EP0451297A1

EP0451297A1 - Pretreatment of overwritable opto-magnetic recording medium and pretreated overwritable opto-magnetic recording medium

Info

Publication number: EP0451297A1
Application number: EP90916077A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Haruhisa Iida
Original assignee: Nikon Corp; Nippon Kogaku KK
Current assignee: Nikon Corp
Priority date: 1989-11-01
Filing date: 1990-10-31
Publication date: 1991-10-16
Anticipated expiration: 2010-10-31
Also published as: EP0451297A4; DE69024196D1; US5258973A; JP3038735B2; EP0451297B1; WO1991006951A1; JPH03147549A; DE69024196T2

Abstract

A method of pretreating an overwritable opto-magnetic recording medium disc by modulating merely the intensity of an optical beam without modulating the direction of a recording magnetic field. The opto-magnetic recording medium comprises at least a multilayered vertically magnetized film having a two-layered structure of a recording layer (first layer) and a recording assisting layer (second layer). Data are recorded in the first layer (and also in the second layer, at times) by applying a laser beam to the recording medium in the form of bits having "A direction" magnetization and bits having "direction opposite to A" magnetization. When the intensity of the laser beam is on a high level, "A direction" magnetization of the recording assisting layer (second layer) is reversed to "direction opposite to A" magnetization by the recording magnetic field Hb so as to form the bits having "direction opposite to A" magnetization (or "A direction" magnetization) in the recording layer (first layer) by "direction opoposite to A" magnetization of this second layer. When the beam intensity is on a low level, bits having "A direction magnetization" (or "direction opposite to A" direction) are formed in the first layer by "A direction" magnetization of the second layer.

Description

The present invention relates to a method of pre-processing a magnetooptical recording medium disk capable of performing an over-write operation by only intensity modulation of light without modulating a direction of a bias field, and the pre-processed disk. Background Art
In recent years, many efforts have been made to develop an optical recording/reproduction method which can satisfy various requirements including high density, large capacity, high access speed, and high recording/reproduction speed, and a recording apparatus, a reproduction apparatus, and a recording medium used therefor.
Of various optical recording/reproduction methods, the magnetooptical recording/reproduction method is most attractive due to its unique advantages in that information can be erased after it is used, and new information can be recorded.
A recording medium used in the magnetooptical recording/reproduction method has a perpendicular magnetic layer or layers as a recording layer. The magnetic layer comprises, for example, amorphous GdFe GdCo, GdFeCo, TbFe, TbCo, TbFeCo, and the like. Concentrical or spiral tracks are normally formed on the recording layer, and information is recorded on the tracks. In this specification, one of the "upward" and "downward" directions of the magnetization with respect to a film surface is defined as an "A direction", and the other one is defined as a "non-A direction". Information to be recorded is binarized in advance, and is recorded by two signals, i.e., a bit (B,) having an "A-directed" magnetization, and a bit (Bo) having a "non-A-directed" magnetization. These bits B, and Bo correspond to "1 and "0" levels of a digital signal. However, in general, the direction of magnetization of the recording tracks can be aligned in the "non-A direction" by applying a strong bias field. This processing is called "initialization". Thereafter, a bit (Bi) having an "A-directed" magnetization is formed on the tracks.
The principle of bit formation will be described below with reference to Fig. 1.
In the bit formation, a characteristic feature of laser, i.e., excellent coherence in space and time, is effectively used to focus a beam into a spot as small as the diffraction limit determined by the wavelength of the laser light. The focused light is radiated onto the track surface to write information by producing bits less than 1 u.m in diameter on the recording layer. In the optical recording, a recording density up to 10⁸ bit/cm² can be theoretically attained, since a laser beam can be concentrated into a spot with a size as small as its wavelength.
As shown in Fig. 1, in the magnetooptical recording, a laser beam L is focused onto a recording layer 1 to heat it, while a bias field Hb is externally applied to the heated portion in the direction opposite to the initialized direction. A coersivity Hc of the locally heated portion is decreased below the bias field Hb. As a result, the direction of magnetization of that portion is aligned in the direction of the bias field Hb. In this way, reversely magnetized bits are formed.
Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials differ in the temperature dependencies of the magnetization and Hc. Ferromagnetic materials have Hc which decreases around the Curie temperature and allow information recording based on this phenomenon. Thus, information recording in ferromagnetic materials is referred to as Tc recording (Curie temperature recording).
On the other hand, ferrimagnetic materials have a compensation temperature, below the Curie temperature, at which magnetization M becomes zero. The Hc abruptly increases around this temperature and hence abruptly decreases outside this temperature. The decreased Hc is canceled by a relatively weak bias field Hb. Namely, recording is enabled. This process is called T_comp. recording (compensation point recording).
In this case, however, there is no need to adhere to the Curie point or temperatures therearound, and the compensation temperature. In other words, if a bias field Hb capable of canceling a decreased Hc is applied to a magnetic material having the decreased Hc at a predetermined temperature higher than a room temperature, recording is enabled.
The principle of reproduction will be described below with reference to Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 illustrates the principle of information reproduction based on the magnetooptical effect. Light is an electromagnetic wave with an electromagnetic-field vector normally emanating in all directions in a plane perpendicular to the light path. When light is converted to linearly polarized beams Lp and radiated onto a recording layer 1, it is reflected by its surface or passes through the recording layer 1. At this time, the plane of polarization rotates according to the direction of magnetization (M). This phenomenon is called the magnetic Kerr effect or magnetic Faraday effect.
For example, if the plane of polarization of the reflected light rotates through O_k degrees for the "A-directed" magnetization, it rotates through -_6k degrees for the "non-A-directed" magnetization. Therefore, when the axis of an optical analyzer (polarizer) is set perpendicular to the plane inclined at -e_k, the light reflected by "non-A-direction" magnetized bit B_o cannot pass through the analyzer. On the contrary, a product of (sin20k )2 and the light reflected by a bit B, magnetized along the "A direction" passes through the analyzer and becomes incident on a detector (photoelectric conversion means). As a result, the bit B, magnetized along the "A direction" looks brighter than the bit Bo magnetized along the "non-A direction", and the detector produces a stronger electrical signal for the bit Bi. The electrical signal from the detector is modulated in accordance with the recorded information, thus reproducing the information.
In order to re-use a recorded medium, (i) the medium must be re-initialized by an initializing device, or (ii) an erase head having the same arrangement as a recording head must be added to a recording apparatus, or (iii) as preliminary processing, recorded information must be erased using a recording apparatus or an erasing apparatus. Therefore, in the conventional magnetooptical recording method, it is impossible to perform an over-write operation, which can properly record new information regardless of the presence_/absence of recorded information.
If the direction of a bias field Hb can be desirably modulated between the "A-direction" and "non-A direction", an over-write operation is possible. However, it is impossible to modulate the bias field Hb at high speed. For example, if the bias field Hb comprises a permanent magnet, the direction of the magnet must be mechanically reversed. However, it is impossible to reverse the direction of the magnet at high speed. Even when the bias field Hb comprises an electromagnet, it is also impossible to modulate the direction of a large-capacity current at high speed.
However, according to remarkable technical developments, a magnetooptical recording method capable of performing an over-write operation by modulating only an intensity of light to be radiated in accordance with binary information to be recorded without turning on/off the bias field Hb or without modulating the direction of the bias field Hb, an over-write capable magnetooptical recording medium used in this method, and an over-write capable recording apparatus used in this method were invented and filed as a patent application (U.S. Serial No. 453,255 filed on December 12, 1989). The basic invention disclosed in the above-mentioned patent application will be described below.
One of characteristic features of the basic invention is to use a magnetooptical recording medium comprising a multilayered perpendicular magnetic film having at least a two-layered structure including a recording layer (first layer) and a reference layer (second layer). Information is recorded in the first layer (in some cases, also in the second layer) by a bit having an "A-directed" magnetization, and a bit having a "non-A-directed" magnetization.
An over-write method according to the basic invention comprises:

(a) moving a recording medium;
(b) applying an initial field Hini. to align a direction of magnetization of only the second layer in the "A direction" while the direction of magnetization of the first layer is left unchanged before recording;
(c) radiating a laser beam on the medium;
(d) pulse-modulating the beam intensity in accordance with binary information to be recorded;
(e) applying a bias field to the radiated portion when the beam is radiated; and
(f) forming one of a bit having the "A-directed" magnetization and a bit having the "non-A-directed" magnetization when the intensity of "e pulse-modulated beam is at high level, and forming the other bit when the beam intensity is at low level.

When recording is performed, the basic invention employs, for example, an over-write capable magnetooptical recording apparatus comprising:

(a) means for moving a magnetooptical recording medium;
(b) initial field Hini. apply means;
(c) a laser beam source;
(d) means for pulse-modulating a beam intensity in accordance with binary information to be recorded to obtain high level that provides, to the medium, a temperature suitable for forming one of a bit having an "A-directed" magnetization and a bit having a "non-A-directed" magnetization, and to obtain low level that provides, to the medium, a temperature suitable for forming the other bit; and
(e) bias field apply means which can be commonly used as the initial field apply means.

In the basic invention, a laser beam is pulse-modulated according to information to be recorded. However, this procedure itself has been performed in the conventional magnetooptical recording method, and a means for pulse-modulating the beam intensity on the basis of binary information to be recorded is a known means. For example, see "THE BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL, Vol. 62 (1983), pp. 1923 - 1936 for further details. Therefore, the modulating means is available by partially modifying the conventional beam modulating means if required high and low levels of the beam intensity are given. Such a modification would be easy for those who are skilled in the art if high and low levels of the beam intensity are given.
Another characteristic feature of the basic invention lies in high and low levels of the beam intensity. More specifically, when the beam intensity is at high level, "A-directed" magnetization of a reference layer (second layer) is reversed to the "non-A direction" by means of a bias field (Hb), and a bit having the "non-A-directed" [or "A-directed"] magnetization is thus formed in a recording layer (first layer) by means of the "non-A-directed" magnetization of the second layer. When the beam intensity is at low level, a bit having the "A-directed" (or "non-A-directed"] magnetization is formed in the first layer by means of the "A-directed" magnetization of the second layer.
In this specification, if expressions ooo [or AAA] appear, ooo outside the parentheses in the first expression corresponds to ooo in the subsequent expressions ooo [or ΔΔΔ], and vice versa.
As is well known, even if recording is not performed, a laser beam is often turned on at first low level in order to, for example, access a predetermined recording position on the medium. When the laser beam is also used for reproduction, the laser beam is often turned on at an intensity of the first low level. In this invention, the intensity of the laser beam may be set at this first low level. However, level for forming a bit is second low level higher than the first low level. Therefore, the output waveform of the laser beam of the basic invention is as shown in Fig. 3.
Although not described in the specification of the basic invention, a recording beam need not always be a single beam but may be two proximity beams in the basic invention. More specifically, a first beam may be used as a low-level laser beam (erasing beam) which is not modulated in principle, and a second beam may be used as a high-level laser beam (writing beam) which is modulated in accordance with information. In this case, the second beam is pulse-modulated between high level and base level (equal to or lower than low level, and its output may be zero). In this case, an output waveform is as shown in Fig. 4.
A medium used in the basic invention is roughly classified into a first or second category. In either category, a recording medium has a multilayered structure including a recording layer (first layer) and a reference layer (second layer), as shown in Fig. 5.
The first layer is the recording layer, which exhibits a high coersivity at a room temperature, and has a low magnetization reversing temperature. The second layer is the reference layer, which exhibits a relatively lower coersivity at a room temperature and has a higher magnetization reversing temperature than those of the first layer. Note that each of the first and second layers may comprise a multilayered structure. If necessary, a third layer may be interposed between the first and second layers. In addition, a clear boundary between the first and second layers need not be formed, and one layer can be gradually converted into the other layer.
In the first category, when the coersivity of the recording layer is represented by H_C1; that of the reference layer, H_c2; a Curie temperature of the first layer, T_ci; that of the second layer, T_c2; a room temperature, T_R; a temperature of the recording medium obtained when a low-level laser beam is radiated, T_L; that obtained when a high-level laser beam is radiated, T_H; a coupling field applied to the first layer, H_D1; and a coupling field applied to the second layer, H_D2, the recording medium satisfies Formula 1 below, and satisfies Formulas 2 to 5 at the room temperature:
In the above formulas, symbol "=_" means "equal to" or "substantially equal to". In addition, of double signs ± and T, the upper sign corresponds to an A (antiparallef) type medium, and the lower sign corresponds to a P (parallel) type medium (these media will be described later). Note that a ferromagnetic medium belongs to a P type.
The relationship between a coersivity and a temperature is shown in Fig. 6. A thin curve represents the characteristics of the first layer, and a bold curve represents those of the second layer.
Therefore, when an initial field (Hini.) is applied to this recording medium at the room temperature, the direction of magnetization of only the reference layer (second layer) is reversed without reversing that of the recording layer (first layer) according to Formula 5. When the initial field (Hini.) is applied to the medium before recording, only the second layer can be magnetized in the "A direction" (in the drawings, the "A direction" is indicated by an upward arrow , and the "non-A direction" is indicated by a downward arrow for the sake of simplicity). If the initial field Hini. becomes zero, the direction of magnetisation t of the second layer can be left unchanged without being re-reversed according to Formula 4.
Fig. 7 schematically shows a state wherein only the second layer is magnetized in the "A direction" immediately before recording. The direction of magnetization ^*in the first layer represents previously recorded information. Fig. 8 illustrates a direction of magnetization when a high-level laser beam is radiated on the medium shown in Fig. 7, and a bit whose direction of magnetization of the first layer can be disregarded is indicated by X.
In a first condition, a high-level laser beam is radiated to increase a medium temperature to T_H. Since T_His higher than the Curie temperature T_cl, the magnetization of the recording layer (first layer) disappears. In addition, since T_His near the Curie temperature T_c2, the magnetization of the reference layer (second layer) also disappears completely or almost completely. The bias field (Hb) in the "A direction" or "non-A direction" is applied to the medium in accordance with a type of medium. The bias field (Hb) can be a stray field from the medium itself. For the sake of simplicity, assume that the bias field (Hb) in the "non-A direction" is applied to the medium. Since the medium is moving, a given irradiated portion is immediately separated apart from the laser beam, and is cooled. When the medium temperature is decreased under the presence of Hb, the direction of magnetization of the second layer is reversed to the "non-A direction" based on Hb (Condition 2_H).
When the medium is further cooled and the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_C1, Condition 3_H is established, and magnetization of the first layer appears again. In this case, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is influenced by that of the second layer due to a magnetic coupling (exchange coupling) force. As a result, magnetization (the P type medium) or 11 (the A type medium) is formed according to the type of medium.
A change in condition caused by the high-level laser beam will be called a high-temperature cycle herein.
As shown in Fig. 9, a low-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L, thus establishing Condition 2L. Since T_L is near the Curie temperature T_C1, the magnetization of the first layer disappears completely or almost completely. However, since T_L is lower than the Curie temperature T_c2, the magnetization of the second layer does not disappear.
Although the bias field (Hb) is unnecessary, it cannot be turned on or off at high speed (within. a short period of time). Therefore, the bias field (Hb) in the high-temperature cycle is left applied inevitably.
However, since the H_c2 is kept high, the magnetization of the second layer will not be reversed by Hb. Since the medium is moving, a given irradiated portion is immediately separated apart from the laser beam, and is cooled. As cooling progresses, Condition 3_L is established, and the magnetization of the first layer appears again. The direction of magnetization appearing in this case is influenced by that of the second layer due to the magnetic coupling force. As a result, (P type) or (A type) magnetization appears according to the type of medium.
A change in condition caused by the low-level laser beam will be called a low-temperature cycle herein.
As described above, bits having either magnetization ⇑ or ⇓, which are opposite to each other, are formed in the high- and low-temperature cycles regardless of the direction of magnetization of the first layer. More specifically, an over-write operation is enabled by pulse-modulating the laser beam between high level (high-temperature cycle) and low level (low-temperature cycle) in accordance with information to be recorded. This state is shown in Fig. 10.
In the above description, both the first and second layers have no compensation temperature T_comp. between the room temperature and the Curie temperature. However, when the compensation temperature T_comp. is present, if the medium temperature exceeds it, the direction of magnetization is reversed, and a change in direction differs depending on A and P types. For these reasons, a description must be complicated accordingly. In addition, the direction of the bias field Hb is opposite to the direction t in the above description at the room temperature.
A recording medium normally has a disk shape, and is rotated during recording. For this reason, a recorded portion (bit) is influenced again by the initial field Hini. during one revolution. As a result, the direction of magnetization of the reference layer (second layer) is aligned in the original "A direction" 1f. However, at the room temperature, the magnetization of the second layer can no longer influence that of the recording layer (first layer), and the recorded information can be held.
If linearly polarized light is radiated on the first layer, since light reflected thereby includes information, the information can be reproduced as in the conventional magnetooptical recording medium. Note that a method of transferring information in the first layer to the second layer aligned in the original "A direction" 1t by applying a reproduction field H_R before reproduction or a method of naturally transferring information in the first layer to the second layer as soon as the influence of Hini. disappears without applying the reproduction field H_R is also available depending on composition designs of the first and second layers. In this case, information may be reproduced from the second layer.
A perpendicular magnetic film constituting each of the recording layer (first layer) and the reference layer (second layer) is selected from the group consisting of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials having no compensation temperature and having a Curie temperature, and an amorphous or crystalline ferrimagnetic material having both the compensation temperature and the Curie temperature.
The first category which utilizes the Curie temperature as the magnetization reversing temperature has been described. In contrast to this, the second category utilizes decreased H_c at a predetermined temperature higher than the room temperature. In a medium of the second category, substantially the same description as the first category can be applied except that a temperature T_S1 at which the recording layer (first layer) is magnetically coupled to the reference layer (second layer) is used in place of T_C1 in the first category, and a temperature T_S2 at which the direction of magnetization of the second layer is reversed by Hb is used in place of Tα₂.
In the second category, when the coersivity of the first layer is represented by H_C1; that of the second layer, H_c2; a temperature at which the first layer is magnetically coupled to the second layer, T_S1; a temperature at which the magnetization of the second layer is reversed by Hb, T_S2; a room temperature, Tµ; a medium temperature obtained when a low-level laser beam is radiated, T_L; that obtained when a high-level laser beam is radiated, T_H; a coupling field applied to the first layer, H_D1; and a coupling field applied to the second layer, H_D2, the recording medium satisfies Formula 6 below, and satisfies Formulas 7 to 10 at the room temperature:
In the above formulas, of double signs ± and +, the upper sign corresponds to an A type medium, and the lower sign corresponds to a P type medium (these media will be described later).
Referring to Fig. 11, in the second category, when the medium is at the high temperature T_H, the magnetization of the second layer does not disappear, but is sufficiently weak. The magnetization of the first layer disappears, or is sufficiently weak. Even if sufficiently weak magnetization is left in both the first and second layers, the bias field Hb is sufficiently large, and forces the direction of magnetization of the second layer and that of the first layer in some cases to follow that of the Hb, thus establishing Condition 2_H.
Thereafter, the second layer influences the first layer via σ_W immediately, or when cooling progresses after radiation of the laser beam is stopped and the medium temperature is decreased below T_H, or when the irradiated portion is away from Hb, thereby aligning the direction of magnetization of the first layer in a stable direction. As a result, Condition 3_H is established. When the magnetization of the first layer originally has a stable direction, it is left unchanged.
On the other hand, as shown in Fig. 12, when the medium is at the low temperature T_L, both the first and second layers do not lose their magnetization. However, the magnetization of the first layer is sufficiently weak. Therefore, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is influenced, via σ_W,by the magnetization of the second layer which is more largely influenced by Hb. In this case, since the second layer has sufficient magnetization, its magnetization will not be reversed by Hb. As a result, Condition 3_L is established regardless of Hb.
In the above description, both the first and second layers have no compensation temperature T_comp. between the room temperature and the Curie temperature. However, when the compensation temperature T_comp. is present, a description must be complicated accordingly, as described above, and the direction of the bias field is opposite to the direction at the room temperature. In both the first and second categories, the recording medium is preferably constituted by the recording layer (first layer) and the reference layer (second layer) each of which comprises an amorphous ferrimagnetic material selected from transition metal (e.g., Fe, Co) - heavy rare earth metal (e.g., Gd, Tb, Dy, and the like) alloy compositions.
When the materials of both the first and second layers are selected from the transition metal-heavy rare earth metal alloy compositions, the direction and level of magnetization appearing outside the alloys are determined by the relationship between the direction and level of spin of transition metal (to be abbreviated to as TM hereinafter) atoms, and those of heavy rare earth metal (to be abbreviated to as RE hereinafter) atoms inside the alloys. For example, the direction and level of TM spin are represented by a dotted vector those of RE spin are represented by a solid vector t, and the direction and level of magnetization of the entire alloy are represented by a double-solid vector ⇑. In this case, the vector ⇑ is expressed as a sum of the vectors ↑ and t. However, in the alloy, the vectors ? and t are directed in the opposite directions due to the mutual effect of the TM spin and the RE spin. Therefore, when strengths of these vectors are equal to each other, the sum of ↓ and t or the sum of ↓ and ↑ is zero (i.e., the level of magnetization appearing outside the alloy becomes zero). The alloy composition making the sum of vectors zero is called a compensation composition. When the alloy has another composition, it has a strength equal to a difference between the strengths of the two spins, and has a vector (⇑ or ⇓) having a direction equal to that of the larger vector. Magnetization of this vector appears outside the alloy. For example, ↑ ↓ appears as 1, and ↑ ↓ appears as ⇓.
When one of the strengths of the vectors of the RE and TM spins is larger than the other, the alloy composition is referred to as "oo rich" named after the larger spin name (e.g., RE rich).
Both the first and second layers can be classified into TM rich and RE rich compositions. Therefore, when the composition of the first layer is plotted along the ordinate and that of the second layer is plotted along the abscissa, the types of media as a whole of the basic invention can be classified into four quadrants, as shown in Fig. 13. The P type medium described above belongs to Quadrants I and III, and the A type medium belongs to Quadrants II and IV. Note that the intersection of the abscissa and the ordinate represents the compensation composition of the two layers.
In view of a change in coersivity against a change in temperature, a given alloy composition has characteristics wherein the coersivity temporarily increases infinitely and then abruptly decreases before a temperature reaches the Curie temperature (at which the coersivity is zero). The temperature corresponding to the infinite coersivity is called a compensation temperature (T_comp.). No compensation temperature is present between the room temperature and the Curie temperature in the TM rich alloy composition. The compensation temperature below the room temperature is nonsense in the magnetooptical recording, and hence, it is assumed in this specification that the compensation temperature is present between the room temperature and the Curie temperature.
If the first and second layers are classified in view of the presence/absence of the compensation temperature, the recording medium can be classified into four types. A medium in Quadrant I includes all the four types of media. Figs. 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D show the relationship between the coersivity and temperature of these four types of media.
When the recording layer (first layer) and the reference layer (second layer) are classified in view of their RE or TM rich characteristics and in view of the presence/absence of the compensation temperature, recording media can be classified into the following nine classes.
In general, when a magnetic layer is viewed from a direction perpendicular to a layer plane, spiral or concentrical tracks for recording information are formed on a disk, and a separation zone is present between adjacent tracks.
In the manufacture of a medium, directions of magnetization of magnetic layer portions located in the separation zones are often nonuniform. On the other hand, when over-write recording is carried out, since it is generally impossible to focus a magnetic field onto a narrow region as small as a track width, an initial field Hini. is applied to the separation zones located on two sides of each track, and directions of magnetization of the reference layer portions in the separation zones are aligned along the direction of the initial field Hini. Thus, in a portion where the direction of magnetization of the recording layer in the separation zone is unstable with respect to the reference layer, a magnetic wall is formed between the recording layer and the reference layer. If the initial field Hini. is carelessly applied even though the directions of magnetization are not nonuniform, a magnetic wall may be formed in the entire region of the separation zone.
When recording is performed according to the basic invention, a C/N ratio may be decreased or previous information may be reproduced due to the above-mentioned causes, and an information bit error rate may be undesirably increased.
The present inventors have made extensive studies, and found that when a magnetic wall is present between the recording layer and the reference layer in the separation zone, the above-mentioned problems are posed.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of processing a medium so as to decrease an information bit error rate during reproduction of information.

Disclosure of Invention

According to the present invention, in order to achieve the above object, a recording medium which includes a recording layer and a reference layer having a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and on which a plurality of tracks for recording information are formed, and separation zones are formed between adjacent tracks, is used. Before information is recorded on the medium, an initial field is applied to the medium to align the direction of magnetization of the reference layer in a first direction without changing the direction of magnetization of the recording layer, and a pre-processing field is applied to the separation zones so as not to form a magnetic wall between the recording layer and the reference layer in each separation zone upon application of the initial field, thereby aligning the direction of magnetization of the recording layer in each separation zone in a second direction.
Information is then recorded on the disk medium which is pre-processed in this manner. Before recording, the reference layer of each track of the medium is applied with the initial field Hini. Since it is difficult to focus the initial field Hini. to a narrow range as small as a track width, it also influences the separation zones beyond the track. For this reason, when an expected application direction of the initial field Hini. is different from the direction of the initial field Hini. which is applied in practical recording, a magnetic wall is undesirably formed between the recording layer and the reference layer in each separation zone.
Therefore, according to the present invention, the direction of the initial field Hini. is indicated on a disk itself or a container storing the disk, so that a direction of the initial field Hini. expected in pre-processing is not different from that of the initial field Hini. applied during actual recording.
According to the present invention, when the direction of magnetization of the recording layer is aligned in a stable direction with respect to the direction of magnetization of the reference layer in each separation zone so as to completely eliminate a magnetic wall, the following methods are available.

(1) A large pre-processing field is applied to the entire medium or the entire recording region where tracks are formed at normal temperature. With this method, the direction of magnetization of the recording layer in both the separation zone and track is aligned in one direction.
(2) A method of heating the entire medium or the entire recording region where tracks are formed to decrease a coersivity of the medium, and then applying a pre-processing field to the heated portion. With this method, the direction of magnetization of the recording layer in both the separation zone and track can also be aligned in one direction.
(3) A method of heating separation zones while applying, to the separation zones, a pre-processing field having a strength equal to or higher than that of a bias field Hb of the basic invention and having a direction opposite to that of the bias field Hb. As a heating method, for example, a non-modulated laser beam fixed at high level or higher is radiated on the separation zones simultaneously with application of the pre-processing field. With this method, the direction of magnetization of the recording layer in each separation zone is aligned in one direction.

In general, a groove is continuously or intermittently formed in each separation zone, and in this case, a track is called a land.
Media of the basic invention can be roughly classified into P type media and A type media. In the former type, when the directions of magnetization of the recording layer and the reference layer are equal to each other, magnetization is stable, and no magnetic wall can be formed between the two layers. In the latter type, when the directions of magnetization of the recording layer and the reference layer are opposite to each other, magnetization is stable, and no magnetic wall can be formed between the two layers.
The principle of an over-write operation will be described in detail below using a medium No. 1 belonging to Class 1 (P type, Quadrant I, Type 1) shown in Table 1.
The medium No. 1 satisfies Formula 11:
and also satisfies Formula 11-2:
For the sake of simplicity, a medium having a relation of T_H < T C1 < T_c2 will be described below. The temperature T_comp.₂ may be higher than, equal to, or lower than T_L. For the sake of simplicity, T_L < T_eomp.₂ in the following description. Fig. 15 shows the above-mentioned relationship.
A condition that reverses only the direction of magnetization of the second layer without reversing that of the first layer (recording layer) by the initial field Hini. at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 12. This medium No. 1 satisfies Formula 12.
where

H_C1: coersivity of first layer
H_c2: coersivity of second layer
M_S1: saturation magnetization of first layer
M_S2: saturation magnetization of second layer
t, : film thickness of first layer
t₂: film thickness of second layer
_Gw: interface wall energy

At this time, a condition for Hini. is represented by Formula 15. If Hini. disappears, the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers are influenced to each other due to the interface wall energy. The conditions that can hold the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers without reversing them are represented by Formulas 13 and 14. The medium No. 1 satisfies Formulas 13 and 14.
The magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies conditions given by Formulas 12 to 14 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction" ⇑(↑↓) by Hini. which satisfies following Formula 15 immediately before recording:
At this time, the first layer is left in the previous recorded state, as shown in Conditions 1 and 1 in Fig. 16. When the direction of magnetization of the first layer is aligned in the "non-A direction", a magnetic wall is formed between the first and second layers. Conditions 1 a and 1 _bare held immediately before recording.
The bias field Hb is then applied in the "A direction" t.
Note that it is difficult to focus the bias field Hb to the same range as a radiation region (spot region) of the laser beam as well as normal magnetic fields. When a medium has a disk shape, recorded information (bit) is influenced by Hini. during one revolution, and Condition 1 appears again. The bit passes a portion near the laser beam radiation region (spot region). At this time, the bit in Condition 1 is influenced by a bias field Hb apply means since the bit approaches it. In this case, if the direction of magnetization of the bit of the first layer having the direction of magnetization opposite to that of Hb is reversed by Hb, information which has been recorded one revolution before is lost. A condition for preventing this is given by:
The disk-like medium must satisfy this formula at the room temperature. In other words, a condition for determining Hb is expressed by Formula 15-2.
The bit in Conditions 1 and 1 _bthen reaches the spot region of the laser beam. The laser beam intensity includes two levels, i.e., high and low levels.
A low-level laser beam is radiated, and a medium temperature is increased beyond T_comp.1 Thus, the medium type is shifted from P type to A type. Although the directions of the RE and TM spins of the first layer are left unchanged, the relationship between their strengths is reversed. As a result, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed, as shown in Conditions 2_La and 2_Lb in Fig. 16.
The laser beam is kept radiated, and the medium temperature then reaches T_L. Thus, the following relation is established:
Even if Hb t is present, Condition 2_La transits to Condition 3_L in Fig. 16. Meanwhile, since Condition 2_Lb remains the same regardless of Hb t, it becomes the same Condition 3_L.
In this state, when the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased below T_comp.1, the medium type is restored from A type to original P type. The relationship between the strengths of the RE and TM spins of the first layer is reversed (t" - ↑↓).
As a result, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed to the "A direction" ⇑, as shown in Condition 4_L in Fig. 16.
Condition 4_L is held even when the medium temperature is decreased to the room temperature. As a result, a bit in the "A direction"⇑ is formed in the first layer.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 17.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated, the medium temperature is increased to the low temperature T_L via T_comp.1. As a result, the same Condition 2_H as Condition 3_L is established.
Upon radiation of the high-level laser beam, the medium temperature is further increased. When the medium temperature exceeds T_comp.₂ of the second layer, the medium type is shifted from A type to P type. Although the directions of the RE and TM spins of the second layer remain the same, the relationship between their strengths is reversed (↑↓ - ↑↓). For this reason, the direction of magnetization of the second layer is reversed, i.e., the "non-A-directed" ⇓ magnetization appears (Condition 3_H).
However, since H_c2 is still large at this temperature, the magnetization of the second layer will not be reversed by t Hb. When the temperature is further increased and reaches T_H, the coersivities of the first and second layers are decreased since T_His near the Curie temperature. As a result, the medium satisfies one of the following Formulas (1) to (3):
and

and

and
For this reason, the directions of magnetization of the two layers are reversed at almost the same time, and follow the direction of Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 4_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in this condition, the medium temperature begins to fall. When the medium temperature is decreased below T_comp.₂, the medium type is shifted from P type to A type. Although the directions of the RE and TM spins are left unchanged, the relationship between their strengths is reversed (↓↑ - ↓↑). As a result, the direction of magnetization of the second layer is reversed from ⇑ to the "non-A direction" ⇓ (Condition 5_H).
When the medium temperature is further decreased from the temperature in Condition 7_H below T_comp.1, the medium type is restored from A type to original P type. The relationship between the strengths of the RE and TM spins of the first layer is then reversed (↓↑ - ↓↑). As a result, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed to the "non-A direction" ⇓ (Condition 6_H).
The medium temperature is then decreased from the temperature in Condition 6_H to the room temperature. Since H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large (Formula 15-3), the magnetization ⇓ of the first layer will not be reversed by t Hb, and Condition 6_H is maintained.
In this manner, a bit in the "non-A direction"⇓ is formed in the first layer.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described below using a specific medium No. 2 belonging to a recording medium of Class 2 (P type, Quadrant I, and Type 2) shown in Table 1.
The medium No. 2 has a relation given by Formula 16:
Fig. 18 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is given by Formula 17. This medium No. 2 satisfies Formula 17.
In this case, a condition for Hini. is given by Formula 20. When Hini. disappears, the reversed magnetization of the second layer is influenced by that of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. Conditions for holding the magnetization of the second layer without re-reversing it are given by Formulas 18 and 19. The medium No. 2 satisfies Formulas 18 and 19.
Magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies Conditions given by Formulas 17 to 19 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction"⇑ (↑↓) by Hini. satisfying Formula 20 immediately before recording. In this case, the first layer is left in a recorded state, as shown in Fig. 19.
This Condition 1 is maintained immediately before recording. In this case, the bias field (Hb) is applied in a direction of t.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 19.
A low-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L. Since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears, and Condition 2_L is established.
In Condition 2_L, when the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_C1, RE and TM spins (↑↓) of the second layer influence those of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. That is, a force acts to respectively align RE spins (1) and TM spins (↓). As a result, magnetization ↑↓, i.e.,○⇑ appears in the first layer, thus setting Condition 3_L.
Condition 3_L is left unchanged even when the medium temperature is further decreased. As a result, a bit in the "A direction"⇑ is formed in the first layer.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 20.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L, since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears, and Condition 2_H isset.
When beam radiation is further continued, the medium temperature is further increased. When the medium temperature slightly exceeds T_comp.₂ of the second layer, the relationship between the strengths of RE and TM spins are reversed (↑↓ → ↑↓) although their directions are left unchanged. For this reason, the magnetization of the entire alloy is reversed to the "non-A direction" ⇓, and Condition 3_H is established. However, since H_C2 is still large at this temperature, the magnetization of the second layer will not be reversed by t Hb. When the temperature is further increased and reaches T_H, the temperature of the second layer becomes almost equal to the Curie temperature T_c2,and its magnetization disappears, thus setting Condition 4_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 4_H, the medium temperature begins to fall. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_c2, magnetization appears in the second layer. In this case, magnetization ⇑(↑ T) appears due to t Hb. However, since the temperature is still higher than T_C1, no magnetization appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 5_H.
When the medium temperature is further decreased and becomes equal to or lower than T_comp.2, the relationship between the strengths of RE and TM spins is reversed (↓↑→ ↓↑) although their directions are left unchanged. As a result, the magnetization of the entire alloy is reversed from ⇑to the "non-A direction"
, and Condition 6_H is set.
In Condition 6_H, since the medium temperature is higher than T_C1, the magnetization of the first layer is kept disappearing. In addition, since H_c2 at this temperature is large, the magnetization of the second layer will not be reversed by t Hb.
When the temperature is further decreased slightly below T_C1, magnetization appears in the first layer. In this case, the exchange coupling force from the second layer acts to respectively align the RE spins (1) and TM spins ( ↑). For this reason, magnetization ↓↑, i.e.,⇓ appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 7_H.
The medium temperature is then decreased from the temperature in Condition 7_H to the room temperature. Since H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large, the magnetization of the first layer will not be reversed by t Hb, and Condition 7_H can be maintained. Thus, formation of a bit in the "non-A direction" is completed.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a specific medium No. 3 belonging to a recording medium of Class 3 (P type, Quadrant I, Type 3) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 3 has a relation given by Formula 21:
Fig. 21 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is given by Formula 22. This medium No. 3 satisfies Formula 22.
In this case, a condition for Hini. is represented by Formula 25. When Hini. disappears, the reversed magnetization of the second layer is influenced by that of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. Conditions for maintaining the magnetization of the second layer without re-reversing it are given by Formulas 23 and 24. This medium No. 3 satisfies Formulas 23 and 24.
Magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies the conditions given by Formulas 22 to 24 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction"⇑ (↑↓) by Hini. satisfying a condition given by Formula 25 immediately before recording. In this case, the first layer is left in the recorded state, as shown in Condition 1 in Fig. 22.
This Condition 1 is held immediately before recording. In this case, the bias field (Hb) is applied in a direction of ↓. A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 22.
A low-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L. Since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears. However, since H_c2 of the second layer is still large at this temperature, its magnetization will not be reversed by t Hb, and Condition 2_L is established.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 2_L, the medium temperature begins to fall. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_C1, the RE and TM spins (↑↓) of the second layer influence those of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. More specifically, a force acts to respectively align RE spins (t) and TM spins ( ↓). As a result, magnetization ↑↓, i.e.,⇓ appears in the first layer. In this case, since the temperature is equal to or higher than T_comp.1, the TM spin becomes larger, and Condition 3_L is established.
When the medium temperature is decreased below T_comp.1, the relationship between the strengths of the RE and TM spins of the first layer is reversed like in the high-temperature cycle (↑↓ - ↑↓). As a result, the magnetization of the first layer overcomes ↓ Hb and is aligned in ⇑, thus setting Condition 4_L.
This Condition 4_L is maintained even when the medium temperature is decreased to the room temperature. As a result, a bit in the "A direction"⇑ is formed.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 23.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L, since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears, and Condition 2_H isestablished.
When the beam radiation further continues and the medium temperature reaches T_H, since T_His almost equal to T_c2 of the second layer, its magnetization also disappears, and Condition 3_H is established.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 3_H, the medium temperature begins to fall. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_c2, magnetization appears in the second layer. In this case, magnetization⇓ (↓↑) appears due to ↓ Hb. However, since the temperature is still higher than T_C1, no magnetization appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 4_H.
When the medium temperature is further decreased slightly below T_C1, magnetization also appears in the first layer. In this case, the magnetization of the second layer influences that of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. As a result, a force acts to respectively align RE spins (t) and TM spins ( ?). In this case, since the medium temperature is equal to or higher than T_comp.1, the TM spins are larger than RE spins (↓ ↑). As a result, magnetisation ⇑ appears in the second layer, and Condition 5_H is established.
When the medium temperature is further decreased from the temperature in Condition 5_H and becomes equal to or lower than T_comp.1, the relationship between the strengths of the TM and RE spins of the first layer is reversed (↓↑ - ↓↑). For this reason, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed to the "non-A direction" ⇓, and Condition 6_H is established.
The medium temperature is then decreased from the temperature in Condition 6_H to the room temperature. Since H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large, the magnetization of the first layer is stably held.
Thus, a bit in the "non-A direction" is formed.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a specific medium No. 4 belonging to a recording medium of Class 4 (P type, Quadrant I, Type 4) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 4 has a relation given by Formula 26:
For the sake of simplicity, T_H < T_C1 < T_C2 in the following description. Fig. 24 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 27. The medium No. 4 satisfies Formula 27.
In this case, a condition for Hini. is represented by Formula 30. When Hini. disappears, the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers are influenced by the exchange coupling force. Conditions for maintaining the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers without reversing them are given by Formulas 28 and 29. This medium No. 4 satisfies Formulas 28 and 29.
The magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies the conditions given by Formulas 27 to 29 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction"⇑ (↑↓) by Hini. which satisfies Formula 30 immediately before recording:
At this time, the first layer is left in the recorded state shown in Condition 1 a or 1 b in Fig. 25. Condition 1 a or 1b is maintained immediately before recording. The bias field Hb is assumed to be applied in the "non-A direction" 1.
When the medium has a disk shape, a condition for inhibiting magnetization of a recorded bit (in particular, a bit in Condition 1 b in which the direction of magnetization of the first layer is opposite to the direction of Hb) from being reversed by Hb when it approaches an Hb apply means is represented by Formula 30-2:
The disk medium must satisfy this formula at the room temperature. A condition for inhibiting the initialized second layer from being reversed by Hb when it approaches the Hb apply means is represented by Formula 30-3:
In other words, conditions for determining Hb are Formulas 30-2 and 30-3.
A bit in Condition 1 a or 1 b then reaches the spot region of the laser beam.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 25.
A low-level laser beam is radiated, and the medium temperature is increased to T_L. Thus, a condition which can satisfy the following relation is established, and Condition 1 a transits to Condition 2_L:
On the other hand, since Condition 1 b is left unchanged, it becomes the same Condition 2_L.
In Condition 2_L, when the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. Even when the medium temperature is decreased to the room temperature, Condition 2_L is maintained since its H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large (see Formula 30-4).
As a result, a bit in the "A direction" t is formed in the first layer.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 26.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated, the medium temperature is increased to the low temperature T_L. As a result, Condition 2_H equal to Condition 2_L in the low-temperature cycle is established.
When the beam radiation continues and the medium temperature is further increased up to T_H, the coersivity is decreased since T_H approaches the Curie temperatures of the first and second layers. As a result, the medium satisfies one of the following Formulas (1) to (3):
and

and

and
For this reason, the directions of magnetization of the two layers are almost simultaneously reversed to follow the direction of Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 3_H, the medium temperature is begins to be decreased. The medium temperature is then decreased to the room temperature. However, Condition 3_H is left unchanged.
Thus, a bit in the "non-A direction"⇓ is formed in the first layer.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a medium No. 5 belonging to a recording medium of Class 5 (A type, Quadrant II, Type 3) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 5 has a relation given by Formula 31:
For the sake of simplicity, T_H < T_C1 < T_c2 in the following description. Fig. 27 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 32. This medium No. 5 satisfies Formula 32.
In this case, a condition for Hini. is represented by Formula 35. When Hini. disappears, the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers are influenced to each other due to the interface wall energy. Conditions for maintaining the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers without reversing them are represented by Formulas 33 and 34. This medium No. 5 satisfies Formulas 33 and 34.
Magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies the conditions given by Formulas 32 to 34 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction"
(↓↑) by Hini. which satisfies Formula 35 immediately before recording:
At this time, the first layer is left in the recorded state shown in Condition 1 a or 1 _bin Fig. 28. This Condition 1 a or 1 b is maintained immediately before recording.
The bias field Hb is assumed to be applied in the "non-A direction" 1
When the medium has a disk shape, a condition for inhibiting magnetization of a previously recorded bit (in particular, a bit in Condition 1 a in which the direction of magnetization of the first layer is opposite to the direction of Hb) from being reversed by Hb when it approaches an Hb apply means is represented by Formula 35-2:
The disk medium must satisfy this formula at the room temperature. A condition for inhibiting the initialized second layer from being reversed by Hb when it approaches the Hb apply means is represented by Formula 35-3:
In other words, conditions for determining Hb are Formulas 35-2 and 35-3.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 28.
A low-level laser beam is radiated, and the medium temperature is increased beyond T_comp.1. The medium type is changed from A type to P type. The relationship between the strengths of the RE and TM spins of the first layer is reversed although their directions are left unchanged. For this reason, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed, so that Condition 1 becomes Condition 2_La, and Condition 1 becomes Condition 2_Lb.
When the medium temperature is further increased from this state up to T_L, the following formula is satisfied:
Thus, Condition 2_La transits to Condition 3_L. Meanwhile, since Condition 2_Lb is left unchanged, it becomes the same Condition 3_L.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in this condition, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased below T_comp.1, the medium type is restored from P type to original A type. The relationship between the strengths of RE and TM spins of the first layer is reversed (↓↑ - ↓↑). As a result, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed to the "non-A direction"
, This condition corresponds to Condition 4_L.
The medium temperature is then decreased to the room temperature, and Condition 4_L is maintained.
As a result, a bit in the "non-A direction"
is formed in the first layer.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 29.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated, the medium temperature is increased to the low temperature T, via T_comp.1. As a result, Condition 2_H equal to Condition 3_L is established.
The beam radiation continues and the medium temperature then reaches T_H. The coersivities of the two layers are decreased since T_His near the Curie temperatures of the first and second layers. As a result, the medium satisfies one of the following Formulas (1) to (3):
and

and

and
For this reason, the directions of magnetization of the two layers are almost simultaneously reversed to follow the direction of Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 3_H, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased below T_comP.1, the medium type is restored from P type to original A type. The relationship between the strengths of TM and RE spins of the first layer is reversed (↑↓→ ↑↓). For this reason, the direction of magnetization of the first layer is reversed to the "A direction"
(Condition 4_H). The medium temperature is decreased from the temperature in Condition 4_H to the room temperature. H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large, and Formula 35-4 is satisfied:
Therefore, the magnetization of the first layer is stably maintained in Condition 4_H.
Thus, a bit in the "A direction" is formed in the first layer.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a specific medium No. 6 belonging to a recording medium of Class 6 (A type, Quadrant II, Type 4) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 6 has a relation given by Formula 36:
Fig. 30 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 37. This medium No. 6 satisfies Formula 37.
A condition for Hini. at this time is given by Formula 40. When Hini. disappears, the reversed magnetization of the second layer is influenced by that of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. Conditions for holding the magnetization of the second layer without re-reversing it are given by Formulas 38 and 39. This medium No. 6 satisfies Formulas 38 and 39.
The magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies the conditions given by Formulas 37 to 39 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g. the "A direction"
(↓↑) by Hini. which satisfies the condition given by Formula 40 immediately before recording. At this time, the first layer is kept in the recorded state, as shown in Condition 1 in Fig. 31. Condition 1 is maintained immediately before recording. In this case, the bias field (Hb) is applied in a direction of ↓.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 31.
A low-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L. Since T_L is almost equal the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears. In this condition, since H_c2 is sufficiently large, the magnetization t of the second layer will not be reversed by 1 Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 2_L.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 2_L, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_C1, the RE and TM spins (↓↑) of the second layer influence those of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. The exchange coupling force acts to respectively align the RE spins (t) and TM spins ( ↑). As a result, magnetization ↓↑, i.e.,
appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_L.
Condition 3_L is maintained even when the medium temperature is decreased to the room temperature. As a result, a bit in the "non-A direction"
is formed.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 32.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L, since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears, i.e., Condition 2_H is established.
When the beam radiation continues and the medium temperature is further increased up to T_H, since the temperature T_H of the second layer is almost equal to T_c2, its magnetization also disappears. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 3_H, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_c2, magnetization appears in the second layer. In this case, magnetization
(↑↓) appears due to ↓ Hb. However, since the temperature is higher than T_C1, no magnetization appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 4_H.
When the medium temperature is further decreased slightly below T_C1, magnetization appears in the first layer. At this time, the exchange coupling force from the second layer acts to respectively align RE spins (t) and TM spins ( ↓). As a result, magnetization ↑↓, i.e.,
overcomes ↓ Hb, and appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 5_H.
The medium temperature is then decreased from the temperature in Condition 5_H to the room temperature. Since H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large, the magnetization of the first layer is stably maintained. Thus, a bit in the "A direction"
is formed.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a medium No. 7 belonging to a recording medium of Class 7 (P type, Quadrant III, Type 4) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 7 has a relation given by Formula 41:
For the sake of simplicity, T_H < T_c, < T_c2 in the following description. Fig. 33 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 42. This medium No. 7 satisfies Formula 42.
A condition for Hini. at this time is given by Formula 45. When Hini. disappears, the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers influence to each other due to the interface wall energy. Conditions for maintaining the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers without reversing them are represented by Formulas 43 and 44. This medium No. 7 satisfies Formulas 43 and 44.
The magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies conditions given by Formulas 42 to 44 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction" 1 (↓↑) by Hini. which satisfies the condition given by Formula 45 immediately before recording:
At this time, the first layer is left in Condition 1 a or 1_bshown in Fig. 34.
The bias field Hb is assumed to be applied in the "non-A direction" 1.
When the medium has a disk shape, a condition for inhibiting magnetization of a recorded bit (in particular, a bit in Condition 1 in which the direction of magnetization of the first layer is opposite to the direction of Hb) from being reversed by Hb when it approaches an Hb apply means is represented by Formula 45-2:
The disk medium must satisfy this formula at the room temperature. A condition for inhibiting the initialized second layer from being reversed by Hb when it approaches the Hb apply means is represented by Formula 45-3:
In other words, conditions for determining Hb are Formulas 45-2 and 45-3.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 34.
A low-level laser beam is radiated, and the medium temperature is increased to T_L. Thus, the following condition is satisfied:
Thus, Condition 1a a transits to Condition 2_L. Meanwhile, Condition 1b is maintained, and becomes Condition 2_L.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in condition 2_L, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. Since H_C1 is sufficiently large at the room temperature (see Formula 45-2), Condition 2_L can be maintained at the room temperature.
As a result, a bit in the "A direction"
is formed in the first layer.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 35.
A high-level laser beam is radiated, and the medium temperature is increased to the low temperature T_L. As a result, Condition 2_H equal to Condition 2_L is established.
The beam radiation continues and the medium temperature then reaches T_H. Since T_H approaches the Curie temperatures of the first and second layers, the medium satisfies one of the following Formulas (1) to (3):
and

and

and
For this reason, the directions of magnetization of the two layers are almost simultaneously reversed to follow the direction of 1 Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 3_H, the medium temperature begins to be decreased.
The medium temperature is then returned to the room temperature. However, Condition 4_H is left unchanged.
As a result, a bit in the "non-A direction"
is formed in the first layer.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a medium No. 8 belonging to a recording medium of Class 8 (A type, Quadrant IV, Type 2) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 8 has a relation given by Formula 46:
For the sake of simplicity, T_H < T_C1 < T_c2 in the following description. T_comp.2 may be lower than, or equal to, or higher than T_L or T_C1. However, for the sake of simplicity, T_L < T_C1 < T_comp.2 in the following description. Fig. 36 shows this relation.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 47. This medium No. 8 satisfies Formula 47 at the room temperature.
A condition for Hini. at this time is given by Formula 50. When Hini. disappears, the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers influence to each other due to the interface wall energy. Conditions for maintaining the directions of magnetization of the first and second layers without reversing them are represented by Formulas 48 and 49. This medium No. 8 satisfies Formulas 48 and 49.
The magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies Formulas 47 to 49 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g., the "A direction"
(↑↓) by Hini. which satisfies the condition given by Formula 50 immediately before recording:
At this time, the first layer is left in the recorded state, as shown in Condition 1a or 1_b in Fig. 37.
The bias field Hb is assumed to be applied in the "A direction" t.
When the medium has a disk shape, a condition for inhibiting magnetization of a bit recorded just one revolution before (in particular, a bit in Condition 1 b in which the direction of magnetization of the first layer is opposite to the direction of Hb) from being reversed by Hb is represented by Formula 50-2:
The disk medium must satisfy this formula at the room temperature. In other words, a condition for determining Hb is given by Formula 50-2.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 37.
A low-level laser beam is radiated, and the medium temperature is increased to T_L. Thus, the following condition is satisfied:
Thus, Condition 1a transits to Condition 2_L. Meanwhile, Condition 1 b is maintained, and becomes Condition 2_L.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 2_L, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. Even when the medium temperature is decreased to the room temperature, Condition 2_L is maintained since H_C1 is sufficiently large (see Formula 50-2).
As a result, a bit in the "non-A direction"
is formed in the first layer.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 38.
A high-level laser beam is radiated, and the medium temperature is increased to the low temperature T_L. As a result, Condition 2_H equal to Condition 2_L in the low-temperature cycle is established.
Upon radiation of the high-level laser beam, the medium temperature is further increased. When the medium temperature exceeds T_comp.2, the medium type is shifted from A type to P type. The relationship between the strengths of RE spin (t) and TM spin ( ↓) of the second layer is reversed (↑↓→ ↑↓) while their directions are left unchanged. As a result, the direction of magnetization of the second layer is reversed to the "non-A direction"
. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_H.
However, since H_c2 is still large at this temperature, the magnetization
of the second layer will not be reversed by t Hb.
The beam radiation further continues, and the medium temperature is further increased up to T_H. Since the medium temperature is near the Curie temperatures of the first and second layers, the coersivities of the two layers are decreased. As a result, the medium satisfies one of following Formulas (1) to (3):
and

and

and
For this reason, the directions of magnetization of the two layers are almost simultaneously reversed to follow the direction of t Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 4_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 4_H, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased below T_comp.₂. the medium type is restored from P type to original A type. The relationship between the strengths of RE spin (t) and TM spin ( ↑) is reversed (↓↑→ ↓↑) while their directions are left unchanged. As a result, the direction of magnetization of the second layer is reversed to the "non-A direction"
. In this condition, since H_c2 has already been considerably large, the magnetization
of the second layer will not be reversed by t Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 5_H.
The medium temperature is then decreased from the temperature in Condition 5_H to the room temperature. However, Condition 5_H is left unchanged.
In this manner, a bit in the "A direction"
is formed in the first layer.
The principle of the over-write operation will be described in detail below using a specific medium No. 9 belonging to a recording medium of Class 9 (A type, Quadrant IV, Type 4) shown in Table 1.
This medium No. 9 has a relation given by Formula 51:
This relation can be expressed as a graph as follows.
A condition for reversing only the direction of magnetization of the second layer by the initial field Hini. without reversing that of the first layer at the room temperature T_R is represented by Formula 52. This medium No. 9 satisfies Formula 52.
A condition for Hini. at this time is given by Formula 55. When Hini. disappears, the reversed magnetization of the second layer is influenced by that of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. Conditions for holding the magnetization of the second layer without re-reversing it are given by Formulas 53 and 54. This medium No. 9 satisfies Formulas 53 and 54.
The magnetization of the second layer of the recording medium which satisfies the conditions given by Formulas 52 to 54 at the room temperature is aligned in, e.g. the "A direction"
(↑↓) by Hini. which satisfies the condition given by Formula 55 immediately before recording. At this time, the first layer is in Condition 1 in Fig. 40.
In this case, the bias field (Hb) is applied in a direction of 1.
A low-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 40.
A low-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L. Since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears. In this condition, since H_C2 is sufficiently large, the magnetization
of the second layer will not be reversed by ↓ Hb. This condition corresponds to Condition 2L.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 2_L, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_C1, RE and TM spins (↑↓) of the second layer influence those of the first layer due to the exchange coupling force. The exchange coupling force acts to respectively align the RE spins (t) and TM spins ( ↓). As a result, magnetization ↑↓, i.e.,
appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_L.
Condition 3_L is maintained even when the medium temperature is decreased to the room temperature. As a result, a bit in the "non-A direction"
is formed.
A high-temperature cycle will be described below with reference to Fig. 41.
When a high-level laser beam is radiated to increase the medium temperature to T_L, since T_L is almost equal to the Curie temperature T_C1 of the first layer, its magnetization disappears, and Condition 2_H isestablished.
When the beam radiation continues and the medium temperature is further increased up to T_H, since the temperature T_H of the second layer is almost equal to T_c2, magnetization of the second layer also disappears. This condition corresponds to Condition 3_H.
When the bit falls outside the spot region of the laser beam in Condition 3_H, the medium temperature begins to be decreased. When the medium temperature is decreased slightly below T_c2, magnetization appears in the second layer. In this case, magnetization
(↓↑) appears due to t Hb. However, since the temperature is higher than T_C1, no magnetization appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 4_H.
When the medium temperature is further decreased slightly below T_C1, magnetization appears in the first layer. At this time, the exchange coupling force from the second layer (↓↑) acts to respectively align RE spins (t) and TM spins ( ↑). As a result, magnetization ↓↑, i.e.,
overcomes 1 Hb, and appears in the first layer. This condition corresponds to Condition 5_H.
The medium temperature is then decreased from the temperature in Condition 5_H to the room temperature. Since H_C1 at the room temperature is sufficiently large, the magnetization of the first layer is stably maintained. Thus, a bit in the "A direction"
is formed.

Brief Description of Drawings

Fig. 1 is a view for explaining bit formation of a magnetooptical recording medium, Fig. 2 is a view for explaining reproduction of the magnetooptical recording medium, Figs. 3 and 4 are charts showing output waveforms of a laser beam when information is recorded on the magnetooptical recording medium, Fig. 5 is a view showing a structure of the magnetooptical recording medium, Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between a coersivity and a temperature of a magnetooptical recording medium according to the first category of the present invention, Fig. 7 is a schematic view of the magnetooptical recording medium shown in Fig. 7, Fig. 8 is a diagram showing a change in medium when a high-level laser beam is radiated on the magnetooptical recording medium shown in Fig. 7 to record information, Fig. 9 is a diagram showing a change in medium when a low-level laser beam is radiated on the magnetooptical recording medium shown in Fig. 7 to record information, Fig. 10 is a diagram for explaining an over-write operation of the magnetooptical recording medium according to the present invention, Fig. 11 is a diagram showing a change in medium when a high-level laser beam is radiated on a magnetooptical recording medium according to the second category of the present invention, Fig. 12 is a diagram showing a change in medium when a low-level laser beam is radiated on the magnetooptical recording medium according to the second category of the present invention, Fig. 13 and Figs. 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D are views showing types of magnetooptical recording media according to the present invention, Figs. 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, and 39 are graphs showing the relationships between coersivities and temperatures of magnetooptical recording media according to the present invention, Figs. 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, and 40 are diagrams showing low-temperature cycles of the magnetooptical recording media according to the present invention, Figs. 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, and 41 are diagrams showing high-temperature cycles of the magnetooptical recording media according to the present invention, Figs. 42A and 42B are sectional views for explaining an embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 43 is a diagram showing an apparatus according to the present invention.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

The present invention will be described in detail below by way of its examples and reference examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these.
[Reference Example 1...Manufacture of Class 8 Medium]

(1) First, a disk-like glass substrate (S) having a thickness of 1.2 mm, and a diameter of 130 mm is prepared, and a grooved layer (U) having a thickness of about 100 u.m is formed thereon. The grooved layer (U) is formed of an ultraviolet-curing resin, and a spiral groove for forming a separation zone of the present invention is formed on the layer. The groove has a depth of 700 ,4, and a width of 0.4 µm, as shown in Fig. 42B.
(2) An RF magnetron-sputtering apparatus is used, and the glass substrate (S) with the grooved layer is set in a vacuum chamber of the apparatus.

After the interior of the vacuum chamber is temporarily evacuated to 5 x 10-^s Pa., argon gas is introduced, and sputtering is performed while maintaining an Ar gas pressure to be 2 x 10-' Pa.
As shown in Fig. 42A, SiN is used as a first target, thus forming a 700-A thick protection layer on the grooved layer. Subsequently, a Tb₂₀Fe₇₆sCo₄ alloy is used as a target, thereby forming a first layer (recording layer) comprising a Tb₂₀Fe₇₆Co₄ perpendicular magnetic film having a film thickness t, = 500 A. Note that the unit of suffixes in an alloy composition is atomic %. The same applies to the following description.
Sputtering is performed using a Tb₉Dy₁₈Fe₄₅Co₂₈ alloy as a target while maintaining a vacuum state, thereby forming a second layer (reference layer) comprising a Tb₉Dy₁₈Fe₄₅Co₂₈ perpendicular magnetic film having a film thickness t₂ = 1,500 Å.
Finally, a 700-A thick SiN projection layer is formed on the second layer.
Table 2 below summarizes magnetic characteristics (25 C) of two-layered magnetooptical recording media belonging to Class 8 (A type, Quadrant IV, Type 2) manufactured in this manner.

[Reference Example 2]

Fig. 43 shows a schematic view showing a structure of an over-write capable magnetooptical recording apparatus according to the basic invention.
Reference numeral 20 denotes an over-write capable magnetooptical recording medium; 21, a rotating means for rotating the magnetooptical recording medium; 22, an initial field apply means (Hini. = 4,000 Oe and "non-A direction" 1); 23, a laser beam source; 24, a modulation means for pulse-modulating a laser beam intensity between high level and low level according to information; and 25, a bias field apply means (Hb = 300 Oe, and "non-A direction" 1).

[Example...Example of First Invention]

The initial field apply means was removed from the apparatus of Reference Example 2, and a rod-like permanent magnet for generating a 1,000-Oe magnetic field in an "A direction" t was mounted as a pre-processing field apply means in place of the bias field apply means.
A tracking mechanism of the recording apparatus was adjusted so that a laser beam could be radiated along a magnetic layer (multilayered structure of first and second layers) located in a groove.
A recording medium (A type disk) manufactured in Reference Example 1 was then set in the apparatus in Reference Example 2, and was rotated at 1,800 rpm.
In this case, the laser beam intensity was set to be constant, i.e., 10 mW on the surface of the magnetic layer, and was not modulated.
In this manner, pre-processing was completed, and the direction of magnetization of the first layer in the groove was aligned in the "A direction" t. Since the first layer does not have a compensation temperature between a medium temperature when it is heated by the laser beam and a room temperature, the direction of the pre-processing field applied upon radiation of the laser beam is the same as the aligned direction of magnetization of the first layer at the room temperature.
Since the direction of Hini. is the "non-A direction" 1, the direction of magnetization of the second layer located in the groove is also aligned in the "non-A direction" l However, since this medium is of A type, when the first layer is aligned in the "A direction" t, no magnetic wall is formed between the first and second layer.

[Example 2...Example of Second Invention]

A label describing that the direction of Hini. should be set in the "non-A direction" I was adhered to the central portion of the medium processed in Example 1.
Note that a "mark" which can be detected by an electrical, magnetic, or mechanical sensor may be used in place of the label.

[Reference Example 3]

The medium of Example 2 was set in the recording apparatus of Reference Example 2. The medium was rotated at 1,800 rpm, and recording was performed on a track at a position corresponding to a radius r = 30 mm.
A laser beam intensity at high level was set to be 7.0 mW on the surface of the recording layer, and an intensity at low level was set to be 3.5 mW. Thus, when a high-level laser beam was radiated, the medium temperature was increased to a high temperature T_H = 200 C, and a high-temperature process was executed, while when a low-level laser beam was radiated, the medium temperature was increased to a low temperature T_L = 130° C, and a low-temperature process was executed.
A 1-MHz signal wave was used as information, and recording was performed on a track while modulating a laser beam at 1 MHz, and applying Hini. and Hb.
When recorded information was reproduced by another conventional magnetooptical recording/reproduction apparatus, a C/N ratio was 55 dB.
A 2-MHz signal wave was used as information, and recording (over-write) and reproduction were performed. As a result, no 1-MHz signal was observed at all, and a C/N ratio was 52 dB.

[Comparative Example]

For the purpose of comparison, substantially the same processing as in Example 1 was performed, except that the pre-processing field was changed to the "non-A direction" 1.
Recording/reproduction of this medium was performed in the same manner as in the reference example. As a result, after the over-write operation, a C.'N ratio (2-MHz signal) was 50 dB, and a previously recorded 1-MHz signal which remained after the over-write operation was observed. Thus, an erase rate of a 1-MHz signal was 40 dB.

Industrial Applicability

As described above, according to the present invention, since processing which is conventionally considered to be nonsense is performed to eliminate a magnetic wall between first and second layers of a recording layer located in a separation zone, problems such as a decrease in C/N ratio, reproduction of previous information, and a high bit error rate can be solved.

Claims

1. Method of pre-processing comprising:

(a) a first step of preparing a magnetooptical recording medium being over-write capable by beam intensity modulation, the medium having at least two-layered structure including a recording layer having a perpendicular magnetic unisotopy and a reference layer having a perpendicular magnetic unisotopy and exchange-coupled to the recording layer, and a direction of magnetization of the reference layer of the medium can be aligned in a first direction without changing a direction of magnetization of the recording layer, the medium having a plurality of tracks in which information is recorded and a separation tone being formed between adjacent tracks; and

(b) a second step of aligning a direction of magnetization of the recording layer in the separation zone in a second direction by application of a pre-processing field so as to prevent, when a direction of magnetization of said reference layer is aligned in said first direction, a generation of a magnetic wall between the recording layer and the reference layer in the separation zone.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said medium is of parallel type, and said first direction and said second direction are the same.

3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said medium is of anti-parallel type, and said first direction and said second direction are opposite.

4. A method according to claim 1, wherein said medium is heated during said second step.

5. A method according to claim 1, further comprising;

(c) a third step of making an indication on said medium, the indication indicating that the direction of magnetization of said recording layer in said separation zone is aligned in said second direction.

6. A method according to claim 1, further comprising

(c) a third step of making an indication on a case containing said medium, the indication indicating that the direction of magnetization of said recording layer in said separation zone is aligned in second direction.

7. A method according to claim 1, further comprising, after said second step,

(d) a fourth step of aligning the direction of magnetization in said first direction by application of initial field.

8. A magnetooptical recording medium being over-write capable by means intensity modulation, the medium having at least two-layered structure including a recording layer having a perpendicular magnetic unisotopy and a reference layer having a perpendicular magnetic unisotopy and exchange coupled to the recording layer, and a direction of magnetization of the reference layer of the medium can be aligned in a first direction without changing a direction of magnetization of the recording layer, the medium having a plurality of tracks in which information is recorded, and a separation zone being formed between adjacent tracks, and the medium having undergone pre-processing in which pre-processing field is applied to the medium with or without heating so as to align a direction of magnetization in the separation zone in a second direction in order that, when a direction of magnetization is aligned in the first direction, a magnetic wall between the recording layer and the reference layer is not generated in the separation zone.

9. A medium according to claim 8, wherein said first direction is indicated on said medium itself or on a case containing said medium.

10. A medium according to claim 8, wherein said second direction is indicated on said medium itself or on a case containing said medium.