EP0573971A1 - Antenna - Google Patents
Antenna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0573971A1 EP0573971A1 EP93109228A EP93109228A EP0573971A1 EP 0573971 A1 EP0573971 A1 EP 0573971A1 EP 93109228 A EP93109228 A EP 93109228A EP 93109228 A EP93109228 A EP 93109228A EP 0573971 A1 EP0573971 A1 EP 0573971A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dipole
- units
- tube
- antenna
- decoupling surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q11/00—Electrically-long antennas having dimensions more than twice the shortest operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q11/12—Resonant antennas
- H01Q11/14—Resonant antennas with parts bent, folded, shaped or screened or with phasing impedances, to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the antenna or to obtain desired polarisation effect
- H01Q11/16—Resonant antennas with parts bent, folded, shaped or screened or with phasing impedances, to obtain desired phase relation of radiation from selected sections of the antenna or to obtain desired polarisation effect in which the selected sections are collinear
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
- H01Q1/521—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
- H01Q21/10—Collinear arrangements of substantially straight elongated conductive units
Definitions
- the invention is based on an antenna according to the preamble of the main claim.
- Antennas of this type are known (e.g. news from Rohde & Schwarz, No. 111, autumn 1985, pp. 26 to 28).
- a high degree of mutual decoupling of the individual dipole units arranged one above the other is required. Since this can usually not be achieved by increasing the mutual distance between the dipole units, it is known to arrange a radiation-absorbing material between the adjacent dipole units to be decoupled (see figure 3 above).
- the disadvantage of this known solution is the associated decrease in antenna gain, and heating problems can also occur with transmitter antennas for higher performance. This known solution is also relatively expensive.
- the inventive use of simple conductive separating surfaces between the dipole units to be decoupled results in a very simple and inexpensive overall structure, without the dimensions of the antenna having to be increased.
- the invention is based on the knowledge that in antennas of the type mentioned at the beginning, in which the protective tube made of insulating material is arranged relatively close to the dipole units to be protected, and where there is only a small distance of only a few millimeters, determined by the manufacturing and assembly tolerances, between the mostly flat dipole halves and the inner wall of the protective tube, the disruptive coupling between the dipole units arranged one above the other mainly within the protective tube and comparatively less due to the field components occurring outside the protective tube, so that it is sufficient for such dipole units arranged within a protective tube of relatively small diameter for good decoupling to provide only simple conductive decoupling surfaces between the dipole units, which radially only extend to the flat dipole halves of the dipole units or protrude only insignificantly up to the inner wall of the protective tube.
- the measure according to the invention can be successfully applied to antennas in both the VHF and UHF ranges, for example also to air traffic control antennas, and is also particularly suitable for setting up antennas for the PCN E1 mobile radio network range (1710 to 1880 MHz), since this enables very slim antennas with a diameter of, for example, only 95 mm to be produced, which, in addition to closely tolerated azimuth diagrams for omnidirectional radiation or sector coverage with directional antennas, also in the vertical diagram have a defined maximum reduction, strong sidelobe suppression and considerable zero padding.
- the invention is suitable for all antennas with collinearly arranged dipole units, in which these dipole units consist, for example, of two dipole elements arranged opposite to the tube axis, which have flat dipole halves that are adapted to the inner wall of the tube, as described, for example, in the new von Rohde & Schwarz, issue 11, page 28 are shown.
- the measure according to the invention can also be used in the same way in the case of collinear dipole units which consist of a single dipole element with a reflector, as is necessary for the generation of directional diagrams.
- a conductive decoupling surface according to the invention which in this case is conductively connected to the reflector surface, can be arranged between the stacked dipole reflector units within the protective tube or the protective trough made of insulating material.
- the invention is also suitable for antennas in which dipole elements of adjacent dipole units arranged one above the other are rotated relative to one another.
- Fig. 1 shows the longitudinal section through an antenna according to the invention
- Fig. 2 shows the associated cross section.
- the figures show a transmission antenna for the PCN E1 mobile radio consisting of a self-supporting protective tube 1 made of, for example, glass fiber-reinforced insulating material with an inner diameter of, for example, 95 mm, i.e. an inner diameter that is small compared to the operating wavelength ⁇ of this PCN mobile radio antenna and a total length of approximately 2 m.
- a support tube 3 made of metal is arranged along the axis 2 of this tube 1, to which a plurality of dipole units 4 are collinearly attached one above the other within the protective tube 1.
- the support tube 3, like the protective tube 1, is attached to a mounting flange 11 made of metal, with which the antenna can be attached, for example, to a mast.
- each dipole unit consists of two dipole elements arranged symmetrically opposite to the tube axis 2, each consisting of two superposed dipole halves 5, the width of which depends on the desired bandwidth of the antenna.
- the dipole halves 5 are curved according to FIG. 2 according to the radius of the inner wall 6 of the tube 1 or angled accordingly, so that there is only a production-related distance of a few millimeters between the outer surface of the dipole halves 5 and the inner wall 6 of the tube 1 opposite them.
- the axes of the dipole units 4 are collinear, that is to say they are aligned with the tube axis 2, but the dipole elements each formed by two dipole halves 5 can be slightly rotated relative to one another in adjacent dipole units 4, as may be desirable for some diagram forms .
- the dipole halves 5 are fastened to the mast 3 via supports 7.
- a conductive decoupling surface 8 is arranged between them, which is conductively fastened to the support tube 3 and with its edge 10 at least up to the radially delimiting outer surface 9 of the curved dipole halves 5 and extends at most to the inner wall 6 of the protective tube 1, that is to say has a maximum diameter of 95 mm, that is to say a fraction of the operating wavelength ⁇ .
- this conductive decoupling surface 8 is a sheet metal plate or a plate made of conductive or metallized plastic, and a close-meshed grid made of conductive material is also suitable for this.
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- Details Of Aerials (AREA)
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Antenne laut Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruches.The invention is based on an antenna according to the preamble of the main claim.
Antennen dieser Art sind bekannt (z.B. Neues von Rohde & Schwarz, Nr. 111, Herbst 1985, S. 26 bis 28). Um bei solchen Antennen hochwertige reproduzierbare Eigenschaften zu erreichen ist eine hohe gegenseitige Entkopplung der einzelnen übereinander angeordneten Dipol-Einheiten erforderlich. Nachdem dies meist nicht durch Vergrößerung des gegenseitigen Abstandes der Dipoleinheiten erreicht werden kann ist es bekannt, zwischen den benachbarten zu entkoppelnden Dipoleinheiten ein strahlungsabsorbierendes Material anzuordnen (a.a.O. Bild 3). Nachteil dieser bekannten Lösung ist der damit verbundene Rückgang des Antennengewinns, bei Senderantennen für höhere Leistung können außerdem Erwärmungsprobleme auftreten. Diese bekannte Lösung ist außerdem relativ teuer.Antennas of this type are known (e.g. news from Rohde & Schwarz, No. 111, autumn 1985, pp. 26 to 28). In order to achieve high-quality, reproducible properties with such antennas, a high degree of mutual decoupling of the individual dipole units arranged one above the other is required. Since this can usually not be achieved by increasing the mutual distance between the dipole units, it is known to arrange a radiation-absorbing material between the adjacent dipole units to be decoupled (see figure 3 above). The disadvantage of this known solution is the associated decrease in antenna gain, and heating problems can also occur with transmitter antennas for higher performance. This known solution is also relatively expensive.
Bei Antennen ohne dielektrischer Umhüllung ist es an sich bekannt, zwischen einzelnen zu entkoppelnden Antenneneinheiten eine leitende Trennfläche anzuordnen. Die im HF- und VHF-Bereich hierfür entwickelten Dimensionierungsvorschriften (Erdnetz- oder Groundplane-Dimensionierung) gehen davon aus, daß eine solche Trennfläche die Antennenachse mindestens um eine Betriebswellenlänge λ überragen muß, mindestens jedoch um die Länge des Antennenelementes. Diese für Antennen ohne dielektrischer Umhüllung (Radom) bekannte Maßnahme wäre für Antennen der eingangs erwähnten Art, bei der die Dipol-Einheiten übereinander in einem Rohr aus Isoliermaterial angeordnet sind, nur dann anwendbar, wenn das Rohr einen Innendurchmesser von mindestens einer Wellenlänge λ aufweist, was bei Antennen für den VHF-Bereich (100 bis 160 MHz) und UHF-Bereich (225 bis 400 MHz) zu einem nicht mehr vertretbaren großen Rohrdurchmesser führen würde, der wegen der höheren Wind- und Eislast noch dazu sehr teuer wäre.In antennas without dielectric sheathing, it is known per se to arrange a conductive separating surface between individual antenna units to be decoupled. The dimensioning regulations developed for this in the HF and VHF range (Earth network or ground plane dimensioning) assume that such a separating surface must project beyond the antenna axis by at least one operating wavelength λ, but at least by the length of the antenna element. This measure known for antennas without a dielectric sheath (radome) would only be applicable to antennas of the type mentioned at the beginning, in which the dipole units are arranged one above the other in a tube made of insulating material, if the tube has an inner diameter of at least one wavelength λ, which would lead to an unacceptable large tube diameter for antennas for the VHF range (100 to 160 MHz) and UHF range (225 to 400 MHz), which would also be very expensive due to the higher wind and ice loads.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung, für eine Antenne der eingangs erwähnten Art, die in einem Schutzrohr aus Isoliermaterial eingebaut ist, das einen Innendurchmesser kleiner als die Betriebswellenlänge aufweist, eine einfache und billig realisierbare Entkopplungseinrichtung zu schaffen.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a decoupling device which is simple and inexpensive to implement for an antenna of the type mentioned at the outset which is installed in a protective tube made of insulating material and which has an inside diameter smaller than the operating wavelength.
Diese Aufgabe wird ausgehend von einer Antenne laut Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruches durch dessen kennzeichnende Merkmale gelöst. Eine vorteilhafte Weiterbildung ergibt sich aus dem Unteranspruch.This object is achieved on the basis of an antenna according to the preamble of the main claim by its characteristic features. An advantageous further development results from the subclaim.
Durch die erfindungsgemäße Anwendung einfacher leitender Trennflächen zwischen den zu entkoppelnden Dipol-Einheiten ergibt sich ein sehr einfacher und billiger Gesamtaufbau, ohne daß die Abmessungen der Antenne vergrößert werden müssen. Die Erfindung wird dabei getragen durch die Erkenntnis, daß bei Antennen der eingangs erwähnten Art, bei denen das Schutzrohr aus Isoliermaterial relativ dicht über den zu schützenden Dipoleinheiten angeordnet ist, und bei denen damit zwischen den meist flächenförmigen Dipolhälften und der Innenwand des Schutzrohres nur ein durch die Fertigungs- und Montagetoleranzen bestimmter geringer Abstand von nur einigen Millimetern besteht, die störende Verkopplung zwischen den übereinander angeordneten Dipoleinheiten hauptsächlich innerhalb des schutzrohres erfolgt und vergleichsweise weniger durch die außerhalb des Schutzrohres auftretenden Feldanteile, so daß es für solche innerhalb eines Schutzrohres von relativ kleinem Durchmesser angeordnete Dipoleinheiten zur guten Entkopplung genügt, nur einfache leitende Entkopplungsflächen zwischen den Dipoleinheiten vorzusehen, die radial nur bis zu den flächenförmigen Dipolhälften der Dipoleinheiten reichen oder diese nur unwesentlich bis zur Innenwand des Schutzrohres überragen. Durch diese leitenden Entkopplungsflächen werden die Dipoleinheiten innerhalb des Schutzrohres ausreichend gegeneinander entkoppelt, ohne daß der Durchmesser des schutzrohres vergrößert werden muß, ein eventuelles Übergreifen von Feldern außerhalb des Rohres können für die Verkopplung der Dipoleinheiten vernachlässigt werden.The inventive use of simple conductive separating surfaces between the dipole units to be decoupled results in a very simple and inexpensive overall structure, without the dimensions of the antenna having to be increased. The invention is based on the knowledge that in antennas of the type mentioned at the beginning, in which the protective tube made of insulating material is arranged relatively close to the dipole units to be protected, and where there is only a small distance of only a few millimeters, determined by the manufacturing and assembly tolerances, between the mostly flat dipole halves and the inner wall of the protective tube, the disruptive coupling between the dipole units arranged one above the other mainly within the protective tube and comparatively less due to the field components occurring outside the protective tube, so that it is sufficient for such dipole units arranged within a protective tube of relatively small diameter for good decoupling to provide only simple conductive decoupling surfaces between the dipole units, which radially only extend to the flat dipole halves of the dipole units or protrude only insignificantly up to the inner wall of the protective tube. By means of these conductive decoupling surfaces, the dipole units within the protective tube are sufficiently decoupled from one another without the diameter of the protective tube having to be increased; any overlapping of fields outside the tube can be neglected for the coupling of the dipole units.
Die erfindungsgemäße Maßnahme kann mit Erfolg bei Antennen sowohl im VHF- als auch im UHF-Bereich angewendet werden, beispielsweise auch bei Flugsicherungsantennen, sie ist auch besonders geeignet zum Aufbau von Antennen für den PCN E1-Mobilfunknetz-Bereich (1710 bis 1880 MHz), da hierdurch sehr schlanke Antennen mit einem Durchmesser von beispielsweise nur 95 mm herstellbar sind, die neben eng tolerierten Azimut-Diagrammen für Rundstrahlung bzw. Sektorversorgung mit Richtantennen auch im Vertikaldiagramm definierte Maximum-Absenkung, starke Nebenkeulenunterdrückung sowie beträchtliche Nullstellenauffüllung aufweisen.The measure according to the invention can be successfully applied to antennas in both the VHF and UHF ranges, for example also to air traffic control antennas, and is also particularly suitable for setting up antennas for the PCN E1 mobile radio network range (1710 to 1880 MHz), since this enables very slim antennas with a diameter of, for example, only 95 mm to be produced, which, in addition to closely tolerated azimuth diagrams for omnidirectional radiation or sector coverage with directional antennas, also in the vertical diagram have a defined maximum reduction, strong sidelobe suppression and considerable zero padding.
Die Erfindung ist für alle Antennen mit kollinear übereinander angeordneten Dipol-Einheiten geeignet, bei denen diese Dipol-Einheiten beispielsweise aus zwei gegenüber der Rohrachse gegenüberliegend angeordneten Dipolelementen bestehen, die flächenförmige und an die Innenwand des Rohres angepaßt gebogene Dipolhälften aufweisen, wie sie beispielsweise in Neues von Rohde & Schwarz, Heft 11, Seite 28 dargestellt sind.The invention is suitable for all antennas with collinearly arranged dipole units, in which these dipole units consist, for example, of two dipole elements arranged opposite to the tube axis, which have flat dipole halves that are adapted to the inner wall of the tube, as described, for example, in the new von Rohde & Schwarz,
Die erfindungsgemäße Maßnahme ist in gleicher Weise jedoch auch bei kollinearen Dipol-Einheiten anwendbar, die aus einem einzigen Dipolelement mit Reflektor bestehen, wie dies für die Erzeugung von Richtdiagrammen nötig ist. Auch in diesem Fall kann zwischen den übereinander angeordneten Dipol-Reflektor-Einheiten innerhalb des Schutzrohres oder der Schutzwanne aus Isoliermaterial wiederum eine erfindungsgemäße leitende Entkopplungsfläche angeordnet sein, die in diesem Fall leitend mit der Reflektorfläche verbunden ist. Die Erfindung ist auch für Antennen geeignet, bei denen übereinander angeordnete Dipolelemente benachbarter Dipol-Einheiten gegeneinander verdreht sind.However, the measure according to the invention can also be used in the same way in the case of collinear dipole units which consist of a single dipole element with a reflector, as is necessary for the generation of directional diagrams. In this case too, a conductive decoupling surface according to the invention, which in this case is conductively connected to the reflector surface, can be arranged between the stacked dipole reflector units within the protective tube or the protective trough made of insulating material. The invention is also suitable for antennas in which dipole elements of adjacent dipole units arranged one above the other are rotated relative to one another.
Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand einer schematischen Zeichnung an einem Ausführungsbeispiel näher erläutert.The invention is explained below with reference to a schematic drawing of an embodiment.
Fig. 1 zeigt den Längsschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Antenne, Fig. 2 zeigt den zugehörigen Querschnitt.Fig. 1 shows the longitudinal section through an antenna according to the invention, Fig. 2 shows the associated cross section.
Die Fig. zeigen eine Sendeantenne für den PCN E1-Mobilfunk bestehend aus einem selbsttragenden Schutzrohr 1 aus beispielsweise glasfaserverstärktem Isoliermaterial mit einem Innendurchmesser von beispielsweise 95 mm, also einen gegenüber der Betriebswellenlänge λ dieser PCN-Mobilfunk-Antenne kleinen Innendurchmesser und einer Gesamtlänge von etwa 2 m. Längs der Achse 2 dieses Rohres 1 ist ein Tragrohr 3 aus Metall angeordnet, an welchem innerhalb des Schutzrohres 1 mehrere Dipoleinheiten 4 kollinear übereinander befestigt sind. Das Tragrohr 3 ist ebenso wie das Schutzrohr 1 an einem Befestigungsflansch 11 aus Metall angebracht, mit dem die Antenne beispielseise an einem Mast befestigt werden kann.The figures show a transmission antenna for the PCN E1 mobile radio consisting of a self-supporting protective tube 1 made of, for example, glass fiber-reinforced insulating material with an inner diameter of, for example, 95 mm, i.e. an inner diameter that is small compared to the operating wavelength λ of this PCN mobile radio antenna and a total length of approximately 2 m. A
In dem gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel besteht jede Dipol-Einheit aus zwei symmetrisch zur Rohrachse 2 gegenüberliegende angeordneten Dipolelementen jeweils bestehend aus zwei übereinander angeordneten flächenförmigen Dipolhälften 5, deren Breite sich nach der gewünschten Bandbreite der Antenne richtet. Die Dipolhälften 5 sind gemäß Fig. 2 entsprechend dem Radius der Innenwand 6 des Rohres 1 gekrümmt oder entsprechend abgewinkelt, so daß zwischen der Außenfläche der Dipolhälften 5 und der diesen gegenüberliegenden Innenwand 6 des Rohres 1 nur ein fertigungsbedingter Abstand von einigen Millimeters besteht. Die Achsen der Dipol-Einheiten 4 sind kollinear, das heißt sie fluchten mit der Rohrachse 2, die Dipol-Elemente jeweils gebildet durch zwei Dipolhälften 5 können in benachbarten Dipol-Einheiten 4 jedoch gegeneinander etwas verdreht sein, wie dies für manche Diagrammformen wünschenswert sein kann. Die Dipolhälften 5 sind über Stützen 7 am Tragmast 3 befestigt.In the exemplary embodiment shown, each dipole unit consists of two dipole elements arranged symmetrically opposite to the
Zur gegenseitigen Entkopplung zwischen zwei übereinander angeordneten Dipol-Einheiten 4 ist zwischen diesen eine leitende Entkopplungsfläche 8 angeordnet, die leitend am Tragrohr 3 befestigt ist und die mit ihrem Rand 10 mindestens bis zu der die Dipol-Einheiten 4 radial begrenzende Außenfläche 9 der gekrümmten Dipolhälften 5 und maximal bis zur Innenwand 6 des Schutzrohres 1 reicht, maximal also einen Durchmesser von 95 mm, also einem Bruchteil der Betriebswellenlänge λ aufweist. Diese leitende Entkopplungsfläche 8 ist im einfachsten Fall eine Metallblechscheibe oder eine Scheibe aus leitendem oder metallisiertem Kunststoff, auch ein engmaschiges Gitter aus leitendem Material ist hierfür geeignet. Messungen haben ergeben, daß allein mit solchen leitenden Entkopplungsfläche 8 von relativ geringem Durchmesser in Kombination mit dem die Dipol-Einheiten 4 eng umschließenden Rohr 1 aus Isoliermaterial eine gute gegenseitige Entkopplung der übereinander angeordneten Dipol-Einheiten 4 von ca. 30 dB erreicht wird.For mutual decoupling between two superposed
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4219165 | 1992-06-11 | ||
| DE4219165A DE4219165A1 (en) | 1992-06-11 | 1992-06-11 | antenna |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0573971A1 true EP0573971A1 (en) | 1993-12-15 |
| EP0573971B1 EP0573971B1 (en) | 1996-08-21 |
Family
ID=6460814
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP93109228A Expired - Lifetime EP0573971B1 (en) | 1992-06-11 | 1993-06-08 | Antenna |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0573971B1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE4219165A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5932500A (en) * | 1994-11-08 | 1999-08-03 | Rockwool International A/S | Man-made vitreous fibres |
| EP1746685A3 (en) * | 2005-07-22 | 2007-05-16 | TCI International, Inc. | Apparatus and method for local broadcasting in the twenty-six megahertz short wave band |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD91684A (en) * | ||||
| US3681770A (en) * | 1970-01-14 | 1972-08-01 | Andrew Alford | Isolating antenna elements |
| EP0186455A2 (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-02 | The Marconi Company Limited | A dipole array |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2285395A (en) * | 1938-12-19 | 1942-06-09 | Emi Ltd | Aerial or aerial system |
| DE1125014B (en) * | 1960-08-16 | 1962-03-08 | Telefunken Patent | Antenna arrangement for horizontal omnidirectional radiation |
| NL296766A (en) * | 1962-08-17 | |||
| DE1302927B (en) * | 1964-08-29 | |||
| GB2171257A (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-08-20 | Marconi Co Ltd | A dipole array |
| GB2193379B (en) * | 1986-07-24 | 1990-04-18 | Gen Electric Plc | An antenna |
-
1992
- 1992-06-11 DE DE4219165A patent/DE4219165A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1993
- 1993-06-08 EP EP93109228A patent/EP0573971B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-06-08 DE DE59303476T patent/DE59303476D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD91684A (en) * | ||||
| US3681770A (en) * | 1970-01-14 | 1972-08-01 | Andrew Alford | Isolating antenna elements |
| EP0186455A2 (en) * | 1984-12-20 | 1986-07-02 | The Marconi Company Limited | A dipole array |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5932500A (en) * | 1994-11-08 | 1999-08-03 | Rockwool International A/S | Man-made vitreous fibres |
| EP1746685A3 (en) * | 2005-07-22 | 2007-05-16 | TCI International, Inc. | Apparatus and method for local broadcasting in the twenty-six megahertz short wave band |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59303476D1 (en) | 1996-09-26 |
| EP0573971B1 (en) | 1996-08-21 |
| DE4219165A1 (en) | 1993-12-16 |
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