EP0489054B1 - Cellular structures for sustaining walls - Google Patents

Cellular structures for sustaining walls Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0489054B1
EP0489054B1 EP90912402A EP90912402A EP0489054B1 EP 0489054 B1 EP0489054 B1 EP 0489054B1 EP 90912402 A EP90912402 A EP 90912402A EP 90912402 A EP90912402 A EP 90912402A EP 0489054 B1 EP0489054 B1 EP 0489054B1
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Prior art keywords
elements
embankment
embedding
facing
cellular structure
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EP90912402A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0489054A1 (en
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Valerian Curt
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0216—Cribbing walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/20—Bulkheads or similar walls made of prefabricated parts and concrete, including reinforced concrete, in situ

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to new cellular structures for the realization retaining walls according to claims 1 and 2 and to methods of erecting a retaining wall according to claims 15, 16 and 17.
  • the present invention aims to put to a new realization of structures cellphones for retaining walls that use materials existing on the market.
  • the present invention also aims to develop a cellular structure which is very simple as much in terms of manufacture of the structural elements constituting it that at the level of its implementation.
  • the present invention also aims to develop a cellular structure economic.
  • the present invention also aims to develop a cellular structure whose facing can be built with different elements of finish.
  • a form of advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a cell structure supporting an embankment which includes a substantially facing structure vertical and a pair of built-in structures in substantially vertical lattices.
  • Each mounting structure is suitable for mounting to a respective vertical edge of the structure of facing.
  • the facing structure is adapted to to define a facade of the cellular structure.
  • the installation structures are adapted to extend into the embankment.
  • Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a cellular structure of embankment support which includes a structure of substantially vertical facing and a structure mounting formed of at least one bracket.
  • Stirrup is adapted to connect each of its two ends at a respective vertical ledge of the facing structure.
  • the stirrup forms a structure in "U" shape adapted to extend so substantially horizontal in the embankment.
  • the facing structure is adapted to define a facade of the cellular structure.
  • Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a cellular structure rigid backfill support that includes at least a concrete foundation element and an element of precast concrete facing suitable for fixing substantially vertically to the element of foundation using first means of connection.
  • a pair of concrete inserts prefabricated are adapted to be fixed so substantially vertical to the foundation element at using second connection means.
  • cellular structures for retaining walls include basic structural elements which are metallic or synthetic mesh.
  • the trellis can be combined with sheet metal elements, cables or precast concrete. The juxtaposition and the backfill of these cellular structures form retaining walls.
  • the two basic elements of a structure cell are the facing elements and the mounting elements.
  • the cells in "U" shape are open towards the massifs with the trellis facing 1 and embedding in trellis 2.
  • Cells can also be made fictitiously closed, consisting of facing in trellis 1 and stirrup recesses 3 (figure 2).
  • the facings can consist of bars or independent metal dishes or even cables. All these facing elements can be put in combination with precast concrete elements. Also, cells with block facing architectural concrete of small or large dimensions can be done.
  • these types of structures can be defined as massifs composites, monolithic, produced by the interdependence between an earth massif and a structure.
  • FIG. 1 The structure illustrated in Figure 1 is executed by the juxtaposition of cells in continuous trellis panels, or in elements independent of facing and embedding in lattice 1 and 2. In the latter case, the elements independent are assembled with rods 4.
  • this facade covering is represented by applying shotcrete 6.
  • This coating can be aesthetic or of resistance.
  • the facade cladding is consisting of masonry in concrete blocks architectural or dressed stone 7. These blocks of concrete can be the ones we use for building facades or they can be designed specially for retaining walls.
  • the masonry is reinforced and linked to the structure of facing 1.
  • the space between the masonry on facade 7 and the cell structure can be filled with concrete 8.
  • this type structure allows insertion into the facing small elements in precast concrete.
  • Concrete blocks for facing are designed to these ends and the erection of facings is carried out according to principles of dry masonry ( Figure 7).
  • the horizontal reinforcement of the facing 9 can be made in round bars or flat metallic.
  • Figures 7 and 7a illustrate the use of metal dishes.
  • the frame vertical 10 can be made in round bars or pipes.
  • the precast concrete blocks 11 are designed for these purposes.
  • the facings produced can thus have the desired aesthetic.
  • Optional neoprene type seals 12 can be used when the cell structure is subject to significant stress.
  • Figures 8 and 9 illustrate cell structures of the same type as those described respectively in Figures 1 and 2 but in which the facing structure is designed to receive large flat panels.
  • the horizontal bars of the facing 13 have a broken geometry that develops from a rod assembly 4 to another. The changes of direction of the horizontal bars 13 take place at level of vertical bars 14. Cables can replace horizontal bars 13.
  • Figures 10 and 11 illustrate the cellular structures described in Figures 8 and 9 additionally comprising precast concrete panels large dimensions 15 which have been inserted into the facade.
  • the precast concrete panels 15 are characterized by the fact that two of their dimensions (width and height) are large compared to the third (depth). These panels 15 are designed to resist the push of the land.
  • the signs 15 are also designed to be able to assemble with lattice recesses 2 or in stirrups 3.
  • This type of structure composite is that a flat facing is obtained while preserving the cell principle open or fictitiously closed towards the premise at support.
  • Figure 12 illustrates the details of structures described in Figures 8 to 11.
  • the horizontal reinforcements of the facing are bars round or cables 13.
  • Vertical bars 14 are perforated pipes or not.
  • Type bands neoprene 16 are provided for horizontal joints ( Figure 12a).
  • This type of structure is thus carried out dry with neoprene seals and as studs assembly, perforated pipes or not.
  • pipe studs allows the retransmission of cable stresses to concrete studs and studs on larger surfaces great.
  • Perforated pipe studs allow, after the execution of the work, to carry out injections in order to achieve the monolithism of the facing.
  • Pipe studs also allow carry out post-tensioning of the facade if desired. Also, cables housed inside the pipes can extend to the foundation so that can then be post-tensioned.
  • Figures 13 and 14 illustrate cellular structures having recesses in trellis 2 or in stirrups 3 characterized by facings in precast concrete elements 17 mounted openwork.
  • the facing can also be made of wooden planks.
  • the assembly elements are bars or pipes 18. Post-tensioned or not, these elements 18 also allow cables to be accommodated of post-tension and also the realization of injection. In the overlapping area of concrete elements prefabricated 17, i.e. at the ends of these last, we can have one or more elements assembly 18.
  • This type of cell structure can be backfilled with stone of appropriate dimensions or with soil.
  • the voids in the facade are filled with sheet metal, asbestos-cement, geotextile, etc.
  • the precast concrete element 17 of form parallelepiped is characterized in that its dimensions in its cross section are small relative to its length. Opposite faces can be parallel or not. These are designed to take back the thrust of the land, to be able to assemble with the recesses in trellis 2 or in stirrups 3 and to make columns on the area of their overlap.
  • Figure 29 illustrates the use of openwork cell structures such as described above for the realization of the walls of support 43.
  • the openings have not been sealed so as to allow the vegetation to grow across the facade of retaining walls 43.
  • Figure 30 illustrates a wall 44 of support in its lower part and elevation in its upper part on two sides.
  • the wall in elevation primarily serves as a noise barrier; it is why all of its openings were closed.
  • Figures 15 to 17 illustrate cellular structures with facing in panels of concrete, small or medium-sized. The same principles of the cellular structures described previously are respected.
  • Figure 15 illustrates a cellular structure with recessing in stirrups 3, although lattice recesses can also be used, and concrete blocks architectural of small or medium dimensions 20.
  • Architectural concrete blocks 20 or blocks in cut stone are masonry using rods vertical or studs 19. These rods 19 have a part a role of resistance and, on the other hand, a role of connection between the facing and the recesses.
  • the recesses in stirrups 3 are housed in the vertical joints (figure 16) or in the horizontal joints (figure 17).
  • the stirrup recesses are made in metallic or synthetic dishes (figure 16) or in round or square bars (Figure 17).
  • Figure 17 where the recesses 3 are housed in horizontal joints, type joints neoprene 12, similar to those of structures cell phones with integrated coating (Figure 7), are planned.
  • the structures described below are retaining walls made of reinforced concrete elements prefabricated, large, assembled by post-tension in a mud trench or in water, so as to achieve a rigid cellular structure in the shape of a "U" (fig. 18 to 25) using the same theoretical principles as those of the structures described before.
  • the assembly elements shown generally by perforated pipes or not, are used guide for mounting and ultimately can be tensioned directly or through tie rods anchored in the foundation.
  • the same pipes can be used to inject mortar.
  • Rigid cell structures are made up of facings which are elements which resume the stresses due to the push of the earth and water.
  • the recesses are elements which take up the requests of siding and other structures for forward to the foundation.
  • the assemblies are perforated or non-perforated pipes of appropriate dimensions having the multiple functions described below. Concrete poured on site serves as a foundation on the one hand and completes the structure on the other hand.
  • the foundation elements 23 which are then set up include holes 24 provided for pouring concrete under the foundation elements 23.
  • Foundation elements 23 are an integral part of the recesses and are positioned at the planned depth on a layer of concrete.
  • the pouring of the foundation concrete can precede the installation of the prefabricated elements or concrete can be poured through holes 24 planned for this operation.
  • Pipes 25 fixed to the elements of foundation 23 serve for guiding the elements prefabricated and then they are used for the post-tension and for injection.
  • the first built-in elements 26 descended along the guide elements 25 to their final position. Then follows the bet in place of the facing elements 27 (FIG. 20). The concrete 28 is then poured in place.
  • Neoprene bands can be provided to improve the tightness of the structure and also ensure better contact between seals horizontal.
  • the fresh concrete will be poured between the prefabricated elements and the earth, thus completing the structure.
  • FIGS 18 to 21 illustrate a dock infrastructure. These are structures rigid cell containing earth. The structure-soil interdependence is highlighted. This type of structure can be used for docks of all kinds, whether made using a trench of mud (figure 18), or directly in the water.
  • the facing elements are continuous in the sense of height while the recesses can be hollowed out to lighten the prefabricated and to get better monolithism with concrete poured in place or with the fill ( Figure 21).
  • the recesses can be realized in elements of metal frame and concrete poured in place.
  • Figures 22 to 25 illustrate a building infrastructure.
  • the erection stages are similar to those found in Figures 18 to 21. In this case, these are cellular structures rigid with cleared recesses. This structure will be used especially for the realization large buildings with multiple basements.
  • the prefabricated elements of facing and buttresses can have their height equal to the distance between floors (figure 25).
  • the buttress ends can be seating points for the columns of the building superstructure.
  • the elements of buttresses can be more or less hollowed out, depending on their degree of stress (figure 25).
  • the floors that are executed represent good horizontal bracing, results in an increase in stability.
  • Figure 22 illustrates a mud trench 29 with low walls guide 30 which are designed to house the structure rigid cell for basements buildings.
  • FIG 23 illustrates the installation of foundation elements 31 which include holes 34 in order to pour the concrete under the foundations. Of guide pipes 35 are fixed on the elements of foundation 31.
  • Figure 25 is an elevational view of mounting elements 32 over the height of a storey. It includes the floor 38 and the structure of a floor 39. Optionally, tie rods post-tension 37 are arranged inside the guide pipes 35.
  • Rigid cell structures can be made perfectly waterproof.
  • An advantage very important for the use of this type of structure resides in the total absence of tie rods anchor outside the boundary of the construction, what we find at the walls classics made in a mud trench.
  • Figures 26 to 28 Some practical examples of structures in rigid veil are illustrated in Figures 26 to 28.
  • Figure 26 illustrates a platform in deep water 40 using several of the structures rigid cells described in Figures 18 to 21.
  • Figures 27a and 27b illustrate an infrastructure of buildings 41 using cellular structures Figures 22 to 25.
  • Figures 28 and 28a illustrate the infrastructure of a building 42 (the large basements) located at the edge of the water.
  • the rigid cell structure is solicited by earth or water.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/CA90/00262 Sec. 371 Date Apr. 21, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Apr. 21, 1992 PCT Filed Aug. 17, 1990 PCT Pub. No. WO91/02851 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 7, 1991.A cellular structure for sustaining an embankment is comprised of a vertical facing structure including generally a lattice (1) connected to an embedding structure (2, 3). The embedding structure (2, 3) is extended from the facing structure (1) into the embankment. In a first embodiment, the embedding structure is configured like two lattice sections (2) vertically mounted at the vertical edges of the facing structure (1) and prolonged generally in parallel to the embankment. The embedding structure may also be comprised of at least one U-shaped stirrup (3) connected at each of its free ends to a respective vertical edge of the facing structure (1). In this case, the stirrup (3) is generally extended horizontally in the embankment. The masonry of the facing structure (1) may be carried out in different ways in order to achieve various finishings. The cellular structure may also include a sunk framework (5) between the embankment and the facing structure (1). The cellular structure may thus be filled with stones of smaller or larger dimensions as well as with earth. The use of a geotextile allows the vegetation to grow through the facing structure (1).

Description

DOMAINE TECHNIQUETECHNICAL AREA

La présente invention est relative à de nouvelles structures cellulaires pour la réalisation de murs de soutènement, selon les revendications 1 et 2 et à des méthodes d'érection d'un mur de soutènement selon les revendications 15, 16 et 17.The present invention relates to new cellular structures for the realization retaining walls according to claims 1 and 2 and to methods of erecting a retaining wall according to claims 15, 16 and 17.

TECHNIQUE ANTÉRIEUREPRIOR ART

Dans mon brevet canadien 1.186.516, je divulgue une structure cellulaire comprenant deux murs droits d'encastrement joints par un mur arqué qui forme la façade de la structure cellulaire. Dans ce type de module, la pression latérale de la masse retenue entre les murs de la structure cellulaire maintient ceux-ci immobiles. En effet, la pression latérale exercée par la masse retenue ancre les murs retenant cette masse.In my Canadian patent 1,186,516, I discloses a cellular structure comprising two straight built-in walls joined by an arched wall which forms the facade of the cellular structure. In this type of module, the lateral pressure of the mass containment between the walls of the cell structure keeps them still. Indeed, the pressure lateral exerted by the retained mass anchors the walls retaining this mass.

Dans le brevet américain 4.341.491, on retrouve une structure cellulaire comprenant des murs pleins verticaux comme parement à l'avant de la structure cellulaire et des treillis verticaux à l'arrière de la structure cellulaire. Les treillis arrières sont noyés dans la masse à retenir et sont reliés aux parements pleins par des tirants horizontaux retenus en position par des supports verticaux retrouvés à intervalles entre le parement plein et le treillis arrière et ancrés à leur base dans le sol.In US Patent 4,341,491, we finds a cellular structure comprising solid vertical walls as facing at the front of the cell structure and vertical trellises to the back of the cell structure. The trellises rear are embedded in the mass to be retained and are connected to solid facings by tie rods horizontal retained in position by supports vertical found at intervals between the facing full and the rear trellis and anchored to their base in the ground.

EXPOSÉ DE L'INVENTIONSTATEMENT OF THE INVENTION

La présente invention a pour but de mettre au point une nouvelle réalisation de structures cellulaires pour murs de soutènement qui utilisent des matériaux existant sur le marché.The present invention aims to put to a new realization of structures cellphones for retaining walls that use materials existing on the market.

La présente invention a également pour but de mettre au point une structure cellulaire qui est d'une très grande simplicité autant au niveau de la fabrication des éléments structuraux la constituant qu'au niveau de sa mise en oeuvre.The present invention also aims to develop a cellular structure which is very simple as much in terms of manufacture of the structural elements constituting it that at the level of its implementation.

La présente invention a également pour but de mettre au point une structure cellulaire économique. The present invention also aims to develop a cellular structure economic.

La présente invention a également pour but de mettre au point une structure cellulaire dont le parement peut être maçonné de différents éléments de finition.The present invention also aims to develop a cellular structure whose facing can be built with different elements of finish.

D'après les buts précédents, une forme de réalisation avantageuse de l'invention fournit une structure cellulaire de soutien d'un remblai qui comprend une structure de parement sensiblement verticale et une paire de structures d'encastrement en treillis sensiblement verticales. Chaque structure d'encastrement est adaptée pour être montée à un rebord vertical respectif de la structure de parement. La structure de parement est adaptée afin de définir une façade de la structure cellulaire. Les structures d'encastrement sont adaptées afin de se prolonger dans le remblai.According to previous goals, a form of advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a cell structure supporting an embankment which includes a substantially facing structure vertical and a pair of built-in structures in substantially vertical lattices. Each mounting structure is suitable for mounting to a respective vertical edge of the structure of facing. The facing structure is adapted to to define a facade of the cellular structure. The installation structures are adapted to extend into the embankment.

Une autre forme de réalisation avantageuse de l'invention fournit une structure cellulaire de soutien d'un remblai qui comprend une structure de parement sensiblement verticale et une structure d'encastrement formée d'au moins un étrier. L'étrier est adapté afin de connecter chacune de ses deux extrémités à un rebord vertical respectif de la structure de parement. L'étrier forme une structure en "U" adaptée pour se prolonger de façon sensiblement horizontale dans le remblai. La structure de parement est adaptée afin de définir une façade de la structure cellulaire.Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a cellular structure of embankment support which includes a structure of substantially vertical facing and a structure mounting formed of at least one bracket. Stirrup is adapted to connect each of its two ends at a respective vertical ledge of the facing structure. The stirrup forms a structure in "U" shape adapted to extend so substantially horizontal in the embankment. The facing structure is adapted to define a facade of the cellular structure.

Une autre forme de réalisation avantageuse de l'invention fournit une structure cellulaire rigide de soutien d'un remblai qui comprend au moins un élément de fondation en béton et un élément de parement en béton préfabriqué adapté pour être fixé de façon sensiblement verticale à l'élément de fondation à l'aide de premiers moyens de connexion. Une paire d'éléments d'encastrement en béton préfabriqué sont adaptés pour être fixés de façon sensiblement verticale à l'élément de fondation à l'aide de deuxièmes moyens de connexion.Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a cellular structure rigid backfill support that includes at least a concrete foundation element and an element of precast concrete facing suitable for fixing substantially vertically to the element of foundation using first means of connection. A pair of concrete inserts prefabricated are adapted to be fixed so substantially vertical to the foundation element at using second connection means.

DESCRIPTION SOMMAIRE DES DESSINSSUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

  • La figure 1 est une vue en perspective illustrant une série de structures cellulaires selon une première forme de réalisation de l'invention, dans laquelle les parements et les encastrements sont en treillis;Figure 1 is a perspective view illustrating a series of cellular structures according to a first embodiment of the invention, in which the facings and recesses are lattice;
  • La figure 2 est une vue en perspective illustrant une série de structures cellulaires selon une deuxième forme de réalisation de l'invention, dans laquelle les parements sont en treillis et les encastrements sont en étriers;Figure 2 is a perspective view illustrating a series of cellular structures according to a second embodiment of the invention, in which the facings are lattice and the recesses are in stirrups;
  • La figure 3 est une vue en plan illustrant le remblayage des structures cellulaires des figures 1 et 2 au moyen d'un coffrage perdu, et illustrant également une façade en béton projeté;Figure 3 is a plan view illustrating the backfilling of the cellular structures of the figures 1 and 2 by means of a lost formwork, and illustrating also a sprayed concrete facade;
  • La figure 4 est une vue en plan similaire à la figure 3 mais dans laquelle la façade est une maçonnerie en blocs de béton;Figure 4 is a plan view similar to Figure 3 but in which the facade is a masonry in concrete blocks;
  • La figure 5 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 1, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement est constituée de barres indépendantes; Figure 5 is a perspective view similar to Figure 1, but in which the facing structure consists of bars independent;
  • La figure 6 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 2, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement est constituée de barres indépendantes pour recevoir des blocs de béton architectural;Figure 6 is a perspective view similar to Figure 2, but in which the facing structure consists of bars independent to receive concrete blocks architectural;
  • La figure 7 est une section horizontale illustrant les structures décrites aux figures 5 et 6 adaptées d'une façade en blocs de béton;Figure 7 is a horizontal section illustrating the structures described in Figures 5 and 6 adapted from a concrete block facade;
  • La figure 7a est une section prise le long de la ligne 7a-7a de la figure 7 illustrant un montage des blocs de béton à la structure de parement;Figure 7a is a section taken along of line 7a-7a in Figure 7 illustrating a mounting concrete blocks to the structure of facing;
  • La figure 8 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 1, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement est conçue pour recevoir des panneaux en béton préfabriqué;Figure 8 is a perspective view similar to Figure 1, but in which the facing structure is designed to receive precast concrete panels;
  • La figure 9 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 2, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement est conçue pour recevoir des panneaux en béton préfabriqué;Figure 9 is a perspective view similar to Figure 2, but in which the facing structure is designed to receive precast concrete panels;
  • La figure 10 est une vue en perspective illustrant une façade en panneaux de béton adaptée à la structure cellulaire de la figure 8;Figure 10 is a perspective view illustrating a facade of concrete panels adapted to the cell structure of Figure 8;
  • La figure 11 est une vue en perspective illustrant une façade en panneaux de béton adaptée à la structure cellulaire de la figure 9;Figure 11 is a perspective view illustrating a facade of concrete panels adapted to the cell structure of Figure 9;
  • La figure 12 est une section horizontale des structures décrites aux figures 10 et 11; Figure 12 is a horizontal section structures described in Figures 10 and 11;
  • La figure 12a est une section prise le long de la ligne 12a-12a de la figure 12;Figure 12a is a section taken along from line 12a-12a of Figure 12;
  • La figure 13 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 1, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement comprend des éléments en béton préfabriqué définissant une structure ajourée;Figure 13 is a perspective view similar to Figure 1, but in which the facing structure includes concrete elements prefabricated defining an openwork structure;
  • La figure 14 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 2, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement comprend des éléments en béton préfabriqué définissant une structure ajourée;Figure 14 is a perspective view similar to Figure 2, but in which the facing structure includes concrete elements prefabricated defining an openwork structure;
  • La figure 15 est une vue en perspective similaire à la figure 2, mais dans laquelle la structure de parement comprend des blocs de béton architectural;Figure 15 is a perspective view similar to Figure 2, but in which the facing structure includes concrete blocks architectural;
  • La figure 16 est une vue en plan de la structure de la figure 15;Figure 16 is a plan view of the structure of Figure 15;
  • La figure 17 est une section en plan illustrant une variante de la structure montrée aux figures 15 et 16;Figure 17 is a plan section illustrating a variant of the structure shown in Figures 15 and 16;
  • La figure 18 est une vue en plan illustrant la tranchée de boue servant à loger une structure cellulaire rigide;Figure 18 is a plan view illustrating the mud trench used to house a structure rigid cell;
  • La figure 19 est une vue en plan illustrant les éléments de fondation de la structure cellulaire rigide;Figure 19 is a plan view illustrating the building blocks of cell structure rigid;
  • La figure 20 est une vue en plan illustrant une structure cellulaire rigide adaptée aux éléments de fondation de la figure 19; Figure 20 is a plan view illustrating a rigid cellular structure adapted to the elements of foundation of figure 19;
  • La figure 21 est une vue en élévation basée sur la figure 20;Figure 21 is an elevation view based in Figure 20;
  • La figure 22 est une vue en plan d'une tranchée de boue conçue pour une structure cellulaire rigide pour sous-sols de bâtiment;Figure 22 is a plan view of a mud trench designed for a cellular structure rigid for building basements;
  • La figure 23 est une vue en plan illustrant les éléments de fondation de la structure cellulaire rigide;Figure 23 is a plan view illustrating the building blocks of cell structure rigid;
  • La figure 24 est une vue en plan de la structure cellulaire rigide adaptée aux éléments de fondation de la figure 23;Figure 24 is a plan view of the rigid cellular structure adapted to the elements of foundation of figure 23;
  • La figure 25 est une vue en élévation des éléments d'encastrement de la structure cellulaire rigide de la figure 24 sur la hauteur d'un étage;Figure 25 is an elevational view of cell structure building elements rigid of Figure 24 over the height of a floor;
  • La figure 26 est une vue en plan partiellement brisée illustrant l'application des structures cellulaires rigides pour un quai en eau profonde;Figure 26 is a plan view partially broken illustrating the application of rigid cellular structures for a water quay deep;
  • Les figures 27a et 27b sont des vues illustrant l'application des structures cellulaires rigides pour une infrastructure de bâtiment;Figures 27a and 27b are views illustrating the application of cellular structures rigid for building infrastructure;
  • La figure 28 est une vue en plan et la figure 28a est une coupe verticale prise le long de la ligne 28a-28a de la figure 28 illustrant l'infrastructure d'un grand bâtiment situé sur le bord de l'eau;Figure 28 is a plan view and the Figure 28a is a vertical section taken along line 28a-28a of figure 28 illustrating the infrastructure of a large building located on the Waterside;
  • La figure 29 est une vue en perspective d'un mur de soutènement utilisant les structures cellulaires ajourées des figures 13 ou 14; et Figure 29 is a perspective view a retaining wall using the structures openwork cells of Figures 13 or 14; and
  • La figure 30 est une vue en perspective d'un mur de soutènement et d'élévation utilisant les structures cellulaires ajourées des figures 13 et 14.Figure 30 is a perspective view a retaining and elevation wall using the openwork cell structures of Figures 13 and 14.

    • MANIERES DE REALISER L'INVENTIONWAYS TO IMPLEMENT THE INVENTION

    Selon une forme de la présente invention, des structures cellulaires pour murs de soutènement comprennent des éléments structuraux de base qui sont des treillis métalliques ou synthétiques. Le treillis peut se combiner avec des éléments en tôle, câbles ou béton préfabriqué. La juxtaposition et le remblayage de ces structures cellulaires forment des murs de soutènement.According to one form of the present invention, cellular structures for retaining walls include basic structural elements which are metallic or synthetic mesh. The trellis can be combined with sheet metal elements, cables or precast concrete. The juxtaposition and the backfill of these cellular structures form retaining walls.

    Les deux éléments de base d'une structure cellulaire sont les éléments de parement et les éléments d'encastrement. En se référant plus particulièrement aux figures 1 et 2, les cellules en forme de "U" sont ouvertes vers les massifs avec les parements en treillis 1 et les encastrements en treillis 2. On peut également réaliser des cellules fictivement fermées, constituées de parements en treillis 1 et d'encastrements en étriers 3 (figure 2).The two basic elements of a structure cell are the facing elements and the mounting elements. By referring more particularly in Figures 1 and 2, the cells in "U" shape are open towards the massifs with the trellis facing 1 and embedding in trellis 2. Cells can also be made fictitiously closed, consisting of facing in trellis 1 and stirrup recesses 3 (figure 2).

    Tel qu'il sera décrit en détail plus loin, les parements peuvent être constitués de barres ou de plats métalliques indépendants ou même de câbles. Tous ces éléments de parement peuvent être mis en combinaison avec des éléments de béton préfabriqué. Egalement, des cellules avec parements en blocs de béton architectural de petites ou grandes dimensions peuvent être réalisées. As will be described in detail later, the facings can consist of bars or independent metal dishes or even cables. All these facing elements can be put in combination with precast concrete elements. Also, cells with block facing architectural concrete of small or large dimensions can be done.

    Dans l'état actuel des connaissances, ces types d'ouvrages peuvent se définir comme des massifs composites, monolithiques, réalisées par l'interdépendance entre un massif en terre et une structure.In the current state of knowledge, these types of structures can be defined as massifs composites, monolithic, produced by the interdependence between an earth massif and a structure.

    Tous les éléments métalliques formant la structure cellulaire sont protégés adéquatement contre la corrosion. L'assemblage des parements 1 aux encastrements 2 ou 3 se fait par l'intermédiaire de tiges, de barres rondes ou de tuyaux 4.All the metallic elements forming the cell structure are adequately protected against corrosion. Assembly of facings 1 at recesses 2 or 3 is done via rods, round bars or pipes 4.

    La structure illustrée à la figure 1 s'exécute par la juxtaposition des cellules en panneaux de treillis continue, ou en éléments indépendants de parements et d'encastrements en treillis 1 et 2. Dans le dernier cas, les éléments indépendants sont assemblés avec les tiges 4.The structure illustrated in Figure 1 is executed by the juxtaposition of cells in continuous trellis panels, or in elements independent of facing and embedding in lattice 1 and 2. In the latter case, the elements independent are assembled with rods 4.

    La structure de la figure 2 comprenant des parements en treillis et des encastrements en étriers est assemblée avec les tiges 4.The structure of Figure 2 including trellis siding and stirrup recesses is assembled with rods 4.

    Les structures décrites ci-dessus peuvent être remblayées avec de l'enrochement. Dans le cas d'indisponibilité de l'enrochement, l'utilisation de terre est possible avec interposition d'une membrane entre le remblai et le parement en treillis 1. Tel qu'illustré à la figure 3, cette membrane qui est une sorte de coffrage perdu 5 peut être fait en tôle métallique, en plastique ou en asbeste-ciment. Une géotextile épaisse peut également être utilisée.The structures described above can be backfilled with riprap. In the case of unavailability of riprap, the use of earth is possible with the interposition of a membrane between the embankment and the trellis facing 1. Tel as illustrated in figure 3, this membrane which is a kind of lost formwork 5 can be made of sheet metal metallic, plastic or asbestos-cement. A thick geotextile can also be used.

    Lorsque l'ouvrage composite est érigé, la deuxième phase consiste à compléter l'ouvrage du point de vue esthétique. En se référant à la figure 3, ce revêtement en façade est représenté par l'application de béton projeté 6. Ce revêtement peut être esthétique ou de résistance.When the composite structure is erected, the second phase consists in completing the work of the aesthetic point of view. Referring to the figure 3, this facade covering is represented by applying shotcrete 6. This coating can be aesthetic or of resistance.

    A la figure 4, le revêtement en façade est constitué d'une maçonnerie en blocs de béton architectural ou en pierre taillée 7. Ces blocs de béton peuvent être ceux que l'on utilise pour les façades de bâtiments ou ils peuvent être conçus spécialement pour les murs de soutènement. La maçonnerie est armée et liée à la structure de parement 1. En option, l'espace entre la maçonnerie en façade 7 et la structure cellulaire peut être rempli de béton 8.In Figure 4, the facade cladding is consisting of masonry in concrete blocks architectural or dressed stone 7. These blocks of concrete can be the ones we use for building facades or they can be designed specially for retaining walls. The masonry is reinforced and linked to the structure of facing 1. Optionally, the space between the masonry on facade 7 and the cell structure can be filled with concrete 8.

    Il est également possible d'intégrer les éléments de revêtement aux parements 1. Les structures cellulaires utilisées pour ces fins sont similaires à celles décrites ci-dessus et représentées généralement aux figures 1 et 2. Cependant, la structure sera réalisée avec le parement en barres ou plats indépendants horizontaux 9 ou verticaux 10 tels qu'illustrés aux figures 5 et 6. La mise en place de ces barres ou plats indépendants 9 et 10 se réalise en même temps que le placement des blocs de béton et l'avancement du remblai. Les barres verticales 10 sont ajoutées pendant l'exécution sous forme de goujons.It is also possible to integrate the cladding elements on siding 1. The cell structures used for these purposes are similar to those described above and generally shown in Figures 1 and 2. However, the structure will be carried out with the facing in horizontal bars or independent plates 9 or vertical 10 as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6. The placement of these bars or dishes independent 9 and 10 takes place at the same time as the placing concrete blocks and advancing the embankment. Vertical bars 10 are added during execution in the form of studs.

    Pendant l'exécution de l'ouvrage, ce type de structure permet l'insertion dans le parement d'éléments de petite taille en béton préfabriqué. Les blocs de béton pour le parement sont conçus à ces fins et l'érection de parements se réalise selon les principes d'une maçonnerie sèche (figure 7). During the execution of the work, this type structure allows insertion into the facing small elements in precast concrete. Concrete blocks for facing are designed to these ends and the erection of facings is carried out according to principles of dry masonry (Figure 7).

    L'armature horizontale du parement 9 peut être réalisée en barres rondes ou en plats métalliques. Les figures 7 et 7a illustrent l'utilisation de plats métalliques. L'armature verticale 10 peut être réalisée en barres rondes ou tuyaux. Les blocs en béton préfabriqué 11 sont conçus à ces fins. Les parements réalisés peuvent ainsi avoir l'esthétique désirée.The horizontal reinforcement of the facing 9 can be made in round bars or flat metallic. Figures 7 and 7a illustrate the use of metal dishes. The frame vertical 10 can be made in round bars or pipes. The precast concrete blocks 11 are designed for these purposes. The facings produced can thus have the desired aesthetic.

    En option, des joints de type néoprène 12 peuvent être utilisés lorsque la structure cellulaire est sujette à des sollicitations importantes.Optional neoprene type seals 12 can be used when the cell structure is subject to significant stress.

    Les figures 8 et 9 illustrent des structures cellulaires de même type que celles décrites respectivement aux figures 1 et 2 mais dans lesquelles la structure de parement est conçue pour recevoir des panneaux plans de grandes dimensions. Les barres horizontales du parement 13 ont une géométrie brisée qui se développe d'une tige d'assemblage 4 à l'autre. Les changements de direction des barres horizontales 13 s'effectuent au niveau des barres verticales 14. Des câbles peuvent remplacer les barres horizontales 13.Figures 8 and 9 illustrate cell structures of the same type as those described respectively in Figures 1 and 2 but in which the facing structure is designed to receive large flat panels. The horizontal bars of the facing 13 have a broken geometry that develops from a rod assembly 4 to another. The changes of direction of the horizontal bars 13 take place at level of vertical bars 14. Cables can replace horizontal bars 13.

    Les figures 10 et 11 illustrent les structures cellulaires décrites aux figures 8 et 9 comprenant en plus des panneaux en béton préfabriqué de grandes dimensions 15 qui ont été insérés dans la façade. Les panneaux en béton préfabriqué 15 sont caractérisés par le fait que deux de leur dimensions (largeur et hauteur) sont grandes par rapport à la troisième (profondeur). Ces panneaux 15 sont conçus pour résister à la poussée des terres. Les panneaux 15 sont également conçus de manière à pouvoir s'assembler avec les encastrements en treillis 2 ou en étriers 3. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate the cellular structures described in Figures 8 and 9 additionally comprising precast concrete panels large dimensions 15 which have been inserted into the facade. The precast concrete panels 15 are characterized by the fact that two of their dimensions (width and height) are large compared to the third (depth). These panels 15 are designed to resist the push of the land. The signs 15 are also designed to be able to assemble with lattice recesses 2 or in stirrups 3.

    La caractéristique de ce type de structure composite réside dans le fait qu'un parement plan est obtenu tout en préservant le principe de cellules ouvertes ou fictivement fermées vers le massif à soutenir.The characteristic of this type of structure composite is that a flat facing is obtained while preserving the cell principle open or fictitiously closed towards the massif at support.

    La figure 12 illustre les détails des structures décrites aux figures 8 à 11. Les armatures horizontales du parement sont des barres rondes ou des câbles 13. Les barres verticales 14 sont des tuyaux perforés ou non. Des bandes de type néoprène 16 sont prévues pour les joints horizontaux (Figure 12a).Figure 12 illustrates the details of structures described in Figures 8 to 11. The horizontal reinforcements of the facing are bars round or cables 13. Vertical bars 14 are perforated pipes or not. Type bands neoprene 16 are provided for horizontal joints (Figure 12a).

    Ce type de structure se réalise ainsi à sec avec des joints en néoprène et comme goujons d'assemblage, des tuyaux perforés ou non.This type of structure is thus carried out dry with neoprene seals and as studs assembly, perforated pipes or not.

    L'utilisation des goujons-tuyaux permet la retransmission des sollicitations des câbles au goujons et des goujons au béton sur des surfaces plus grandes.The use of pipe studs allows the retransmission of cable stresses to concrete studs and studs on larger surfaces great.

    Les goujons-tuyaux perforés permettent, après l'exécution de l'ouvrage, d'effectuer des injections en vue de réaliser le monolithisme du parement.Perforated pipe studs allow, after the execution of the work, to carry out injections in order to achieve the monolithism of the facing.

    Les goujons-tuyaux permettent également de réaliser la post-tension de la façade si désiré. Egalement, des câbles logés à l'intérieur des tuyaux peuvent se prolonger jusqu'à la fondation de sorte à pouvoir ensuite être post-tensionnés.Pipe studs also allow carry out post-tensioning of the facade if desired. Also, cables housed inside the pipes can extend to the foundation so that can then be post-tensioned.

    De cette manière, on peut réaliser des murs de soutènement de très grande résistance, surtout au niveau des sollicitations dynamiques. In this way, we can make walls very strong support, especially level of dynamic stresses.

    Les figures 13 et 14 illustrent des structures cellulaires ayant des encastrements en treillis 2 ou en étriers 3 caractérisées par des parements en éléments de béton préfabriqué 17 montés de manière ajourée. Le parement peut également être constitué de madriers en bois.Figures 13 and 14 illustrate cellular structures having recesses in trellis 2 or in stirrups 3 characterized by facings in precast concrete elements 17 mounted openwork. The facing can also be made of wooden planks.

    Les éléments d'assemblage sont des barres ou des tuyaux 18. Post-tensionnés ou non, ces éléments 18 permettent également de loger des câbles de post-tension et aussi la réalisation d'injection. Dans la zone de chevauchement des éléments en béton préfabriqué 17, c'est-à-dire aux extrémités de ces derniers, on peut avoir un ou plusieurs éléments d'assemblage 18.The assembly elements are bars or pipes 18. Post-tensioned or not, these elements 18 also allow cables to be accommodated of post-tension and also the realization of injection. In the overlapping area of concrete elements prefabricated 17, i.e. at the ends of these last, we can have one or more elements assembly 18.

    Ce type de structure cellulaire peut être remblayé avec de la pierre de dimensions appropriées ou avec de la terre. Dans ce dernier cas, les vides dans la façade sont comblés par de la tôle, asbeste-ciment, géotextile, etc.This type of cell structure can be backfilled with stone of appropriate dimensions or with soil. In the latter case, the voids in the facade are filled with sheet metal, asbestos-cement, geotextile, etc.

    Une des particularités de cette structure réside dans le fait qu'elle permet la poussée de la végétation au travers de sa façade tout en conservant une grande stabilité.One of the peculiarities of this structure lies in the fact that it allows the push of the vegetation through its facade while preserving great stability.

    Cependant les espaces entre les éléments préfabriqués 17, côté terre, peuvent être partiellement ou totalement comblés suivant le cas afin de favoriser ou non la croissance de la végétation. Cette obturation se fait généralement avec des blocs de béton architectural.However the spaces between the elements prefabricated 17, ground side, can be partially or completely filled as appropriate whether or not to promote the growth of vegetation. This filling is generally done with architectural concrete blocks.

    L'élément en béton préfabriqué 17 de forme parallélépipède est caractérisé en ce que ses dimensions dans sa section transversale sont petites par rapport à sa longueur. Les faces opposées peuvent être parallèles ou non. Ces éléments sont conçus de manière à reprendre la poussée des terres, à pouvoir s'assembler avec les encastrements en treillis 2 ou en étriers 3 et pour réaliser des colonnes sur la zone de leur chevauchement.The precast concrete element 17 of form parallelepiped is characterized in that its dimensions in its cross section are small relative to its length. Opposite faces can be parallel or not. These are designed to take back the thrust of the land, to be able to assemble with the recesses in trellis 2 or in stirrups 3 and to make columns on the area of their overlap.

    Il est à noter qu'avec l'effet de colonnes, ce type de parement peut être exécuté sur de faibles hauteurs sans encastrement. Dans la zone de chevauchement, plusieurs éléments ou barres d'assemblage 18, post-contraintes ou non, peuvent être alors utilisés.Note that with the effect of columns, this type of siding can be performed on weak heights without embedding. In the area of overlap, multiple elements or bars assembly 18, post-stressed or not, can then be used.

    La figure 29 illustre l'utilisation de structures cellulaires à parement ajouré telles que décrites ci-dessus pour la réalisation des murs de soutènement 43. Dans ce cas-ci, les ajourements n'ont pas été obturés de sorte à permettre à la végétation de croítre au travers de la façade des murs de soutènement 43.Figure 29 illustrates the use of openwork cell structures such as described above for the realization of the walls of support 43. In this case, the openings have not been sealed so as to allow the vegetation to grow across the facade of retaining walls 43.

    La figure 30 illustre un mur 44 de soutènement en sa partie inférieure et d'élévation en sa partie supérieure de deux côtés. Le mur en élévation sert principalement de mur antibruit; c'est pourquoi tous ses ajourements ont été obturés.Figure 30 illustrates a wall 44 of support in its lower part and elevation in its upper part on two sides. The wall in elevation primarily serves as a noise barrier; it is why all of its openings were closed.

    Avec des structures cellulaires ajourées, on peut donc réaliser des murs de soutènement de tout genre, avec ou sans végétation, des culées de pont, des murs tête de ponceaux et même des ponceaux, des murs en élévation, des murs antibruit, etc.With open cell structures, so we can make retaining walls of everything like, with or without vegetation, bridge abutments, culvert head walls and even culverts, elevated walls, noise barriers, etc.

    Les figures 15 à 17 illustrent des structures cellulaires avec parement en panneaux de béton, de petites ou moyennes dimensions. Les mêmes principes des structures cellulaires décrites auparavant sont respectés. La figure 15 illustre une structure cellulaire avec encastrement en étriers 3, bien que des encastrements en treillis peuvent également être utilisés, et des blocs de béton architectural de petites ou moyennes dimensions 20. Les blocs en béton architectural 20 ou les blocs en pierre taillée sont maçonnés à l'aide de tiges verticales ou goujons 19. Ces tiges 19 ont d'une part un rôle de résistance et, d'autre part, un rôle de liaison entre le parement et les encastrements.Figures 15 to 17 illustrate cellular structures with facing in panels of concrete, small or medium-sized. The same principles of the cellular structures described previously are respected. Figure 15 illustrates a cellular structure with recessing in stirrups 3, although lattice recesses can also be used, and concrete blocks architectural of small or medium dimensions 20. Architectural concrete blocks 20 or blocks in cut stone are masonry using rods vertical or studs 19. These rods 19 have a part a role of resistance and, on the other hand, a role of connection between the facing and the recesses.

    Les encastrements en étriers 3 sont logés dans les joints verticaux (figure 16) ou dans les joints horizontaux (figure 17).The recesses in stirrups 3 are housed in the vertical joints (figure 16) or in the horizontal joints (figure 17).

    Les encastrements en étriers sont réalisés en plats métalliques ou synthétiques (figure 16) ou en barres rondes ou carrées (figure 17). Dans le cas de la figure 17, où les encastrements 3 sont logés dans les joints horizontaux, des joints de type néoprène 12, similaires à ceux des structures cellulaires à revêtement intégré (figure 7), sont prévus.The stirrup recesses are made in metallic or synthetic dishes (figure 16) or in round or square bars (Figure 17). In the case in Figure 17, where the recesses 3 are housed in horizontal joints, type joints neoprene 12, similar to those of structures cell phones with integrated coating (Figure 7), are planned.

    Les structures décrites ci-après sont des murs de soutènement en éléments de béton armé préfabriqué, de grandes dimensions, assemblés par post-tension dans une tranchée de boue ou dans l'eau, de manière à réaliser une structure cellulaire rigide en forme de "U" (fig. 18 à 25) utilisant les mêmes principes théoriques que ceux des structures décrites auparavant.The structures described below are retaining walls made of reinforced concrete elements prefabricated, large, assembled by post-tension in a mud trench or in water, so as to achieve a rigid cellular structure in the shape of a "U" (fig. 18 to 25) using the same theoretical principles as those of the structures described before.

    Les préfabriqués sont des éléments lourds faits en usine, transportés et placés dans le milieu liquide avec des engins appropriés. Prefabricated are heavy elements made in the factory, transported and placed in the middle liquid with suitable gear.

    Les éléments d'assemblage, représentés généralement par des tuyaux perforés ou non, servent de guide pour le montage et finalement peuvent être mis en tension directement ou par l'intermédiaire de tirants ancrés dans la fondation. Les mêmes tuyaux peuvent être utilisés pour injecter du mortier.The assembly elements, shown generally by perforated pipes or not, are used guide for mounting and ultimately can be tensioned directly or through tie rods anchored in the foundation. The same pipes can be used to inject mortar.

    Une fois les éléments préfabriqués assemblés par post-tension, la structure sera complétée avec du béton coulé en place.Once the elements are prefabricated assembled by post-tensioning, the structure will be supplemented with concrete poured in place.

    Les structures cellulaires rigides sont constituées de parements qui sont des éléments qui reprennent les sollicitations dues à la poussée de la terre et de l'eau. Les encastrements sont des éléments qui reprennent les sollicitations des parements et des autres structures pour les transmettre à la fondation. Les assemblages sont des tuyaux perforés ou non de dimensions appropriées ayant les fonctions multiples décrites ci-dessous. Le béton coulé sur place sert de fondation d'une part et complète la structure d'autre part.Rigid cell structures are made up of facings which are elements which resume the stresses due to the push of the earth and water. The recesses are elements which take up the requests of siding and other structures for forward to the foundation. The assemblies are perforated or non-perforated pipes of appropriate dimensions having the multiple functions described below. Concrete poured on site serves as a foundation on the one hand and completes the structure on the other hand.

    Ces structures peuvent être conçues pour être en étroite interdépendance avec la masse de terre à soutenir ou non. Afin de monter ces structures cellulaires rigides, une tranchée de boue de bentonite 21 (figure 18) est préalablement exécutée avec des murets guide 22, selon les méthodes connues et prouvées.These structures can be designed to to be in close interdependence with the mass of earth to support or not. In order to mount these rigid cell structures, a mud trench of bentonite 21 (figure 18) is previously executed with guide walls 22, according to the methods known and proven.

    Les éléments de fondation 23 qui sont ensuite mis en place (figure 19) comprennent des trous 24 prévus pour couler le béton sous les éléments de fondation 23. Les éléments de fondation 23 font partie intégrante des encastrements et sont positionnés à la profondeur prévue sur une couche de béton.The foundation elements 23 which are then set up (Figure 19) include holes 24 provided for pouring concrete under the foundation elements 23. Foundation elements 23 are an integral part of the recesses and are positioned at the planned depth on a layer of concrete.

    La coulé du béton de fondation peut précéder la mise en place des éléments préfabriqués ou le béton peut être coulé à travers les trous 24 prévue pour cette opération.The pouring of the foundation concrete can precede the installation of the prefabricated elements or concrete can be poured through holes 24 planned for this operation.

    Des tuyaux 25 fixés aux éléments de fondation 23 servent pour le guidage des éléments préfabriqués et ensuite ils sont utilisés pour la post-tension et pour l'injection.Pipes 25 fixed to the elements of foundation 23 serve for guiding the elements prefabricated and then they are used for the post-tension and for injection.

    Les premiers éléments d'encastrement 26 sont descendus au long des éléments de guidage 25 jusqu'à leur position finale. Ensuite suit la mise en place des éléments de parement 27 (figure 20). Le béton 28 est ensuite coulé en place.The first built-in elements 26 descended along the guide elements 25 to their final position. Then follows the bet in place of the facing elements 27 (FIG. 20). The concrete 28 is then poured in place.

    L'opération du montage par alternance des encastrements et des parements se poursuit jusqu'à la côte finale.The alternating assembly operation of embedding and siding continues until the final rib.

    Une fois les préfabriqués mis en place, on réalise les opérations de post-tension et le remplissage des tuyaux avec mortier.Once the prefabricated units are in place, performs post-tensioning operations and filling the pipes with mortar.

    Des bandes de néoprène peuvent être prévues pour améliorer l'étanchéité de la structure et aussi assurer un meilleur contact entre les joints horizontaux.Neoprene bands can be provided to improve the tightness of the structure and also ensure better contact between seals horizontal.

    En dernière phase, le béton frais sera coulé entre les éléments préfabriqués et la terre, complétant ainsi la structure. In the last phase, the fresh concrete will be poured between the prefabricated elements and the earth, thus completing the structure.

    Les figures 18 à 21 illustrent une infrastructure de quai. Il s'agit de structures cellulaires rigides contenant de la terre. L'interdépendance structure-sol est mise en évidence. Ce type de structure peut s'utiliser pour les quais de tous genres, qu'ils soient réalisés à l'aide d'une tranchée de boue (figure 18), ou directement dans l'eau.Figures 18 to 21 illustrate a dock infrastructure. These are structures rigid cell containing earth. The structure-soil interdependence is highlighted. This type of structure can be used for docks of all kinds, whether made using a trench of mud (figure 18), or directly in the water.

    Les éléments de parement sont continus dans le sens de la hauteur tandis que les encastrements peuvent être évidés pour alléger les préfabriqués et pour obtenir un meilleur monolithisme avec le béton coulé en place ou avec le remblai (figure 21). Les encastrements peuvent être réalisés en éléments de charpente métallique et de béton coulé en place.The facing elements are continuous in the sense of height while the recesses can be hollowed out to lighten the prefabricated and to get better monolithism with concrete poured in place or with the fill (Figure 21). The recesses can be realized in elements of metal frame and concrete poured in place.

    Les figures 22 à 25 illustrent une infrastructure de bâtiment. Les étapes d'érection sont similaires à celles retrouvées aux figures 18 à 21. Dans ce cas, il s'agit de structures cellulaires rigides avec encastrements déblayés. Cette structure sera utilisée surtout pour la réalisation de grands immeubles avec multiples sous-sols.Figures 22 to 25 illustrate a building infrastructure. The erection stages are similar to those found in Figures 18 to 21. In this case, these are cellular structures rigid with cleared recesses. This structure will be used especially for the realization large buildings with multiple basements.

    La réalisation est identique au cas précédent, mais le comportement structural est différent. Il n'y a pas d'interaction sol-structure puisque les encastrements resteront libres à l'intérieur du bâtiment faisant partie intégrante de sa structure. Dans ce cas, les encastrements deviennent des contreforts (figure 24).The realization is identical to the case previous but the structural behavior is different. There is no soil-structure interaction since the embedding will remain free at the interior of the building forming an integral part of its structure. In this case, the recesses become buttresses (Figure 24).

    Les éléments préfabriqués de parement et de contreforts peuvent avoir leur hauteur égale à la distance entre les planchers (figure 25). The prefabricated elements of facing and buttresses can have their height equal to the distance between floors (figure 25).

    Une fois la structure de soutènement assemblée et le béton coulé en place suffisamment durci, on peut commencer les travaux d'excavation. L'étançonnement perpendiculaire sur les contreforts peut se faire sentir dans le cas de profondeurs importantes.Once the support structure assembled and the concrete poured in place sufficiently hardened, we can start the excavation work. The perpendicular shoring on the buttresses can be felt in the case of depths important.

    Les extrémités de contreforts peuvent être des points d'assise pour les colonnes de la superstructure du bâtiment. Les éléments de contreforts peuvent être plus ou moins évidés, selon leur degré de sollicitation (figure 25).The buttress ends can be seating points for the columns of the building superstructure. The elements of buttresses can be more or less hollowed out, depending on their degree of stress (figure 25).

    Les planchers qui sont exécutés représentent un bon contreventement horizontal, traduit par une augmentation de la stabilité.The floors that are executed represent good horizontal bracing, results in an increase in stability.

    Si nécessaire pour la stabilité d'ensemble, des tirants d'ancrage sont installés à l'intérieur des tuyaux d'assemblage (figure 25).If necessary for overall stability, anchors are installed inside assembly pipes (Figure 25).

    Plus particulièrement, la figure 22 illustre une tranchée de boue 29 avec des murets guide 30 qui sont conçus pour loger la structure cellulaire rigide destinée aux sous-sols des bâtiments.More specifically, Figure 22 illustrates a mud trench 29 with low walls guide 30 which are designed to house the structure rigid cell for basements buildings.

    La figure 23 illustre la mise en place des éléments de fondation 31 qui comprennent des trous 34 en vue de couler le béton sous les fondations. Des tuyaux de guidage 35 sont fixés sur les éléments de fondation 31. Figure 23 illustrates the installation of foundation elements 31 which include holes 34 in order to pour the concrete under the foundations. Of guide pipes 35 are fixed on the elements of foundation 31.

    A la figure 24, la structure en voile-rigide déblayée est illustrée avec ses éléments d'encastrement 32 et ses éléments de parement 33. Entre la structure et la terre, on retrouve le béton de remplissage 36.In Figure 24, the structure in cleared rigid sail is illustrated with its elements 32 and its facing elements 33. Between the structure and the earth, there is concrete filling 36.

    La figure 25 est une vue en élévation des éléments d'encastrement 32 sur la hauteur d'un étage. On y retrouve le radier au sol 38 et la structure d'un plancher 39. En option, des tirants de post-tension 37 sont disposés à l'intérieur des tuyaux de guidage 35.Figure 25 is an elevational view of mounting elements 32 over the height of a storey. It includes the floor 38 and the structure of a floor 39. Optionally, tie rods post-tension 37 are arranged inside the guide pipes 35.

    Les structures cellulaires rigides peuvent être réalisées parfaitement étanches. Un avantage très important pour l'utilisation de ce type de structure réside en l'absence totale de tirants d'ancrage à l'extérieur de la limite de la construction, ce que l'on retrouve au niveau des murs classiques réalisés dans une tranchée de boue.Rigid cell structures can be made perfectly waterproof. An advantage very important for the use of this type of structure resides in the total absence of tie rods anchor outside the boundary of the construction, what we find at the walls classics made in a mud trench.

    Quelques exemples pratiques de structures cellulaires en voile-rigide sont illustrés aux figures 26 à 28. La figure 26 illustre un quai en eau profonde 40 utilisant plusieurs des structures cellulaires rigides décrites aux Figures 18 à 21. Les figures 27a et 27b illustrent une infrastructure de bâtiments 41 utilisant les structures cellulaires des figures 22 à 25. Les figures 28 et 28a illustrent l'infrastructure d'un bâtiment 42 (les sous-sols) de grandes dimensions situé au bord de l'eau. Dans ce cas, la structure cellulaire rigide est sollicitée par la terre ou par l'eau.Some practical examples of structures in rigid veil are illustrated in Figures 26 to 28. Figure 26 illustrates a platform in deep water 40 using several of the structures rigid cells described in Figures 18 to 21. Figures 27a and 27b illustrate an infrastructure of buildings 41 using cellular structures Figures 22 to 25. Figures 28 and 28a illustrate the infrastructure of a building 42 (the large basements) located at the edge of the water. In this case, the rigid cell structure is solicited by earth or water.

    Un des grands avantages de l'utilisation de structures cellulaires avec parement en treillis et encastrement en treillis ou en étriers et également des autres structures cellulaires décrites ci-dessus réside dans le fait que les matériaux nécessaires pour leur érection existe sur le marché.One of the great advantages of using cellular structures with lattice facing and lattice or stirrup installation and also other cellular structures described above lies in the fact that the necessary materials for their erection exists on the market.

    Ces structures sont d'une très grande simplicité de par la fabrication des éléments structuraux et de par leur mise en oeuvre. Elles peuvent accommoder plusieurs genres de façade, permettant par conséquent de donner l'esthétique désiré au mur de soutènement ainsi érigé. Sous leurs différentes formes, ces structures cellulaires ont plusieurs applications.These structures are very large simplicity through the manufacturing of the elements structural and by their implementation. They can accommodate several types of facade, therefore allowing to give the aesthetic desired to the retaining wall thus erected. Under their different forms, these cellular structures have multiple applications.

    Claims (24)

    1. A cellular structure for sustaining an embankment, comprising a substantially vertical facing element (1), a pair of substantially vertical embedding elements, said facing element (1) defining a facade of said cellular structure, each embedding element extending from a respective lateral end of said facing element (1) towards the embankment; characterized in that said cellular structure, when installed, has substantially the shape of a "U" and is open towards the embankment, said embedding elements comprising lattice elements (2) which extend separately from each other from said facing element (1) and which are held in place rearwardly of said facing element (1) by the embankment.
    2. A cellular structure for sustaining an embankment comprising a substantially vertical facing element (1), said facing element (1) defining a facade of said cellular structure, an embedding element substantially in the shape of "U" and having each of its two extremities connected to a respective lateral end of said facing element (1); characterized in that said embedding element comprises at least one stirrup (3), each stirrup (3) extending rearwardly from said facing element (1) in a free and substantially horizontal manner, being only supported by the embankment itself.
    3. A cellular structure according to Claim 2 wherein said embedding element (3) is constituted of at least two stirrups depending on the height of the cellular structure, said stirrups (3) being mounted to said facing element (1) in a spaced apart way along a vertical plane and extending in the embankment in a substantially parallel and horizontal way.
    4. A cellular structure according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein said facing element (1) is a metallic or synthetic lattice.
    5. A cellular structure according to Claim 1 wherein said embedding element (2) is a metallic or synthetic lattice.
    6. A cellular structure according to Claim 2 wherein said embedding element (3) is constituted of metallic or synthetic stirrups.
    7. A cellular structure according to Claim 2 wherein said stirrups (3) are flat strips or round or square bars.
    8. A cellular structure according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein said facing element (1) comprises a sunk framework (5) and a facade of cast concrete (6).
    9. A cellular structure according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein said cellular structure comprises a sunk framework (5) and a masonry facade of concrete blocks (7) or cuts stone, said masonry facade (7) being reinforced and joined to said facing element (1), a space between the facing element (1) and the masonry facade (7) being filled with concrete (8).
    10. A cellular structure according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein vertical rods (4) connect the embedding elements (2,3) to lateral edges of the facing elements (1).
    11. A sustaining wall comprising many similar cellular structures according to Claim 1, each cellular structure containing an embankment, the embedding elements (2) extending from said facing element (1) in the embankment, each embedding element (2) being applied against a similar embedding element (2) of an adjacent cellular structure.
    12. A sustaining wall comprising many cellular structures according to Claim 1, each cellular structure containing an embankment, each embedding element (2) being common to two adjacent similar cellular structures, the embedding elements (2) extending from said facing element (1) in the embankment.
    13. A sustaining wall comprising many cellular structures according to Claim 2, each stirrup (3) extending in an embankment contained in a respective cellular structure.
    14. A sustaining wall according to Claim 11 wherein the facing elements (1) each comprise a lattice, and in which, for each cellular structure, said embedding elements (2) are integral to their respective facing element (1).
    15. A method for erecting a sustaining wall comprising the following steps:
      a) positioning many similar cellular structures each including a substantially vertical facing element (1) connected at each of its lateral ends to a substantially vertical embedding element in such a way that the embedding elements extend from the facing elements (1) substantially towards the embankment, said positioning being effected in such a way that each embedding element is either applied against an embedding element of an adjacent similar cellular structure or is common to two adjacent cellular structures; and
      b) filling each of said cellular structures;
         characterized in that said embedding elements comprise lattice elements (2) which extend separately in the embankment from the facing elements (1) and which are supported rearwardly of said facing element (1) by the embankment, each cellular structure having the shape of a "U" open towards the embankment.
    16. A method for erecting a sustaining wall comprising the following steps:
      a) positioning in a generally parallel way many substantially vertical embedding elements, said positioning being effected generally substantially perpendicularly to a facade of said sustaining wall;
      b) connecting each of the outer vertical edges of each adjacent pair of embedding elements to a respective vertical end of a substantially vertical facing element (1); and
      c) filling each of the cellular structures defined by each adjacent pair of embedding elements and by the facing element (1) connected therebetween;
         characterized in that said embedding elements comprise lattice elements (2) which are spaced from one another and which are supported rearwardly of said facing element (1) by the embankment, each cellular structure having the shape of a "U" open towards the embankment.
    17. A method for erecting a sustaining wall comprising the following steps:
      a) aligning many similar cellular structures each including a substantially vertical facing element (1) and an embedding element connected to each of its two ends to a respective lateral end of said facing element (1) in order to form a "U" extending substantially opposite said facing element (1) and thus substantially towards the embankment; and
      b) filling each of said cellular structures;
         characterized in that each embedding element is formed of at least one stirrup (3) which is supported rearwardly of said facing element (1) only by the embankment itself.
    18. A cellular structure according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein said facing element comprises many elongated elements (17) made of prefabricated concrete horizontally mounted as an openwork on a vertical plane, said elongated elements (17) overlapping at their ends with similar elongated elements (17) of adjacent cellular structures.
    19. A cellular structure according to Claim 18 wherein said facing element (17) comprises vertical rods for maintaining in position and adjusting the overlapping elongated elements (17) of two adjacent cellular structures, said vertical rods (18) extending through the ends of said elongated elements (17).
    20. A cellula structure according to Claim 18 wherein a geotextile is positioned in a substantially vertical way between the facing element (17) and the embankment in order to allow for a soil embankment and to allow vegetation to extend through said facing element (17) at openings defined between said prefabricated concrete elements (17).
    21. A cellular structure according to Claim 18 wherein architectural concrete elements are positioned in openings defined between said prefabricated concrete elements (17).
    22. A sustaining wall comprising many cellular structures according to Claim 18, each cellular structure containing an embankment, and the embedding elements (2,3) of a cellular structure extending from a respective facing element (17) in a respective embankment.
    23. A sustaining wall according to Claim 22 wherein each facing element (17) comprises vertical rods (18) which extend through the ends of overlapping elongated elements (17) of two adjacent cellular structures to maintain them in position.
    24. A sustaining wall according to Claim 22 wherein the facing elements (17) and the rods (18) extend vertically above said sustaining wall in order to form an elevation wall, the openings defined between said prefabricated concrete elements (17) of said elevation wall being closed by elements made of architectural concrete, said elevation wall being used as a soundproof wall.
    EP90912402A 1989-08-21 1990-08-17 Cellular structures for sustaining walls Expired - Lifetime EP0489054B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (3)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    CA608914 1989-08-21
    CA000608914A CA1319261C (en) 1989-08-21 1989-08-21 Cellular structures for retaining wall
    PCT/CA1990/000262 WO1991002851A2 (en) 1989-08-21 1990-08-17 Cellular structures for sustaining walls

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0489054A1 EP0489054A1 (en) 1992-06-10
    EP0489054B1 true EP0489054B1 (en) 1998-03-04

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    EP90912402A Expired - Lifetime EP0489054B1 (en) 1989-08-21 1990-08-17 Cellular structures for sustaining walls

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    US (1) US5505563A (en)
    EP (1) EP0489054B1 (en)
    AT (1) ATE163706T1 (en)
    AU (2) AU656120B2 (en)
    CA (1) CA1319261C (en)
    DE (1) DE69032103T2 (en)
    RO (1) RO113171B1 (en)
    WO (1) WO1991002851A2 (en)

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    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    AU6166790A (en) 1991-04-03
    WO1991002851A3 (en) 1991-05-02
    AU682407B2 (en) 1997-10-02
    WO1991002851A2 (en) 1991-03-07
    DE69032103T2 (en) 1998-10-29
    ATE163706T1 (en) 1998-03-15
    DE69032103D1 (en) 1998-04-09
    RO113171B1 (en) 1998-04-30
    AU7900194A (en) 1995-02-02
    CA1319261C (en) 1993-06-22
    AU656120B2 (en) 1995-01-27
    EP0489054A1 (en) 1992-06-10
    US5505563A (en) 1996-04-09

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