EP0410301B1 - Flame resistant thermoplastic mouldings - Google Patents

Flame resistant thermoplastic mouldings Download PDF

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EP0410301B1
EP0410301B1 EP90113834A EP90113834A EP0410301B1 EP 0410301 B1 EP0410301 B1 EP 0410301B1 EP 90113834 A EP90113834 A EP 90113834A EP 90113834 A EP90113834 A EP 90113834A EP 0410301 B1 EP0410301 B1 EP 0410301B1
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weight
molding material
thermoplastic molding
flameproofed
units
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0410301B2 (en
EP0410301A1 (en
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Petra Dr. Baierweck
Gerd Dr. Blinne
Manfred Koetting
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EMS Patent AG
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BASF SE
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L77/00Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C08K3/2279Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of antimony
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/38Boron-containing compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L25/00Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L25/18Homopolymers or copolymers of aromatic monomers containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen

Definitions

  • the invention further relates to the use of these molding compositions for the production of films, fibers and moldings, and to the moldings which can be obtained as essential components using these molding compositions.
  • Semi-crystalline, partially aromatic copolyamides are particularly characterized by their high temperature resistance, which is required for many areas of application. Due to the high melting point, the flame retardant of these polyamides is problematic, since most conventional flame retardants cannot be incorporated without decomposition due to their low thermal stability.
  • EP-A 299 444 discloses equipping polyamide 66 / 6T and polyamide 6 / 6T with red phosphorus in the presence of stabilizers for flame protection purposes.
  • Such molding compositions have the disadvantage that the red inherent color of the phosphor and its pigment-like character mean that they can no longer be colored lightly.
  • thermal oxidation products of phosphorus, such as phosphinic or oxygen acids arise which are toxicologically problematic on the one hand and form conductive coatings on the other.
  • the reduced surface resistances considerably limit the usability of such molded parts in the electrical sector.
  • DE-A 27 03 419 discloses polyamide molding compositions which are made flame-resistant with brominated styrene oligomers and a synergistic metal oxide.
  • DE-A 15 70 395, DE-A 24 59 062 and DE-A 33 37 223 disclose the use of high molecular weight, core-brominated polystyrenes as flame retardants for polyolefins, epoxy resins, styrene polymers, ABS and polyester molding compositions.
  • Thermoplastic polyamides especially those with a high melting point, such as polyamide 6 / 6T, are usually processed at temperatures above 300 ° C. Comparatively high processing temperatures have to be used especially with filler-reinforced polyamides. In addition, stronger shear forces occur during the incorporation of fillers, which further temperature increases, in particular local temperature peaks z. B. on the fiberglass kneading block.
  • EP-A 333 457 proposes mixtures of brominated polystyrenes and brominated polystyrenes grafted with anhydride groups.
  • the present invention was therefore based on the object of providing flame-resistant thermoplastic molding compositions, the moldings of which have good electrical properties, in particular tracking resistance and dielectric strength, and a good overall spectrum of mechanical properties.
  • these moldings should have a light intrinsic color and the flame retardant properties and electrical properties should be largely independent of the type and amount of the fillers.
  • thermoplastic molding compositions defined at the outset are thermoplastic molding compositions defined at the outset.
  • thermoplastic molding compositions according to the invention contain 10 to 98, preferably 35 to 97 and in particular 40 to 90% by weight of a partially aromatic copolyamide with the structure described below.
  • the partially aromatic copolyamides A) contain, as component a 1 ), 40 to 90% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine.
  • a small proportion of the terephthalic acid preferably not more than 10% by weight of the total aromatic dicarboxylic acids used, can be replaced by isophthalic acid or other aromatic dicarboxylic acids, preferably those in which the carboxyl groups are in the para position.
  • the partially aromatic copolyamides contain units which are derived from E- caprolactam (a 2 ) and / or units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine (a 3 ).
  • the proportion of units derived from E- caprolactam is a maximum of 50% by weight, preferably 20 to 50% by weight, in particular 25 to 40% by weight, while the proportion of units derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine is up to 60% by weight, preferably 30 to 60% by weight and in particular 35 to 55% by weight.
  • the copolyamides can also contain units of E- caprolactam as well as units of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine; in this case care must be taken to ensure that the proportion of units which are free from aromatic groups is at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 20% by weight.
  • the ratio of the units derived from E- caprolactam and from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine is not subject to any particular restriction.
  • Polyamides with 50 to 80, in particular 60 to 75,% by weight units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine (units a 1 )) and 20 to 50, preferably 25 to 40,% by weight units have proven particularly advantageous for many applications. which are derived from E- caprolactam (units a2)).
  • the partially aromatic copolyamides according to the invention can also contain minor amounts, preferably not more than 15% by weight, in particular not more than 10% by weight, of other polyamide units, as are known from other polyamides .
  • These building blocks can be derived from dicarboxylic acids with 4 to 16 carbon atoms and aliphatic or cycloalphatic diamines with 4 to 16 carbon atoms and from aminocarboxylic acids or corresponding lactams with 7 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable monomers of these types here are only suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid or isophthalic acid as representatives of the dicarboxylic acids, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, piperazine, 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 2,2- (4,4 ' -Diaminodicyclohexyl) propane or 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane as representatives of diamines and capryllactam, enanthlactam, omega-aminoundecanoic acid and laurolactam as representatives of lactams or aminocarboxylic acids.
  • the melting points of the partially aromatic copolyamides A) are in the range from 260 ° C. to over 300 ° C., this high melting point also being associated with a high glass transition temperature of generally more than 75 ° C., in particular more than 85 ° C.
  • Binary copolyamides based on terephthalic acid, hexamethylene diamine and E- caprolactam have a melting point in the range of 300 ° C. and a glass transition temperature of more than about 70% by weight of units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylene diamine 110 ° C.
  • Binary copolyamides based on terephthalic acid, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine (HMD) reach melting points of 300 ° C and more even at lower contents of about 55% by weight of units of terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine, whereby the glass transition temperature is not quite as high as with binary copolyamides which contain instead of adipic acid or adipic acid / HMD E -caprolactam.
  • the production of the partially aromatic copolyamides A) can e.g. by the method described in EP-A 129 195 and EP-A 129 196.
  • an aqueous solution of the monomers ie in this case the monomers which form the units ai) to a 3
  • a temperature of 250 to 300 ° C. under elevated pressure with simultaneous evaporation of water and formation of a prepolymer
  • prepolymers and vapors are continuously separated, the vapors are rectified and the diamines carried back are returned.
  • the prepolymer is passed into a polycondensation zone and polycondensed under an excess pressure of 1 to 10 bar and a temperature of 250 to 300 ° C.
  • the aqueous salt solution is heated under an excess pressure of 1 to 10 bar within a residence time of less than 60 seconds, the degree of conversion advantageously emerging at least 93% and the water content of the prepolymer at most 7% when leaving the evaporator zone. % is.
  • the partially aromatic copolyamides A) generally have triamine contents of preferably less than 0.5% by weight, in particular less than 0.3% by weight.
  • High levels of triamine can lead to deterioration in product quality and problems in the continuous production of the partially aromatic copolyamides.
  • the diamine which can cause such problems is, in particular, the dihexamethylene triamine which is formed from the hexamethylene diamine used as a monomer.
  • the aqueous solutions used generally have a monomer content of 30 to 70% by weight, in particular 40 to 65% by weight.
  • the aqueous salt solution is advantageously passed continuously at a temperature of 50 to 100 ° C into an evaporator zone, where the aqueous salt solution is heated to a temperature of 250 to 330 ° C under an excess pressure of 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 6 bar. It is understood that the temperature used is above the melting point of the particular polyamide to be produced.
  • the residence time in the evaporator zone is a maximum of 60 seconds, preferably 10 to 55 seconds and in particular 10 to 40 seconds.
  • the conversion on leaving the evaporator zone is advantageously at least 93, preferably 95 to 98%, and the water content is preferably in the range from 2 to 5, in particular 1 to 3,% by weight.
  • the evaporator zone is advantageously designed as a tube bundle.
  • Tube bundles in which the cross section of the individual tubes is periodically recurring tubular and slit-shaped have proven particularly useful.
  • the mass transfer zone is advantageously designed as a tube bundle.
  • the two-phase mixture of steam and prepolymers emerging from the evaporator zone or mass transfer zone is separated.
  • the separation usually takes place automatically due to the physical differences in a vessel, the lower part of the vessel advantageously being designed as a polymerization zone.
  • the vapors released essentially consist of water vapor and diamines, which were released when the water evaporated. These vapors are passed into a column and rectified. Suitable columns are, for example, packed columns, bubble plate columns or sieve plate columns with 5 to 15 theoretical plates.
  • the column is advantageously operated under the same pressure conditions as the evaporator zone.
  • the diamines contained in the vapors are separated off and returned to the evaporator zone. It is also possible to feed the diamines to the subsequent polymerization zone.
  • the rectified water vapor obtained is removed from the top of the column.
  • the prepolymer obtained which, depending on its degree of conversion, consists essentially of low molecular weight polyamide and any remaining amounts of unreacted salts and generally has a relative viscosity of 1.2 to 1.7, is passed into a polymerization zone.
  • the melt obtained is polycondensed at a temperature of 250 to 330 ° C., in particular 270 to 310 ° C., and under an excess pressure of 1 to 10 bar, in particular 2 to 6 bar.
  • the vapors liberated here are advantageously rectified in the column together with the abovementioned vapors; a residence time of 5 to 30 minutes is preferably maintained in the polycondensation zone.
  • the polyamide thus obtained which generally has a relative viscosity of 1.2 to 2.3, is continuously removed from the condensation zone.
  • the polyamide thus obtained is passed in a molten state through a discharge zone with simultaneous removal of the residual water contained in the melt.
  • Suitable discharge zones are, for example, degassing extruders.
  • the melt thus freed from water is then poured into strands and granulated.
  • the granules obtained are advantageously condensed in the solid phase by means of superheated steam at a temperature below the melting point, for example from 170 to 240 ° C., to the desired viscosity.
  • the steam generated at the top of the column is used for this.
  • the relative viscosity measured in 1% solution (1 g / 100 ml) in 96% by weight H 2 SO 4 at 25 ° C., is generally in the range from 2.2 to 5.0, preferably from, after the solid phase post-condensation 2.3 to 4.5.
  • the polyamide melt discharged from the polycondensation zone is passed into a further polycondensation zone, where it is condensed to the desired viscosity with continuous formation of new surfaces at a temperature of 285 to 310 ° C., advantageously under reduced pressure, for example from 1 to 500 mbar .
  • Suitable devices are known as finishers.
  • the molding compositions according to the invention contain 1-30, preferably 1-25 and in particular 1-20% by weight of a brominated polystyrene or a brominated styrene oligomer or mixtures thereof as component B).
  • the brominated oligostyrenes used as flame retardants have an average degree of polymerization (number average) between 3 and 90, preferably between 5 and 60, measured by vapor pressure osmometry in toluene. Cyclic oligomers are also suitable. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the brominated oligomeric styrenes to be used have the formula 1 below, in which R is hydrogen or an aliphatic radical, in particular an alkyl radical such as, for. B. CH 3 or C 2 Hs and n is the number of repeating chain building blocks. R 'can be both H and bromine as well as a fragment of a conventional radical generator: The value for n can be 1-88, preferably 3-58.
  • the brominated oligostyrenes contain 40 to 80% by weight, preferably 55 to 70% by weight, of bromine.
  • a product which consists predominantly of polydibromostyrene is preferred.
  • the substances are meltable without decomposition and e.g. B. soluble in tetrahydrofuran. They can be prepared either by nuclear bromination of - optionally aliphatically hydrogenated - styrene oligomers, such as, for. B. can be obtained by thermal polymerization of styrene (according to DT-OS 25 37 385) or by radical oligomerization of suitable brominated styrenes.
  • the flame retardant can also be prepared by ionic oligomerization of styrene and subsequent bromination.
  • the amount of brominated oligostyrene required to make the polyamides flame-resistant depends on the bromine content.
  • the bromine content in the molding compositions according to the invention is from 4 to 20% by weight, preferably from 5 to 12% by weight.
  • the brominated polystyrenes according to the invention are usually obtained by the process described in EP-A 47 549:
  • the brominated polystyrenes obtainable by this process and commercially are predominantly core-substituted tribrominated products.
  • n '(see 111) generally has values from 125 to 1,500, which corresponds to a molecular weight from 42,500 to 235,000, preferably from 130,000 to 235,000.
  • the bromine content (based on the content of nucleus-substituted bromine) is generally at least 55, preferably at least 60 and in particular 65% by weight.
  • the commercially available powdery products generally have a glass transition temperature of 160 to 200 ° C.
  • Mixtures of the brominated oligostyrenes with brominated polystyrenes can also be used in the molding compositions according to the invention, the mixing ratio being arbitrary.
  • the molding compositions according to the invention contain as component C) 1-15, preferably 1-10 and in particular 2-5% by weight of a synergistic metal oxide or metal borate or mixtures thereof.
  • a synergistic metal oxide or metal borate or mixtures thereof Zinc oxide, lead oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide and magnesium oxide or mixtures thereof are generally suitable as synergistic metal oxides.
  • Antimony trioxide and / or antimony pentoxide are preferred.
  • Suitable metal borates are borates of metals from main group 1 to 3 and subgroups 1 to 8 of the periodic table, anhydrous zinc borate or zinc borate of the general formula (IV) in which X is 3.3 to 3.7, are preferred.
  • This zinc borate is essentially stable at the high processing temperatures of the partially aromatic polyamides and tends only slightly to split off the water of hydration. Accordingly, zinc borates with a higher hydrate water content are generally not very suitable as a synergist.
  • Mixtures of metal borates with metal oxides can also be used, the mixing ratio being arbitrary.
  • the molding compositions according to the invention can contain up to 60, preferably from 5 to 50,% by weight of fibrous or particulate fillers or mixtures thereof.
  • fibrous or particulate fillers are asbestos, carbon or glass fibers in the form of glass fabrics, glass mats or glass silk rovings, glass balls and wollastonite.
  • Preferred fibrous reinforcing materials are carbon fibers, potassium titanate whiskers, aramid fibers and particularly preferably glass fibers. If glass fibers are used, they can be equipped with a size and an adhesion promoter for better compatibility with the thermoplastic polyamide (A). In general, the glass fibers used have a diameter in the range of 6 to 20 ⁇ m.
  • glass fibers can be incorporated both in the form of short glass fibers and in the form of endless strands (rovings).
  • the average length of the glass fibers is preferably in the range from 0.08 to 0.5 mm.
  • Suitable particulate fillers are amorphous silica, asbestos, magnesium carbonate (chalk), powdered quartz, mica, talc, feldspar and in particular calcium silicates such as wollastonite and kaolin (especially calcined kaolin).
  • the molding compositions according to the invention have the classification V-O according to UL 94, even with high proportions of particulate fillers.
  • Preferred combinations of fillers are e.g. 20% by weight of glass fibers with 15% by weight of wollastonite and 15% by weight of glass fibers with 15% by weight of wollastonite.
  • an impact-modifying rubber (elastomer) can be contained in the thermoplastic molding compositions according to the invention in amounts of up to 20% by weight, preferably from 1 to 10% by weight.
  • elastomers based on ethylene, propylene, butadiene or acrylate or mixtures of these monomers may be mentioned as impact-modifying rubbers.
  • the first preferred group is the so-called ethylene-propylene (EP) or ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubbers, which preferably have a ratio of ethylene residues to propylene residues in the range from 40:60 to 65:35.
  • EP ethylene-propylene
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene
  • the Mooney viscosities (MLI + 4/100 ° C.) of such uncrosslinked EP or EPDM rubbers are preferably in the range from 25 to 100, in particular from 35 to 90 (measured on the large rotor after 4 minutes running time at 100 ° C according to DIN 53 523).
  • EP rubbers generally have practically no more double bonds, while EPDM rubbers can have 1 to 20 double bonds / 100 carbon atoms.
  • diene monomers for EPDM rubbers are conjugated dienes such as isoprene and butadiene, non-conjugated dienes having 5 to 25 carbon atoms such as 1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5- hexadiene and 1,4-octadiene, cyclic dienes such as cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene and dicyclopentadiene and alkenylnorbornenes such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-butylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methallyl-5-norbornene, 2-isopropenyl-2 -norbornene and tricyclodienes such as 3-methyl-tricyclo (5.2.1.0.2.6) -3,8-decadiene or mixtures thereof.
  • conjugated dienes such as isoprene and butadiene
  • Hexadiene-1,5,5-ethylidene-norbornene and dicyclopentadiene are preferred.
  • the diene content of the EPDM rubbers is preferably 0.5 to 10, in particular 1 to 8,% by weight, based on the total weight of the rubber.
  • EP or EPDM rubbers can also be grafted with reactive carboxylic acids or their derivatives.
  • Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and their derivatives as well as maleic anhydride are only representative here.
  • Another group of preferred rubbers are copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid esters, in particular those which additionally contain epoxy groups. These epoxy groups are preferably incorporated into the rubber by adding monomers of the general formulas V or VI containing epoxy groups to the monomer mixture where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 and R 6 represent hydrogen or alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, m an integer from 0 to 20, n an integer from 0 to 10 and p an is an integer from 0 to 5.
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are preferably hydrogen, m has the value 0 or 1 and n is 1.
  • the corresponding compounds are alkyl glycidyl ether or vinyl glycidyl ether.
  • Preferred examples of compounds of the formula (VI) are epoxy group-containing esters of acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid, of which in turn glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate are particularly preferred.
  • the ethylene content of the copolymers is generally in the range from 50 to 98% by weight, the proportion of monomers containing epoxy groups and the proportion of the acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid ester in each case in the range from 1 to 49% by weight.
  • esters of acrylic and / or methacrylic acid are the methyl, ethyl, propyl and i- or. t-butyl ester.
  • vinyl esters and vinyl ethers can also be used as comonomers.
  • the ethylene copolymers described above can be prepared by processes known per se, preferably by random copolymerization under high pressure and elevated temperature. Appropriate methods are described in the literature.
  • the melt index of the ethylene copolymers is generally in the range from 1 to 80 g / 10 min (measured at 190 ° C. and 2.16 kg load).
  • Preferred elastomers (rubbers) E) are also graft copolymers with butadiene, butadiene / styrene, butadiene / acrylonitrile and acrylic esters, such as those e.g. in DE-A-16 94 173 and DE-A-23 48 377.
  • ABS polymers are to be mentioned in particular, as are described in DE-A-20 35 390, DE-A-22 48 242 and EP-A-22 216, the latter being particularly preferred.
  • the graft base is acrylate or methacrylate rubbers, which may contain up to 40% by weight of other comonomers.
  • the C i -C 8 esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and their halogenated derivatives as well as aromatic acrylic acid esters and their mixtures are preferred.
  • comonomers in the graft base acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, styrene, a-methylstyrene, acrylamides, methacrylamides and vinyl-C i -C 6 -alkyl ethers may be mentioned.
  • the graft base can be uncrosslinked or partially or fully crosslinked.
  • Crosslinking is achieved by copolymerization of preferably 0.02 to 5% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 2% by weight, of a crosslinking monomer with more than one double bond.
  • Suitable crosslinking monomers are e.g. described in DE-A-27 26 256 and EP-A-50 265.
  • Preferred crosslinking monomers are triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triacryloylhexahydro-s-triazine and trialkylbenzenes.
  • crosslinking monomers have more than 2 polymerizable double bonds, it is advantageous to limit their amount to not more than 1% by weight, based on the graft base.
  • Particularly preferred graft bases are emulsion polymers with a gel content of more than 60% by weight (determined in dimethylformamide at 25 ° C. according to M. Hoffmann, H. Krömer, R. Kuhn, Polymeranalytik, Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1977).
  • acrylate rubbers with a diene core such as those e.g. be described in EP-A-50 262.
  • Particularly suitable graft monomers are styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate or mixtures thereof, in particular those of styrene and acrylonitrile in a weight ratio of 90/10 to 50/50.
  • the graft yield i.e. the quotient of the amount of the grafted monomer and the amount of the graft monomer used is generally in the range from 20 to 80%.
  • Rubbers based on acrylates which can be used according to the invention are e.g. in DE-A-24 44 584 and DE-A-27 26 256.
  • the rubbers E) preferably have a glass transition temperature of below -30 ° C., in particular below -40 ° C., which leads to good impact resistance even at low temperatures.
  • the molding compositions according to the invention can contain customary additives and processing aids. Their proportion is generally up to 20, preferably up to 10,% by weight, based on the total weight of components A) to E).
  • Common additives are, for example, stabilizers and oxidation retardants, agents against heat decomposition and decomposition by ultraviolet light, lubricants and mold release agents, colorants such as dyes and pigments, nucleating agents and plasticizers.
  • Oxidation retarders and heat stabilizers which can be added to the thermoplastic compositions according to the invention are e.g. Group I metals halides of the periodic table, e.g. Sodium, potassium, lithium halides, optionally in combination with copper (I) halides, e.g. Chlorides, bromides or iodides. Sterically hindered phenols, hydroquinones, substituted representatives of this group and mixtures thereof, preferably in concentrations of up to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the molding composition, can be used.
  • Group I metals halides of the periodic table e.g. Sodium, potassium, lithium halides, optionally in combination with copper (I) halides, e.g. Chlorides, bromides or iodides.
  • Sterically hindered phenols, hydroquinones, substituted representatives of this group and mixtures thereof, preferably in concentrations of up to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the molding composition, can be
  • UV stabilizers are various substituted resorcinols, salicylates, benzotriazoles and benzophenones, which are generally used in amounts of up to 2.0% by weight.
  • Lubricants and mold release agents which are generally added in amounts of up to 1% by weight of the thermoplastic composition, are stearic acid, stearates, stearyl alcohol, alkyl stearates and amides, and esters of pentaerythritol with long-chain fatty acids.
  • the additives also include stabilizers which prevent the dehydrobromination of component B), so that the processing stability is increased and the corrosion effect is reduced.
  • stabilizers are e.g. B. salts of mono- or bifunctional fatty acids such as calcium behenate, calcium stearate, barium stearate and lead phthalate, calcium carbonate, organic tin compounds such as cyclic dibutyltin sulfide or butylthiostannonic acid and hydrogen phosphates z.
  • B. Na 2 HP0 4 .
  • the molding compositions according to the invention can be prepared by processes known per se by mixing the starting components in conventional mixing devices, such as screw extruders, Brabender mills or Banbury mills, and then extruding them. After the extrusion, the extrudate is cooled and crushed.
  • the mixing temperatures are generally in the range of 280 to 350 ° C.
  • synergist in the form of a concentrate (batch) made of polyamide or polyethylene.
  • compositions of the molding compositions according to the invention contain:
  • the molding compositions according to the invention are distinguished by a good overall spectrum of mechanical properties.
  • the moldings have a light color of their own and are toxicologically safe to use.
  • they In addition to good flame resistance, they have good electrical properties, in particular good tracking resistance and dielectric strength. Due to the extraordinarily good resistance to various soldering methods, the molding compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of injection-molded printed circuit boards, which can also contain integrated functional elements and can be easily copper-plated.
  • molding compositions according to the invention are suitable for the production of, in particular, compact housings and other components for electronic devices, with high demands being placed on the heat resistance.
  • An aqueous solution consisting of 35 kg of E- caprolactam, 55 kg of terephthalic acid, 38.5 kg of hexamethylenediamine and 128.5 kg of water was removed from a heated storage container at about 80 ° C. at a rate corresponding to a quantity of polyamide of 5 kg / hour a metering pump in a partly horizontally, partly vertically arranged tube evaporator.
  • the evaporator was heated with a liquid heat transfer medium, which had a temperature of 295 ° C, with vigorous circulation.
  • the evaporator had a length of 3 m and a content of 180 ml and a heat transfer surface of approximately 1300 cm 2 .
  • the residence time in the evaporator was 50 seconds.
  • the mixture of prepolymers and water vapor emerging from the evaporator had a temperature of 290 ° C. and was separated into water vapor and melt in a separator.
  • the melt remained in the separator for a further 10 minutes and was then discharged in the form of strands by means of a discharge screw with an evaporation zone, solidified in a water bath and then pelletized.
  • the separator and the evaporator zone were kept under a pressure of 5 bar by means of a pressure maintaining device which was arranged after the column.
  • the water vapor separated in the separator was passed into a packed column with about 10 theoretical plates, into which about 1 l of vapor condensate per hour was generated at the top were given up by rewind.
  • the water vapor emerging after the expansion valve was condensed and had a hexamethylenediamine content of less than 0.05% by weight and an E- caprolactam content of less than 0.1% by weight.
  • the bottom of the column was an aqueous solution of hexamethylene diamine, which contained 80% by weight of hexamethylene diamine and 1 to 3% of E- caprolactam, based in each case on the polyamide produced. This solution was added to the starting salt solution again via a pump before entering the evaporator.
  • the prepolymer After the evaporator, the prepolymer had a relative viscosity of 1.25, measured in 96% by weight sulfuric acid at 25 ° C., and had a conversion of 93 to 95% according to the end group analysis.
  • the bis-hexamethylenetriamine content was 0.1 to 0.15% by weight, based on polyamide.
  • the polyamide had a very light intrinsic color and an extremely low content of bis-hexamethylenetriamine of 0.17% and a relative viscosity of 1.65 to 1.80.
  • the product had approximately equivalence of carboxyl and amino end groups.
  • the extractable content (extraction with methanol) was 3.1 to 3.3% by weight.
  • the melt was then depressurized to normal pressure in the discharge extruder and practically no longer condensed with a dwell time of less than 1 minute.
  • the extractable content was then 0.2% by weight (methanol extract).
  • Antimony trioxide with a density of 5.2 to 5.8 g / cm 3
  • Wollastonite with an average particle size (dso) of 10 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 5 m 2 / g.
  • This copolymer was prepared by copolymerizing the monomers at elevated temperature and pressure.
  • the components were mixed on a twin-screw extruder at 300-350 ° C and extruded into a water bath. Component E) was only added in the melt. After granulation and drying, test specimens were injected and tested on an injection molding machine.
  • the fire test was carried out according to UL 94 on 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 inch test specimens with normal conditioning.
  • the LOI lowest oxygen index
  • the tracking resistance was determined according to IEC 112/1979, the elastic modulus according to DIN 53 457 and the impact resistance according to DIN 53 453.
  • composition of the molding compounds and the results of the measurements can be found in the table.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft flammgeschützte thermoplastische Formmassen, bestehend aus

  • A) 10 - 98 Gew.-% eines teilaromatischen Copolyamids, aufgebaut im wesentlichen aus
    • ai) 40 bis 90 Gew.-% Einheiten, die sich von Terephthalsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten,
    • a2) 0 bis 50 Gew.-% Einheiten, die sich von E-Caprolactam ableiten und
    • a3) 0 bis 60 Gew.-% Einheiten, die sich von Adipinsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten,
      wobei die Komponente a2) und/oder a3) insgesamt mindestens 10 Gew.-% der Gesamteinheiten ausmachen,
  • B) 1 - 30 Gew.-% eines bromierten Polystyrols oder eines bromierten Styrol-Oligomeren oder deren Mischungen,
  • C) 1 - 15 Gew.-% eines synergistischen Metalloxides oder Metallborates oder deren Mischungen, sowie darüber hinaus
  • D) 0 - 60 Gew.-% eines faser- oder teilchenförmigen Füllstoffes oder deren Mischungen und
  • E) 0 - 20 Gew.-% eines kautschukelastischen Polymerisates. und gegebenenfalls bis zu 20 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der Komponenten A) bis E), üblicher Zusatzstoffe und Verarbeitungshilfsmittel.
The invention relates to flame-retardant thermoplastic molding compositions consisting of
  • A) 10 - 98 wt .-% of a partially aromatic copolyamide, built up essentially from
    • a i ) 40 to 90% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine,
    • a 2 ) 0 to 50 wt .-% units derived from E- caprolactam and
    • a 3 ) 0 to 60% by weight of units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine,
      component a 2 ) and / or a 3 ) making up at least 10% by weight of the total units,
  • B) 1-30% by weight of a brominated polystyrene or a brominated styrene oligomer or mixtures thereof,
  • C) 1 - 15 wt .-% of a synergistic metal oxide or metal borate or mixtures thereof, and beyond
  • D) 0 - 60 wt .-% of a fibrous or particulate filler or mixtures thereof and
  • E) 0-20% by weight of a rubber-elastic polymer. and optionally up to 20% by weight, based on the total weight of components A) to E), of conventional additives and processing aids.

Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung dieser Formmassen zur Herstellung von Folien, Fasern und Formkörpern Sowie die Formkörper, die unter Verwendung dieser Formmassen als wesentliche Komponenten erhältlich sind.The invention further relates to the use of these molding compositions for the production of films, fibers and moldings, and to the moldings which can be obtained as essential components using these molding compositions.

Teilkristalline, teilaromatische Copolyamide zeichnen sich insbesondere durch ihre hohe Temperaturbeständigkeit aus, die für viele Anwendungsgebiete erforderlich ist. Aufgrund des hohen Schmelzpunktes ist die Flammschutzausrüstung dieser Polyamide problematisch, da die meisten konventionellen Flammschutzmittel wegen ihrer geringen Thermostabilität nicht zersetzungsfrei einarbeitbar sind.Semi-crystalline, partially aromatic copolyamides are particularly characterized by their high temperature resistance, which is required for many areas of application. Due to the high melting point, the flame retardant of these polyamides is problematic, since most conventional flame retardants cannot be incorporated without decomposition due to their low thermal stability.

Aus der EP-A 299 444 ist bekannt, Polyamid 66/6T und Polyamid 6/6T mit rotem Phosphor in Anwesenheit von Stabilisatoren zu Flammschutzzwecken auszurüsten.EP-A 299 444 discloses equipping polyamide 66 / 6T and polyamide 6 / 6T with red phosphorus in the presence of stabilizers for flame protection purposes.

Derartige Formmassen weisen den Nachteil auf, daß durch die rote Eigenfarbe des Phosphors und seines pigmentartigen Charakters diese nicht mehr hell eingefärbt werden können. Zusätzlich entstehen bei Einwirkung von Feuchtigkeit und Wärme Thermooxidationsprodukte des Phosphors, wie Phosphin- oder Sauerstoffsäuren, die einerseits toxikologisch problematisch sind und andererseits leitfähige Beläge bilden. Durch die reduzierten Oberflächenwiderstände wird die Verwendbarkeit solcher Formteile im Elektrobereich erheblich eingeschränkt.Such molding compositions have the disadvantage that the red inherent color of the phosphor and its pigment-like character mean that they can no longer be colored lightly. In addition, under the influence of moisture and heat, thermal oxidation products of phosphorus, such as phosphinic or oxygen acids, arise which are toxicologically problematic on the one hand and form conductive coatings on the other. The reduced surface resistances considerably limit the usability of such molded parts in the electrical sector.

Aus der DE-A 27 03 419 sind Polyamidformmassen bekannt, die mit bromierten Styrol-Oligomeren und einem synergistischen Metalloxid flammfest ausgerüstet sind.DE-A 27 03 419 discloses polyamide molding compositions which are made flame-resistant with brominated styrene oligomers and a synergistic metal oxide.

Aus der DE-A 15 70 395, DE-A 24 59 062 und DE-A 33 37 223 ist die Verwendung von hochmolekularen, kernbromierten Polystyrolen als Flammschutzmittel für Polyolefine, Epoxyharze, Styrolpolymerisate, ABS und Polyesterformmassen bekannt.DE-A 15 70 395, DE-A 24 59 062 and DE-A 33 37 223 disclose the use of high molecular weight, core-brominated polystyrenes as flame retardants for polyolefins, epoxy resins, styrene polymers, ABS and polyester molding compositions.

Thermoplastische Polyamide, vor allem solche mit hohem Schmelzpunkt, wie Polyamid 6/6T werden üblicherweise bei Temperaturen von über 300 ° C verarbeitet. Besonders bei füllstoffverstärkten Polyamiden müssen verhältnismäßig hohe Verarbeitungstemperaturen angewandt werden. Außerdem treten bei der Einarbeitung von Füllstoffen stärkere Scherkräfte auf, die weitere Temperaturerhöhungen, insbesondere lokale Temperaturspitzen z. B. am Glasfaserknetblock, zur Folge haben.Thermoplastic polyamides, especially those with a high melting point, such as polyamide 6 / 6T, are usually processed at temperatures above 300 ° C. Comparatively high processing temperatures have to be used especially with filler-reinforced polyamides. In addition, stronger shear forces occur during the incorporation of fillers, which further temperature increases, in particular local temperature peaks z. B. on the fiberglass kneading block.

Die meisten der bekannten Flammschutzmittel auf Halogenbasis zersetzen sich jedoch bei diesen Temperaturen, wobei korrodierend wirkende Gase entstehen können und Verfärbungen der Formteile auftreten. Ein weiterer Nachteil ist, daß viele Halogenverbindungen, wie chlorierte oder bromierte aliphatische, cycloaliphatische oder aromatische niedermolekulare Verbindungen stark toxisch sind. Wegen der geringen Verträglichkeit der meisten niedermolekularen Halogenverbindungen mit Polyamiden und ihrem verhältnismäßig hohen Dampfdruck kann es zum Ausschwitzen der Flammschutzmittel und dabei zu Belagbildung kommen.However, most of the known flame retardants based on halogen decompose at these temperatures, which can result in corrosive gases and discoloration of the molded parts. Another disadvantage is that many halogen compounds, such as chlorinated or brominated aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic low-molecular compounds, are highly toxic. Because of the low compatibility of most low molecular weight halogen compounds with polyamides and their relatively high vapor pressure, the flame retardants can exude and build up of deposits.

Entsprechend werden in der älteren europäischen Anmeldung (DE, GB) EP-A 333 457 Mischungen aus bromierten Polystyrolen und mit Anhydridgruppen gepfropften bromierten Polystyrolen vorgeschlagen.Accordingly, the older European application (DE, GB) EP-A 333 457 proposes mixtures of brominated polystyrenes and brominated polystyrenes grafted with anhydride groups.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung lag daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, flammfeste thermoplastische Formmassen zur Verfügung zu stellen, deren Formkörper gute elektrische Eigenschaften, insbesondere Kriechstromfestigkeit und Durchschlagsfestigkeit sowie ein gutes Gesamtspektrum der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisen. Darüber hinaus sollen diese Formkörper eine helle Eigenfarbe aufweisen und die Flammschutzeigenschaften sowie elektrischen Eigenschaften weitestgehend unabhängig von der Art und Menge der Füllstoffe sein.The present invention was therefore based on the object of providing flame-resistant thermoplastic molding compositions, the moldings of which have good electrical properties, in particular tracking resistance and dielectric strength, and a good overall spectrum of mechanical properties. In addition, these moldings should have a light intrinsic color and the flame retardant properties and electrical properties should be largely independent of the type and amount of the fillers.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die eingangs definierten thermoplastischen Formmassen gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved by the thermoplastic molding compositions defined at the outset.

Bevorzugte Massen dieser Art und ihre Verwendung sind den Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen.Preferred compositions of this type and their use can be found in the subclaims.

Als Komponente A) enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen thermoplastischen Formmassen 10 bis 98, vorzugsweise 35 bis 97 und insbesondere 40 bis 90 Gew.% eines teilaromatischen Copolyamids mit dem im folgenden beschriebenen Aufbau.As component A) the thermoplastic molding compositions according to the invention contain 10 to 98, preferably 35 to 97 and in particular 40 to 90% by weight of a partially aromatic copolyamide with the structure described below.

Die teilaromatischen Copolyamide A) enthalten als Komponente a1) 40 bis 90 Gew.% Einheiten, die sich von Terephthalsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten. Ein geringer Anteil der Terephthalsäure, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 10 Gew.% der gesamten eingesetzten aromatischen Dicarbonsäuren können durch Isophthalsäure oder andere aromatische Dicarbonsäuren, vorzugsweise solche, in denen die Carboxylgruppen in para-Stellung stehen, ersetzt werden.The partially aromatic copolyamides A) contain, as component a 1 ), 40 to 90% by weight of units which are derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine. A small proportion of the terephthalic acid, preferably not more than 10% by weight of the total aromatic dicarboxylic acids used, can be replaced by isophthalic acid or other aromatic dicarboxylic acids, preferably those in which the carboxyl groups are in the para position.

Neben den Einheiten, die sich von Terephthalsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten, enthalten die teilaromatischen Copolyamide Einheiten, die sich von E-Caprolactam ableiten (a2) und/oder Einheiten, die sich von Adipinsäure und Hexamethylendiamin (a3) ableiten.In addition to the units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylene diamine, the partially aromatic copolyamides contain units which are derived from E- caprolactam (a 2 ) and / or units which are derived from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine (a 3 ).

Der Anteil an Einheiten die sich von E-Caprolactam ableiten, beträgt maximal 50 Gew.%, vorzugsweise 20 bis 50 Gew.%, insbesondere 25 bis 40 Gew.%, während der Anteil an Einheiten die sich von Adipinsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten, bis zu 60 Gew.%, vorzugsweise 30 bis 60 Gew.% und insbesondere 35 bis 55 Gew.% beträgt.The proportion of units derived from E- caprolactam is a maximum of 50% by weight, preferably 20 to 50% by weight, in particular 25 to 40% by weight, while the proportion of units derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine is up to 60% by weight, preferably 30 to 60% by weight and in particular 35 to 55% by weight.

Die Copolyamide können auch sowohl Einheiten von E-Caprolactam als auch Einheiten von Adipinsäure und Hexamethylendiamin enthalten; in diesem Fall ist darauf zu achten, daß der Anteil an Einheiten, die frei von aromatischen Gruppen sind, mindestens 10 Gew.% beträgt, vorzugsweise mindestens 20 Gew.%. Das Verhältnis der Einheiten, die sich von E-Caprolactam und von Adipinsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten, unterliegt dabei keiner besonderen Beschränkung.The copolyamides can also contain units of E- caprolactam as well as units of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine; in this case care must be taken to ensure that the proportion of units which are free from aromatic groups is at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 20% by weight. The ratio of the units derived from E- caprolactam and from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine is not subject to any particular restriction.

Bevorzugt werden Copolyamide, deren Zusammensetzung im Dreistoffdiagramm innerhalb des durch Eckpunkte X1 bis X5 festgelegten Fünfecks liegt, wobei die Punkte X1 bis X5 folgendermaßen definiert sind:

  • X1 40 Gew.% Einheiten ai) 60 Gew.% Einheiten a3)
  • X2 60 Gew.% Einheiten a1) 40 Gew.% Einheiten a3)
  • X3 80 Gew.% Einheiten ai) 5 Gew.% Einheiten a2) 15 Gew.% Einheiten a3)
  • X4 80 Gew.% Einheiten a1) 20 Gew.% Einheiten a2) X5 50 Gew.% Einheiten a1)
  • 50 Gew.% Einheiten a2)
    In der Abbildung ist das durch diese Punkte festgelegte Fünfeck in einem Dreistoffdiagramm dargestellt.
Preferred are copolyamides whose composition in the three-substance diagram lies within the pentagon defined by corner points X 1 to X 5 , points X 1 to X 5 being defined as follows:
  • X 1 40% by weight units ai) 60% by weight units a 3 )
  • X 2 60% by weight units a 1 ) 40% by weight units a 3 )
  • X 3 80% by weight units a i ) 5% by weight units a 2 ) 15% by weight units a 3 )
  • X 4 80% by weight units a 1 ) 20% by weight units a 2 ) X 5 50% by weight units a 1 )
  • 50% by weight units a 2 )
    The pentagon defined by these points is shown in a three-substance diagram in the figure.

Als besonders vorteilhaft für viele Anwendungszwecke haben sich Polyamide mit 50 bis 80, insbesondere 60 bis 75 Gew.% Einheiten, die sich von Terephthalsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten (Einheiten a1)) und 20 bis 50, vorzugsweise 25 bis 40 Gew.% Einheiten, die sich von E-Caprolactam ableiten (Einheiten a2)), erwiesen.Polyamides with 50 to 80, in particular 60 to 75,% by weight units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine (units a 1 )) and 20 to 50, preferably 25 to 40,% by weight units have proven particularly advantageous for many applications. which are derived from E- caprolactam (units a2)).

Neben den vorstehend beschriebenen Einheiten a1) bis a3) können die erfindungsgemäßen teilaromatischen Copolyamide noch untergeordnete Mengen, vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 15 Gew.%, insbesondere nicht mehr als 10 Gew.% an weiteren Polyamidbausteinen enthalten, wie sie von anderen Polyamiden bekannt sind. Diese Bausteine können sich von Dicarbonsäuren mit 4 bis 16 Kohlenstoffatomen und aliphatischen oder cycloalphatischen Diaminen mit 4 bis 16 Kohlenstoffatomen sowie von Aminocarbonsäuren bzw. entsprechenden Lactamen mit 7 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatomen ableiten. Als geeignete Monomere dieser Typen seien hier nur Suberinsäure, Azelainsäure, Sebacinsäure oder Isophthalsäure als Vertreter der Dicarbonsäuren, 1,4-Butandiamin, 1,5-Pentandiamin, Piperazin, 4,4'-Diaminodicyclohexylmethan, 2,2-(4,4'-Diaminodicyclohexyl)propan oder 3,3'-Dimethyl-4,4'-Diaminodicyclohexylmethan als Vertreter der Diamine und Capryllactam, Önanthlactam, Omega-Aminoundecansäureund Laurinlactam als Vertreter von Lactamen bzw. Aminocarbonsäuren genannt.In addition to the units a 1 ) to a 3 ) described above, the partially aromatic copolyamides according to the invention can also contain minor amounts, preferably not more than 15% by weight, in particular not more than 10% by weight, of other polyamide units, as are known from other polyamides . These building blocks can be derived from dicarboxylic acids with 4 to 16 carbon atoms and aliphatic or cycloalphatic diamines with 4 to 16 carbon atoms and from aminocarboxylic acids or corresponding lactams with 7 to 12 carbon atoms. Suitable monomers of these types here are only suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid or isophthalic acid as representatives of the dicarboxylic acids, 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, piperazine, 4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 2,2- (4,4 ' -Diaminodicyclohexyl) propane or 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodicyclohexylmethane as representatives of diamines and capryllactam, enanthlactam, omega-aminoundecanoic acid and laurolactam as representatives of lactams or aminocarboxylic acids.

Die Schmelzpunkte der teilaromatischen Copolyamide A) liegen im Bereich von 260 °C bis über 300 °C, wobei dieser hohe Schmelzpunkt auch mit einer hohen Glasübergangstemperatur von in der Regel mehr als 75 °C, insbesondere mehr als 85 °C verbunden ist.The melting points of the partially aromatic copolyamides A) are in the range from 260 ° C. to over 300 ° C., this high melting point also being associated with a high glass transition temperature of generally more than 75 ° C., in particular more than 85 ° C.

Binäre Copolyamide auf der Basis von Terephthalsäure, Hexamethylendiamin und E-Caprolactam weisen bei Gehalten von etwa 70 Gew.% an Einheiten, die sich von Terephthalsäure und Hexamethylendiamin ableiten, Schmelzpunkte im Bereich von 300°C und eine Glasübergangstemperatur von mehr als 110°C auf.Binary copolyamides based on terephthalic acid, hexamethylene diamine and E- caprolactam have a melting point in the range of 300 ° C. and a glass transition temperature of more than about 70% by weight of units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylene diamine 110 ° C.

Binäre Copolyamide auf der Basis von Terephthalsäure, Adipinsäure und Hexamethylendiamin (HMD) erreichen bereits bei niedrigeren Gehalten von etwa 55 Gew.% Einheiten aus Terephthalsäure und Hexamethylendiamin Schmelzpunkte von 300 ° C und mehr, wobei die Glasübergangstemperatur nicht ganz so hoch liegt wie bei binären Copolyamiden, die anstelle von Adipinsäure bzw. Adipinsäure/HMD E-Caprolactam enthalten.Binary copolyamides based on terephthalic acid, adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine (HMD) reach melting points of 300 ° C and more even at lower contents of about 55% by weight of units of terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine, whereby the glass transition temperature is not quite as high as with binary copolyamides which contain instead of adipic acid or adipic acid / HMD E -caprolactam.

Die Herstellung der teilaromatischen Copolyamide A) kann z.B. nach dem in den EP-A 129 195 und EP-A 129 196 beschriebenen Verfahren erfolgen.The production of the partially aromatic copolyamides A) can e.g. by the method described in EP-A 129 195 and EP-A 129 196.

Gemäß diesem Verfahren wird eine wäßrige Lösung der Monomeren, d.h. in diesem Fall der Monomeren, die die Einheiten ai) bis a3) bilden, unter erhöhtem Druck unter gleichzeitiger Verdampfung von Wasser und Bildung eines Präpolymeren auf eine Temperatur von 250 bis 300 ° C erhitzt, anschließend werden Präpolymere und Dämpfe kontinuierlich getrennt, die Dämpfe rektifiziert und die mitgeführten Diamine zurückgeleitet. Schließlich wird das Präpolymer in eine Polykondensationszone geleitet und unter einem Überdruck von 1 bis 10 bar und einer Temperatur von 250 bis 300 ° C polykondensiert. Wesentlich ist bei dem Verfahren, daß die wäßrige Salzlösung unter einem Überdruck von 1 bis 10 bar innerhalb einer Verweilzeit von weniger als 60 Sekunden erhitzt wird, wobei bei Austritt aus der Verdampferzone der Umsetzungsgrad vorteilhaft mindestens 93 % und der Wassergehalt des Präpolymeren höchstens 7 Gew.% beträgt.According to this process, an aqueous solution of the monomers, ie in this case the monomers which form the units ai) to a 3 ), is heated to a temperature of 250 to 300 ° C. under elevated pressure with simultaneous evaporation of water and formation of a prepolymer , then prepolymers and vapors are continuously separated, the vapors are rectified and the diamines carried back are returned. Finally, the prepolymer is passed into a polycondensation zone and polycondensed under an excess pressure of 1 to 10 bar and a temperature of 250 to 300 ° C. It is essential in the process that the aqueous salt solution is heated under an excess pressure of 1 to 10 bar within a residence time of less than 60 seconds, the degree of conversion advantageously emerging at least 93% and the water content of the prepolymer at most 7% when leaving the evaporator zone. % is.

Durch diese kurzen Verweilzeiten wird die Bildung von Triaminen weitgehend verhindert, so daß die teilaromatischen Copolyamide A) im allgemeinen Triamingehalte von vorzugsweise weniger als 0,5 Gew.%, insbesondere weniger als 0,3 Gew.% aufweisen. Hohe Triamingehalte können zu einer Verschlechterung der Produktqualität und zu Problemen bei der kontinuierlichen Herstellung der teilaromatischen Copolyamide führen. Als Triamin, welches solche Probleme verursachen kann, ist insbesondere das Dihexamethylentriamin zu nennen, welches sich aus dem als Monomer verwendeten Hexamethylendiamin bildet.These short residence times largely prevent the formation of triamines, so that the partially aromatic copolyamides A) generally have triamine contents of preferably less than 0.5% by weight, in particular less than 0.3% by weight. High levels of triamine can lead to deterioration in product quality and problems in the continuous production of the partially aromatic copolyamides. The diamine which can cause such problems is, in particular, the dihexamethylene triamine which is formed from the hexamethylene diamine used as a monomer.

Die verwendeten wäßrigen Lösungen haben in der Regel einen Monomergehalt von 30 bis 70 Gew.%, insbesondere von 40 bis 65 Gew.%.The aqueous solutions used generally have a monomer content of 30 to 70% by weight, in particular 40 to 65% by weight.

Die wäßrige Salzlösung wird vorteilhaft mit einer Temperatur von 50 bis 100°C kontinuierlich in eine Verdampferzone geleitet, wo die wäßrige Salzlösung unter einem Überdruck von 1 bis 10, vorzugsweise von 2 bis 6 bar auf eine Temperatur von 250 bis 330 °C erhitzt wird. Es versteht sich, daß die angewandte Temperatur über dem Schmelzpunkt des jeweils herzustellenden Polyamids liegt.The aqueous salt solution is advantageously passed continuously at a temperature of 50 to 100 ° C into an evaporator zone, where the aqueous salt solution is heated to a temperature of 250 to 330 ° C under an excess pressure of 1 to 10, preferably 2 to 6 bar. It is understood that the temperature used is above the melting point of the particular polyamide to be produced.

Wie bereits erwähnt, ist es wesentlich, daß die Verweilzeit in der Verdampferzone maximal 60 Sekunden, vorzugsweise 10 bis 55 Sekunden und insbesondere 10 bis 40 Sekunden beträgt.As already mentioned, it is essential that the residence time in the evaporator zone is a maximum of 60 seconds, preferably 10 to 55 seconds and in particular 10 to 40 seconds.

Der Umsatz beim Austritt aus der Verdampferzone beträgt vorteilhaft mindestens 93, vorzugsweise 95 bis 98 % und der Wassergehalt liegt vorzugsweise im Bereich von 2 bis 5, insbesondere 1 bis 3 Gew.%.The conversion on leaving the evaporator zone is advantageously at least 93, preferably 95 to 98%, and the water content is preferably in the range from 2 to 5, in particular 1 to 3,% by weight.

Die Verdampferzone ist vorteilhaft als Röhrenbündel ausgebildet. Besonders bewährt haben sich Röhrenbündel, in denen der Querschnitt der einzelnen Röhren periodisch wiederkehrend rohrförmig und spaltförmig ausgebildet ist.The evaporator zone is advantageously designed as a tube bundle. Tube bundles in which the cross section of the individual tubes is periodically recurring tubular and slit-shaped have proven particularly useful.

In der Regel hält man in der Stoffaustauschzone eine Verweilzeit von 1 bis 15 Minuten ein. Die Stoffaustauschzone ist vorteilhaft als Röhrenbündel ausgebildet.As a rule, a residence time of 1 to 15 minutes is maintained in the mass transfer zone. The mass transfer zone is advantageously designed as a tube bundle.

Das aus der Verdampferzone bzw. Stoffaustauschzone austretende zweiphasige Gemisch aus Dampf und Präpolymeren wird getrennt. Die Trennung erfolgt in der Regel von selbst aufgrund der physikalischen Unterschiede in einem Gefäß, wobei der untere Teil des Gefäßes vorteilhaft als Polymerisationszone ausgebildet ist. Die freiwerdenden Brüden bestehen im wesentlichen aus Wasserdampf und Diaminen, die bei dem Verdampfen des Wassers freigesetzt wurden. Diese Brüden werden in eine Kolonne geleitet und rektifiziert. Geeignete Kolonnen sind beispielsweise Füllkörperkolonnen, Glockenbodenkolonnen oder Siebbodenkolonnen mit 5 bis 15 theoretischen Böden. Die Kolonne wird zweckmäßig unter den identischen Druckbedingungen wie die Verdampferzone betrieben. Die in den Brüden enthaltenen Diamine werden hierbei abgetrennt und wieder der Verdampferzone zugeführt. Es ist auch möglich, die Diamine der nachfolgenden Polymerisationszone zuzuführen. Der anfallende rektifizierte Wasserdampf wird am Kopf der Kolonne entnommen.The two-phase mixture of steam and prepolymers emerging from the evaporator zone or mass transfer zone is separated. The separation usually takes place automatically due to the physical differences in a vessel, the lower part of the vessel advantageously being designed as a polymerization zone. The vapors released essentially consist of water vapor and diamines, which were released when the water evaporated. These vapors are passed into a column and rectified. Suitable columns are, for example, packed columns, bubble plate columns or sieve plate columns with 5 to 15 theoretical plates. The column is advantageously operated under the same pressure conditions as the evaporator zone. The diamines contained in the vapors are separated off and returned to the evaporator zone. It is also possible to feed the diamines to the subsequent polymerization zone. The rectified water vapor obtained is removed from the top of the column.

Das erhaltene Präpolymere, das entsprechend seinem Umsetzungsgrad im wesentlichen aus niedermolekularem Polyamid und gegebenenfalls restlichen Mengen an nicht umgesetzten Salzen besteht und in der Regel eine relative Viskosität von 1,2 bis 1,7 hat, wird in eine Polymerisationszone geleitet. In der Polymerisationszone wird die anfallende Schmelze bei einer Temperatur von 250 bis 330 ° C, insbesondere 270 bis 310 ° C, und unter einem überdruck von 1 bis 10 bar, insbesondere 2 bis 6 bar, polykondensiert. Vorteilhaft werden die hierbei freiwerdenden Dämpfe zusammen mit den obengenannten Brüden in der Kolonne rektifiziert, vorzugsweise hält man in der Polykondensationszone eine Verweilzeit von 5 bis 30 Minuten ein. Das so erhaltene Polyamid, das in der Regel eine relative Viskosität von 1,2 bis 2,3 hat, wird kontinuierlich aus der Kondensationszone entnommen.The prepolymer obtained, which, depending on its degree of conversion, consists essentially of low molecular weight polyamide and any remaining amounts of unreacted salts and generally has a relative viscosity of 1.2 to 1.7, is passed into a polymerization zone. In the polymerization zone, the melt obtained is polycondensed at a temperature of 250 to 330 ° C., in particular 270 to 310 ° C., and under an excess pressure of 1 to 10 bar, in particular 2 to 6 bar. The vapors liberated here are advantageously rectified in the column together with the abovementioned vapors; a residence time of 5 to 30 minutes is preferably maintained in the polycondensation zone. The polyamide thus obtained, which generally has a relative viscosity of 1.2 to 2.3, is continuously removed from the condensation zone.

Nach einer bevorzugten Arbeitsweise leitet man das so erhaltene Polyamid schmelzflüssig durch eine Austragszone unter gleichzeitiger Entfernung des in der Schmelze enthaltenen Restwassers. Geeignete Austragszonen sind beispielsweise Entgasungsextruder. Die so vom Wasser befreite Schmelze wird dann in Stränge gegossen und granuliert. Das erhaltene Granulat wird vorteilhaft in fester Phase mittels überhitztem Wasserdampf bei einer Temperatur unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes, z.B. von 170 bis 240 ° C, bis zur gewünschten Viskosität kondensiert. Vorteilhaft verwendet man hierfür den am Kopf der Kolonne anfallenden Wasserdampf.According to a preferred procedure, the polyamide thus obtained is passed in a molten state through a discharge zone with simultaneous removal of the residual water contained in the melt. Suitable discharge zones are, for example, degassing extruders. The melt thus freed from water is then poured into strands and granulated. The granules obtained are advantageously condensed in the solid phase by means of superheated steam at a temperature below the melting point, for example from 170 to 240 ° C., to the desired viscosity. Advantageously, the steam generated at the top of the column is used for this.

Die relative Viskosität, gemessen in 1 % Lösung (1 g/100 ml) in 96 gew.%iger H2S04 bei 25 °C, liegt nach der Festphasennachkondensation im allgemeinen im Bereich von 2,2 bis 5,0, vorzugsweise von 2,3 bis 4,5.The relative viscosity, measured in 1% solution (1 g / 100 ml) in 96% by weight H 2 SO 4 at 25 ° C., is generally in the range from 2.2 to 5.0, preferably from, after the solid phase post-condensation 2.3 to 4.5.

Nach einer anderen bevorzugten Arbeitsweise wird die aus der Polykondensationszone ausgetragene Polyamidschmelze in eine weitere Polykondensationszone geleitet und dort unter fortlaufender Ausbildung neuer Oberflächen bei einer Temperatur von 285 bis 310°C vorteilhaft unter vermindertem Druck, z.B. von 1 bis 500 mbar, bis zur gewünschten Viskosität kondensiert. Geeignete Vorrichtungen sind als Finisher bekannt.According to another preferred mode of operation, the polyamide melt discharged from the polycondensation zone is passed into a further polycondensation zone, where it is condensed to the desired viscosity with continuous formation of new surfaces at a temperature of 285 to 310 ° C., advantageously under reduced pressure, for example from 1 to 500 mbar . Suitable devices are known as finishers.

Ein weiteres Verfahren, welches dem vorstehend beschriebenen ähnelt, ist in der EP-A 129 196 beschrieben, worauf hier wegen weiterer Einzelheiten des Verfahrens verwiesen wird.Another method which is similar to that described above is described in EP-A 129 196, to which reference is made here for further details of the method.

Als Komponente B) enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen 1 - 30, bevorzugt 1 - 25 und insbesondere 1 - 20 Gew.-% eines bromierten Polystyrols oder eines bromierten Styrol-Oligomeren oder deren Mischungen.The molding compositions according to the invention contain 1-30, preferably 1-25 and in particular 1-20% by weight of a brominated polystyrene or a brominated styrene oligomer or mixtures thereof as component B).

Die als Flammschutzmittel eingesetzten bromierten Oligostyrole haben einen mittleren Polymerisationsgrad (Zahlenmittel) zwischen 3 und 90, vorzugsweise zwischen 5 und 60, gemessen dampfdruckosmometrisch in Toluol. Zyklische Oligomere sind ebenfalls geeignet. Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung weisen die einzusetzenden bromierten oligomeren Styrole die nachstehende Formel 1 auf, in der R Wasserstoff oder ein aliphatischer Rest, insbesondere ein Alkylrest wie z. B. CH3 oder C2 Hs und n die Anzahl der sich wiederholenden Kettenbausteine bedeuten. R' kann sowohl H als auch Brom als auch ein Fragment eines üblichen Radikalbildners sein:

Figure imgb0001
Der Wert für n kann 1 - 88, vorzugsweise 3 - 58, betragen. Die bromierten Oligostyrole enthalten 40 bis 80 Gew.-% vorzugsweise 55 bis 70 Gew.-% Brom. Bevorzugt ist ein Produkt, das überwiegend aus Polydibromstyrol besteht. Die Substanzen sind unzersetzt schmelzbar und z. B. in Tetrahydrofuran löslich. Sie können hergestellt werden entweder durch Kernbromierung von - gegebenenfalls aliphatisch hydrierten - Styrololigomeren, wie sie z. B. durch thermische Polymerisation von Styrol erhalten werden (nach DT-OS 25 37 385) oder durch radikalische Oligomerisierung von geeigneten bromierten Styrolen. Die Herstellung des Flammschutzmittels kann auch durch ionische Oligomerisation von Styrol und anschließende Bromierung erfolgen. Die zur Flammfestausrüstung der Polyamide notwendige Menge an bromiertem Oligostyrol hängt vom Bromgehalt ab. Der Bromgehalt in den erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen beträgt von 4 bis 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise von 5 bis 12 Gew.-%.The brominated oligostyrenes used as flame retardants have an average degree of polymerization (number average) between 3 and 90, preferably between 5 and 60, measured by vapor pressure osmometry in toluene. Cyclic oligomers are also suitable. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the brominated oligomeric styrenes to be used have the formula 1 below, in which R is hydrogen or an aliphatic radical, in particular an alkyl radical such as, for. B. CH 3 or C 2 Hs and n is the number of repeating chain building blocks. R 'can be both H and bromine as well as a fragment of a conventional radical generator:
Figure imgb0001
The value for n can be 1-88, preferably 3-58. The brominated oligostyrenes contain 40 to 80% by weight, preferably 55 to 70% by weight, of bromine. A product which consists predominantly of polydibromostyrene is preferred. The substances are meltable without decomposition and e.g. B. soluble in tetrahydrofuran. They can be prepared either by nuclear bromination of - optionally aliphatically hydrogenated - styrene oligomers, such as, for. B. can be obtained by thermal polymerization of styrene (according to DT-OS 25 37 385) or by radical oligomerization of suitable brominated styrenes. The flame retardant can also be prepared by ionic oligomerization of styrene and subsequent bromination. The amount of brominated oligostyrene required to make the polyamides flame-resistant depends on the bromine content. The bromine content in the molding compositions according to the invention is from 4 to 20% by weight, preferably from 5 to 12% by weight.

Die bromierten Polystyrole gemäß der Erfindung werden üblicherweise nach dem in der EP-A 47 549 beschriebenen Verfahren erhalten:

Figure imgb0002
Die nach diesem Verfahren und im Handel erhältlichen bromierten Polystyrole sind vorwiegend kernsubstituierte tribromierte Produkte. n' (s. 111) hat allgemein Werte von 125 bis 1 500, was einem Molekulargewicht von 42 500 bis 235 000 vorzugsweise von 130 000 bis 235 000 entspricht.The brominated polystyrenes according to the invention are usually obtained by the process described in EP-A 47 549:
Figure imgb0002
The brominated polystyrenes obtainable by this process and commercially are predominantly core-substituted tribrominated products. n '(see 111) generally has values from 125 to 1,500, which corresponds to a molecular weight from 42,500 to 235,000, preferably from 130,000 to 235,000.

Der Bromgehalt (bezogen auf den Gehalt an kernsubstituiertem Brom) beträgt im allgemeinen mindestens 55, vorzugsweise mindestens 60 und insbesondere 65 Gew.-%.The bromine content (based on the content of nucleus-substituted bromine) is generally at least 55, preferably at least 60 and in particular 65% by weight.

Die im Handel erhältlichen pulverförmigen Produkte weisen im allgemeinen eine Glastemperatur von 160 bis 200 ° C auf.The commercially available powdery products generally have a glass transition temperature of 160 to 200 ° C.

Es können auch Mischungen der bromierten Oligostyrole mit bromierten Polystyrolen in den erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen eingesetzt werden, wobei das Mischungsverhältnis beliebig ist.Mixtures of the brominated oligostyrenes with brominated polystyrenes can also be used in the molding compositions according to the invention, the mixing ratio being arbitrary.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen enthalten als Komponente C) 1 - 15, vorzugsweise 1 - 10 und insbesondere 2 - 5 Gew.-% eines synergistischen Metalloxides oder Metallborates oder deren Mischungen. Als synergistische Metalloxide sind allgemein Zinkoxid, Bleioxid, Eisenoxid, Aluminiumoxid, Zinnoxid und Magnesiumoxid oder deren Mischungen geeignet. Bevorzugt sind Antimontrioxid und/oder Antimonpentoxid.The molding compositions according to the invention contain as component C) 1-15, preferably 1-10 and in particular 2-5% by weight of a synergistic metal oxide or metal borate or mixtures thereof. Zinc oxide, lead oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide and magnesium oxide or mixtures thereof are generally suitable as synergistic metal oxides. Antimony trioxide and / or antimony pentoxide are preferred.

Geeignete Metallborate sind Borate von Metallen der 1. bis 3. Hauptgruppe sowie der 1 bis 8. Nebengruppe des Periodensystems, wobei wasserfreies Zinkborat oder Zinkborat der allgemeinen Formel (IV)

Figure imgb0003
in der X 3,3 bis 3,7 bedeutet, bevorzugt sind. Dieses Zinkborat ist im wesentlichen bei den hohen Verarbeitungstemperaturen der teilaromatischen Polyamide stabil und neigt nur unwesentlich zur Abspaltung des Hydratwassers. Dementsprechend sind Zinkborate mit höherem Hydratwasseranteil im allgemeinen nicht so gut als Synergist geeignet.Suitable metal borates are borates of metals from main group 1 to 3 and subgroups 1 to 8 of the periodic table, anhydrous zinc borate or zinc borate of the general formula (IV)
Figure imgb0003
in which X is 3.3 to 3.7, are preferred. This zinc borate is essentially stable at the high processing temperatures of the partially aromatic polyamides and tends only slightly to split off the water of hydration. Accordingly, zinc borates with a higher hydrate water content are generally not very suitable as a synergist.

Es können auch Mischungen von Metallboraten mit Metalloxiden eingesetzt werden, wobei das Mischungsverhältnis beliebig ist.Mixtures of metal borates with metal oxides can also be used, the mixing ratio being arbitrary.

Bevorzugt sind Mischungen von Antimontrioxid mit wasserfreiem Zinkborat.Mixtures of antimony trioxide with anhydrous zinc borate are preferred.

Als Komponente D) können die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen bis zu 60, vorzugsweise von 5 bis 50 Gew.% faser- oder teilchenförmige Füllstoffe oder deren Mischungen enthalten. Als Beispiele für Füllstoffe seien Asbest, Kohlenstoff- oder Glasfasern in Form von Glasgeweben, Glasmatten oder Glasseidenrovings, Glaskugeln sowie Wollastonit genannt.As component D), the molding compositions according to the invention can contain up to 60, preferably from 5 to 50,% by weight of fibrous or particulate fillers or mixtures thereof. Examples of fillers are asbestos, carbon or glass fibers in the form of glass fabrics, glass mats or glass silk rovings, glass balls and wollastonite.

Bevorzugte faserförmige Verstärkungsstoffe (Komponente D) sind Kohlenstoffasern, Kaliumtitanatwhisker, Aramidfasern und besonders bevorzugt Glasfasern. Bei der Verwendung von Glasfasern können diese zur besseren Verträglichkeit mit dem thermoplastischen Polyamid (A) mit einer Schlichte und einem Haftvermittler ausgerüstet sein. Im allgemeinen haben die verwendeten Glasfasern einen Durchmesser im Bereich von 6 bis 20 um.Preferred fibrous reinforcing materials (component D) are carbon fibers, potassium titanate whiskers, aramid fibers and particularly preferably glass fibers. If glass fibers are used, they can be equipped with a size and an adhesion promoter for better compatibility with the thermoplastic polyamide (A). In general, the glass fibers used have a diameter in the range of 6 to 20 µm.

Die Einarbeitung dieser Glasfasern kann sowohl in Form von Kurzglasfasern als auch in Form von Endlossträngen (Rovings) erfolgen. Im fertigen Spritzgußteil liegt die mittlere Länge der Glasfasern vorzugsweise im Bereich von 0,08 bis 0,5 mm.These glass fibers can be incorporated both in the form of short glass fibers and in the form of endless strands (rovings). In the finished injection molded part, the average length of the glass fibers is preferably in the range from 0.08 to 0.5 mm.

Als teilchenförmige Füllstoffe eignen sich amorphe Kieselsäure, Asbest, Magnesiumcarbonat (Kreide), gepulverter Quarz, Glimmer, Talkum, Feldspat und insbesondere Calciumsilikate wie Wollastonit und Kaolin (insbesondere kalzinierter Kaolin).Suitable particulate fillers are amorphous silica, asbestos, magnesium carbonate (chalk), powdered quartz, mica, talc, feldspar and in particular calcium silicates such as wollastonite and kaolin (especially calcined kaolin).

Überraschenderweise, so wie es gewünscht wird, weisen - auch bei hohen Anteilen von teilchenförmigen Füllstoffen - die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen die Klassifikation V-O nach UL 94 auf.Surprisingly, as is desired, the molding compositions according to the invention have the classification V-O according to UL 94, even with high proportions of particulate fillers.

Bevorzugte Kombinationen von Füllstoffen sind z.B. 20 Gew.% Glasfasern mit 15 Gew.% Wollastonit und 15 Gew.% Glasfasern mit 15 Gew.% Wollastonit.Preferred combinations of fillers are e.g. 20% by weight of glass fibers with 15% by weight of wollastonite and 15% by weight of glass fibers with 15% by weight of wollastonite.

Als weitere Komponente E) kann in den erfindungsgemäßen thermoplastischen Formmassen ein schlagzäh modifizierender Kautschuk (Elastomer) in Mengen von bis zu 20 Gew.%, vorzugsweise von 1 bis 10 Gew.% enthalten sein.As a further component E), an impact-modifying rubber (elastomer) can be contained in the thermoplastic molding compositions according to the invention in amounts of up to 20% by weight, preferably from 1 to 10% by weight.

Nur beispielsweise seien als schlagzäh modifizierende Kautschuke Elastomere auf Ethylen-, Propylen-, Butadien- oder Acrylatbasis oder Mischungen dieser Monomeren genannt.For example, elastomers based on ethylene, propylene, butadiene or acrylate or mixtures of these monomers may be mentioned as impact-modifying rubbers.

Derartige Polymere werden z.B. in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, Bd. 14/1 (Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1961), Seite 392 bis 406 und in der Monographie von C.B. Bucknall, "Toughened Plastics" (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977) beschrieben.Such polymers are e.g. in Houben-Weyl, Methods of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 14/1 (Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1961), pages 392 to 406 and in the monograph by C.B. Bucknall, "Toughened Plastics" (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977).

Im folgenden werden einige bevorzugte Arten solcher Elastomerer vorgestellt.Some preferred types of such elastomers are presented below.

Als erste bevorzugte Gruppe sind die sogenannten Ethylen-Propylen (EP) bzw. Ethylen-Propylen-Dien-(EPDM)-Kautschuke zu nennen, die vorzugsweise ein Verhältnis von Ethylenresten zu Propylenresten im Bereich von 40:60 bis 65:35 aufweisen.The first preferred group is the so-called ethylene-propylene (EP) or ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubbers, which preferably have a ratio of ethylene residues to propylene residues in the range from 40:60 to 65:35.

Die Mooney-Viskositäten (MLI + 4/100 ° C) solcher unvernetzter EP bzw. EPDM-Kautschuke (Gelgehalte im allgemeinen unter 1 Gew.%) liegen bevorzugt im Bereich von 25 bis 100, insbesondere von 35 bis 90 (gemessen am großen Rotor nach 4 Minuten Laufzeit bei 100°C nach DIN 53 523).The Mooney viscosities (MLI + 4/100 ° C.) of such uncrosslinked EP or EPDM rubbers (gel contents generally below 1% by weight) are preferably in the range from 25 to 100, in particular from 35 to 90 (measured on the large rotor after 4 minutes running time at 100 ° C according to DIN 53 523).

EP-Kautschuke haben im allgemeinen praktisch keine Doppelbindungen mehr, während EPDM-Kautschuke 1 bis 20 Doppelbindungen/100 C-Atome aufweisen können.EP rubbers generally have practically no more double bonds, while EPDM rubbers can have 1 to 20 double bonds / 100 carbon atoms.

Als Dien-Monomere für EPDM-Kautschuke seien beispielsweise konjugierte Diene wie Isopren und Butadien, nicht konjugierte Diene mit 5 bis 25 C-Atomen wie 1,4-Hexadien, 1,5-Hexadien, 2,5-Dimethyl-1,5-hexadien und 1,4-Octadien, cyclische Diene wie Cyclopentadien, Cyclohexadien, Cyclooctadien und Dicyclopentadien sowie Alkenylnorbornene wie 5-Ethyliden-2-norbornen, 5-Butyliden-2-norbornen, 2-Methallyl-5-norbornen, 2-Isopropenyl-5-norbornen und Tricyclodiene wie 3-Methyl-tricyclo(5.2.1.0.2.6)-3,8-decadien oder deren Mischungen genannt. Bevorzugt werden Hexadien-1,5, 5-Ethyliden-Norbornen und Dicyclopentadien. Der Diengehalt der EPDM-Kautschuke beträgt vorzugsweise 0,5 bis 10, insbesondere 1 bis 8 Gew.%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des Kautschuks.Examples of diene monomers for EPDM rubbers are conjugated dienes such as isoprene and butadiene, non-conjugated dienes having 5 to 25 carbon atoms such as 1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5- hexadiene and 1,4-octadiene, cyclic dienes such as cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, cyclooctadiene and dicyclopentadiene and alkenylnorbornenes such as 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-butylidene-2-norbornene, 2-methallyl-5-norbornene, 2-isopropenyl-2 -norbornene and tricyclodienes such as 3-methyl-tricyclo (5.2.1.0.2.6) -3,8-decadiene or mixtures thereof. Hexadiene-1,5,5-ethylidene-norbornene and dicyclopentadiene are preferred. The diene content of the EPDM rubbers is preferably 0.5 to 10, in particular 1 to 8,% by weight, based on the total weight of the rubber.

EP- bzw. EPDM-Kautschuke können auch mit reaktiven Carbonsäuren oder deren Derivaten gepfropft sein. Hier seien nur stellvertretend Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure und deren Derivate sowie Maleinsäureanhydrid genannt.EP or EPDM rubbers can also be grafted with reactive carboxylic acids or their derivatives. Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and their derivatives as well as maleic anhydride are only representative here.

Eine weitere Gruppe bevorzugter Kautschuke sind Copolymere des Ethylens mit Acrylsäure- und/oder Methacrylsäureestern, insbesondere solche die zusätzlich noch Epoxy-Gruppen enthalten. Diese Epoxy- gruppen werden vorzugsweise durch Zugabe von Epoxygruppen enthaltenden Monomeren der allgemeinen Formeln V oder VI zum Monomerengemisch in den Kautschuk eingebaut

Figure imgb0004
Figure imgb0005
wobei R1, R2, R3, R4 und R5 und R6 Wasserstoff oder Alkylgruppen mit 1 bis 6 C-Atomen darstellen, m eine ganze Zahl von 0 bis 20, n eine ganze Zahl von 0 bis 10 und p eine ganze Zahl von 0 bis 5 ist.Another group of preferred rubbers are copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid esters, in particular those which additionally contain epoxy groups. These epoxy groups are preferably incorporated into the rubber by adding monomers of the general formulas V or VI containing epoxy groups to the monomer mixture
Figure imgb0004
Figure imgb0005
where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 and R 6 represent hydrogen or alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, m an integer from 0 to 20, n an integer from 0 to 10 and p an is an integer from 0 to 5.

Bevorzugt sind R1, R2 und R3 Wasserstoff, m hat den Wert 0 oder 1 und n ist 1. Die entsprechenden Verbindungen sind Alkylglycidylether oder Vinylglycidylether.R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are preferably hydrogen, m has the value 0 or 1 and n is 1. The corresponding compounds are alkyl glycidyl ether or vinyl glycidyl ether.

Bevorzugte Beispiele für Verbindungen der Formel (VI) sind Epoxygruppenenthaltende Ester der Acrylsäure und/oder Methacrylsäure, wovon wiederum Glycidylacrylat und Glycidylmethacrylat besonders bevorzugt werden.Preferred examples of compounds of the formula (VI) are epoxy group-containing esters of acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid, of which in turn glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate are particularly preferred.

Der Ethylengehalt der Copolymeren liegt im allgemeinen im Bereich von 50 bis 98 Gew.%, der Anteil an Epoxygruppen enthaltenden Monomeren und der Anteil des Acrylsäure- und/oder Methacrylsäureesters jeweils im Bereich von 1 bis 49 Gew.%.The ethylene content of the copolymers is generally in the range from 50 to 98% by weight, the proportion of monomers containing epoxy groups and the proportion of the acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid ester in each case in the range from 1 to 49% by weight.

Besonders bevorzugt sind Copolymerisate aus

  • 50 bis 98,9, insbesondere 60 bis 95 Gew.% Ethylen,
  • 0,1 bis 40, insbesondere 2 bis 20 Gew.% Glycidylacrylat, Glycidylmethacrylat, Acrylsäure und/oder Maleinsäureanhydrid,
  • 1 bis 45, insbesondere 10 bis 35 Gew.% n-Butylacrylat und/oder 2-Ethylhexylacrylat.
Copolymers of are particularly preferred
  • 50 to 98.9, in particular 60 to 95% by weight of ethylene,
  • 0.1 to 40, in particular 2 to 20% by weight of glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and / or maleic anhydride,
  • 1 to 45, in particular 10 to 35% by weight of n-butyl acrylate and / or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

Weitere bevorzugte Ester der Acryl- und/oder Methacrylsäure sind die Methyl-, Ethyl-, Propyl- und i-bzw. t-Butylester.Further preferred esters of acrylic and / or methacrylic acid are the methyl, ethyl, propyl and i- or. t-butyl ester.

Daneben können auch Vinylester und Vinylether als Comonomere eingesetzt werden.In addition, vinyl esters and vinyl ethers can also be used as comonomers.

Die Herstellung der vorstehend beschriebenen Ethylencopolymeren kann nach an sich bekannten Verfahren erfolgen, vorzugsweise durch statistische - Copolymerisation unter hohem Druck und erhöhter Temperatur. Entsprechende Verfahren sind in der Literatur beschrieben.The ethylene copolymers described above can be prepared by processes known per se, preferably by random copolymerization under high pressure and elevated temperature. Appropriate methods are described in the literature.

Der Schmelzindex der Ethylencopolymeren liegt im allgemeinen im Bereich von 1 bis 80 g/10 min (gemessen bei 190°C und 2,16 kg Belastung).The melt index of the ethylene copolymers is generally in the range from 1 to 80 g / 10 min (measured at 190 ° C. and 2.16 kg load).

Bevorzugte Elastomere (Kautschuke) E) sind weiterhin Pfropfcopolymerisate mit Butadien, Butadien/Styrol-, Butadien/Acrylnitril und Acrylestern, wie sie z.B. in den DE-A-16 94 173 und DE-A-23 48 377 beschrieben werden.Preferred elastomers (rubbers) E) are also graft copolymers with butadiene, butadiene / styrene, butadiene / acrylonitrile and acrylic esters, such as those e.g. in DE-A-16 94 173 and DE-A-23 48 377.

Von diesen sind insbesondere die sogenannten ABS-Polymerisate zu nennen, wie sie in den DE-A-20 35 390, DE-A-22 48 242 und der EP-A-22 216 beschrieben werden, wobei letztere besonders bevorzugt sind.Of these, the so-called ABS polymers are to be mentioned in particular, as are described in DE-A-20 35 390, DE-A-22 48 242 and EP-A-22 216, the latter being particularly preferred.

Als Kautschuk E) können auch Pfropfpolymerisate aus

  • 25 bis 98 Gew.% eines Acrylatkautschuks mit einer Glasübergangstemperatur von unter -20 °C als Pfropfgrundlage
    und
  • 2 bis 75 Gew.% eines copolymerisierbaren ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomeren, dessen Homo- bzw. Copolymerisate eine übergangstemperatur von mehr als 25 °C aufweisen, als Pfropfauflage
    eingesetzt werden.
Graft polymers can also be used as rubber E)
  • 25 to 98% by weight of an acrylate rubber with a glass transition temperature of below -20 ° C as a graft base
    and
  • 2 to 75% by weight of a copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer whose homo- or copolymers have a transition temperature of more than 25 ° C. as a graft
    be used.

Die Pfropfgrundlage sind Acrylat bzw. Methacrylatkautschuke, wobei bis zu 40 Gew.% weiterer Comonomerer enthalten sein können. Die Ci-C8-Ester der Acrylsäure bzw. Methacrylsäure sowie deren halogenierte Derivate wie auch aromatische Acrylsäureester und deren Mischungen werden bevorzugt. Als Comonomere in der Pfropfgrundlage seien Acrylnitril, Methacrylnitril, Styrol, a-Methylstyrol, Acrylamide, Methacrylamide sowie Vinyl-Ci -C6 -Alkylether angeführt.The graft base is acrylate or methacrylate rubbers, which may contain up to 40% by weight of other comonomers. The C i -C 8 esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and their halogenated derivatives as well as aromatic acrylic acid esters and their mixtures are preferred. As comonomers in the graft base, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, styrene, a-methylstyrene, acrylamides, methacrylamides and vinyl-C i -C 6 -alkyl ethers may be mentioned.

Die Pfropfgrundlage kann unvernetzt oder teilweise oder vollständig vernetzt sein. Die Vernetzung wird durch Copolymerisation von vorzugsweise 0,02 bis 5 Gew.%, insbesondere 0,05 bis 2 Gew.% eines vernetzenden Monomeren mit mehr als einer Doppelbindung erzielt. Geeignete vernetzende Monomere werden z.B. in der DE-A-27 26 256 und der EP-A-50 265 beschrieben.The graft base can be uncrosslinked or partially or fully crosslinked. Crosslinking is achieved by copolymerization of preferably 0.02 to 5% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 2% by weight, of a crosslinking monomer with more than one double bond. Suitable crosslinking monomers are e.g. described in DE-A-27 26 256 and EP-A-50 265.

Bevorzugte vernetzende Monomere sind Triallylcyanurat, Triallylisocyanurat, Triacryloylhexahydro-s-triazin und Trialkylbenzole.Preferred crosslinking monomers are triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, triacryloylhexahydro-s-triazine and trialkylbenzenes.

Falls die vernetzenden Monomeren mehr als 2 polymerisierbare Doppelbindungen aufweisen, ist es vorteilhaft ihre Menge auf nicht mehr als 1 Gew.%, bezogen auf die Pfropfgrundlage, zu beschränken.If the crosslinking monomers have more than 2 polymerizable double bonds, it is advantageous to limit their amount to not more than 1% by weight, based on the graft base.

Besonders bevorzugte Pfropfgrundlagen sind Emulsionspolymerisate mit einem Gelgehalt von mehr als 60 Gew.% (bestimmt in Dimethylformamid bei 25°C nach M. Hoffmann, H. Krömer, R. Kuhn, Polymeranalytik, Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1977).Particularly preferred graft bases are emulsion polymers with a gel content of more than 60% by weight (determined in dimethylformamide at 25 ° C. according to M. Hoffmann, H. Krömer, R. Kuhn, Polymeranalytik, Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1977).

Ebenfalls geeignet als Pfropfgrundlage sind Acrylat-Kautschuke mit einem Dienkern, wie sie z.B. in der EP-A-50 262 beschrieben werden.Also suitable as a graft base are acrylate rubbers with a diene core, such as those e.g. be described in EP-A-50 262.

Als Pfropfmonomere eignen sich besonders Styrol, a-Methylstyrol, Acrylnitril, Methacrylnitril und Methylmethacrylat oder deren Mischungen, insbesondere solche aus Styrol und Acrylnitril im Gewichtsverhältnis 90/10 bis 50/50.Particularly suitable graft monomers are styrene, α-methylstyrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate or mixtures thereof, in particular those of styrene and acrylonitrile in a weight ratio of 90/10 to 50/50.

Die Pfropfausbeute, d.h. der Quotient aus der Menge des aufgepfropften Monomeren und der Menge des eingesetzten Pfropfmonomeren liegt im allgemeinen im Bereich von 20 bis 80 %.The graft yield, i.e. the quotient of the amount of the grafted monomer and the amount of the graft monomer used is generally in the range from 20 to 80%.

Kautschuke auf der Basis von Acrylaten, die erfindungsgemäß verwendet werden können, werden z.B. in der DE-A-24 44 584 und der DE-A-27 26 256 beschrieben.Rubbers based on acrylates which can be used according to the invention are e.g. in DE-A-24 44 584 and DE-A-27 26 256.

Die Kautschuke E) weisen vorzugsweise eine Glasübergangstemperatur von unter -30 °C, insbesondere von unter -40 ° C auf, was zu einer guten Schlagzähigkeit auch bei tiefen Temperaturen führt.The rubbers E) preferably have a glass transition temperature of below -30 ° C., in particular below -40 ° C., which leads to good impact resistance even at low temperatures.

Es versteht sich, daß auch Mischungen der vorstehend aufgeführten schlagzäh modifizierenden Elastomeren eingesetzt werden können.It is understood that mixtures of the impact modifying elastomers listed above can also be used.

Neben den Komponenten A) bis E) können die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen übliche Zusatzstoffe und Verarbeitungshilfsmittel enthalten. Deren Anteil beträgt im allgemeinen bis zu 20, vorzugsweise bis zu 10 Gew.%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der Komponenten A) bis E).In addition to components A) to E), the molding compositions according to the invention can contain customary additives and processing aids. Their proportion is generally up to 20, preferably up to 10,% by weight, based on the total weight of components A) to E).

Übliche Zusatzstoffe sind beispielsweise Stabilisatoren und Oxidationsverzögerer, Mittel gegen Wärmezersetzung und Zersetzung durch ultraviolettes Licht, Gleit- und Entformungsmittel, Färbemittel, wie Farbstoffe und Pigmente, Nukleierungsmittel und Weichmacher.Common additives are, for example, stabilizers and oxidation retardants, agents against heat decomposition and decomposition by ultraviolet light, lubricants and mold release agents, colorants such as dyes and pigments, nucleating agents and plasticizers.

Oxidationsverzögerer und Wärmestabilisatoren, die den thermoplastischen Massen gemäß der Erfindung zugesetzt werden können, sind z.B. Halogenide von Metallen der Gruppe I des periodischen Systems, z.B. Natrium-, Kalium-, Lithium-Halogenide, ggf. in Verbindung mit Kupfer-(I)-Halogeniden, z.B. Chloriden, Bromiden oder lodiden. Ferner sind sterisch gehinderte Phenole, Hydrochinone, substituierte Vertreter dieser Gruppe und Mischungen derselben, vorzugsweise in Konzentrationen bis zu 1 Gew.%, bezogen auf das Gewicht der Formmasse, einsetzbar.Oxidation retarders and heat stabilizers which can be added to the thermoplastic compositions according to the invention are e.g. Group I metals halides of the periodic table, e.g. Sodium, potassium, lithium halides, optionally in combination with copper (I) halides, e.g. Chlorides, bromides or iodides. Sterically hindered phenols, hydroquinones, substituted representatives of this group and mixtures thereof, preferably in concentrations of up to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the molding composition, can be used.

Beispiele für UV-Stabilisatoren sind verschiedene substituierte Resorcine, Salicylate, Benzotriazole und Benzophenone, die im allgemeinen in Mengen bis zu 2,0 Gew.% eingesetzt werden.Examples of UV stabilizers are various substituted resorcinols, salicylates, benzotriazoles and benzophenones, which are generally used in amounts of up to 2.0% by weight.

Gleit- und Entformungsmittel, die in der Regel in Mengen bis zu 1 Gew.% der thermoplastischen Masse zugesetzt werden, sind Stearinsäure, Stearate, Stearylalkohol, Stearinsäurealkylester und -amide sowie Ester des Pentaerythrits mit langkettigen Fettsäuren.Lubricants and mold release agents, which are generally added in amounts of up to 1% by weight of the thermoplastic composition, are stearic acid, stearates, stearyl alcohol, alkyl stearates and amides, and esters of pentaerythritol with long-chain fatty acids.

Unter den Zusatzstoffen sind auch Stabilisatoren, die die Dehydrobromierung der Komponente B) verhindern, so daß die Verarbeitungsstabilität erhöht und die Korrosionswirkung herabgesenkt wird. Derartige Stabilisatoren sind z. B. Salze von mono- oder bifunktionellen Fettsäuren wie Calciumbehenat, Calciumstearat, Bariumstearat und Bleiphthalat, Calciumcarbonat, organische Zinnverbindungen wie cyclisches Dibutylzinnsulfid oder Butylthiostannonsäure und Hydrogenphosphate z. B. Na2HP04.The additives also include stabilizers which prevent the dehydrobromination of component B), so that the processing stability is increased and the corrosion effect is reduced. Such stabilizers are e.g. B. salts of mono- or bifunctional fatty acids such as calcium behenate, calcium stearate, barium stearate and lead phthalate, calcium carbonate, organic tin compounds such as cyclic dibutyltin sulfide or butylthiostannonic acid and hydrogen phosphates z. B. Na 2 HP0 4 .

Die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen können nach an sich bekannten Verfahren hergestellt werden, indem man die Ausgangskomponenten in üblichen Mischvorrichtungen, wie Schneckenextrudern, Brabender-Mühlen oder Banbury-Mühlen mischt und anschließend extrudiert. Nach der Extrusion wird das Extrudat abgekühlt und zerkleinert. Die Mischtemperaturen liegen im allgemeinen im Bereich von 280 bis 350 ° C.The molding compositions according to the invention can be prepared by processes known per se by mixing the starting components in conventional mixing devices, such as screw extruders, Brabender mills or Banbury mills, and then extruding them. After the extrusion, the extrudate is cooled and crushed. The mixing temperatures are generally in the range of 280 to 350 ° C.

Es ist prinzipiell auch möglich und manchmal vorteilhaft, zunächst die niedermolekulare Komponente A) mit B) und C) sowie gegebenenfalls D) und E) abzumischen und anschließend in fester Phase nachzukondensieren.In principle, it is also possible and sometimes advantageous to first mix the low molecular weight component A) with B) and C) and, if appropriate, D) and E) and then to re-condense in the solid phase.

Weiterhin kann es von Vorteil sein, den Synergisten in Form eines Konzentrats (Batch) aus Polyamid oder Polyethylen einzuarbeiten.It may also be advantageous to incorporate the synergist in the form of a concentrate (batch) made of polyamide or polyethylene.

Besonders bevorzugte Zusammensetzungen der erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen enthalten:

Figure imgb0006
Particularly preferred compositions of the molding compositions according to the invention contain:
Figure imgb0006

Die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen zeichnen sich durch ein gutes Gesamtspektrum der mechanischen Eigenschaften aus. Die Formkörper weisen eine helle Eigenfarbe auf und sind in der Anwendung toxikologisch unbedenklich. Zusätzlich zur guten Flammbeständigkeit weisen sie gute elektrische Eigenschaften, insbesondere eine gute Kriechstromfestigkeit und Durchschlagsfestigkeit, auf. Durch die außergewöhnlich gute Beständigkeit gegenüber verschiedenen Lötverfahren eignen sich die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen insbesondere zur Herstellung von spritzgegossenen Leiterplatten, die auch integrierte Funktionselemente enthalten können und problemlos verkupfert werden können.The molding compositions according to the invention are distinguished by a good overall spectrum of mechanical properties. The moldings have a light color of their own and are toxicologically safe to use. In addition to good flame resistance, they have good electrical properties, in particular good tracking resistance and dielectric strength. Due to the extraordinarily good resistance to various soldering methods, the molding compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of injection-molded printed circuit boards, which can also contain integrated functional elements and can be easily copper-plated.

Außerdem eignen sich die erfindungsgemäßen Formmassen zur Herstellung von insbesondere kompakten Gehäusen und sonstigen Bauteilen für elektronische Geräte, wobei hohe Anforderungen an die Wärmeformbeständigkeit gestellt werden.In addition, the molding compositions according to the invention are suitable for the production of, in particular, compact housings and other components for electronic devices, with high demands being placed on the heat resistance.

BeispieleExamples

Es wurden folgende Komponenten eingesetzt:The following components were used:

Komponente A)Component A)

Die Herstellung erfolgte gemäß EP 129 195.It was manufactured in accordance with EP 129 195.

Eine wäßrige Lösung, bestehend aus 35 kg E-Caprolactam, 55 kg Terephthalsäure, 38,5 kg Hexamethylendiamin und 128,5 kg Wasser wurde aus einem beheizten Vorratsbehälter bei ca. 80 °C mit einer Geschwindigkeit entsprechend einer Polyamidmenge von 5 kg/Stunde mittels einer Dosierpumpe in einen teilweise horizontal, teilweise vertikal angeordneten Röhrenverdampfer befördert. Der Verdampfer war mit einem flüssigen Wärmeträger, der eine Temperatur von 295 ° C hatte, bei kräftiger Umwälzung beheizt. Der Verdampfer hatte eine Länge von 3 m und einen Inhalt von 180 ml und eine wärmeübertragende Oberfläche von etwa 1300 cm2. Die Verweilzeit im Verdampfer betrug 50 sec. Das aus dem Verdampfer austretende Gemisch aus Präpolymeren und Wasserdampf hatte eine Temperatur von 290 ° C und wurde in einem Abscheider in Wasserdampf und Schmelze getrennt. Die Schmelze verweilte im Abscheider noch 10 Minuten und wurde dann mittels einer Austragsschnecke mit Ausdampfzone in Form von Strängen ausgetragen, in einem Wasserbad verfestigt und anschließend granuliert. Der Abscheider und die Verdampferzone wurden mittels einer Druckhalteeinrichtung, die nach der Kolonne angeordnet war, unter einem Druck von 5 bar gehalten. Der im Abscheider abgetrennte Wasserdampf wurde in eine Füllkörperkolonne mit ca. 10 theoretischen Böden geführt, in die am Kopf ca. 1 I Brüdenkondensat pro Stunde zur Erzeugung von Rücklauf aufgegeben wurden. Am Kolonnenkopf stellte sich eine Temperatur von 152°C ein. Der nach dem Entspannungsventil austretende Wasserdampf wurde kondensiert und hatte einen Gehalt an Hexamethylendiamin von weniger als 0,05 Gew.% und einen Gehalt an E-Caprolactam von weniger als 0, 1 Gew.%. Als Kolonnensumpf erhielt man eine wäßrige Lösung von Hexamethylendiamin, die 80 Gew.% Hexamethylendiamin und 1 bis 3 % E-Caprolactam, jeweils bezogen auf erzeugtes Polyamid enthielt. Diese Lösung wurde über eine Pumpe wieder vor dem Eintritt in den Verdampfer der Ausgangssalzlösung zugegeben.An aqueous solution consisting of 35 kg of E- caprolactam, 55 kg of terephthalic acid, 38.5 kg of hexamethylenediamine and 128.5 kg of water was removed from a heated storage container at about 80 ° C. at a rate corresponding to a quantity of polyamide of 5 kg / hour a metering pump in a partly horizontally, partly vertically arranged tube evaporator. The evaporator was heated with a liquid heat transfer medium, which had a temperature of 295 ° C, with vigorous circulation. The evaporator had a length of 3 m and a content of 180 ml and a heat transfer surface of approximately 1300 cm 2 . The residence time in the evaporator was 50 seconds. The mixture of prepolymers and water vapor emerging from the evaporator had a temperature of 290 ° C. and was separated into water vapor and melt in a separator. The melt remained in the separator for a further 10 minutes and was then discharged in the form of strands by means of a discharge screw with an evaporation zone, solidified in a water bath and then pelletized. The separator and the evaporator zone were kept under a pressure of 5 bar by means of a pressure maintaining device which was arranged after the column. The water vapor separated in the separator was passed into a packed column with about 10 theoretical plates, into which about 1 l of vapor condensate per hour was generated at the top were given up by rewind. A temperature of 152 ° C. was established at the top of the column. The water vapor emerging after the expansion valve was condensed and had a hexamethylenediamine content of less than 0.05% by weight and an E- caprolactam content of less than 0.1% by weight. The bottom of the column was an aqueous solution of hexamethylene diamine, which contained 80% by weight of hexamethylene diamine and 1 to 3% of E- caprolactam, based in each case on the polyamide produced. This solution was added to the starting salt solution again via a pump before entering the evaporator.

Nach dem Verdampfer hatte das Präpolymere eine relative Viskosität von 1,25, gemessen in 96 gew.%iger Schwefelsäure bei 25 °C und wies nach der Endgruppenanalyse einen Umsatz von 93 bis 95 % auf. Der Gehalt an Bis-hexamethylentriamin betrug 0,1 bis 0,15 Gew.%, bezogen auf Polyamid.After the evaporator, the prepolymer had a relative viscosity of 1.25, measured in 96% by weight sulfuric acid at 25 ° C., and had a conversion of 93 to 95% according to the end group analysis. The bis-hexamethylenetriamine content was 0.1 to 0.15% by weight, based on polyamide.

Nach Austritt der Polymerschmelze aus dem Abscheider hatte das Polyamid eine sehr helle Eigenfarbe und einen äußerst niedrigen Gehalt an Bis-hexamethylentriamin von 0,17 % sowie eine relative Viskosität von 1,65 bis 1,80.After the polymer melt emerged from the separator, the polyamide had a very light intrinsic color and an extremely low content of bis-hexamethylenetriamine of 0.17% and a relative viscosity of 1.65 to 1.80.

Das Produkt wies in etwa eine Äquivalenz von Carboxyl- und Aminoendgruppen auf.The product had approximately equivalence of carboxyl and amino end groups.

Der Gehalt an extrahierbaren Anteilen (Extraktion mit Methanol) betrug 3,1 bis 3,3 Gew.%.The extractable content (extraction with methanol) was 3.1 to 3.3% by weight.

Im Austragsextruder wurde die Schmelze dann auf Normaldruck entspannt und bei einer Verweilzeit von weniger als 1 Minute praktisch nicht mehr weiter kondensiert. Das erhaltene Granulat wurde durch kontinuierliche Festphasenkondensation mit überhitztem Wasserdampf bei 195°C und einer Verweilzeit von 30 Stunden auf eine Endviskosität von η-rel = 2,50 kondensiert. Der Gehalt an extrahierbaren Anteilen betrug dann 0,2 Gew.% (Methanolextrakt).The melt was then depressurized to normal pressure in the discharge extruder and practically no longer condensed with a dwell time of less than 1 minute. The granules obtained were condensed to a final viscosity of η-rel = 2.50 by continuous solid-phase condensation with superheated steam at 195 ° C. and a residence time of 30 hours. The extractable content was then 0.2% by weight (methanol extract).

Komponente B)Component B)

Bromiertes Polystyrol mit einem Bromgehalt (Anteil an kernsubstituiertem Brom) von 67 % (Pyrocheck@ 68 PB der Firma Ferro Corporation)Brominated polystyrene with a bromine content (proportion of nucleus-substituted bromine) of 67% (Pyrocheck @ 68 PB from Ferro Corporation)

Komponente C)Component C)

Antimontrioxid mit einer Dichte von 5,2 bis 5,8 g/cm3 Antimony trioxide with a density of 5.2 to 5.8 g / cm 3

Komponente D1)Component D1)

Glasfasern mit einem mittleren Durchmesser von 10 um.Glass fibers with an average diameter of 10 µm.

Komponente D2)Component D2)

Wollastonit der mittleren Teilchengröße (dso) von 10 um und einer spezifischen Oberfläche von 5 m2/g.Wollastonite with an average particle size (dso) of 10 µm and a specific surface area of 5 m 2 / g.

Komponente E)Component E)

Ein Olefincopolymerisat aus

  • 59,8 Gew.-% Ethylen
  • 35 Gew.-% n-Butylacrylat
  • 4,5 Gew.-% Acrylsäure und
  • 0,7 Gew.-% Maleinsäureanhydrid
  • mit einem Schmelzindex MFI von 10 g/10 min bei 190°C und 2,16 kg Belastung.
An olefin copolymer from
  • 59.8% by weight of ethylene
  • 35% by weight of n-butyl acrylate
  • 4.5% by weight of acrylic acid and
  • 0.7% by weight maleic anhydride
  • with a melt index MFI of 10 g / 10 min at 190 ° C and 2.16 kg load.

Dieses Copolymerisat wurde durch Copolymerisation der Monomeren bei erhöhter Temperatur und erhöhtem Druck hergestellt.This copolymer was prepared by copolymerizing the monomers at elevated temperature and pressure.

Die Komponenten wurden auf einem Zweischneckenextruder bei 300 - 350 °C abgemischt und in ein Wasserbad extrudiert. Komponente E) wurde dabei erst in der Schmelze zugegeben. Nach Granulierung und Trocknung wurden auf einer Spritzgußmaschine Prüfkörper gespritzt und geprüft.The components were mixed on a twin-screw extruder at 300-350 ° C and extruded into a water bath. Component E) was only added in the melt. After granulation and drying, test specimens were injected and tested on an injection molding machine.

Der Brandtest erfolgte nach UL 94 an 1/8, 1/16 und 1/32 Zoll-Prüfkörpern mit üblicher Konditionierung. Der LOI (lowest oxygen-Index) wurde nach ASTM D 2863-77 bestimmt.The fire test was carried out according to UL 94 on 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 inch test specimens with normal conditioning. The LOI (lowest oxygen index) was determined according to ASTM D 2863-77.

Die Kriechstromfestigkeit wurde nach IEC 112/1979 bestimmt, der Elastizitätsmodul nach DIN 53 457 und die Schlagzähigkeit nach DIN 53 453.The tracking resistance was determined according to IEC 112/1979, the elastic modulus according to DIN 53 457 and the impact resistance according to DIN 53 453.

Die Zusammensetzung der Formmassen und die Ergebnisse der Messungen sind der Tabelle zu entnehmen.

Figure imgb0007
The composition of the molding compounds and the results of the measurements can be found in the table.
Figure imgb0007

Claims (10)

1. A flameproofed, thermoplastic molding material comprising
A) 10-98% by weight of a partly aromatic copolyamide, essentially composed of
a1) from 40 to 90% by weight of units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine,
a2) from 0 to 50% by weight of units derived from E-caprolactam and
a3) from 0 to 60% by weight of units derived from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine,
components a2) and/or a3) accounting in total for not less than 10% by weight of the total number of units,
B) 1-30% by weight of a brominated polystyrene or a brominated styrene oligomer or of a mixture thereof,
C) 1-15% by weight of a synergistic metal oxide or metal borate or a mixture thereof and in addition
D) 0-60% by weight of a fibrous or particulate filler or a mixture thereof and
E) 0-20% by weight of an elastomeric polymer and, if required, not more than 20% by weight, based on the total weight of components A) to E), of conventional additives and processing assistants, with the proviso that the molding material does not contain brominated polystyrene in which there are anhydride groups.
2. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in claim 1, containing
35-97% by weight of A),
1-20% by weight of B),
1-10% by weight of C) and
1-35% by weight of D).
3. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in claim 1, containing
25-87% by weight of A),
1-20% by weight of B),
1-10% by weight of C),
10-35% by weight of D) and
1-10% by weight of E).
4. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the partly aromatic copolyamides A) have a triamine content of less than 0.5% by weight.
5. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the component A) is composed of
a1) from 50 to 80% by weight of units derived from terephthalic acid and hexamethylenediamine and
a2) from 20 to 50% by weight of units derived from E-caprolactam.
6. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the brominated polystyrene (component B) has a bromine content of not less than 55% by weight.
7. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the brominated styrene oligomer (component B) has a bromine content of not less than 40% by weight.
8. A flameproofed thermoplastic molding material as claimed in at least one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the component C) consists of antimony trioxide or zinc oxide or lead oxide or iron oxide or zinc borate or a mixture thereof.
9. Use of a thermoplastic molding material as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 for the production of films, fibers and moldings.
10. A molding obtainable from a thermoplastic molding material as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8.
EP90113834A 1989-07-27 1990-07-19 Flame resistant thermoplastic mouldings Expired - Lifetime EP0410301B2 (en)

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EP0410301B2 (en) 2003-06-18
DE59007375D1 (en) 1994-11-10
EP0410301A1 (en) 1991-01-30
DE3924869A1 (en) 1991-01-31
ES2060874T3 (en) 1994-12-01
ES2060874T5 (en) 2004-03-16
JPH0366755A (en) 1991-03-22
CA2019904A1 (en) 1991-01-27
JP3068164B2 (en) 2000-07-24

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