel oil of almost any specific composition or type can be used.
- coal dust can also be used as efficiently as fuel.
- the fuel share must represent approximately 65 to 95%, by weight, of the total emulsified fuel, preferably around 75 to 89%, and more preferably around 84%.
- the proportion of fuel must represent 65 to 95% by weight of the total emulsified fuel, preferably approximately 75 to 85%, and more preferably approximately 79%.
- the water must constitute approximately 5 to 35%, by weight, of the total emulsified fuel, preferably approximately 10 to 30%, and more preferably approximately 15%.
- the set of additives of the invention must comprise at least minor specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate.
- the set of additives also comprises a metal oxide and a minor quantity of fuel mixing agent.
- This complete set of additives must be present in the emulsified fuel at a level of approximately 0.1% minimum by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% approximately.
- the additive package accounts for about 0.1 to 0.5% by weight.
- the additive package will include a toluene aromatic product and an alkyl benzene; this set must represent approximately 0.077%, by weight, of the emulsified fuel, and preferably 0.077 to 1.5% approximately.
- the optimal fuel with this type of additive contains about 1%, by weight, of all additives.
- the sorbitan oleate to be preferred is sorbitan sesquioleate, but other oleates can be used.
- the preferable polyalkylene glycol is polyethylene glycol (but glycols such as polypropylene and polybutylene can also be used ) , with a molecular weight of 300 to 500 approximately, preferably PEG 300. It is preferable to select an alkylphenol ethoxylate from the group of alkylphenol ethoxylates comprising approximately 4 to 15 groups of ethylene oxides per molecule; the alkyl part should contain about 6 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 9. The only preferable ethoxylate is ethoxylate nonylphenol, which has about 9.5 ethylene oxide groups per molecule. It is preferable to choose magnesium oxide as the metal oxide, and diesel oil No. 2 as the mixing agent.
- Ta ble below shows the optimum components for o b hold type emulsified fuel according to the invention, as well as the general proportions and optimum of these components.
- each part of sorbitan oleate, of polyalkylene glycol and of alkylphenol ethoxylate represents approximately 0.1 to 0.5% by weight; when used, the fuel mixing agent may represent approximately 0.05 to 0.15%, by weight, and the metal oxide approximately 0.001 to 0.03%.
- the following table shows, for another embodiment of the invention where the set of additives comprises a toluene aromatic product and an alkyl benzene, the optimum components, as well as the general and optimal proportions of these components.
- Example 1 The examples below describe the preferable emulsified fuels and the test results obtained with fuels prepared according to the invention.
- the additive used for these tests consisted of: sorbitan sesquioleate, 0.30%; polyethylene glycol, 0.3%; nonylphenol ethoxylate (9.5 moles), 0.30%; magnesium oxide, 0.01%; diesel oil No. 2, 0.09% - all these proportions given by weight. To obtain the additive, these materials were simply mixed. The complete fuels were produced according to the technique described above and by means of the device in FIG. Day 1
- the boiler which then operated with two burners, was supplied with emulsified fuel consisting (by weight) of 17% water, 0.3% additive and additional fuel oil. After a transition period, at 5:00 p.m., the combustion parameters were recorded; they are indicated in the attached table under "Sampling n ° 4 / Day 1".
- the preceding table confirms that the use of the additive improves the emission of particulate matter in the exhaust duct by reducing it by up to approximately 25%, in comparison with the results of the blank tests.
- Example 1 the fuel consumption of the boiler described in Example 1 was tested. Throughout the test, the following parameters were kept at a constant level: temperature of the burners, high flame 138 ° C, low flame 139 ° C; pump pressure 24 kg; injector pressure 19 kg; fuel temperature 57 ° C.
- Emulsified fuels according to the invention have been tested in various vehicles in order to determine the levels of opacity of the combustion gases compared with those of a normal fuel.
- a Citro ⁇ n BX from 1991
- a Seat Terra 1 from 1990
- a Magirus truck and a D7 Caterpillar from 1989 were tested.
- the fuel used was diesel A for tests with normal fuel as for tests with emulsified fuel.
- the emulsified fuels contained the optimum ingredients shown in Table 2, and had been composed using the on-line static mixer technique described above.
- a 1991 Panda was also tested with normal octane 97 unleaded gasoline and a comparative fuel which was the optimum 20% water emulsion of the invention.
- the carbon monoxide level recorded during the test with normal petrol was 7.3 PPM; this value fell to 0.3 PPM with the emulsified fuel.
- the level of hydrocarbons with normal gasoline was 270 PPM, and with emulsified fuel 32 PPM.
- a diesel oil emulsion comprising 20% water and prepared according to the form of the invention described in Table 2 was also tested on a Ford diesel truck. For this test, a hose connected to the truck's exhaust was connected to the truck's air intake, and the engine therefore operated using its own exhaust gases.
- the engine was kept running for four days without interruption, emulsified fuel being added periodically. After this test, a very low level of carbon monoxide was observed in the exhaust, and it was assumed that air was trapped in the emulsion.
- a comparative test was carried out using normal diesel oil instead of the emulsion; in this case, the engine stopped after a short period. The emulsified fuel was used again, and the engine did not stop running.
- the levels of NO x , N0 2 and carbon monoxide were also measured: the levels of N0 X were reduced by a factor of 25% with the emulsified fuel compared to the normal fuel; CO levels have been reduced by a factor of 69%; and the level of N0 2 increased from 505 mg / m 3 to 176 mg / m 3 with the emulsified fuel. Steam production by the boiler increased on average by 15% with emulsified fuel compared to normal fuel. Finally, emulsified fuel made it possible to achieve significant savings in fuel consumption, the average saving being 28%.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
Des carburants émulsionnés d'une teneur en eau importante (5 à 35 % en poids) comprenant un ensemble d'additifs composé de quantités mineures spécifiques d'oléate de sorbitan, de polyalkylène-glycol, et d'éthoxylate d'alkylphénol sont préparés. Le carburant utilisé comme ingrédient est de préférence du diesel-oil, de l'essence, du kérosène, du mazout ou de la poussière de charbon. Les résultats des essais démontrent qu'une diminution considérable des gaz polluants peut être obtenue pendant la combustion des combustibles émulsionnés; de plus, les combustibles émulsionnés réduisent considérablement la combustion du carburant.Emulsified fuels of high water content (5-35% by weight) comprising an additive package consisting of specific minor amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol, and alkylphenol ethoxylate are prepared. The fuel used as an ingredient is preferably diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil or coal dust. The test results demonstrate that a considerable reduction in polluting gases can be obtained during the combustion of emulsified fuels; in addition, emulsified fuels significantly reduce fuel combustion.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US929889 | 1986-11-13 | ||
FR9203069A FR2688225B1 (en) | 1992-03-09 | 1992-03-09 | LOW POLLUTION EMULSION FUELS. |
FR9203069 | 1992-03-09 | ||
US92988992A | 1992-08-11 | 1992-08-11 | |
PCT/FR1993/000229 WO1993018117A1 (en) | 1992-03-09 | 1993-03-09 | Emulsified fuels |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0630398A1 true EP0630398A1 (en) | 1994-12-28 |
EP0630398B1 EP0630398B1 (en) | 1997-05-21 |
Family
ID=26229331
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP93918743A Expired - Lifetime EP0630398B1 (en) | 1992-03-09 | 1993-03-09 | Emulsified fuels |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0630398B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69310901T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2106363T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993018117A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6068670A (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2000-05-30 | Elf Antar France (Societe Anonyme) | Emulsified fuel and one method for preparing same |
EP1101815A3 (en) * | 1999-11-16 | 2002-05-08 | Ernesto Marelli | Diesel engine fuel in microemulsion form and method for preparing it |
US7872061B2 (en) | 2002-10-01 | 2011-01-18 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Preparation of additive mixtures for mineral oils and mineral oil distillates |
US7994260B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2011-08-09 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
WO2013098630A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 | 2013-07-04 | E.Fuel S.A. | Emulsion of diesel oil and water |
WO2023089354A1 (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2023-05-25 | Hediger Richard | Method for producing a fuel additive |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH11514044A (en) * | 1997-05-30 | 1999-11-30 | スン、ユ、ヒュン | Emulsion fuel |
DE69841780D1 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 2010-09-02 | Talisman Capital Talon Fund Lt | AQUEOUS FUEL MIXTURE WITH CONSTANT HEATING AND METHOD FOR THEIR EDUCATION |
ES2140350B1 (en) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-11-16 | I Feliu Tomas Coll | AN ADDITIVE TO MAKE STABLE WATER EMULSIONS WITH OILS OR FATS IN THE FORM OF EMULSIONS OR FUELS AND USE OF SUCH ADDITIVE. |
GB0029675D0 (en) | 2000-12-06 | 2001-01-17 | Bp Oil Int | Emulsion |
US7041145B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2006-05-09 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
EP1490458B1 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2015-06-10 | Pirelli & C. Ambiente S.r.l. | Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combustion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US7427303B2 (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2008-09-23 | Indian Oil Corporation Limited | Surfactant composition including ethoxylate of CNSL |
US20040111957A1 (en) | 2002-12-13 | 2004-06-17 | Filippini Brian B. | Water blended fuel composition |
US7182797B2 (en) * | 2004-11-08 | 2007-02-27 | Kenneth Mekonen | Fuel compositions |
DE102009019377A1 (en) | 2009-04-29 | 2010-11-11 | Herzog, Hans-Georg, Dr. Ing. | Method for operating a real machine, thermodynamical diesel engine according to diesel- or wire-circuit process with partial adiabatic components, which comprise emulsifier composition for diesel emulsions and vegetable oil emulsions |
CN102108313B (en) * | 2010-06-18 | 2013-06-05 | 上海纽孚尔能源技术有限公司 | Biological emulsified diesel oil |
CN106669959B (en) * | 2016-06-20 | 2019-02-22 | 中国矿业大学 | The floating agent of coal and its application in a kind of particulate |
KR102604321B1 (en) * | 2019-02-01 | 2023-11-21 | 세르지오 안토니오 트레비노 퀸타닐라 | Improved method of producing diesel fuel |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DK468980A (en) * | 1979-11-22 | 1981-05-23 | Labofina Sa | FUEL MIXTURES FOR DIESEL ENGINES AND PROCEDURES FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
US4877414A (en) * | 1988-03-31 | 1989-10-31 | Kenneth Mekonen | Fuel compositions |
-
1993
- 1993-03-09 ES ES93918743T patent/ES2106363T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-09 EP EP93918743A patent/EP0630398B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-09 DE DE69310901T patent/DE69310901T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-03-09 WO PCT/FR1993/000229 patent/WO1993018117A1/en active IP Right Grant
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9318117A1 * |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6068670A (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2000-05-30 | Elf Antar France (Societe Anonyme) | Emulsified fuel and one method for preparing same |
EP1101815A3 (en) * | 1999-11-16 | 2002-05-08 | Ernesto Marelli | Diesel engine fuel in microemulsion form and method for preparing it |
US7994260B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2011-08-09 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US7872061B2 (en) | 2002-10-01 | 2011-01-18 | Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) Gmbh | Preparation of additive mixtures for mineral oils and mineral oil distillates |
WO2013098630A1 (en) | 2011-12-29 | 2013-07-04 | E.Fuel S.A. | Emulsion of diesel oil and water |
WO2023089354A1 (en) | 2021-11-16 | 2023-05-25 | Hediger Richard | Method for producing a fuel additive |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0630398B1 (en) | 1997-05-21 |
DE69310901D1 (en) | 1997-06-26 |
DE69310901T2 (en) | 1998-01-22 |
ES2106363T3 (en) | 1997-11-01 |
WO1993018117A1 (en) | 1993-09-16 |
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