EP0438738B1 - Composante quasi-optique pour rayonnement à micro-ondes - Google Patents

Composante quasi-optique pour rayonnement à micro-ondes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0438738B1
EP0438738B1 EP90124755A EP90124755A EP0438738B1 EP 0438738 B1 EP0438738 B1 EP 0438738B1 EP 90124755 A EP90124755 A EP 90124755A EP 90124755 A EP90124755 A EP 90124755A EP 0438738 B1 EP0438738 B1 EP 0438738B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
microwave radiation
quasi
electron beam
microwaves
gyrotron
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP90124755A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0438738A1 (fr
Inventor
Bernd Dr. Jödicke
Hans-Günter Dr. Mathews
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THOMSON ELEKTRONENROEHREN AG
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ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd
Asea Brown Boveri AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/025—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators with an electron stream following a helical path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
    • H01J23/24—Slow-wave structures, e.g. delay systems
    • H01J23/30—Damping arrangements associated with slow-wave structures, e.g. for suppression of unwanted oscillations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
    • H01P3/20—Quasi-optical arrangements for guiding a wave, e.g. focusing by dielectric lenses

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a quasi-optical component for microwave radiation with a quasi-optical element which emits incident microwave radiation along a main axis and which has a characteristic transverse dimension which is less than 50 times a wavelength.
  • such quasi-optical components can be used at different points, for example in the microwave source (quasi-optical or cylindrical gyrotron) or in the transmission path (cf. "Design of the CIT Gyrotron ECRH Transmission System") , JA Casey et al., 13th Int. Conf. On Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 5-9 Dec 1988, pp. 123-124).
  • the so-called Vlasov converter is of particular importance in connection with the cylindrical gyrotron.
  • Such a quasi-optical element is described, for example, in the publications "An X-Band Vlasov-Type Mode Convertor", BG Ruth et al., 13th Int. Conf.
  • an electron beam gun In the gyrotron, an electron beam gun generates an electron beam that reaches a resonator via a drift path. There part of the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into the desired microwave radiation.
  • the quality of the electron beam plays a central role in the optimal excitation of the microwaves. In order to impair the beam quality on the drift path as little as possible, it must be ensured that the electrons there always sense an electrical potential. In principle, this can be achieved by means of a cylindrical or possibly conical metal tube that is a few millimeters larger in diameter than the electron beam.
  • this tube can also resonate in addition to the correct resonator. This would result in a drastic deterioration in the beam quality. It must therefore be ensured with suitable means that no microwaves can be generated in this area. In addition, this area has the task of damping microwaves that run from the resonator to the cannon.
  • the second solution is known from patent CH-664,044 A5.
  • the electrically conductive surface of the beam guide is achieved here by a metal grid enclosing the electron beam.
  • the structure receives the property of resonance damping through the openings in the grating. They are dimensioned so that they allow the microwaves to be attenuated.
  • One problem with this solution is the undefined absorption of the microwaves.
  • the object of the invention is to provide quasi-optical components of the type mentioned at the outset which avoid the problems existing in the prior art.
  • the solution is that the component comprises a cooled absorption device which is arranged close to the quasi-optical element in such a way that at least one powerful secondary maximum of the diffraction caused by the characteristic transverse dimension is destroyed.
  • the damping body is preferably attached at the locations of the expected secondary maxima. It should be able to dissipate the high power (typically between 1% and 10% of the beam power).
  • the damping body essentially consists of a dielectric vessel with relatively small losses for the microwaves (transparent) and a dielectric liquid (absorption).
  • the absorption capacity of the liquid is on the one hand not too great, so that film boiling cannot occur, and on the other hand not too small, so that the secondary maxima can still be essentially destroyed.
  • Such liquids are known, for example, from the technology of microwave calorimeters.
  • the absorption device comprises a vessel which is transparent to microwaves, in particular made of ceramic (e.g. aluminum oxide ceramic), which is filled with a cooling liquid, in particular water, which absorbs the microwaves.
  • the quasi-optical element is preferably a focusing mirror or a Vlasov converter.
  • a gyrotron according to the invention is characterized in that a cooled absorption device enclosing the beam guide is provided for absorbing the microwave radiation emerging through the openings of the beam guide.
  • a major advantage of this embodiment is that the microwaves are first radially scattered away, which results in the attenuation of the microwave radiation in the interior, and are then absorbed by separate means. Because of their spatial separation from the actual beam guidance, the latter means can be designed in a simple manner for the required cooling capacity. The microwave energy is also destroyed in a well-defined room. Finally, the absorbent structure can be actively cooled in the invention.
  • the beam guide has a plurality of metal rings axially spaced apart on the axis mentioned.
  • the beam guidance has a section with metal rings and a section with a jacket around it said axis arranged metal rods. Then both TE and TM modes can be decoupled well.
  • the cooled absorption device is formed by a double-walled hollow cylinder, the inner and outer walls of which consist entirely of a material which is transparent to microwaves, preferably of an aluminum oxide ceramic, and which is flowed through by a cooling medium, preferably water, which absorbs the microwaves.
  • the vessel is completely housed in the evacuated tube vessel.
  • Such an absorption device can be integrated without problems in a gyrotron of a known type. The cost of this absorption device is much lower than that of a solution known from the prior art.
  • the metal rings are preferably copper rings which are kept at a distance by means of pins.
  • the optimal axial distance between the metal rings and thus the space between two metal rings is at least half a wavelength of the microwave radiation to be attenuated.
  • the distance mentioned does not necessarily have to correspond to half a wavelength, but can also be smaller. In this case, however, make sure that the supporting metal pins are at least half a wavelength apart.
  • the microwaves are then coupled out by gaps in the form of long (transverse to the axis), thin (longitudinal to the axis) slots.
  • metal rods are also suitable, which likewise surround the electron beam in a jacket-like manner and are kept at a distance by suitable holding rings.
  • the grid beam guide known per se from the patent specification CH-664,044 A5 is also suitable.
  • the inner wall of the cooled absorption device forms a section of the wall of the evacuated vessel and the outer wall (made of metal) of the hollow cylinder is placed on the outside of the said vessel.
  • the outer wall (made of metal) of the hollow cylinder is placed on the outside of the said vessel.
  • the quasi-optical component shown comprises a focusing mirror 16a as a quasi-optical element and a hollow cylindrical vessel 17 as an absorption device.
  • the microwaves are incident along a predetermined direction of incidence 18.
  • the wavelength in turn is in the millimeter or submillimeter range, i.e. approximately between 10 and 0.1 mm.
  • the relatively small transverse dimension results in diffraction at the mirror as a whole.
  • the corresponding secondary maxima which contain between 1% and 10% of the total beam power (1-30 MW), are no longer negligible (e.g. at 1 MW without further ado 20 kW and more).
  • the absorbent vessel 17 is arranged as close as possible to the quasi-optical component, ie the mirror 16a, in such a way that the undesired secondary maxima are absorbed.
  • the energy distribution in the microwave beam is indicated in the figure. The first, in this case strongest secondary maximum 20 is just damped. Other secondary maxima also disappear in vessel 17.
  • FIG 3 shows the general case where the direction of incidence and the direction of failure (main axis) do not coincide. This case occurs, for example, during the quasi-optical transmission of the microwave radiation from a source (gyrotron) to a consumer (fusion reactor). At certain intervals, focusing mirrors are set up that focus the diverging beam again. In this way it is e.g. possible to transport the microwaves over a longer distance (104-105 times the wavelength).
  • Two mirrors 16a and 16b are provided, which bring about the desired focusing of the radiation. They are e.g. housed in a transport line 22, which itself does not act as a waveguide (quasi-optical case), but only provides protection against accidental interruption of the beam path.
  • the wall of the transport line 22 is shielded with absorption devices 21a, ..., 21d.
  • absorption devices 21a, ..., 21d can be flat, disc-shaped vessels or curved (sectors of a double-walled hollow cylinder). They are preferably flushed with water as the cooling medium. The undesired secondary maxima are therefore eliminated immediately after they have arisen.
  • a Vlasov converter 23 emits the modes guided in the tube as a Gaussian wave in the direction of a main axis 19.
  • a rotationally symmetrical absorption device 21e (for example, a water-filled vessel) that surrounds the main axis destroys the disturbing secondary maxima 20.
  • the invention is also applied with great advantage to a gyrotron.
  • the first is the problems related to the electron beam.
  • a gyrotron with a grating beam guidance is known from the already mentioned patent specification CH-664,044 A5.
  • the invention now provides an improved possibility for beam guidance.
  • the agents according to the invention are accommodated in the gyrotron at the same location as the beam guidance in the prior art. It is therefore sufficient if the known features of the gyrotron are only mentioned briefly.
  • an electron beam gun e.g. a magnetron injection cannon (MIG for short) known as such. It creates e.g. annular electron beam 2 with a diameter of a few millimeters. This runs along an electron beam axis 3, passes through a resonator 4 and finally ends in a collector 13.
  • a strong static magnetic field compresses the electron beam 3 and forces the electrons to gyrate.
  • the resonator 4 In the resonator 4, the electrons running on spiral paths excite a desired alternating electromagnetic field. The microwave radiation thus obtained from the kinetic energy of the electrons is coupled out of the resonator 4 and fed to a consumer.
  • the resonator 4 In Fig. 1, the resonator 4 is designed in a quasi-optical manner, i.e. it essentially consists of two mirrors opposite one another on a resonator axis, the resonator axis being perpendicular to the electron beam axis 3.
  • the invention is equally suitable for a cylindrical gyrotron.
  • the resonator in the form of a waveguide lies coaxially with the electron beam axis 3.
  • a beam guide 5 according to the invention as described below is used for this.
  • metal rings 6.1, 6.2, ..., 6.5 are arranged coaxially to the electron beam axis 3. With their inside they form the metallic inner surface necessary for guiding the electron beam. They have a given mutual distance d. The gaps created by this are empty. They represent the openings (diffraction gaps) in the inner surface of the beam guide, which ensure that the microwave radiation is coupled out, which has been undesirably excited in the area within the metal rings.
  • the metal rings 6.1, 6.2, ..., 6.5 are preferably made of copper. They should also be thin in the radial direction in order to facilitate the coupling out of the microwave radiation.
  • the number of metal rings results from the required length of the beam guidance (e.g. approx. 300 mm for a quasi-optical gyrotron with an operating frequency of 100 GHz), the distance d and the width of the rings.
  • the metal rings 6.1, 6.2, ..., 6.5 are kept at a distance by means of metal pins 7.1, 7.2.
  • the thin metal pins 7.1, 7.2 have the advantage that the passage of the outcoupled microwave radiation is largely unimpeded.
  • the space between the metal rings must be dimensioned so that the unwanted microwave radiation can pass through well. This is the case when the openings in at least have a dimension of about half a wavelength or more in one direction. Mainly at small wavelengths, it is the distance d between the rings that is greater than half the wavelength of the microwaves generated in the gyrotron. If, on the other hand, the wavelength is relatively large (frequency less than 70 GHz), it is sufficient if the metal pins are at a distance of at least half a wavelength from one another. The axial distance between the rings may then be smaller.
  • the second shows a beam guide for low frequencies. It has at least two sections, of which the first metal rings 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 of the type described and the second comprises a plurality of parallel metal bars 14.1, 14.2, ..., 14.5.
  • the metal rods 14.1, 14.2, ..., 14.5 of the second section are fixed by suitable retaining rings 15.1, 15.2 and also surround the electron beam (electron beam axis 3) in a jacket-like manner (i.e. like the metal rings).
  • the mutual distance between the metal rods 14.1, 14.2, ..., 14.5 may be less than half a wavelength.
  • the retaining rings 15.1, 15.2, however, should not be less than this minimum distance.
  • the TE modes are coupled out particularly well in the first section and the TM modes in the second section. If necessary, several such sections can be alternately connected in series.
  • the beam guidance can then either consist only of rings or only rods.
  • the distance d It is determined by half the difference between the inner radius of the beam guidance, i.e. the relevant metal rings, and radius of the electron beam 2.
  • the inner radius of the beam guide is determined by the maximum possible drop in potential of the electron beam. Once the inner radius is fixed, the distance d between the metal rings in the frame shown can be selected.
  • the microwave radiation passing through the intermediate spaces is now destroyed by a cooled absorption device 8 which surrounds the beam guide.
  • the absorption device 8 encloses the beam guide 5 in the form of a jacket.
  • it is embodied by a double-walled hollow cylinder.
  • the hollow cylinder has an inner wall 9 which consists of a ceramic which is transparent to microwaves.
  • the outer wall 10 and the ceiling and floor of the hollow cylinder are made of metal.
  • the hollow cylinder is flushed with a cooling medium 11 (e.g. water) which absorbs the microwaves.
  • the microwave radiation scattered radially from the beam guide 5 is absorbed by the cooling medium 11 in the hollow cylinder.
  • the metallic outer wall ensures that the unwanted electromagnetic radiation cannot escape from the gyrotron. It should be noted that there is no risk of thermal overloading of the ceramic due to the flow cooling. It is therefore not critical if the ceramic is not optimally transparent to the microwaves and absorbs part of it. The commercially available and inexpensive aluminum oxide ceramics are therefore quite suitable for the present purposes.
  • the electron beam gun 1, beam guide 5 and resonator 4 must be accommodated in an evacuated vessel 12. This is, at least in the area of the drift section, mostly cylindrical or possibly conical.
  • the absorption device is accommodated in the vessel 12, which must be provided with suitable passages for the coolant supply and removal.
  • Fig. 6 shows a corresponding embodiment.
  • the absorption device 8 is a completely ceramic (double-walled) hollow cylinder, which is accommodated in the space between the beam guide 5 and the metallic wall of the vessel 12.
  • another such absorption device 8b can be located behind the resonator 4, i.e. be installed on the electron beam axis 3 between the resonator 4 and the collector 13. This space can also be "contaminated” by microwaves which have a disruptive effect on the electron beam 2.
  • the absorption device 8a therefore has a double function: on the one hand, it attenuates the radiation coupled out from the beam guide 5 and, on the other hand, the radiation coming out of the resonator.
  • FIG. 6 also shows the use of the quasi-optical component according to the invention in the resonator 4. It each comprises a mirror 16c, 16d (of the resonator) and a cylindrical, double-walled vessel 17c, 17d. These vessels 17c, 17d are in trained in the manner already described and absorb the powerful secondary maxima.
  • the inner wall of the hollow cylinder forms part of the wall of the evacuated vessel 12.
  • the vessel 12 thus has a cylindrical ceramic insert in the area of the drift path. This means that the vessel 12 is transparent to microwaves in the area of the drift path.
  • the outer wall of the hollow cylinder is then simply placed on the outside of the vessel 12. This embodiment is based on the experience that watertight connections are easier to implement than vacuum-tight connections. In the present case, only two vacuum-tight seams are necessary. Additional openings in the evacuated vessel 12 are completely eliminated.
  • a lattice beam guide can also be used, as is known as such from the cited patent CH-664,044 A5.
  • the beam guidance is generally not limited to the section between the electron beam gun and the resonator. Rather, it can be continued after the resonator. Accordingly, an absorption device of the type described can also be located after the resonator, so that at least the microwave radiation is also absorbed in this area (cf. FIG. 6).
  • the beam guidance according to the invention considerably improves the pump path compared to the prior art.
  • the gaps also allow radial pumping, which is not possible with pipes made of metal and ceramic rings.
  • a highly conductive metal wall can also be provided as a reflector be. The microwave power is then led to the absorber via this metal wall (and possibly via further reflectors).
  • the invention creates the prerequisites which are necessary in order to be able to generate microwaves of high power and to transmit them safely.
  • the diffraction losses are approximately 20 kW.
  • This performance would hit the liquid nitrogen shield of the cryostat unhindered, which would have to carry this performance away. This would result in a disproportionately high consumption of liquid nitrogen.
  • the microwave power wandering in an uncontrolled manner in the gyrotron could be absorbed or coupled in at further, undesirable points, such as e.g.
  • microwaves could also emerge from the gyrotron at undesirable locations and thus endanger people and devices in the vicinity.
  • the invention has created the possibility of guiding a high-quality electron beam in a gyrotron.
  • 1 - electron beam gun 2 - electron beam; 3 - electron beam axis; 4 - resonator; 5 - beam guidance; 6.1, ..., 6.5 - metal rings; 7.1, 7.2 - metal pins; 8 - absorption device; 9 - inner wall; 10 - outer wall; 11 - cooling medium; 12 - vessel; 13 - collector; 14.1, ..., 14.5 - metal rods; 15.1, 15.2 - retaining rings.

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Claims (10)

  1. Composant quasi-optique pour un rayonnement de micro-ondes avec un élément quasi-optique, qui renvoie un rayonnement de micro-ondes incident le long d'un axe principal et qui possède une dimension transversale caractéristique, qui est est inférieure à 50 fois la longueur d'onde, caractérisé en ce que le composant comprend un dispositif d'absorption refroidi, qui est disposé peu avant l'élément quasi-optique de telle manière qu'au moins un maximum secondaire de grande puissance de la diffraction provoquée par la dimension transversale caractéristique soit annulé.
  2. Composant quasi-optique suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif d'absorption comporte une enceinte transparente aux micro-ondes, en particulier en céramique, qui est remplie d'un liquide de refroidissement absorbant les micro-ondes, en particulier d'eau.
  3. Composant quasi-optique suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'élément quasi-optique est de préférence un miroir de focalisation ou un convertisseur de Vlasov.
  4. Dispositif pour le guidage d'un faisceau d'électrons dans un gyrotron sur un axe depuis un canon à électrons jusqu'à un collecteur, dans lequel le dispositif présente, en guise de guide de faisceau, une surface intérieure, électriquement conductrice, entourant le faisceau d'électrons, avec des ouvertures pour amortir un rayonnement de micro-ondes indésirable, caractérisé en ce que pour l'absorption du rayonnement de micro-ondes sortant par les ouvertures du guide de faisceau, il est prévu un dispositif d'absorption refroidi entourant le guide de faisceau.
  5. Dispositif suivant la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le guide du faisceau présente plusieurs anneaux métalliques axialement espacés sur ledit axe avec des espaces intermédiaires, et qui sont maintenus à distance à l'aide de broches.
  6. Dispositif suivant la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le guide de faisceau présente un tronçon avec des anneaux métalliques et un tronçon avec des barres métalliques disposées en forme de cage autour dudit axe, de telle sorte que les modes TE aussi bien que TM peuvent être aisément extraits même pour les plus basses fréquences du rayonnement de micro-ondes.
  7. Dispositif suivant la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif d'absorption refroidi est formé par un cylindre creux à double paroi, dont la paroi intérieure et la paroi extérieure sont constituées d'une matière transparente aux micro-ondes, en particulier d'une céramique d'oxyde d'aluminium, et qui est parcouru par un agent de refroidissement absorbant les micro-ondes, par exemple l'eau.
  8. Dispositif suivant la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la distance axiale des anneaux métalliques et ainsi l'espace intermédiaire entre deux anneaux métalliques est au moins égal à la moitié d'une longueur d'onde du rayonnement de micro-ondes à amortir.
  9. Gyrotron, dans lequel sont disposés l'un derrière l'autre sur un axe du faisceau d'électrons, dans une enceinte sous vide
    a) un canon à électrons pour produire un faisceau d'électrons
    b) un espace de glissement avec un guide de faisceau pour le faisceau d'électrons produit, qui présente une surface intérieure électriquement conductrice, entourant le faisceau d'électrons, avec des ouvertures pour amortir le rayonnement de micro-ondes non désiré
    c) et un résonateur, dans lequel l'énergie cinétique du faisceau d'électrons est convertie en un rayonnement de micro-ondes désiré, caractérisé en ce que
    d) pour l'absorption du rayonnement de micro-ondes sortant par les ouvertures du guide de faisceau, il est prévu un dispositif d'absorption refroidi entourant le guide de faisceau.
  10. Gyrotron suivant la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que la paroi intérieure du dispositif d'absorption refroidi forme un tronçon de la paroi de l'enceinte sous vide et en ce que la paroi extérieure du cylindre creux est constituée de métal et est posée extérieurement sur l'enceinte.
EP90124755A 1990-01-15 1990-12-19 Composante quasi-optique pour rayonnement à micro-ondes Expired - Lifetime EP0438738B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH114/90 1990-01-15
CH11490 1990-01-15
CH1819/90 1990-05-29
CH181990 1990-05-29

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0438738A1 EP0438738A1 (fr) 1991-07-31
EP0438738B1 true EP0438738B1 (fr) 1994-07-13

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US (1) US5187408A (fr)
EP (1) EP0438738B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH04332433A (fr)
DE (1) DE59006432D1 (fr)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220089466A1 (en) * 2018-12-06 2022-03-24 Hyosung Heavy Industries Corporation Ion-exchange resin module and deionization apparatus using same
US11970407B2 (en) * 2018-12-06 2024-04-30 Hyosung Heavy Industries Corporation Ion-exchange resin module and deionization apparatus using same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0438738A1 (fr) 1991-07-31
JPH04332433A (ja) 1992-11-19
DE59006432D1 (de) 1994-08-18
US5187408A (en) 1993-02-16

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