EP0521231B1 - Fishplate for rail joint - Google Patents
Fishplate for rail joint Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0521231B1 EP0521231B1 EP91890126A EP91890126A EP0521231B1 EP 0521231 B1 EP0521231 B1 EP 0521231B1 EP 91890126 A EP91890126 A EP 91890126A EP 91890126 A EP91890126 A EP 91890126A EP 0521231 B1 EP0521231 B1 EP 0521231B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- strap
- rail
- strap body
- outside
- strength
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B11/00—Rail joints
- E01B11/54—Electrically-insulating rail joints
Definitions
- the invention relates to a connecting lug for a rail butt joint, the lug being screwed to the rails, in particular screwed high-strength, and optionally being glued, the lug body essentially filling the cavity between the rail head, rail web and rail foot made of high-strength, in particular fiber-reinforced plastic, as a one-piece molded body is and has at least four passage openings for connecting screws, and wherein the tab body on its outer side in the installed state is reinforced by a rib extending from one to the other end face of the tab body, which extends over a substantial part of the tab body height.
- Connecting tabs of this type have the advantage over conventional steel tabs that no special insulation between the tab and the rails has to be provided for the formation of electrically insulating rail joints and the handling and transport of the tabs is facilitated.
- the production of plastic bottles is less complex than that of steel plates.
- a known from EP-A1-0 229 860 connecting strap of the type specified in the introduction consists of a fiber-reinforced material in which all fibers are unidirectionally aligned parallel to the tensile stress, with separate carbon or Kevlar fiber strands or packages in the lower region of the strap Are completely embedded. These materials are expensive and the tensile strength of the construction is not entirely satisfactory in practice. Prestressing the fiber strands would not be possible due to their complete embedding during the manufacture of the tab.
- an insulating connecting strap of the type mentioned in the introduction - but without any reinforcing rib - is known, which has two steel tie rods, which penetrate holes in the longitudinal direction of the bracket with play and via nuts and interposed on the rod ends Grip the anchor plates on the end faces of the bracket body. There are additional between the anchor plates and the end faces of the bracket body Insulating washers arranged. The tension rods also serve to hold the entire arrangement of the tab body, insulating washers and anchor plates together.
- This type of bracing is extremely complex in terms of construction and manufacturing technology.
- the invention aims to provide a connecting lug of the type mentioned in the introduction, which has higher strength and extended uses compared to the known designs and is simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
- a connecting lug of the type mentioned in the introduction which is distinguished according to the invention in that when the lug body is cast molded directly into the prestressed state, metal or plastic tension wires penetrate the lug body in the longitudinal direction from end to end and outside of the through openings, wherein the tensioning wires are cut off on the end faces of the tab body.
- the tension wires are provided on their outside with ribs or other projections which ensure anchoring in the tab body.
- the tensioning wires can be provided with welded washers at predetermined longitudinal intervals, which ensure anchoring in the bracket body. In both cases there is a further improvement in tensile strength.
- the connecting straps can advantageously be adapted to the respective application with regard to the loads to be absorbed, the bending strength of the connecting straps also being able to be significantly increased.
- the connecting lug shown for the insulating connection of the butt ends of rails S, S ' has a substantially parallelepipedal plastic lug body 1, which in the embodiment shown is provided with four through openings 2 for connecting screws (not shown) which are shown in FIG the middle of the tab body height are formed.
- the tab body 1 is reinforced on its outer side in the installed state by a rib 3 which extends over the length of the body from face to face. As shown in FIG. 1, the rib 3 is widened in the area of the passage openings 2 and in the middle of the tab over a substantial part of the body height, which is more than 50% of the height.
- an adhesive layer of up to 2 mm in the web area and approximately 0.2 mm in the head and foot area is applied to the flap body on its side facing the flap chamber, and the flap is then screwed to the rails with high strength.
- a fast-curing adhesive in particular methacrylate adhesive, is expediently used as the adhesive.
- High-strength plastic which is reinforced in particular with glass fibers, is used as the material for shaping the tab body 1, unsaturated polyester being particularly suitable.
- tensioning elements 4 extend in the longitudinal direction of the flap body 1, which extend outside the through openings 2 from one end face of the flap body to the other, etc. in the tension and compression zones of the tab.
- each tensioning element is designed as a smooth tensioning wire 4 made of metal or plastic, which is embedded directly in the pre-tensioned state when the tab body is cast.
- the smooth tension wires 4 are cut off on the end faces of the tab body 1.
- the tension wires can be provided on the outside with ribs or other projections which ensure that the pre-tensioned wires are anchored in the plastic within the scope of the adhesive length. These tensioning wires are also cut off at the end faces of the tab body after the shaping.
- the tensioning wires can also be designed such that they are provided with welded-on small disks at predetermined longitudinal distances, which secure anchoring in the plastic. If plastic tension wires are used, these can be reinforced by embedded fiber material, such as carbon fibers, etc.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Connection Of Plates (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)
- Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)
- Clamps And Clips (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verbindungslasche für eine Schienenstoßverbindung, wobei die Lasche mit den Schienen verschraubt, insbesondere hochfest verschraubt, und gegebenenfalls verklebt wird, wobei der den Hohlraum zwischen Schienenkopf, Schienensteg und Schienenfuß im wesentlichen ausfüllende Laschenkörper aus hochfestem, insbesondere faserverstärktem Kunststoff als einstückiger Formkörper ausgebildet ist und zumindest vier Durchtrittsöffnungen für Verbindungsschrauben aufweist, und wobei der Laschenkörper an seiner im Einbauzustand äußeren Seite durch eine sich von einer zur anderen Stirnseite des Laschenkörpers erstreckende Rippe verstärkt ist, die sich über einen wesentlichen Teil der Laschenkörperhöhe erstreckt.The invention relates to a connecting lug for a rail butt joint, the lug being screwed to the rails, in particular screwed high-strength, and optionally being glued, the lug body essentially filling the cavity between the rail head, rail web and rail foot made of high-strength, in particular fiber-reinforced plastic, as a one-piece molded body is and has at least four passage openings for connecting screws, and wherein the tab body on its outer side in the installed state is reinforced by a rib extending from one to the other end face of the tab body, which extends over a substantial part of the tab body height.
Verbindungslaschen dieser Art haben gegenüber herkömmlichen Stahllaschen den Vorteil, daß zur Ausbildung von elektrisch isolierenden Schienenstößen keine spezielle Isolierung zwischen der Lasche und den Schienen vorgesehen werden muß und die Handhabung sowie der Transport der Laschen erleichtert wird. Außerdem ist die Herstellung der Kunststofflaschen weniger aufwendig als jene der Stahllaschen. Eine aus der EP-A1-0 229 860 bekannte Verbindungslasche der einleitend angegebenen Art besteht aus einem faserverstärkten Werkstoff, bei dem alle Fasern uni-direktional parallel zur Zugbeanspruchung ausgerichtet sind, wobei im unteren Bereich der Lasche gesonderte Kohlenstoff- oder Kevlarfaserstränge oder -pakete zur Gänze eingebettet sind. Diese Materialien sind teuer, und die Zugfestigkeit der Konstruktion ist in der Praxis nicht restlos zufriedenstellend. Ein Vorspannen der Faserstränge wäre auf Grund ihrer vollständigen Einbettung während der Fertigung der Lasche nicht möglich.Connecting tabs of this type have the advantage over conventional steel tabs that no special insulation between the tab and the rails has to be provided for the formation of electrically insulating rail joints and the handling and transport of the tabs is facilitated. In addition, the production of plastic bottles is less complex than that of steel plates. A known from EP-A1-0 229 860 connecting strap of the type specified in the introduction consists of a fiber-reinforced material in which all fibers are unidirectionally aligned parallel to the tensile stress, with separate carbon or Kevlar fiber strands or packages in the lower region of the strap Are completely embedded. These materials are expensive and the tensile strength of the construction is not entirely satisfactory in practice. Prestressing the fiber strands would not be possible due to their complete embedding during the manufacture of the tab.
Aus der GB-PS 889 978 ist eine Isolier-Verbindungslasche der einleitend genannten Art - allerdings ohne jegliche Verstärkungsrippe - bekannt, die zwei Stahl-Spannstäbe aufweist, welche in Laschenlängsrichtung verlaufende Bohrungen des Laschenkörpers mit Spiel durchsetzen und über auf die Stabenden aufgezogene Muttern und zwischengelegte Ankerplatten an den Stirnseiten des Laschenkörpers angreifen. Zwischen den Ankerplatten und den Stirnseiten des Laschenkörpers sind zusätzliche Isolierscheiben angeordnet. Die Spannstäbe dienen auch dazu, die gesamte Anordnung aus Laschenkörper, Isolierscheiben und Ankerplatten zusammenzuhalten. Diese Art der Verspannung ist konstruktiv und fertigungstechnisch überaus aufwendig.From GB-PS 889 978 an insulating connecting strap of the type mentioned in the introduction - but without any reinforcing rib - is known, which has two steel tie rods, which penetrate holes in the longitudinal direction of the bracket with play and via nuts and interposed on the rod ends Grip the anchor plates on the end faces of the bracket body. There are additional between the anchor plates and the end faces of the bracket body Insulating washers arranged. The tension rods also serve to hold the entire arrangement of the tab body, insulating washers and anchor plates together. This type of bracing is extremely complex in terms of construction and manufacturing technology.
Die Erfindung zielt darauf ab, eine Verbindungslasche der einleitend genannten Art zu schaffen, die gegenüber den bekannten Ausführungen höhere Beanspruchbarkeit und erweiterte Einsatzmöglichkeiten aufweist und dabei einfach und kostengünstig zu fertigen ist.The invention aims to provide a connecting lug of the type mentioned in the introduction, which has higher strength and extended uses compared to the known designs and is simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
Dieses Ziel wird mit einer Verbindungslasche der einleitend genannten Art erreicht, die sich erfindungsgemäß dadurch auszeichnet, daß bei der Gießformung des Laschenkörpers direkt in diesen im vorgespannten Zustand eingebettete Spanndrähte aus Metall oder Kunststoff den Laschenkörper in Längsrichtung von Stirnseite zu Stirnseite und außerhalb der Durchtrittsöffnungen durchsetzen, wobei die Spanndrähte an den Stirnseiten des Laschenkörpers abgeschnitten sind. Indem vorgespannte Drähte direkt während der Gießformung in den Laschenkörper eingebettet werden, wird auf einfache und kostengünstige Weise eine ausgezeichnete Zugfestigkeit erzielt, ohne daß kostspielige Spezialfasern oder aufwendige Montageschritte erforderlich wären.This goal is achieved with a connecting lug of the type mentioned in the introduction, which is distinguished according to the invention in that when the lug body is cast molded directly into the prestressed state, metal or plastic tension wires penetrate the lug body in the longitudinal direction from end to end and outside of the through openings, wherein the tensioning wires are cut off on the end faces of the tab body. By embedding pre-stressed wires directly in the lug body during casting, excellent tensile strength is achieved in a simple and cost-effective manner, without the need for expensive special fibers or complex assembly steps.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung sind die Spanndrähte an ihrer Außenseite mit Rippen oder anderen Vorsprüngen versehen, die eine Verankerung im Laschenkörper gewährleisten. Alternativ können die Spanndrähte in vorbestimmten Längsabständen mit angeschweißten Scheiben versehen sein, die eine Verankerung im Laschenkörper gewährleisten. In beiden Fällen ergibt sich eine weitere Verbesserung der Zugfestigkeit.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the tension wires are provided on their outside with ribs or other projections which ensure anchoring in the tab body. Alternatively, the tensioning wires can be provided with welded washers at predetermined longitudinal intervals, which ensure anchoring in the bracket body. In both cases there is a further improvement in tensile strength.
Mit der Erfindung kann vorteilhaft eine Anpassung der Verbindungslaschen an den jeweiligen Einsatzfall hinsichtlich der aufzunehmenden Beanspruchungen vorgenommen werden, wobei überdies die Biegefestigkeit der Verbindungslaschen wesentlich erhöht werden kann.With the invention, the connecting straps can advantageously be adapted to the respective application with regard to the loads to be absorbed, the bending strength of the connecting straps also being able to be significantly increased.
Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Verbindungslasche lassen sich folgende Isolierstoßvarianten herstellen:
- ein verschraubter Isolierstoß, dessen Festigkeit durch die Pressung der Verbindungslasche an der Schienenkopfunterseite und Schienenfußoberseite erreicht wird,
- ein hochfest verschraubter Isolierstoß, bei dem eine Pressung der Verbindungslasche durch ein hohes Anzugsmoment der Verbindungsschrauben erreicht wird, und
- ein verklebter und hochfest verschraubter Isolierstoß, bei dem die Verbindungslasche mittels eines schnell aushärtenden Klebers, insbesondere Metacrylatklebers, in die Laschenkammer der Schienen eingeklebt und zusätzlich mit den Schienen hochfest verschraubt wird.
- a screwed insulation joint, the strength of which is achieved by pressing the connecting strap on the underside of the rail head and the top of the rail foot,
- a high-strength screwed insulation joint, in which a pressure of the connecting strap is achieved by a high tightening torque of the connecting screws, and
- a glued and high-strength screwed insulation joint, in which the connecting strap is glued into the bracket chamber of the rails by means of a fast-curing adhesive, in particular methacrylate adhesive, and is additionally screwed to the rails with high strength.
Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Konstruktion ergibt sich außerdem der Vorteil, daß durch einfache Gestaltung der Kunststofform alle für die Praxis erforderlichen Laschenformen hergestellt werden können und mit ein und demselben Laschenmaterial verschiedene Stoßausführungen erzeugt werden können.With the construction according to the invention there is also the advantage that, by simply designing the plastic mold, all tab shapes required for practical use can be produced and different butt designs can be produced with one and the same tab material.
Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung werden nachfolgend an einem Ausführungsbeispiel unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnung naher erläutert. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1 eine Ansicht einer Verbindungslasche für einen Schienenstoß,
- Fig. 2 einen Schnitt durch die Lasche nach der Linie II-II in Fig. 1,
- Fig. 3 einen Schnitt nach der Linie III-III in Fig. 2, und
- Fig. 4 einen Schnitt nach der Linie IV-IV in Fig. 2.
- 1 is a view of a connecting bracket for a rail joint,
- 2 shows a section through the tab along the line II-II in FIG. 1,
- Fig. 3 is a section along the line III-III in Fig. 2, and
- 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV in FIG. 2nd
Die dargestellte Verbindungslasche für die isolierende Verbindung der Stoßenden von Schienen S, S' weist einen im wesentlichen parallelepipedischen, als Formkörper ausgebildeten Laschenkörper 1 aus Kunststoff auf, der bei der dargestellten Ausführung mit vier Durchtrittsöffnungen 2 für (nicht gezeigte) Verbindungsschrauben versehen ist, die in der Mitte der Laschenkörperhöhe ausgebildet sind. Der Laschenkörper 1 ist auf seiner im Einbauzustand außen liegenden Seite durch eine Rippe 3 verstärkt, die sich über die Körperlänge von Stirnseite zu Stirnseite erstreckt. Wie Fig. 1 zeigt, ist die Rippe 3 im Bereich der Durchtrittsöffnungen 2 und in der Laschenmitte über einen wesentlichen Teil der Körperhöhe, der mehr als 50 % der Höhe beträgt, verbreitert.The connecting lug shown for the insulating connection of the butt ends of rails S, S 'has a substantially parallelepipedal plastic lug body 1, which in the embodiment shown is provided with four through
Wird die Verbindungslasche bei einem Klebestoß verwendet, so wird auf den Laschenkörper auf dessen der Laschenkammer zugekehrten Seite eine Klebstoffschicht von bis zu 2 mm im Stegbereich und etwa 0,2 mm im Kopf- und Fußbereich aufgebracht und die Lasche sodann mit den Schienen hochfest verschraubt. Als Kleber wird zweckmäßig ein schnellaushärtender Kleber, insbesondere Metacrylatkleber, verwendet.If the connecting flap is used for an adhesive joint, an adhesive layer of up to 2 mm in the web area and approximately 0.2 mm in the head and foot area is applied to the flap body on its side facing the flap chamber, and the flap is then screwed to the rails with high strength. A fast-curing adhesive, in particular methacrylate adhesive, is expediently used as the adhesive.
Im Rahmen der Erfindung reicht es anderseits bei einfacher Verschraubung und auch bei hochfester Verschraubung aus, wenn die Verbindungslasche schienenseitig nur im Bereich der Oberseite des Schienenfußes und der Unterseite des Schienenkopfes mit der Schiene in Eingriff kommt, so daß die Druckkräfte nur über diese Laschenzonen übertragen werden, wie dies in den Fig. 3 und 4 dargestellt ist.In the context of the invention, on the other hand, it is sufficient for simple screwing and also for high-strength screwing if the connecting plate on the rail side only engages with the rail in the area of the top of the rail foot and the underside of the rail head, so that the compressive forces are transmitted only via these plate zones , as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
Als Material zur Formung des Laschenkörpers 1 wird hochfester Kunststoff verwendet, der insbesondere mit Glasfasern verstärkt ist, wobei sich ungesättigter Polyester besonders gut eignet.High-strength plastic, which is reinforced in particular with glass fibers, is used as the material for shaping the tab body 1, unsaturated polyester being particularly suitable.
Um die Zugfestigkeit der Kunststofflasche zu erhöhen, erstrecken sich in Längsrichtung des Laschenkörpers 1 Spannelemente 4, die außerhalb der Durchtrittsöffnungen 2 von einer Stirnseite des Laschenkörpers zur anderen verlaufen, u.zw. in den Zug- und Druckzonen der Lasche.In order to increase the tensile strength of the plastic flap,
Gemäß den Fig. 3 und 4 ist jedes Spannelement als glatter Spanndraht 4 aus Metall oder Kunststoff ausgebildet, der bei der Gießformung des Laschenkörpers im vorgespannten Zustand direkt in diesen eingebettet wird. An den Stirnseiten des Laschenkörpers 1 werden die glatten Spanndrähte 4 abgeschnitten.3 and 4, each tensioning element is designed as a
Die Spanndrähte können an ihrer Außenseite mit Rippen oder anderen Vorsprüngen versehen sein, die eine Verankerung der vorgespannten Drähte im Rahmen der Haftlänge im Kunststoff gewährleisten. Auch diese Spanndrähte werden nach der Formung an den Stirnseiten des Laschenkörpers abgeschnitten.The tension wires can be provided on the outside with ribs or other projections which ensure that the pre-tensioned wires are anchored in the plastic within the scope of the adhesive length. These tensioning wires are also cut off at the end faces of the tab body after the shaping.
Die Spanndrähte können ferner so ausgebildet sein, daß sie in vorbestimmten Längsabstanden mit angeschweißten kleinen Scheiben versehen sind, die eine Verankerung im Kunststoff sichern. Im Falle der Verwendung von Spanndrähten aus Kunststoff können diese durch eingebettetes Fasermaterial, wie Kohlefasern usw., verstärkt sein.The tensioning wires can also be designed such that they are provided with welded-on small disks at predetermined longitudinal distances, which secure anchoring in the plastic. If plastic tension wires are used, these can be reinforced by embedded fiber material, such as carbon fibers, etc.
Um der Verbindungslasche hohe Festigkeit zu verleihen, wird sie zweckmäßig mittels der Spannelemente auf die maximal zulässige Druckfestigkeit vorgespannt.In order to give the connecting strap high strength, it is expediently pretensioned to the maximum permissible compressive strength by means of the tensioning elements.
Claims (3)
- Butt strap for a rail joint, wherein the strap is bolted to the rails, in particular bolted with high strength, and if occasion arises adhered, wherein the strap body (1) of high-strength, in particular fibre-reinforced plastic which essentially fills the cavity between rail head, rail web and rail base is constructed as a one-piece moulding and comprises at least four openings (2) for passage of joint bolts, and wherein the strap body is reinforced on its side which is on the outside in the fitted state by a rib (3) which extends from one end face to the other of the strap body and which extends over a substantial portion of the height of the strap body, characterised in that metal or plastic tensioning wires (4) directly embedded in the strap body (1) in the pretensioned state during casting thereof pass through the strap body in the longitudinal direction from one end face to the other and outside the openings, wherein the tensioning wires (4) are cut off at the end faces of the strap body (1).
- Butt strap according to claim 1, characterised in that the tensioning wires on their outside are provided with ribs or other projections which ensure anchoring in the strap body (1).
- Butt strap according to claim 1, characterised in that the tensioning wires (4) are provided at predetermined longitudinal intervals with welded-on discs which ensure anchoring in the strap body (1).
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT91890126T ATE132218T1 (en) | 1991-06-19 | 1991-06-19 | CONNECTING TAB FOR A RAIL JOINT CONNECTION |
| DE59107164T DE59107164D1 (en) | 1991-06-19 | 1991-06-19 | Connection bracket for a rail butt joint |
| EP91890126A EP0521231B1 (en) | 1991-06-19 | 1991-06-19 | Fishplate for rail joint |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP91890126A EP0521231B1 (en) | 1991-06-19 | 1991-06-19 | Fishplate for rail joint |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0521231A1 EP0521231A1 (en) | 1993-01-07 |
| EP0521231B1 true EP0521231B1 (en) | 1995-12-27 |
Family
ID=8209046
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP91890126A Expired - Lifetime EP0521231B1 (en) | 1991-06-19 | 1991-06-19 | Fishplate for rail joint |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0521231B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE132218T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59107164D1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106042987A (en) * | 2016-08-03 | 2016-10-26 | 中铁电气化局集团有限公司 | Guide rod type conductor rail expansion joint |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB796058A (en) * | 1955-02-17 | 1958-06-04 | John Edmond Irvine | Improvements in or relating to railway fishplates |
| GB889978A (en) * | 1958-12-31 | 1962-02-21 | Permali Ltd | Improvements in insulating fish plates |
-
1991
- 1991-06-19 EP EP91890126A patent/EP0521231B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-06-19 AT AT91890126T patent/ATE132218T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-06-19 DE DE59107164T patent/DE59107164D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106042987A (en) * | 2016-08-03 | 2016-10-26 | 中铁电气化局集团有限公司 | Guide rod type conductor rail expansion joint |
| CN106042987B (en) * | 2016-08-03 | 2018-09-14 | 中铁电气化局集团有限公司 | A kind of guide rod type expansion joint for conductive rail |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59107164D1 (en) | 1996-02-08 |
| ATE132218T1 (en) | 1996-01-15 |
| EP0521231A1 (en) | 1993-01-07 |
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