Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
  • H02J7/007188—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
  • H02J7/007192—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
  • H02J7/007194—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature of the battery
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to the field of charging control circuitry that acts to effect charging of a storage battery in response to the actual battery voltage and battery temperature.
• the present invention also relates to voltage monitoring circuits and more particularly to
• circuits that monitor voltage as a function of temperature.
• An automobile battery charging system therefore must monitor the battery voltage and charge the battery when the voltage is low, but limit charging as the battery voltage approaches a predetermined limit.
• predetermined limit is defined by the gassing voltage, that is, the voltage at which the
• FIG. 1 shows the gassing voltage versus temperature of a typical 12 volt automobile storage battery.
• the voltage regulator is often physically separated from the battery and is therefore frequently at a different temperature than the battery. For example, if the voltage regulator is mounted on or in the alternator, it senses the alternator
• the alternator when the alternator is heavily loaded by various electrical accessories within an automobile, the alternator may experience a significant temperature rise. The elevated temperature will cause the voltage
• temperature-sensitive resistor placed in close proximity to the battery.
• this resistor would be measured by the alternator or voltage regulator and therefore requires additional special wiring in order to insure an accurate measurement.
• invention to provide a temperature-sensitive voltage monitoring apparatus which may be used to determine when a storage battery should be charged at the measured combination of battery voltage and battery temperature.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a charging system control apparatus that maintains a storage battery in its highest state of charge for a given battery temperature.
• Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a charging control system apparatus that controls charging system voltage as a function of the voltage regulator or the alternator temperature.
• Still another object of the present invention is to provide a charging system control apparatus that regulates the charging system voltage as a function of electrical accessory use.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a temperature sensitive voltage monitoring apparatus that may be fabricated using integrated circuit technology.
• a still further object of the present invention is to provide an alternator control apparatus that may be fabricated using integrated circuit
• the present invention achieves the foregoing objects and features in a battery monitor apparatus which includes a comparator for comparing, at any temperature in a predetermined range in the working temperature range of the battery, the actual battery voltage with an internal reference voltage that corresponds to the battery voltage gassing curve.
• the battery monitor apparatus additionally includes an output unit for providing a signal responsive to the comparator indicating that the battery should be charged when the actual battery voltage, for a predetermined temperature, is less than the internal reference voltage.
• the comparator includes a band-gap reference voltage cell which has a
• the band-gap cell may have a positive or negative temperature coefficient and may follow linear, as well as non-linear reference voltage curves. Additional comparators may be logically connected together in order to allow the apparatus to more closely approximate a particular battery gassing voltage curve.
• the present invention additionally includes an alternator control apparatus which includes a comparator for comparing, at any temperature in a preetermined range, the actual charging voltage with an internal reference voltage that corresponds to a desired charging voltage curve.
• the alternator control apparatus indicates, for a predetermined temperature, when the actual charging voltage is greater than or less than the internal reference voltage.
• the alternator control apparatus includes a band-gap reference voltage cell whose temperature coefficient may be adjusted in order to track any desired charging voltage curve. Additional
• comparators are provided in the alternator control apparatus in order to prevent excessive charging voltages depending upon the electrical load on the charging system. Other comparators are provided in the alternator control apparatus to protect
• the alternator control apparatus is additionally responsive to the battery monitor apparatus and maintains the battery in the highest state of charge for a given
• the alternator control apparatus can track any combination of
• alternator control apparatus can track more than one reference voltage curve.
• the apparatus of the present invention may be fabricated using integrated circuit technology.
• the circuitry may be separated into two separate integrated circuits, the first including the temperature/voltage monitoring function and the second including the battery charging control circuitry.
• the temperature/voltage measurement circuit is mounted in close proximity to, or in intimate contact with, the vehicle battery.
• the charging control circuitry is mounted in close proximity to, or in intimate contact with, the vehicle alternator.
• FIG. 1 is a graph depicting a
• FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the present invention showing the interconnection between the temperature/voltage monitoring apparatus and the charging system control apparatus in an automobile charging system;
• FIG. 3 is a graph depicting a desired
• FIG. 4 is a graph depicting a desired
• FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus which may be used to track the storage battery temperature/voltage curve shown in FIG. 3;
• FIG. 6 is an illustrative schematic diagram of a circuit of the present invention for monitoring voltage as a function of temperature
• FIG. 7 is an illustrative schematic block diagram of an alternator control apparatus which may be used to track the alternator temperature/charging system voltage curve shown in FIG. 4;
• FIG. 8 is a graph having a plurality of
• FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus which may be used to track the storage battery temperature/voltage curve shown in FIG. 8.
• FIG. 1 shows a typical gassing voltage curve 10 for a 12-volt automobile battery.
• the gassing voltage is the point at which the electrolyte becomes disassociated and evolves hydrogen and oxygen, thus damaging the battery.
• FIG. 1 shows a typical gassing voltage curve 10 for a 12-volt automobile battery.
• the gassing voltage is the point at which the electrolyte becomes disassociated and evolves hydrogen and oxygen, thus damaging the battery.
• FIG. 1 shows a typical gassing voltage curve 10 for a 12-volt automobile battery.
• the gassing voltage is the point at which the electrolyte becomes disassociated and evolves hydrogen and oxygen, thus damaging the battery.
• FIG. 1 shows a typical gassing voltage curve 10 for a 12-volt automobile battery.
• the gassing voltage is the point at which the electrolyte becomes disassociated and evolves hydrogen and oxygen, thus damaging the battery.
• FIG. 1 shows a typical gassing voltage curve 10 for a 12-volt automobile battery.
• the gassing voltage is the point at which the
• the charging system further includes an alternator 40 which requires excitation current to be supplied through the winding
• Rectifier 60 is provided to change the alternating current from the alternator 40 to direct current. Excitation current for the alternator is controlled by
• alternator control apparatus 70 as a function of the battery voltage and temperature measured by the battery monitor apparatus 20, and whether or not the headlamps 80 are on, as indicated by a signal on line 72.
• the alternator control apparatus is placed in intimate physical contact with the power
• the alternator control apparatus would be placed in intimate physical contact with the combination device.
• the alternator control apparatus and the device which has the most temperature-critical characteristic will therefore be at the same
• the battery monitor apparatus signals the alternator control apparatus via signal line 74 to charge the battery.
• the battery monitor apparatus 20 outputs a control signal on signal line 74 as a function of actual battery voltage at a particular temperature indicating whether or not the battery should be charged.
• the battery monitor apparatus determines whether or not the battery should be charged by comparing the actual battery voltage/temperature with an internal reference voltage that corresponds to the curve of FIG. 3.
• the battery monitor apparatus determines that the battery should be charged when the actual battery voltage is less than the internal reference
• FIG. 3 is a graph depicting a desired control limit for the battery voltage gassing curve 10 shown in FIG. 1.
• the battery gassing control curve 90 in FIG. 3 includes three separate sections, 92, 94, and 96. Below approximately 10° Celsius, as shown by section 92 of the curve in FIG.
• the charging system should charge the battery to 14.4 volts in order to maintain the battery in the highest state of charge. Between 10° Celsius and 40° Celsius, as shown in section 94 of the curve in FIG. 3, the battery should be charged to a voltage of 14.4 volts minus 35 millivolts for every degree increase in the Celsius temperature of the battery above 10°
• the battery should be charged to a voltage of 13.35 volts minus 11 millivolts for every degree increase in the Celsius temperature of the battery above 40°.
• the curve of FIG. 3 applies over the workirg temperature range of the battery from -40° Celsius to +90° Celsius. Temperatures outside this range are considered to be outside the working capability of the battery.
• the battery voltage reference curve may be tracked using an apparatus such as battery monitor apparatus 20 as shown in FIG. 5.
• the battery monitor apparatus is designed to provide a temperature-varying voltage threshold indicating when the battery should be charged. It performs this function by comparing the actual battery voltage/temperature with an internal reference voltage that corresponds to the curve of FIG. 3. If the actual voltage and temperature of the battery are below the internal reference voltage that corresponds to the curve of FIG. 3, the battery monitor apparatus 20 will emit a signal on signal line 74 indicating that the battery needs charging.
• the battery monitor apparatus 20, as shown in FIG. 5, includes bias unit 200, comparator units 300 and 400, and output unit 500. The units are
• Comparator unit 300 has a temperature coefficient whose slope corresponds to the slope of section 94 of the curve shown in FIG. 3 and comparator unit 400 has a temperature
• comparator unit 300 will exclusively control battery charging for temperatures between 10° Celsius and 40° Celsius.
• Comparator unit 400 will exclusively control battery charging for temperatures between 40° Celsius and 90°.
• the function of the battery monitor apparatus is to output a signal as a function of the battery temperature and battery voltage which indicates that the battery requires charging.
• An illustrative circuit for such a battery monitor apparatus is shown in FIG. 6. Referring to the latter figures , the circuitry used to implement the comparator unit 300 will now be described. Transistors 302 and 304 together with resistors 306, 308 , and 310 make up a basic band-gap cell , as disclosed in U. S . Patent No . 3 , 887 , 863 , entitled Solid State Regulated Voltage Supply, and assigned to the same assignee as the present
• Transistor 312 is diode-connected and adds a second base-emitter voltage to the voltages appearing between the base of transistor 302 and the B- or common node 314. It is a well known characteristic of transistors that the base-emitter voltage, V BE , has a negative temperature coefficient . Therefore, as resistor 306 is made larger , if the voltage across that resistor has a positive temperature coefficient, its temperature coefficient will of the volt-age across resistor 306 compensate for the negative temperature coefficient of transistor 312 with a voltage that is proportional to absolute temperature . The overall effect is to double the voltage at which the band-gap cell achieves
• transistors 302 and 304 are connected in cascode with transistors 302 and 304 , respectively, in order to minimize collector voltage variations .
• the collector currents of transistors 302 and 304 are sent through transistors 316 and 318 respectively, to a
• controlled-beta transistor 320 which acts as an active load for transistors 302 and 304.
• the output of the band-gap cell is carried via connection 322 to the base of transistor 324, which acts as a voltage amplifier and signals when the band-gap cell passes through its equilibrium point. On one side of the equilibrium point, the circuit will indicate that the battery requires charging, while on the other side of the equilibrium point, the circuit will indicate that the battery should not be charged. In order to minimize the effects of collector voltage variation on transistor 324, transistor 326 is connected in cascode fashion with transistor 324.
• the collector current in transistor 324 is balanced at node 328 by current from transistor 330.
• the current in transistor 330 is set equal to the current in diode-connected transistor 312.
• the current in transistor 312 is the current through the band-gap cell, which approximates the active load current in transistor 320. Consequently, the current through transistor 324 must at least equal the current through
• transistor 312 in order to turn on the output transistor 502. Consequently, at the equilibrium point, the base current of transistor 324 should equal the base current of transistor 320.
• Equalizing the base currents between transistors 324 and 320 also cancels the errors introduced into the circuit by the base currents, so that errors over the entire circuit are minimized.
• transistor 312 The combination of transistor 312, transistor 330 and resistor 332 forms a current mirror.
• Transistor 330 is sized to compensate for the voltage drop through resistor 332 at equilibrium. The collector currents of transistors 312 and 330 are thus made equal. Resistor 332 raises the output resistance of transistor 330, and provides positive feedback for output section 500.
• transistor 326 drives the base of transistor 504.
• Transistors 504 and 506 are Darlington-connected and drive the base of the output transistor 502.
• transistor 324 will be switched off and, therefore, the output transistor 502 will be switched off.
• transistor 324 will be switched on, switching on output transistor 502 via transistors 504 and 506.
• transistor 502 when transistor 502 is in the "on" state, the output signal at node 508 will indicate that the battery should not be charged, while the output signal at node 508 when transistor 502 in the "off” state will indicate that the battery should be charged.
• Hysteresis in all the switching points is desirable to prevent states other than the on/off states of the output transistor 502.
• On and off states are relatively low power dissipation states, while intermediate states are high power dissipation conditions.
• Biasing current for comparators 300 and 400 is provided by diode-connected transistors 202 and 204 in series with resistor 206.
• the voltage at node 208 of the biasing circuit is limited by the diode-connected transistors 210, 212, and 214.
• the signal provided at the output of output transistor 502 (i.e., node 508) must be a function of battery temperature, in order to
• the circuit will have a negative temperature coefficient. If, on the other hand, the resistance of resistor 306 is made larger and the voltage drop across resistor 306 exceeds the necessary compensating voltage, the circuit will have a positive temperature
• the voltage divider composed of resistors 336, 338, and diode-connected transistor 340 is used to ratiometrically relate the band-gap cell input voltage to the battery or B + voltage.
• Diode-connected transistor 340 keeps the voltage at the base of cascode-connected transistors 318 and 316 one V BE voltage level above the bases of the
• diode-connected transistor 340 introduces a temperature dependency into the voltage at node 334.
• the temperature dependency of the voltage divider output at node 334 must be compensated for if the
• temperature coefficient of the band-gap cell is to closely correspond to the battery gassing voltage curve.
• the voltage divider including resistors 336 and 338 may be thought of as being offset from the actual voltage across the voltage divider by the voltage across diode- connected transistor 340, including its temperature coefficient.
• the input to the band-gap cell may be thought of as simply the voltage at node 348 reduced by a simple resistive divider. Therefore, the ratio of the temperature coefficient of the equilibrium voltage to the equilibrium voltage must be same as the ratio of the temperature coefficient of the voltage divider output to the voltage divider output voltage, or:
• TC is the temperature coefficient
• V 33 4 is the voltage divider output at node 334 when the bandgap cell is at equilibrium.
• V is the desired input threshold voltage
• the effective voltage across the resistive divider formed by resistors 336 and 338 is just the voltage at node 348 reduced by the voltage across diode connected transistor 340.
• the temperature coefficient of this voltage is:
• V BE (Q 340 ) is the base-emitter voltage of transistor 340.
• the temperature coefficient of V 334 (that is, the input voltage to the band-gap cell) should be just the negative of equation 130, so that:
• resistor 308 may be determined from the following equation:
• j1/j2 is the ratio of the area of the emitters of transistor 302 and transistor 304
• i is the operating current for transistor 302
• R 308 is the value of resistor 308.
• resistor 306 The value of resistor 306 may be determined from the following equation:
• I is the design temperature current in the resistor 336, 338 voltage divider, then:
• R 338 is the value of resistor 338
• R 336 is the value of resistor 336.
• R 310 the value of the inter-base resistor between transistors 302 and 304, may be determined from the following equation:
• comparator 300 The values of the components of comparator 300 are selected to make the input switching voltage threshold of the band-gap cell correspond to a voltage at node 348 equal to 14.75 volts minus 35 millivolts per degree Celsius. Therefore, this comparator is active for the range corresponding to section 94 of the curve shown in FIG. 3. That is, when the battery voltage is below this value,
• comparator 300 keeps transistor 502 turned off, signaling to the charging system that the battery should be charged. On the other hand, when the battery voltage is above this voltage, comparator 300 turns transistor 502 on, to signal the charging system to stop charging the battery.
• the desired reference voltage curve for the battery changes slope at 40°C as shown in FIG. 3.
• An additional comparator 400 is added to the circuit in order to track section 96 of the battery voltage curve shown in FIG. 3.
• Comparator 400 functions similarly to comparator 300.
• comparator 400 correspond to the voltage divider formed by resistors 338, 336 and transistor 340 of comparator 300.
• transistors 408 and 410, resistor 412, 414, and 416 form a band-gap cell analogous to the band-gap cell in comparator 300 formed by transistors 302 and 304 and resistors 306, 308, and 310.
• Transistors 418 and 420 of comparator 400 correspond respectively to cascode transistors 318 and 316 in comparator 300.
• transistors 422, 424 and 426 in comparator 400 correspond respectively to transistors 320, 312 and 330 in comparator 500.
• Transistor 442 is a controlled-beta transistor which controls the current supplied to the differential amplifier so as to make it
• Transistor 442 is sized to supply twice the operating current of the band-gap cell to the differential amplifier. Consequently, one third of the current supplied by transistor 442 will flow into the band-gap cell, while the other two thirds of the current will flow into the differential amplifier formed by transistors 436 and 438.
• One half of the current in the differential amplifier must be supplied to transistor 426 when transistor 426 is turned on. Therefore, at the switching threshold, the current through transistors 436 and 438 is equal, thus eliminating base current errors and accurately maintaining the switching threshold.
• Diode-connected transistor 440 clamps the voltage at the base of transistor 436 one
• comparator 400 The values of the components of comparator 400 are selected to make the band gap cell input voltage switching threshold correspond to a voltage at node 348 of 13.79 volts minus 11 millivolts per degree Celsius above 40°C.
• comparator 400 functions to lower the voltage at the input 334 of comparator 300 by pulling current through resistor 428 whenever the voltage at node 348 falls below 13.79 volts minus 11 millivolts per degree Celsius. Decreasing voltage at node 348 causes comparator 300, which drives output transistor 502, to permit higher charging voltages.
• comparator 300 dominates and directly controls the output transistor 502 at temperatures below 40°C. Above 40°C, comparator 400 dominates and controls output transistor 502 indirectly by way of comparator 300.
• comparator 400 is provided by resistor 432.
• Resistor 432 provides a small and well-controlled coupling of the signal from the collector of transistor 434 back to the input of comparator 400.
• the circuit of FIG. 6 additionally can be adjusted, in order to make it track the smooth battery curve of FIG. 1 more accurately, by adding additional correction as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,250,445, also assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
• the specification of U.S. Patent No. 4,250,445 is incorporated herein by reference.
• the circuit can also be made to induce either positive or negative curvature, to allow it to more closely approximate any charging/gassing battery voltage characteristic.
• FIG. 5 can be embodied in other forms and is not limited to the case illustrated in Fig. 6, where there are two comparators tracking two battery voltage characteristic curves. Additional comparators may be incorporated into the battery monitor apparatus to enable the battery monitor apparatus to track any battery voltage
• Each comparator included in the battery monitor apparatus has a temperature coefficient whose slope respectively corresponds to the slope of a predetermined portion of the battery voltage characteristic curve.
• the comparators may be connected together either logically or using a connection as illustrated in FIG. 6.
• FIG. 8 shows a battery voltage reference curve 1000 which comprises 5 separate piecewise linear portions, 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008, and 1010.
• FIG. 9 shows a battery monitor apparatus 1012 of the present invention which may be used to track the voltage reference curve 1000.
• Comparator units 1014, 1016, 1018, 1020, and 1022 have
• Output unit 1024 combines the outputs of comparators 1014, 1016, 1018, 1020, and 1022 in a logical fashion so that each comparator exclusively controls battery charging for the corresponding respective portion of the battery reference voltage curve 1000.
• the battery monitor apparatus 20 signals another apparatus, the alternator control apparatus 70, to control charging of the battery.
• the alternator control apparatus is designed to follow a reference voltage curve. A typical automobile charging system reference voltage curve is shown in FIG. 4.
• Reference voltage curve 91 represents a desired charging system voltage curve when the vehicle headlamps are off.
• Reference voltage curve 93 represents a desired charging system voltage control curve when the vehicle headlamps are on.
• Reference voltage curve 91 has a charging limit of 14.4 volts, while reference voltage curve 93 has a charging limit of 13.8 volts. It is desirable to limit the charging voltage when the headlamps are on for both operational and reliability reasons. The headlamps should be operated near their maximum working voltage in order to maintain brightness, but to maintain longevity, they should not be operated above their maximum working voltage.
• the alternator control apparatus 70 includes three comparators, 600, 700, and 800.
• comparators may be basically of the same construction as the comparators 300 and 400 included in the battery monitor apparatus, with modifications that will be discussed hereinafter.
• Comparator 600 is used to provide a
• Comparator 600 compares the measured charging system voltage with an internal reference voltage that corresponds to section 95 of charging system reference voltage curve 91 shown in FIG. 4. The components of comparator 600 are selected to provide a temperature-invariant switching threshold.
• Comparator 700 is similar to comparator 600 except that it has a temperature coefficient of 17.92 volts minus 32 millivolts per degree Celsius above 110°C. Comparator 700 compares the measured charging system voltage with an internal refernece voltage that corresponds to section 97 of charging system reference voltage curves 91 and 93 as shown in FIG. 4. Consequently, as the temperature rises above 110°C, comparator 700 will operate output section 900 to control the alternator and reduce the charging system voltage in proportion to the
• Comparator 800 is similar to comparator 600 in that it is designed to provide a temperature-invariant switching threshold for output section 800. However, comparator 800 does not measure the power supply voltage from the battery. Instead, the input node 802 is connected to a low-beam headlamp (not shown) which acts as a remote voltage sensor (see FIG. 2). Component values for comparator 800 are chosen to make 13.8 volts the temperature- invariant upper limit for charging when the low-beam headlamps are on. Thus, comparator 800 will track section 99 of charging system reference voltage curve 93 shown in FIG. 4. As discussed earlier, the charging system voltage should be limited when the headlamps are on, for reliability reasons.
• Comparator 800 guarantees that the battery will always be charged to the maximum state of charge without applying overvoltage to the headlamps.
• comparators 600, 700, and 800 are all wired together by connection 702 to output section 900. This yields what is essentially an "AND" function among all the comparators so that all three must agree to charge the battery or charging will be disabled. Therefore, the alternator control circuit will operate to track the charging system reference voltage curves shown in FIG. 4 in order to charge the battery to the desired voltage for a given temperature as shown in FIG. 3. As a
• the battery monitor apparatus and the alternator control apparatus act to maintain the battery in its highest state of charge for a given temperature, while accurately controlling the alternator charging voltage as a function of temperature and vehicle accessory loads.
• the charge/don't charge signal line 74 from the battery monitor circuit (as shown in FIGS. 2, 5, 6 and 7) is connected to node 902 on the alternator control apparatus.
• Node 902 is connected, in turn, to a tap on the alternator control circuit output load comprising resistors 904 and 906.
• connection protects the output section 900 (which may be a bipolar transistor, for example) from a momentary short circuit that may occur to nodes 908 or 910, which are connected to the battery positive and negative terminals as shown in FIG. 2.
• the output section 900 which may be a bipolar transistor, for example
• nodes 908 or 910 which are connected to the battery positive and negative terminals as shown in FIG. 2.
• the voltage at node 912 controlled by output section 900 will be low. Consequently, power transistor 50 will be turned off via signal line 76, which will in turn shut off excitation current to the alternator, and the battery will not be charged. If, on the other hand, the output from both the battery monitor circuit and the alternator control circuit is high, the voltage at node 912 controlled by output section 900 will be high.
• the battery monitor apparatus and the alternator control apparatus may be individually manufactured using integrated circuit technology to enhance reliability and accuracy.
• One skilled in the art will also appeciate that the battery monitor

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Control Of Charge By Means Of Generators (AREA)

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• 1990
  • 1990-06-29 WO PCT/US1990/003759 patent/WO1991000635A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1990-06-29 JP JP2510168A patent/JPH05501193A/ja active Pending
  • 1990-06-29 EP EP90911142A patent/EP0479900A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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