EP0523148A1 - Technique electronique d'identification du medicament efficace pour le traitement d'un patient atteint du cancer - Google Patents

Technique electronique d'identification du medicament efficace pour le traitement d'un patient atteint du cancer

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Publication number
EP0523148A1
EP0523148A1 EP91907612A EP91907612A EP0523148A1 EP 0523148 A1 EP0523148 A1 EP 0523148A1 EP 91907612 A EP91907612 A EP 91907612A EP 91907612 A EP91907612 A EP 91907612A EP 0523148 A1 EP0523148 A1 EP 0523148A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
media
group
containers
patient
changes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP91907612A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0523148A4 (fr
Inventor
Patricia J. Malin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CellStat Technologies Inc
Original Assignee
CellStat Technologies Inc
Oncotherapeutics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by CellStat Technologies Inc, Oncotherapeutics Inc filed Critical CellStat Technologies Inc
Publication of EP0523148A1 publication Critical patent/EP0523148A1/fr
Publication of EP0523148A4 publication Critical patent/EP0523148A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/574—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5011—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing antineoplastic activity

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to anti- cancer drug therapy and, more specifically, to a technique for selecting the most effective anti-cancer drug to be administered to individual cancer patients.
  • physicians When designing a cancer chemotherapy treatment program for a particular cancer patient, physicians have a large number of anti-cancer drugs from which to choose. The attending physician's skill and experience is a large factor in the selection of a drug therapy program to attack a particular type of cancer in a patient while at the same time minimizing undesirable side effects of the treatment. Tests are often employed by withdrawing cancerous tissue and observing, in a laboratory, the effect of particular drugs on the increase in the volume and number of cancer cells. The currently utilized techniques require a significant amount of time and are not quantitatively precise.
  • the amount of difference in electrical impedance of the two vessels after a period of time provides an indication of the effectiveness of the drug on the particular cancer cell. It is a general object of the present invention to provide a technique for determining the effect of specific drugs on changes in volume or number of particular biological cells over time.
  • the electrical conductivity (or its inverse function, resistivity) of a biological cell life supporting media containing such cells and a drug being tested is monitored over time.
  • the change in conductivity that is measured is directly related to changes in the volume and number of cells in the media.
  • the effect of a particular drug on cancerous cells of a medical patient is determined in advance of administering the drug to that patient.
  • Observing the changing conductivity alone provides an accurate, rapid technique for determining the effectiveness of the particular drug to inhibit increases in the volume and number of those cancer cells.
  • It is preferable to monitor this changing impedance by comparison of the impedance of media in another container, as a reference, that contains the same drug but without any of the patient's cancer cells.
  • an alternating voltage is applied to the electrodes in each of the cells that is very low, less than 1000 Hz., in order to measure the conductivity component of the media's impedance without any significant effects from changing capacitance.
  • a direct current voltage would be preferable for this purpose but that usually results in undesired polarization effects and coating of the electrodes, so a very low frequency alternating current voltage is preferred.
  • Changing conductivity of the media over time is believed to be directly proportional to increases in the volume and/or number of cells in the media because the concentration of electrically conductive ionic species in the media is believed to be directly related to the cell concentration.
  • a change in conductivity over a period of a few hours or a couple of days therefore, provides a direct indication of the changing concentration of cells in the media over that time period.
  • the direct relationship between concentration of cells and the measurable ionic species is believed to be the result of the fact that living cells maintain a constant electrochemical gradient across their boundaries.
  • the electrochemical gradient is determined by the concentration gradient and membrane potential of each ionic species.
  • the electrochemical gradient differs between normal cells and transformed cells. Thus, as the volume of a specific cell increases, it will take in and excrete ions into the media and thereby have a measurable effect upon the conductivity of the media.
  • normal, non-cancerous cells of the same patient are placed in another container with the same type of media and the same anti-cancerous drug added. Any changing conductivity of the normal cell media is monitored simultaneously with the monitoring of the changing conductivity of the cancer cell media.
  • This allows the physician to determine the effect of the proposed anti-cancer drug on normal cells of the patient and thus provides an indication of the likely level of side effects that will result if that particular drug is applied to the patient.
  • the physician is provided with enough information for selecting a drug that not only is effective in inhibiting the growth of cancerous cells of the patient but which minimizes its destructive effect on normal, non-cancerous cells of the patient.
  • the techniques of this invention are also useful to monitor the effect of drugs on normal biological cells for other purposes.
  • the change in conductivity of a large number of containers with the same media is monitored in order to simultaneously determine the effect of two or more drugs, and/or two or more levels of concentration of the same drug, with both cancerous and normal cells of a patient.
  • conductivity readings are taken practically simultaneously of a large number of contained media by a computer system and normalized results provided to show the relative growth of the cancerous cells under the effects of different drugs and/or different drug concentrations, as well as similar effects on the patient's normal cells.
  • Figure 1 illustrates generally an overall system for carrying out the various techniques of the present invention
  • Figures 2A and 2B are orthogonally oriented cross-sectional views of a single media containing well of the system of Figure 1, taken at sections A-A and B- B, respectively, showing its electrodes;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates details of the electronics of the system of Figure 1;
  • Figure 4 shows a specific data gathering example use of the system of Figures 1-3;
  • Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating an example of the operation of the example system of Figures 1-4 to gather conductivity data for a large number of wells;
  • Figure 6 is a flow chart illustrating an example of calculations made on the data acquired by performing the steps illustrated in Figure 5; and Figure 7 illustrates the form of output of information resulting from the calculating steps of Figure 6.
  • a preferred system for conducting the various tests summarized above is first described, primarily with respect to Figures 1-3.
  • a standard, commercially available plastic tissue culture tray 11 has a plurality of identically-shaped wells, such as the well 13, formed in it and open to its top.
  • the tray illustrated is a commonly used 24 well type, but, of course, can be chosen to contain any convenient number of wells. All or a certain desired number of wells are filled with substantially the same quantity of commercially available cell life-supporting media 15.
  • some of the wells also have a drug included in the media. Different concentrations of the same drug may be included in media of different wells, and/or different drugs may be placed in different wells.
  • Biological cells are also included in the media of some of the cells. The purpose of the system being described is to determine the effect of certain drugs in various concentrations upon human or other biological cells, both normal and cancerous.
  • the lid 17 is also used with the tray 11.
  • the lid has a flat top with edges protruding downward and normally fits on top of the tray 11.
  • a pair of electrodes are provided for each well.
  • a printed circuit board 19 is attached to the top of the lid 17 in order to physically support and provide electrical connection with these electrodes.
  • a pair of electrodes 21 and 23 is provided in the well 13, as illustrated in Figure 2A. Electrodes in the form of pins having a small circular cross-section are preferred since they minimize the amount of physical disturbance when the electrodes are positioned in the media as a result of the lid 17 being placed onto the tray 11.
  • the electrodes are made to extend downward and close to the bottom of the tray, but to avoid touching it.
  • the pin shaped electrodes also provide a reasonably uniform electrical current distribution between each pair in the media in which they are immersed. As best seen in Figures 2A and 2B, each of the electrodes penetrates both the lid 17 and the printed circuit board 19.
  • the electrodes are preferably made from stainless steel.
  • a printed copper circuit on the top of the board 19 provides an individual conductor from each of the pins to a connector edge 20 of the board. Examples are conductor traces 25 and 27 connecting with the top end of the electrodes 21 and 23, respectively.
  • Each of the conductive well pins is individually carried through the edge connector 20, a mating socket 29 into which the edge connector is inserted, and by conductors 31 to an electronic data acquisition circuit board 39.
  • the tray 11, the lid 17, the printed circuit board 19 attached to the lid 17 and the data acquisition board 39 are all positioned within a commercially available incubator 30.
  • the incubator allows the temperature of the media within the wells of the tray 11 to be carefully controlled. The surrounding atmosphere is also controlled. More than one such tray structure can be included in the incubator at one time for monitoring effects within media of more wells than are available in a single tray. That portion of the circuitry that receives and processes low level electrical signals is placed within the incubator in order to take advantage of the temperature control and electrical shielding it provides and thus reduce thermally induced measurement errors. After the signals have been amplified to a higher level, they are then coupled to a computer system outside of the incubator through conductors 32.
  • a computer 33 receives the signal from the data acquisition board 39 through the conductors 32, any necessary interface logic 36, and conductors 34. Appropriate power supply sources 38 and 40 are provided for the circuits within the incubator and any logic 36.
  • the computer 33 is preferably constructed of a standard microcomputer system with a specialized card (board) added to one of its expansion slots.
  • a standard computer system contains a plurality of circuit boards 35, including a standard peripheral input/output board 37, and a special purpose input-output (I/O) board 41.
  • a structure 43 illustrates a common system bus to which all such cards are connected.
  • the computer system being illustrated for use in the present invention includes the usual peripherals, such as a monitor 49, a keyboard 51 and some type of printer or plotter 53. These are connected to the peripheral input/output board 37 by appropriate cables 55, 57 and 59, respectively.
  • the computer system 33 is illustrated in Figure 3 in three parts.
  • a first part 61 is a basic computer system formed primarily of the cards 35, including a microprocessor 63, system random-access- memory 65, a disk controller 67, and the like, all communicating with each other through the system bus 43 and other circuits (not shown) .
  • the disk controller 67 is connected with a disk drive (not shown) by a circuit 69.
  • a second part of the computer system 33 shown in Figure 3 is the data acquisition board 39 which is connected through the conductors 31 to the electrodes positioned in the media in wells of the tray 11.
  • Well 13 of the tray 11 for example, has its electrode 21 connected to the board 39 while its other electrode 23 is connected to ground potential.
  • One electrode of each well within the incubator 30 is connected to the data acquisition board 39. Its function is to apply a voltage across the electrode pair of each cell within the tray 11 being interrogated, in response to signals in the control circuits 45, and provide in the circuits 47 an analog signal proportional to the current flowing between the electrodes of a connected pair of electrodes.
  • the third computer component is the measurement input/output board 41, suitable boards being commercially available from several vendors.
  • the board 41 under the control of the microprocessor 63, causes each of the well electrode pairs to be energized, one at a time, and then presents a digital signal on the bus 43 that represents the individual current flow between the energized electrode pair. This data is serially captured by the computer system and appropriately stored in disk memory for later analysis.
  • the data acquisition board 39 includes a plurality of individual switches, one for each well being monitored, such as the switch 71 that controls connection of the electrodes for the well 13. One such switch is closed at a time.
  • Decoding circuits 73 detect a digital signal in the circuit 45 designating one of the switches and then causes that switch to close so long as the digital signal remains in the control circuits 45.
  • An alternating voltage source 81 is connected through a series resistance 79 to a common node of all the well switches. The source 81 provides a voltage output that is programmable through the bus 32.
  • An input of an amplifier 83 is also connected to this common node of the well switches.
  • the voltage source 81 is connected in series with a connected well, resulting in a voltage divider, and the amplifier 83 measures the voltage drop across the connected well.
  • the gain of the amplifier is also programmable through the bus 45 and decoding circuits 75.
  • An output of the amplifier 83 is applied to a sample-and-hold circuit 77 which is also controlled by signals in the bus 32.
  • a signal in the line 47, from an output of the sample-and-hold circuit 77, is passed through the logic circuits 36 to the measurement I/O board, where it is digitized. Since four separate circuits on the data acquisition board 39 are controlled by the bus 35, the bus may be time shared or, preferably, may contain separate conductors extending from the measurement I/O board 41 and logic 36 to each of these controlled circuits.
  • a large number of wells within the incubator 30 are utilized for the tests, the specific number depending upon the type and extent of tests to be performed.
  • the same amount of identical cell life supporting media is placed in each of the active wells.
  • the exact media chosen is that which will provide life support to the living biological cells that are being studied and which are placed into the media of at least some of the wells.
  • the media of at least some of the wells also include a drug premixed with the media prior to introduction of the cells. This is the drug whose effect upon the cells is being studied.
  • Figures 1-3 lasts at least many hours and usually several days.
  • the biological cells to be studied are plated in the identical media that will be used for the test, without any drug, at least several hours before the test commences. This involves simply allowing the cells to be studied to equilibrate within the incubator 30 at a uniform temperature and in a rich carbon dioxide atmosphere.
  • this initial equilibrating media is removed by a standard technique that block the cells and leaves them in the individual wells where they have been equilibrated. The same media is then added back to the well to provide life support to the cells being studied.
  • the drug is premixed with the media prior to its being placed back in the wells with the cells.
  • the standard, commercially available tissue culture tray of the type that can be used with the tray 11 includes identically sized wells being about 1.2 cm in diameter with a depth of about 1.5 cm. About 2 ml of media is placed in each well. The number of cells placed in each well is also controlled by standard techniques. Too many cells for a given volume of media results in the cells being starved. Too small a cell density will cause delays in obtaining current readings once a voltage is applied and will also increase the proportion of noise in the electrical measurement being made. For 2 ml of media, a workable range is from 10 to 10° cells.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified minimal essential medium
  • 2 ml of Dulbecco's modified minimal essential medium is used in each well, supplemented with 10 percent fetal bovine serum, 200 units of penicillin and 200 ng of streptomycin.
  • About 10 human colonic cells are placed in each of the wells that are to contain cells.
  • An FU5 drug is mixed with the media in various wells in three different amounts: 200 nanograms in some wells, 200 micrograms in others, and 2 milligrams in yet others.
  • the tray of wells is maintained in an incubator in an atmosphere containing about seven percent carbon dioxide. The effect of the drug in these various concentrations on retarding growth of the cancer cells is then measured by the system described herein.
  • the voltage source 81 is deliberately chosen to have a low frequency, a range of from something above D.C. to something less than 1000 Hz being satisfactory.
  • the frequency is also preferably selected to avoid the 60 Hz line frequency and its harmonics, which can interfere with the readings being taken. A frequency of around 400 Hz has been satisfactorily employed. This frequency range is low enough that any inherent capacitance has little effect since its impedance at the low frequencies is very low. As discussed above, it is desired to measure the conductivity alone without the effects of capacitance so a low .alternating frequency voltage source is utilized.
  • the frequency must be high enough, however, to avoid any polarization effects or coating * of the electrodes. These effects are substantially eliminated at only a few Hz or higher.
  • the voltage applied by the source 81 to each pair of electrodes is also carefully digitally controlled. This voltage is made to be less than the voltage generated by biological cells under test that have been placed in the media. That is usually about 90 millivolts. It is desired to keep the voltage.as far below that level as possible in order to avoid interfering with life of the cell. If the voltage is made too low, however, the current levels being measured are proportionally low and this can make the signal-to- noise ratio decrease below acceptable limits. A voltage applied across the cell electrodes of about 10 millivolts has been found acceptable for a wide range of applications. The voltage is made as low as possible consistent with the desired signal-to-noise ratio.
  • Voltage generated by the cells may also contribute to the current reading.
  • 60 individual wells are provided, 15 groups of four wells each. Although the same type and volume of media is placed in each of the 60 wells, some will have biological cells, some will have one drug, others another drug, and so forth, in 15 different combinations corresponding to the 15 groups of well ⁇ .
  • the four wells in each group are identically constituted, four wells of each type being provided so that an average can be taken to avoid any errors due to inadvertent physical factors. Of course, a different number of wells can be employed in each group, from a single well to ten or more.
  • Figure 4 is rather self-explanatory. As indicated there, a first group 101 of four wells each contain only the media. No drugs or cells are included in this group. An average of the current readings of each of the four wells of this group 101 is indicated by II and is used as a reference with which to compare current readings in other wells.
  • a second group 103 of four wells contains cancer cells of a medical patient for whom this test is being performed in order to identify the best anti- cancer drug to be administered to the patient.
  • An average of the current readings in each of the four wells of the group 103 is indicated by 12, also used as a reference.
  • a third group 105 of four wells includes normal cells from the same medical patient within the media. Normal cells are included in this testing example so that the toxicity of each drug on the patient can be determined. The goal is to choose a drug, and a concentration of that drug, which inhibits and preferably stops any increases in cancer cell volume or number while minimizing its negative effect on the viability of normal cells. None of the wells in these first three groups contain any amounts of the drug being tested.
  • Groups 107, 109, 111 and 113 of wells each include one of the four different drug/ concentration combinations in this example. These four groups are also used for reference purposes. Of course, a larger number of different drugs and/or different concentration levels can be simultaneously tested by simply expanding the number of wells that are utilized.
  • the four groups 115, 117, 119 and 121 of wells contain the same combination of drugs and concentrations as in groups 107, 109, 111 and 113, respectively, but, in this case, each also contain the cancer cells.
  • groups of wells 123, 125, 127 and 129 contain the same drug/concentration distribution as in groups 107, 109, 111 and 113, respectively, but each contains the same number of normal cells of the patient.
  • the raw data of current readings from each of the 60 wells of the example of Figure 4 is acquired by the system of Figures 1-3 in a manner illustrated by the operational flow diagram of Figure 5. Once that data is acquired and stored on the computer system hard disk, it is analyzed and processed in accordance with the flow diagram of Figure 6.
  • the flow diagrams of Figures 5 and 6 represent operation of the system of Figures 1-3 under controlling computer programs.
  • a curve 131 shows a ratio of the average current II (well group 101) divided by the average current 12 (well group 103) over the time of the test.
  • the curve 131 shows the proportional increase in size and number of untreated cancer cells, referenced to current readings through the media only.
  • the goal is to find a drug and concentration thereof which is close to a straight line, such as that shown in the curve 133, from a ratio of the current average 15 (reference well group 109) to the current average 19 (well group 117) .
  • the curve 133 shows very little change over time ii.
  • a similar type of output can be generated to show the effect of the same drug/concentration combina ⁇ tions on normal cells of the same patient.
  • a reference curve showing the effect without any drugs, shows the changes over time of the ratio of average current II (reference well group 101) to 13 (well group 105) .
  • the effect of the various drugs on normal cells can be shown in comparison by four other curves.
  • One curve shows the change over time of the ratio of average current 14 (well group 107) to 112 (well group 123) .
  • Another curve shows the change over the time of the test of the ratio of the average current 15 (well group 109) to 113 (well group 125) , and so forth.
  • a first step 131 starts with a first well of a number of wells to be measured.
  • a large number such as 50, successive measurements of that one cell are taken, each about one second apart.
  • each of these 50 or so current measurements for a single well are acquired by the computer system and, as indicated by a step 133, recorded as a single file in disk memory. After the data for one well is obtained, the process asks whether that is the last cell, as indicated by a step 135 of Figure 5. If not, the processor advances to the next well, as indicated by a step 137. That advance is physically accomplished by changing the signal in the circuit 145 to designate a different switch within the board 39 to be closed to connect a new pair of well electrodes to the system. Of course, each of the switches of the board 39, such as the switch 71 for the well 13, is open and closed intermittently the 50 or so times in succession in order to obtain the corresponding 50 or so readings of the well.
  • step 139 a delay in the measurements, indicated by step 139, occurs. This delay spaces out the frequency of the testing cycle, one such cycle every hour in this specific example. Of course, the frequency can be varied as suitable.
  • the measurement cycle illustrated in Figure 5 results in a large number of data files being stored in the computer system hard disk, 50 such files being stored every hour in this example. Periodically, it is desired to analyze that raw data and calculate the quantities which can be displayed in some appropriate manner, such as that shown in Figure 7.
  • Figure 6 illustrates such a data processing cycle which can be accomplished once each hour, during the delay 139 in the measurement cycle, or less frequently, depending on how current it is desired to present the processed information.
  • a first step 141 of the processing cycle calculates an average of each of the 50 measurements taken for a given single well in one measurement cycle.
  • a next step 143 is to calculate from those averages the averages II, 12, 13, etcetera, for groups of cells.
  • step 145 it is generally preferable to reduce all of the averages calculated in step 143 to a single set of averages for each group of wells for a day or some other time period suited for the particular test being conducted.
  • a next step 147 is to calculate from these daily averages the ratios of the type that are displayed in Figure 7.
  • a final step 149 is to add those ratios to a graphical display file in the hard disk for reading out on the monitor or through the printer whenever desired to observe the test results.
  • Twelve of the wells contain only the media. Twelve other of the wells contain drug no. 1 in concentration no. l, twelve additional wells contain drug no. 1 in concentration no. 2, twelve more wells with drug no. 2 in concentration no. l, and finally, the last twelve wells with drug no. 2 in concentration no. 2. Of course, additional wells can be provided if more drugs or different concentrations are desired to be included.
  • a quantitative indicator of cellular growth rate would also be of. use in clinical and laboratory research.
  • the test will determine the growth rate of a normal cell and it will measure the effect of any stimuli or depressant on a cell's growth rate. This will be useful in studies on toxicity and studies on the effects of growth factors and biological response modifiers on cells. It will also aid in studying and developing substances to enhance the growth rate of biologically engineered strains of antibodies and drugs.
  • the method could also be used to monitor the health of a cell line.

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Abstract

Des cellules cancéreuses d'un patient en traitement sont additionnées d'une certaine quantité d'un milieu de conservation des cellules vivantes et d'une certaine quantité d'un médicament anticancéreux envisagé pour le traitement du patient. La conductivité électrique de la cellule est observée dans la durée de manière à déterminer l'effet du médicament considéré du point de vue de l'enrayage du développement, en volume ou en nombre, des cellules cancéreuses. Des données concernant l'effet du même médicament sur les cellules saines du patient peuvent être recueillies simultanément, de manière à ce que soit retenu le médicament qui ait le moins d'effets secondaires possible sur le patient. Un système informatique assure le suivi simultané d'un grand nombre de récipients de culture, si bien qu'il est possible d'évaluer les effets de plusieurs médicaments ou concentrations d'un médicament donné, en une seule fois sur quelques heures ou quelques jours.
EP91907612A 1990-04-03 1991-04-03 Technique electronique d'identification du medicament efficace pour le traitement d'un patient atteint du cancer Withdrawn EP0523148A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US50379190A 1990-04-03 1990-04-03
US503791 1995-07-18

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EP0523148A1 true EP0523148A1 (fr) 1993-01-20
EP0523148A4 EP0523148A4 (fr) 1994-02-23

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EP (1) EP0523148A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH05506098A (fr)
AU (1) AU7682491A (fr)
CA (1) CA2079897A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1991015595A1 (fr)

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EP0823483A4 (fr) * 1996-01-24 2001-04-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Procede de mesure de proprietes physico-chimiques de tissus ou de cellules, procede d'examen de substances chimiques et equipement correspondant
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FR2784751B1 (fr) * 1998-10-20 2001-02-02 Mesatronic Boitier de logement d'une puce electronique a sondes biologiques
US6524797B1 (en) 1999-05-10 2003-02-25 Bernhard O. Palsson Methods of identifying therapeutic compounds in a genetically defined setting
US20060256599A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2006-11-16 Malin Patricia J Database of electronically profiled cells and methods for generating and using same
EP2142661B1 (fr) * 2007-04-02 2012-08-29 Ramot at Tel-Aviv University Ltd. Procédés permettant de détecter des cellules cancéreuses et leur utilisation pour diagnostiquer et surveiller le traitement de la maladie
JP5389706B2 (ja) * 2010-03-16 2014-01-15 日置電機株式会社 インピーダンス測定システムおよびインピーダンス測定方法
EP4345460A3 (fr) 2013-01-04 2024-06-26 Meso Scale Technologies, LLC. Appareils, procédés et réactifs de dosage

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CA2079897A1 (fr) 1991-10-04
AU7682491A (en) 1991-10-30
EP0523148A4 (fr) 1994-02-23
WO1991015595A1 (fr) 1991-10-17

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