EP0622534A1 - Internal combustion engine with two cylinderbanks - Google Patents

Internal combustion engine with two cylinderbanks Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0622534A1
EP0622534A1 EP94103842A EP94103842A EP0622534A1 EP 0622534 A1 EP0622534 A1 EP 0622534A1 EP 94103842 A EP94103842 A EP 94103842A EP 94103842 A EP94103842 A EP 94103842A EP 0622534 A1 EP0622534 A1 EP 0622534A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
intermediate shaft
combustion engine
internal combustion
drive
crankshaft
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94103842A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0622534B1 (en
Inventor
Winfried Distelrath
Hans-Joachim Dr. Esch
Manfred Batzill
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02—Valve drive
    • F01L1/022—Chain drive
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02—Valve drive
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/22—Multi-cylinder engines with cylinders in V, fan, or star arrangement
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/24—Multi-cylinder engines with cylinders arranged oppositely relative to main shaft and of "flat" type
    • F02B75/243—Multi-cylinder engines with cylinders arranged oppositely relative to main shaft and of "flat" type with only one crankshaft of the "boxer" type, e.g. all connecting rods attached to separate crankshaft bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02—Valve drive
    • F01L1/024—Belt drive
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
    • F02B2075/022—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
    • F02B2075/027—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle four
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
    • F02B2075/1804—Number of cylinders
    • F02B2075/1824—Number of cylinders six

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the crankshaft 1 carries a flywheel 5 at an end section 4 and adjacent to it a drive 6 for an intermediate shaft 7 running below the crankshaft 1 parallel to its longitudinal axis AA.
  • This longitudinal axis AA and the corresponding axis BB of the intermediate shaft 7 lie in a plane of symmetry EE, to which the pistons 2 of the internal combustion engine move perpendicularly.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)

Abstract

An internal combustion engine with two cylinder banks at a V-angle of 180@ has a crankshaft provided with a flywheel, which shaft has adjacent to the flywheel a drive for a parallel intermediate shaft. One camshaft for each cylinder bank is driven from each of the two ends of the said intermediate shaft. The arrangement of the drive for the intermediate shaft close to the flywheel avoids the transmission of torsional vibrations of the crankshaft to the intermediate shaft. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Brennkraftmaschine gemäß dem Oberbergriff des Patentanspruches 1.The invention relates to an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.

Aus DE-39 16 512 C1 ist eine gattungsgemäße Brennkraftmaschine mit einer V-förmigen Zylinderreihenanordnung bekannt, bei der von einem der Schwungradseite gegenüberliegenden Ende der Kurbelwelle eine parallele Zwischenwelle angetrieben wird. Diese Zwischenwelle wiederum treibt von jeweils einem Ende aus die Nockenwelle einer Zylinderreihe an. Vorteilhafter Weise wird der aufgrund des Versatzes der Zylinderreihen zueinander entstehende Bauraum durch die darin angeordneten Nockenwellenantriebe genutzt.
Nachteilig ist, daß die am freien, der Schwungradseite gegenüberliegenden Ende der Kurbelwelle auftretenden Drehschwingungen vollständig auf die Zwischenwelle und von dieser auf die Nockenwellen übertragen werden. Insbesondere für die vom schwungradseitigen Ende der Zwischenwelle angetriebene Nockenwelle können sich die Drehschwingungen der Zwischenwelle und der Kurbelwelle addieren und die Steuerzeiten negativ beeinflussen, wodurch das Abgasverhalten und der Kraftfstoffverbrauch verschlechtert wird.From DE-39 16 512 C1 a generic internal combustion engine with a V-shaped cylinder row arrangement is known, in which a parallel intermediate shaft is driven by an end of the crankshaft opposite the flywheel side. This intermediate shaft in turn drives the camshaft of a cylinder bank from one end. Advantageously, the space created due to the offset of the cylinder rows relative to one another is used by the camshaft drives arranged therein.
It is disadvantageous that the torsional vibrations occurring at the free end of the crankshaft opposite the flywheel side are completely transmitted to the intermediate shaft and from there to the camshafts. In particular for the camshaft driven by the flywheel end of the intermediate shaft, the torsional vibrations of the intermediate shaft and the crankshaft can add up and negatively influence the control times, as a result of which the exhaust gas behavior and the fuel consumption are deteriorated.

Ein Vorschlag zur Lösung dieses Problemes ist in US-PS 4.230.074 offenbart, wobei von beiden Enden der Kurbelwelle aus jeweils eine Zwischenwelle angetrieben wird, welche dann ihrerseits jeweils mit einer Nockenwelle in antreibender Verbindung steht. Diese Anordnung ist kompakt und treibt zumindest eine Zwischenwelle vom schwungsradseitigen Ende der Kurbelwelle aus an, während die andere Zwischenwelle jedoch weiterhin den Drehschwingungen der Kurbelwelle ausgesetzt ist. Zudem erfordert diese Lösung einen vergrößerten Bauteilaufwand.A proposal for solving this problem is disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,230,074, an intermediate shaft being driven from both ends of the crankshaft, which intermediate shaft is then in each case in driving connection with a camshaft. This arrangement is compact and drives at least one intermediate shaft from the flywheel end of the crankshaft, while the other intermediate shaft is still exposed to the torsional vibrations of the crankshaft. In addition, this solution requires more components.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine zweireihige Brennkraftmaschine mit möglichst kompakten Abmessungen und einem bezüglich auftretender Drehschwingungen optimierten Verhalten zu schaffen.The invention is therefore based on the object of a two-row internal combustion engine with the most compact possible To create dimensions and behavior optimized with regard to torsional vibrations.

Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe gelingt mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen genannt.This object is achieved with the characterizing features of patent claim 1. Advantageous refinements are mentioned in the dependent claims.

Wenn bei einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine der Antrieb der Zwischenwelle von den drehschwingungsarmen, das Schwungrad tragenden Endabschnitt der Kurbelwelle aus erfolgt, so sind die auf die Zwischenwelle übertragenen Drehschwingungen zu vernachlässigen. Infolgedessen ist die bauraumsparende Anordnung der beiden Antriebsverbindungen zu den Nockenwellen schwingungstechnisch unkritisch. Die Lage der Zwischenwelle unterhalb der Kurbelwelle bietet eine gute Raumausnützung des ohnehin für die Anordnung von Ölsaugkorb, Ölwanne etc. benötigten Volumens. Eine Anordnung oberhalb der Kurbelwelle würde den im V zwischen den Zylinderreihen dringend für eine Nebenaggregatanordnung benötigten Bauraum ungünstigerweise einschränken. Bei einem V-Winkel von 180° Grad würde sie die Bauhöhe des Motors unnötig vergrößern.If, in such an internal combustion engine, the drive of the intermediate shaft takes place from the end section of the crankshaft which has low torsional vibrations and carries the flywheel, then the torsional vibrations transmitted to the intermediate shaft are negligible. As a result, the space-saving arrangement of the two drive connections to the camshafts is not critical in terms of vibration. The position of the intermediate shaft below the crankshaft offers good space utilization of the volume that is required anyway for the arrangement of the oil suction basket, oil pan, etc. An arrangement above the crankshaft would disadvantageously restrict the installation space urgently required for an auxiliary unit arrangement in the V between the cylinder rows. With a V-angle of 180 °, it would unnecessarily increase the overall height of the motor.

Eine symmetrische Anordnung der Zwischenwelle unterhalb der Kurbelwelle schafft die Voraussetzung für ein gleiches Antriebsverhalten zu den Nockenwellen beider zylinderreihen.A symmetrical arrangement of the intermediate shaft below the crankshaft creates the prerequisites for the same drive behavior for the camshafts of both cylinder rows.

Die Baulänge der Brennkraftmaschine in Längsrichtung der Kurbelwelle kann weiter reduziert werden, wenn der Antrieb der Zwischenwelle zwischen der zweiten Antriebsverbindung und dem Schwungrad angeordnet ist.The overall length of the internal combustion engine in the longitudinal direction of the crankshaft can be further reduced if the drive of the intermediate shaft is arranged between the second drive connection and the flywheel.

In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung kann ein Antrieb von jeweils zwei Nockenwellen je Zylinderreihe realisisert werden, wenn diese beiden Nockenwellen über ein etwa mittig entlang ihrer Längserstreckung angeordnes Getriebe, z.B. Zahnräder oder Ketten, miteinander verbunden sind. Die Baulänge der Brennkraftmaschine bleibt dabei ebenso unverändert wie die Gesamtanordnung der Antriebe.In an advantageous embodiment, a drive of two camshafts per cylinder bank can be realized if these two camshafts are connected to one another via a gear, for example gearwheels or chains, arranged approximately centrally along their longitudinal extent. The overall length of the internal combustion engine remains unchanged, as does the overall arrangement of the drives.

Weiterhin kann die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung zusätzlich zum Antrieb eines Nebenaggregates, z.B. einer Ölpumpe, genutzt werden. Hierfür trägt der schwungradferne Endbereich der Zwischenwelle einen Drehantrieb, beispielsweise in Form eines eckigen Zapfens, welcher antreibend in eine Ölpumpe eingreift. Ein separater Antrieb der Ölpumpe entfällt.Furthermore, the arrangement according to the invention can be used to drive an auxiliary unit, e.g. an oil pump. For this purpose, the end region of the intermediate shaft remote from the flywheel carries a rotary drive, for example in the form of an angular pin, which engages drivingly in an oil pump. There is no separate drive for the oil pump.

Die vorgschriebene Anordnung läßt sich bezüglich der Baulänge in der kürzesten Erstreckung realisieren, wenn, ausgehend vom Schwungrad, zunächst der Antrieb der Zwischenwelle, dann die zweite Antriebsverbindung für eine Nockenwelle, anschließend die erste Antriebsverbindung für die andere Nockenwelle und abschließend der Drehantrieb angeordnet ist.The prescribed arrangement can be implemented in the shortest extent with respect to the overall length if, starting from the flywheel, first the drive of the intermediate shaft, then the second drive connection for one camshaft, then the first drive connection for the other camshaft and finally the rotary drive is arranged.

Der Antrieb der Zwischenwelle, die Antriebsverbindungen zu den Nockenwellen sowie die zwischen benachbarten Nockenwellen angeordneten Getriebe können z.B. jeweils aus Ketten und Zahnrädern gebildet sein.The drive of the intermediate shaft, the drive connections to the camshafts and the gears arranged between adjacent camshafts can e.g. each be made up of chains and gears.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand einer Zeichnung beispielhaft näher erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to a drawing.

Es zeigen:

Fig.1
schematisch und perspektivisch eine Kurbelwellen- und Zwischenwellenanordnung mit teilweise dargestelltem Kurbeltrieb und
Fig. 2
eine Ansicht in Richtung des Pfeiles X gemäß Fig.1.
Show it:
Fig. 1
schematically and in perspective a crankshaft and intermediate shaft arrangement with a crank mechanism and partially shown
Fig. 2
a view in the direction of arrow X according to Fig.1.

Eine Brennkraftmaschine weist zwei Zylinderreihen mit einem V-Winkel von 180° Grad auf. Eine Kurbelwelle 1 ist Teil eines Kurbeltriebes. Fig. 1 zeigt zur Verdeutlichung der Erfindung Kolben 2 und Pleuel 3 nur von einer Zylinderreihe.An internal combustion engine has two rows of cylinders with a V angle of 180 °. A crankshaft 1 is part of a crank mechanism. 1 shows the piston 2 and connecting rod 3 of only one row of cylinders to illustrate the invention.

Die Kurbelwelle 1 trägt an einem Endabschnitt 4 ein Schwungrad 5 und benachbart dazu einen Antrieb 6 für eine unterhalb der Kurbelwelle 1 parallel zu deren Längsachse A-A verlaufende Zwischenwelle 7. Diese Längsachse A-A und die entsprechende Achse B-B der Zwischenwelle 7 liegen in einer Symmetrieebene E-E, zu welcher sich die Kolben 2 der Brennkraftmaschine senkrecht bewegen.The crankshaft 1 carries a flywheel 5 at an end section 4 and adjacent to it a drive 6 for an intermediate shaft 7 running below the crankshaft 1 parallel to its longitudinal axis AA. This longitudinal axis AA and the corresponding axis BB of the intermediate shaft 7 lie in a plane of symmetry EE, to which the pistons 2 of the internal combustion engine move perpendicularly.

An einem schwungradfernen Endbereich 8 der Zwischenwelle 7 ist eine erste Antriebsverbindung 9 für eine Nockenwelle 10 einer Zylinderreihe angeordnet. Benachbart dem Antrieb 6 trägt die Zwischenwelle 7 auf ihrem schwungradnahen Endbereich 11 eine zweite Antriebsverbindung 12 für eine Nockenwelle 13 der anderen Zylinderreihe.A first drive connection 9 for a camshaft 10 of a row of cylinders is arranged on an end region 8 of the intermediate shaft 7 remote from the flywheel. Adjacent to the drive 6, the intermediate shaft 7 carries, on its end region 11 near the flywheel, a second drive connection 12 for a camshaft 13 of the other row of cylinders.

Jede Zylinderreihe weist jeweils eine zweite Nockenwelle 14, 15 auf, welche unter Zwischenschaltung eines Getriebes 16 von der jeweils ersten Nockenwelle 10,13 angetrieben wird. Die Getriebe 16 sind etwa mittig bezüglich der zur Kurbelwelle 1 parallelen Längserstreckung der Nockenwellen 10, 13, 14, 15 angeordnet.Each row of cylinders has a second camshaft 14, 15, which is driven by the respective first camshaft 10, 13 with the interposition of a gear 16. The gears 16 are arranged approximately centrally with respect to the longitudinal extension of the camshafts 10, 13, 14, 15 parallel to the crankshaft 1.

Der schwungradferne Endbereich 8 der Zwischenwelle 7 trägt einen Drehantrieb 17 für eine Ölpumpe 18. Dieser Drehantrieb 17 ist als formschlüssige Steckverbindung derart ausgeführt, daß eine Welle 19 der Ölpumpe 18 koaxial der Längsachse A-A liegt.The end portion 8 of the intermediate shaft 7 remote from the flywheel carries a rotary drive 17 for an oil pump 18. This rotary drive 17 is designed as a form-fitting plug connection such that a shaft 19 of the oil pump 18 lies coaxially with the longitudinal axis A-A.

Die Antriebsverbindungen 9 und 12 sind auf ihrem Lasttrum jeweils mit einer von einem hydraulischen Spanner 20 beaufschlagten Spannschiene 21 versehen und auf ihrem Lostrum mit einer Gleitschiene 22.The drive connections 9 and 12 are each provided on their load strand with a tensioning rail 21 acted upon by a hydraulic tensioner 20 and on their lost strand with a slide rail 22.

Claims (6)

Brennkraftmaschine mit zwei Zylinderreihen,
einer mit einem Schwungrad (5) versehenen Kurbelwelle (1) und mindestens einer von dieser Kurbelwelle (1) angetriebenen, parallelen Zwischenwelle (7),
mit mindestens einer in Antriebsverbindung mit der Zwischenwelle (7) stehenden Nockenwelle (10, 13) pro Zylinderreihe, wobei eine erste Antriebsverbindung (9) für eine Nockenwelle (10) an einem schwungradfernen Endbereich (8) der Zwischenwelle (7) und
eine zweite Antriebsverbindung (12) für die andere Nockenwelle (13) an einem schwungradnahen Endbereich (11) der Zwischenwelle (7) angeordnet ist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
der Antrieb (6) der Zwischenwelle (7) an einem das Schwungrad (5) tragenden Endabschnitt (4) der Kurbelwelle (1) angeordnet ist, und sich die Zwischenwelle (7) in Einbaulage der Brennkraftmaschine unterhalb der Kurbelwelle (1) erstreckt.Internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders,
a crankshaft (1) provided with a flywheel (5) and at least one parallel intermediate shaft (7) driven by this crankshaft (1),
with at least one camshaft (10, 13) in drive connection with the intermediate shaft (7) per row of cylinders, a first drive connection (9) for a camshaft (10) on an end region (8) of the intermediate shaft (7) and
a second drive connection (12) for the other camshaft (13) is arranged on an end region (11) of the intermediate shaft (7) near the flywheel,
characterized in that
the drive (6) of the intermediate shaft (7) is arranged on an end section (4) of the crankshaft (1) carrying the flywheel (5), and the intermediate shaft (7) extends below the crankshaft (1) in the installed position of the internal combustion engine. Brennkraftmaschine nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich die Zwischenwelle (7) in einer vertikalen symmetrieebene (E-E) erstreckt, welche eine Längsachse (A-A) der Kurbelwelle (1) aufnimmt.Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the intermediate shaft (7) extends in a vertical plane of symmetry (EE) which receives a longitudinal axis (AA) of the crankshaft (1). Brennkraftmaschine nach den Ansprüchen 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Antrieb (6) der Zwischenwelle (7) zwischen der zweiten Antriebsverbindung (12) und dem Schwungrad (5) angeordnet ist.Internal combustion engine according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the drive (6) of the intermediate shaft (7) is arranged between the second drive connection (12) and the flywheel (5). Brennkraftmaschine nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede Zylinderreihe eine Zweite Nockenwelle (14, 15) aufweist, welche unter Zwischenschaltung eines Getriebes (16) von der jeweils ersten Nockenwelle (10, 13) angetrieben ist, wobei das Getriebe (16) etwa mittig bezüglich der Längserstreckung der Nockenwellen (10, 13, 14, 15) angeordnet ist.Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, characterized in that each row of cylinders has a second camshaft (14, 15) which is driven by the respective first camshaft (10, 13) with the interposition of a gearbox (16), the gearbox (16) being approximately in the center is arranged with respect to the longitudinal extent of the camshafts (10, 13, 14, 15). Brennkraftmaschine nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der schwungradferne Endbereich (8) der Zwischenwelle (7) einen Drehantrieb (17) für ein Nebenaggregat aufweist.Internal combustion engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the end region (8) of the intermediate shaft (7) remote from the flywheel has a rotary drive (17) for an auxiliary unit. Brennkraftmaschine nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß entlang der Zwischenwelle (7) zunächst der Drehantrieb (17) und benachbart dazu die erste Antriebsverbindung (9) angeordnet ist, und beabstandet dazu die zweite Antriebsverbindung (12) und abschließend der Antrieb (6) der Zwischenwelle (7) angeordnet ist.Internal combustion engine according to claims 1 and 5, characterized in that first the rotary drive (17) and adjacent to it the first drive connection (9) are arranged along the intermediate shaft (7), and spaced apart therefrom the second drive connection (12) and finally the drive ( 6) the intermediate shaft (7) is arranged.
EP94103842A 1993-04-29 1994-03-12 Internal combustion engine with two cylinderbanks Expired - Lifetime EP0622534B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4314044 1993-04-29
DE4314044A DE4314044A1 (en) 1993-04-29 1993-04-29 Internal combustion engine with two rows of cylinders

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0622534A1 true EP0622534A1 (en) 1994-11-02
EP0622534B1 EP0622534B1 (en) 1997-05-21

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US (1) US5400748A (en)
EP (1) EP0622534B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3545804B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100286423B1 (en)
DE (2) DE4314044A1 (en)

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US7165474B2 (en) * 2003-05-28 2007-01-23 The Boeing Company Torque dividing gear drive system and method of driving an output gear
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US6295959B1 (en) 1999-03-19 2001-10-02 Tecumseh Products Company External drive double shaft overhead cam engine
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JPH0749006A (en) 1995-02-21
KR100286423B1 (en) 2001-04-16
JP3545804B2 (en) 2004-07-21
EP0622534B1 (en) 1997-05-21
DE59402801D1 (en) 1997-06-26
US5400748A (en) 1995-03-28
DE4314044A1 (en) 1994-11-03

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