EP0457750A1 - Internal combustion engine with cooling liquid - Google Patents
Internal combustion engine with cooling liquid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0457750A1 EP0457750A1 EP91890092A EP91890092A EP0457750A1 EP 0457750 A1 EP0457750 A1 EP 0457750A1 EP 91890092 A EP91890092 A EP 91890092A EP 91890092 A EP91890092 A EP 91890092A EP 0457750 A1 EP0457750 A1 EP 0457750A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cap
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- oil pump
- cover
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
- F02B77/11—Thermal or acoustic insulation
- F02B77/13—Acoustic insulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B67/00—Engines characterised by the arrangement of auxiliary apparatus not being otherwise provided for, e.g. the apparatus having different functions; Driving auxiliary apparatus from engines, not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
- F02B2075/022—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
- F02B2075/025—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two
Definitions
- the invention relates to a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine with a piston-controlled outlet, in particular a two-stroke internal combustion engine, which is equipped with an alternator or an alternator and a lubricating oil pump and in which the cylinder head has a cap which is sealed off from it and forms the coolant space and extends approximately over the cylinder extends to the outlet and has a crank-side cap sealing surface.
- the invention is based on the object of eliminating these deficiencies and reducing the vibration excitation by the frequency spectrum of the internal combustion engine to a minimum or preventing the transmission of structure-borne noise.
- the invention solves the problem in that the lubricating oil pump and the alternator are provided with lids which, like the cap, are fastened to their crank-side cap sealing surface with the interposition of soft seals and avoiding metallic contact with the crank or machine housing.
- the cap and the two housing covers are acoustically decoupled from the crankcase or machine housing, so that structure-borne noise cannot be transmitted from the housing to the cap or cover, and no noise radiation is then to be feared from these capsule parts.
- the cap and the cover for the oil pump are fastened with collar screws tightened to the stop, a washer between their screw head and the cap or the cover with vulcanized rubber layer. Since these are collar screws, they can only be tightened to a certain extent, which prevents the soft seals from being pressed together too strongly. Nevertheless, there is no metallic contact, because the washer with the vulcanized rubber layer is inserted between the screw head and the cap or the cover. When adjusting the rubber hardness, care must of course be taken to ensure that the sealing function remains guaranteed.
- the lubricating oil pump has so far mostly been stored in the associated cover.
- the cover due to its attachment via soft seals to the crankcase, albeit with small, relative movements, is according to the invention when the lubricating oil pump is driven by the crankshaft via gearwheels mounted on a bracket rigidly attached to arms of the crankcase, on which the cover, which has a closable maintenance opening, bears with a soft seal.
- the exact distance to the crankshaft for the gear drive is fixed by mounting the lubricating oil pump on the carrier.
- the structure-borne noise transmission to the cover remains interrupted, however, and access is guaranteed through the lockable maintenance opening.
- a particularly favorable construction is achieved in that the cover for the alternator or pilot light runs out into a socket with which it is inserted without screws in the cylindrical housing part for the alternator or pilot generator with the interposition of O-rings.
- the cylinder 1 of a two-stroke internal combustion engine has overflow channels 2 for the fuel-air mixture and an outlet channel 3, the slots of these channels being controlled by the piston 4.
- the upper part of the cylinder 1 or the cylinder head 5 are water-cooled, the cylinder head 5 having a cap 6, which is sealed off from it and forms the coolant space and which extends approximately over the cylinder 1 extends to the outlet 3 and has a crank-side cap sealing surface 7.
- a soft seal 9 is provided between the cap sealing surface 7 and the engine or crankcase 8.
- collar screws 10 for fastening the cap 6 to the housing 8 are collar screws 10 (Fig.
- a washer 12 is inserted with vulcanized rubber layer 13, so that any metallic Contact between the cap 6 and the housing 8 or the fastening screw 10 is avoided.
- a thermostat is designated, which has no inventive significance.
- a cover 16 is also provided for the lubricating oil pump 15, which rests on the crankcase 8 via a soft seal 9 and has a maintenance opening 18 which can be closed by a further cover 17.
- the cover 16 is attached to the crankcase 8 in the manner shown in FIG. 2.
- the oil pump 15 is not attached to the cover 16, but on a bracket 20 held by arms 19 of the crankcase 8, so that the required distance of the oil pump drive gear 21 from the crankshaft 22 remains constant.
- the cover 23 for the alternator 24 terminates in a connection piece 25 with which the cover 23 in the cylindrical housing part 8a of the crankcase 8 for the alternator 24 with the interposition of O-rings 26 is inserted without screws.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Lubrication Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Gasket Seals (AREA)
Abstract
Eine flüssigkeitsgekühlte Brennkraftmaschine mit kolbengesteuertem Auslaß, insbesondere eine Zweitakt-Brennkraftmaschine ist mit einer Licht- bzw. zündlichtmaschine (24) sowie mit einer Schmierölpumpe (15) ausgestattet. Der zylinderkopf (5) besitzt eine den Kühlflüssigkeitsraum bildende Kappe (6), die über den zylinder (1) bis etwa zum Auslaß (3) reicht und eine kurbelseitige Kappendichtfläche (7) besitzt. Um die Körperschallübertragung bzw. Schallabstrahlung auf ein Minimum herabzusetzen, sind die Schmierölpumpe (15) und die Licht- bzw. zündlichtmaschine (24) mit Deckeln (16, 17; 23) versehen, wobei diese Deckel (16, 17; 23) ebenso wie die Kappe (6) an ihrer Dichtfläche (7) unter zwischenlage von Weichdichtungen (9; 26) und unter Vermeidung metallischer Berührung am Kurbel- bzw. Maschinengehäuse (8) befestigt sind. <IMAGE>A liquid-cooled internal combustion engine with a piston-controlled outlet, in particular a two-stroke internal combustion engine, is equipped with an alternator (24) and a lubricating oil pump (15). The cylinder head (5) has a cap (6) forming the coolant space, which extends over the cylinder (1) to approximately the outlet (3) and has a crank-side cap sealing surface (7). In order to minimize structure-borne noise transmission or sound radiation, the lubricating oil pump (15) and the light or ignition generator (24) are provided with covers (16, 17; 23), these covers (16, 17; 23) as well the cap (6) is fastened to its sealing surface (7) with the interposition of soft seals (9; 26) and avoiding metallic contact on the crankcase or machine housing (8). <IMAGE>
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine flüssigkeitsgekühlte Brennkraftmaschine mit kolbengesteuertem Auslaß, insbesondere Zweitakt-Brennkraftmaschine, die mit einer Licht- bzw. Zündlichtmaschine sowie einer Schmierölpumpe ausgestattet ist und bei der der Zylinderkopf eine gegen ihn abgedichtete, den Kühlflüssigkeitsraum bildende Kappe besitzt, die über den Zylinder etwa bis zum Auslaß reicht und eine kurbelseitige Kappendichtfläche aufweist.The invention relates to a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine with a piston-controlled outlet, in particular a two-stroke internal combustion engine, which is equipped with an alternator or an alternator and a lubricating oil pump and in which the cylinder head has a cap which is sealed off from it and forms the coolant space and extends approximately over the cylinder extends to the outlet and has a crank-side cap sealing surface.
Brennkraftmaschinen dieser Art sind bereits bekannt. Nach der AT-PS 121 814 ist zwar zwischen dem Zylinderkopf und der Kappe eine nachgiebige Dichtung vorgesehen, es fehlen aber Mittel zur Verhinderung der Körperschallübertragung an der kurbelseitigen Kappendichtfläche. Außerdem ist die Kappe am Maschinengehäuse bzw. Kurbelgehäuse ohne besondere Schallisolierung niedergeschraubt, wobei über diese Schrauben aber auch über die harten Dichtungen Körperschall vom Zylinder auf die Kappe übertragen und von dieser Schallwellen entsprechend abgestrahlt werden. Soferne an der Brennkraftmaschine die Licht- bzw. Zündlichtmaschine unter der Schmierölpumpe unmittelbar angeordnet sind, fehlen auch hier Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Schallabstrahlung.Internal combustion engines of this type are already known. According to AT-PS 121 814, a flexible seal is provided between the cylinder head and the cap, but there are no means for preventing structure-borne noise transmission on the crank-side cap sealing surface. In addition, the cap is screwed down to the machine housing or crankcase without special sound insulation, whereby structure-borne noise is transmitted from the cylinder to the cap via these screws, but also via the hard seals, and sound waves are emitted accordingly. Insofar as the alternator or the alternator are arranged directly under the lubricating oil pump on the internal combustion engine, measures for preventing sound radiation are also missing here.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, diese Mängel zu beseitigen und die Schwingungsanregung durch das Frequenzspektrum der Brennkraftmaschine auf ein Mindestmaß herabzusetzen bzw. die Körperschallübertragung zu unterbinden.The invention is based on the object of eliminating these deficiencies and reducing the vibration excitation by the frequency spectrum of the internal combustion engine to a minimum or preventing the transmission of structure-borne noise.
Die Erfindung löst die gestellte Aufgabe dadurch, daß die Schmierölpumpe und die Licht- bzw. Zündlichtmaschine mit Deckeln versehen sind, die ebenso wie die Kappe an ihrer kurbelseitigen Kappendichtfläche unter Zwischenlage von Weichdichtungen und unter Vermeidung metallischer Berührung am Kurbel- bzw. Maschinengehäuse befestigt sind.The invention solves the problem in that the lubricating oil pump and the alternator are provided with lids which, like the cap, are fastened to their crank-side cap sealing surface with the interposition of soft seals and avoiding metallic contact with the crank or machine housing.
Es sind also die Kappe und die beiden Gehäusedeckel vom Kurbel- bzw. Maschinengehäuse akustisch entkoppelt, so daß keine Körperschallübertragung vom Gehäuse auf die Kappe bzw. die Deckel erfolgen kann und von diesen Kapselteilen dann auch keine Schallabstrahlung zu befürchten ist.The cap and the two housing covers are acoustically decoupled from the crankcase or machine housing, so that structure-borne noise cannot be transmitted from the housing to the cap or cover, and no noise radiation is then to be feared from these capsule parts.
Um einerseits eine verläßliche Befestigung der Kappe bzw. des einen Deckels zu erzielen, anderseits aber metallische Berührung zu vermeiden, sind die Kappe und der Deckel für die Ölpumpe mit auf Anschlag angezogenen Bundschrauben befestigt, zwischen deren Schraubenkopf und der Kappe bzw. dem Deckel eine Beilagscheibe mit anvulkanisierter Gummischicht eingelegt ist. Da es sich um Bundschrauben handelt, können diese nur bis zu einem gewissen Maß angezogen werden, wodurch ein zu starkes Zusammenpressen der Weichdichtungen vermieden wird. Dennoch tritt keine metallische Berührung auf, weil jeweils zwischen dem Schraubenkopf und der Kappe bzw. dem Deckel die Beilagscheibe mit der anvulkanisierten Gummischicht eingelegt ist. Bei der Abstimmung der Gummihärte muß selbstverständlich darauf geachtet werden, daß die Dichtfunktion gewährleistet bleibt.In order on the one hand to achieve a reliable attachment of the cap or one cover, but on the other hand to avoid metallic contact, the cap and the cover for the oil pump are fastened with collar screws tightened to the stop, a washer between their screw head and the cap or the cover with vulcanized rubber layer. Since these are collar screws, they can only be tightened to a certain extent, which prevents the soft seals from being pressed together too strongly. Nevertheless, there is no metallic contact, because the washer with the vulcanized rubber layer is inserted between the screw head and the cap or the cover. When adjusting the rubber hardness, care must of course be taken to ensure that the sealing function remains guaranteed.
Die Schmierölpumpe ist bisher meist im zugehörigen Deckel gelagert. Da aber der Antrieb der Schmierölpumpe von der Kurbelwelle her über Zahnräder konstante Achsabstände erfordert, der Deckel zufolge seiner Befestigung über Weichdichtungen dem Kurbelgehäuse gegenüber, wenn auch geringe, Relativbewegungen ausführt, ist erfindungsgemäß bei von der Kurbelwelle über Zahnräder angetriebener Schmierölpumpe diese auf einem an Auslegern des Kurbelgehäuses starr befestigtem Träger gelagert, an dem der eine verschließbare Wartungsöffnung aufweisende Deckel mit einer Weichdichtung anliegt. Durch die Montage der Schmierölpumpe auf dem Träger ist der genaue Abstand zur Kurbelwelle für den Zahnradantrieb fixiert. Die Körperschallübertragung zum Deckel bleibt aber dennoch unterbrochen, und es ist die Zugänglichkeit durch die verschließbare Wartungsöffnung gewährleistet.The lubricating oil pump has so far mostly been stored in the associated cover. However, since the drive of the lubricating oil pump from the crankshaft via gearwheels requires constant center distances, the cover due to its attachment via soft seals to the crankcase, albeit with small, relative movements, is according to the invention when the lubricating oil pump is driven by the crankshaft via gearwheels mounted on a bracket rigidly attached to arms of the crankcase, on which the cover, which has a closable maintenance opening, bears with a soft seal. The exact distance to the crankshaft for the gear drive is fixed by mounting the lubricating oil pump on the carrier. The structure-borne noise transmission to the cover remains interrupted, however, and access is guaranteed through the lockable maintenance opening.
Eine besonders günstige Konstruktion wird dadurch erreicht, daß der Deckel für die Licht- bzw. Zündlichtmaschine in einen Stutzen ausläuft, mit dem er in dem zylindrischen Gehäuseteil für die Licht bzw. Zündlichtmaschine unter Zwischenlage von O-Ringen schraubenlos eingesteckt ist. Diese Ausbildung verbindet einen festen Sitz, eine einwandfreie akustische Entkoppelung und günstige Herstellungkosten miteinander.A particularly favorable construction is achieved in that the cover for the alternator or pilot light runs out into a socket with which it is inserted without screws in the cylindrical housing part for the alternator or pilot generator with the interposition of O-rings. This training combines a tight fit, perfect acoustic decoupling and low manufacturing costs.
In der Zeichnung ist der Erfindungsgegenstand beispielsweise dargestellt, und zwar zeigen
- Fig. 1 den Oberteil einer flüssigkeitsgekühlten Brennkraftmaschine im Schnitt durch die Zylinderachse,
- Fig. 2 eine Schraubbefestigung als Einzelheit im größeren Maßstab,
- Fig. 3 die Kapselung der Ölpumpe im Schnitt durch die Kurbelwellenachse im größeren Maßstab und
- Fig. 4 die Abdeckung der Licht- bzw. Zündlichtmaschine im Teilschnitt.
- 1 shows the upper part of a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine in section through the cylinder axis,
- 2 a screw fastening as a detail on a larger scale,
- Fig. 3 shows the encapsulation of the oil pump in section through the crankshaft axis on a larger scale and
- Fig. 4 shows the cover of the alternator or pilot light in partial section.
Der Zylinder 1 einer Zweitakt-Brennkraftmaschine weist Überströmkanäle 2 für das Kraftstoff-Luftgemisch und einen Auslaßkanal 3 auf, wobei die Schlitze dieser Kanäle durch den Kolben 4 gesteuert werden. Der obere Teil des Zylinders 1 bzw. der Zylinderkopf 5 sind wassergekühlt, wobei der Zylinderkopf 5 eine gegen ihn abgedichtete, den Kühlflüssigkeitsraum bildende Kappe 6 besitzt, die über den Zylinder 1 etwa bis zum Auslaß 3 reicht und eine kurbelseitige Kappendichtfläche 7 aufweist. Zwischen der Kappendichtfläche 7 und dem Maschinen- bzw. Kurbelgehäuse 8 ist eine Weichdichtung 9 vorgesehen. Zur Befestigung der Kappe 6 am Gehäuse 8 dienen Bundschrauben 10 (Fig. 2), die auf Anschlag angezogen sind und zwischen deren Kopf 11 und der Kappe 6 bzw. dem Kappenflansch jeweils eine Beilagscheibe 12 mit anvulkanisierter Gummischicht 13 eingelegt ist, so daß jegliche metallische Berührung zwischen der Kappe 6 und dem Gehäuse 8 bzw. der Befestigungsschraube 10 vermieden ist. Mit 14 ist ein Thermostat bezeichnet, der keinerlei erfinderische Bedeutung hat.The
Aus Fig. 3 ergibt sich, daß für die Schmierölpumpe 15 ebenfalls ein Deckel 16 vorgesehen ist, der am Kurbelgehäuse 8 über eine Weichdichtung 9 anliegt und eine durch einen weiteren Deckel 17 verschließbare Wartungsöffnung 18 aufweist. Die Befestigung des Deckels 16 am Kurbelgehäuse 8 erfolgt in der in Fig. 2 dargestellten Weise. Die Ölpumpe 15 ist nicht am Deckel 16 befestigt, sondern auf einem von Auslegern 19 des Kurbelgehäuses 8 gehaltenen Träger 20, so daß der erforderliche Abstand des Ölpumpen-Antriebszahnrades 21 von der Kurbelwelle 22 konstant bleibt.From Fig. 3 it follows that a
Gemäß Fig. 4 läuft der Deckel 23 für die Licht- bzw. Zündlichtmaschine 24 in einen Stutzen 25 aus, mit dem der Deckel 23 in dem zylindrischen Gehäuseteil 8a des Kurbelgehäuses 8 für die Licht- bzw.Zündlichtmaschine 24 unter Zwischenlage von O-Ringen 26 schraubenlos eingesteckt ist.4, the
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0108690A ATA108690A (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1990-05-16 | LIQUID-COOLED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
AT1086/90 | 1990-05-16 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0457750A1 true EP0457750A1 (en) | 1991-11-21 |
EP0457750B1 EP0457750B1 (en) | 1993-12-15 |
Family
ID=3506285
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91890092A Expired - Lifetime EP0457750B1 (en) | 1990-05-16 | 1991-04-29 | Internal combustion engine with cooling liquid |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5241934A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0457750B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH04228862A (en) |
AT (1) | ATA108690A (en) |
DE (1) | DE59100715D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2048005T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6491014B1 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2002-12-10 | Keith Eickert | Valve cover assembly for internal combustion engine |
JP3943972B2 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2007-07-11 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Engine casing |
JP6055505B2 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-12-27 | 富士重工業株式会社 | engine |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3926157A (en) * | 1973-10-12 | 1975-12-16 | Bombardier Ltd | Two-cycle engine with inlet porting by rotary valve |
FR2351319A1 (en) * | 1976-05-12 | 1977-12-09 | Deere & Co | DEVICE ENSURING AN INSULATION AGAINST VIBRATIONS |
FR2359326A2 (en) * | 1976-05-12 | 1978-02-17 | Deere & Co | DEVICE ENSURING AN INSULATION AGAINST VIBRATIONS |
DE3637890A1 (en) * | 1985-11-06 | 1987-05-14 | Steyr Daimler Puch Ag | Liquid-cooled internal combustion engine with piston-controlled exhaust, especially two-stroke internal combustion engine |
US4719892A (en) * | 1986-06-26 | 1988-01-19 | General Motors Corporation | Cavity closure with isolator seal and method |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT121814B (en) * | 1928-11-06 | 1931-03-10 | Climax Motorenwerke Und Schiff | Multi-cylinder internal combustion engine. |
AT387624B (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1989-02-27 | Steyr Daimler Puch Ag | PISTON PISTON ENGINE |
DE3519205A1 (en) * | 1985-05-29 | 1986-12-04 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | ATTACHING A COVER TO A CYLINDER HEAD |
US4667628A (en) * | 1986-03-06 | 1987-05-26 | General Motors Corporation | Oil pan isolation mounting and seal |
-
1990
- 1990-05-16 AT AT0108690A patent/ATA108690A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1991
- 1991-04-29 DE DE91890092T patent/DE59100715D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-04-29 EP EP91890092A patent/EP0457750B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-04-29 ES ES91890092T patent/ES2048005T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-05-10 JP JP3199767A patent/JPH04228862A/en active Pending
- 1991-05-10 US US07/698,459 patent/US5241934A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3926157A (en) * | 1973-10-12 | 1975-12-16 | Bombardier Ltd | Two-cycle engine with inlet porting by rotary valve |
FR2351319A1 (en) * | 1976-05-12 | 1977-12-09 | Deere & Co | DEVICE ENSURING AN INSULATION AGAINST VIBRATIONS |
FR2359326A2 (en) * | 1976-05-12 | 1978-02-17 | Deere & Co | DEVICE ENSURING AN INSULATION AGAINST VIBRATIONS |
DE3637890A1 (en) * | 1985-11-06 | 1987-05-14 | Steyr Daimler Puch Ag | Liquid-cooled internal combustion engine with piston-controlled exhaust, especially two-stroke internal combustion engine |
US4719892A (en) * | 1986-06-26 | 1988-01-19 | General Motors Corporation | Cavity closure with isolator seal and method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH04228862A (en) | 1992-08-18 |
US5241934A (en) | 1993-09-07 |
ES2048005T3 (en) | 1994-03-01 |
DE59100715D1 (en) | 1994-01-27 |
EP0457750B1 (en) | 1993-12-15 |
ATA108690A (en) | 1994-12-15 |
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