EP0408458A1 - Speed control device for two-or three-phase motors - Google Patents

Speed control device for two-or three-phase motors Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0408458A1
EP0408458A1 EP90402014A EP90402014A EP0408458A1 EP 0408458 A1 EP0408458 A1 EP 0408458A1 EP 90402014 A EP90402014 A EP 90402014A EP 90402014 A EP90402014 A EP 90402014A EP 0408458 A1 EP0408458 A1 EP 0408458A1
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Prior art keywords
phase
switches
winding
motor
inverter
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EP90402014A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0408458B1 (en
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Philippe Ernest
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General Electric CGR SA
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General Electric CGR SA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05GX-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/08Electrical details
    • H05G1/66Circuit arrangements for X-ray tubes with target movable relatively to the anode

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to two-phase or three-phase reciprocating motors and, more particularly, to a device for controlling the speed of such motors.
  • the invention will be described in its application to the field of medical radiology where it is necessary to control the speed of rotation of the anode of an X-ray emitting tube.
  • a tube is generally constituted as a diode, that is to say with a cathode 11 and an anode 12 or anti-cathode, these two electrodes 11 and 12 being enclosed in a vacuum-tight envelope 13 which makes it possible to achieve electrical isolation between these two electrodes.
  • the cathode 11 produces an electron beam and the anode 12 receives these electrons over a small surface which constitutes a focal point from which the X-rays are emitted.
  • anodic current When the high supply voltage is applied across the cathode 11 and anode 12, so that the cathode is at negative potential, a current called anodic current is established in the circuit, through a generator 14 producing the high supply voltage; the anode current crosses the space between the cathode and the anode in the form of the electron beam which bombards the hearth.
  • a small proportion (1%) of the energy expended in producing the electron beam is transformed into X-rays.
  • builders have long produced X-ray tubes with rotating anodes where the anode is rotated to distribute the heat flux over a ring called focal ring, with an area larger than the focal point, the advantage being all the greater as the speed rotation is generally high between 3,000 and 12,000 revolutions per minute.
  • the rotary anode 12 of the conventional type has the general shape of a disc having an axis of symmetry 17 around which it is rotated by means of an electric motor.
  • the electric motor has a stator 15 located outside the envelope 13 and a rotor 16 mounted in the envelope and arranged along the axis of symmetry 17, the rotor being mechanically secured to the anode via d 'a support shaft 18.
  • This motor is generally of the asynchronous type so that it does not require the creation of an inducing field by the rotor.
  • the energy dissipated in such a tube is high and it is therefore planned to cool it.
  • the tube is enclosed in an enclosure or sheath 19 in which a coolant 19, in particular oil, is circulated.
  • Rotation of the anode at high speeds leads to rapid wear of the motor bearings. Also, to extend their service life as well as to reduce the Joule losses of the engine which are dissipated in the sheath containing the X-ray tube, the anode is not driven at high speed continuously, which means that it at least two rotational speeds are provided, one high for the actual radiological exposure and the other lower between two exposures, the latter possibly being zero.
  • the diagrams in FIG. 2 show, by way of example, two operating cycles of the rotating anode of an X-ray tube, one 20 for a 0.3 mm focal point and the other 21 for a 0.1 mm focus.
  • the two cycles are identical and include a first phase A which corresponds to starting the engine, a second phase B for maintaining the speed (3,000 rpm or 9,000 rpm) and a third phase C for braking until engine shutdown.
  • the motors which are used to produce rotating anodes are generally of the two-phase type and the electrical diagram which makes it possible to carry out an operating cycle is for example that of FIG. 3.
  • the motor 30 is represented under the form of a so-called main phase winding 31 and a so-called auxiliary phase winding 32 in series with a phase shift capacitor 33.
  • This capacitor 33 performs, for the frequency considered, the quadrature supply of the two windings 31 and 32
  • These two windings 31 and 32 are supplied by a single-phase alternating voltage 34 via a transformer 35 and relay contacts 36 and 37 in series on supply conductors 38 and 39.
  • the common point of the windings 31 and 32 is connected directly to the secondary winding of the transformer 35.
  • the two conductors 38 and 39 are connected by a conductor 29 disposed between the contacts of the relays 36 and 37.
  • One of the solutions which is adopted is to use a single-phase inverter which supplies a two-phase motor whose auxiliary phase is in series with a phase-shifting capacitor.
  • This solution has the disadvantage of requiring switching, in particular to adapt the phase shift capacitors to the speed and to obtain braking.
  • there is no optimization of the inverter-motor assembly because, in particular, the capacitor, on the one hand, achieves the desired phase shift with low precision as a function of its own tolerance and that of the motor and, on the other hand, it causes an increase in current harmonics in the auxiliary phase.
  • FIG. 4 The electrical diagram in principle is that of FIG. 4.
  • the winding 31 of the main phase is supplied by a first inverter 44 represented by four switches 45, 46, 47 and 48 while the winding 32 of the auxiliary phase is supplied by a second inverter 49 represented by four switches 50, 51, 52 and 53.
  • each switch can be considered to be composed of a transistor or a thyristor associated with an antiparallel diode.
  • a capacitor 54 constitutes the input filter of inverters 44 and 49 which are supplied with direct current by a source 43.
  • a third solution consists in using a motor 66 whose stator allows a three-phase winding, this winding being supplied by a three-phase inverter according to the diagram in FIG. 5.
  • the inverter 55 comprises three pairs or pairs of switches 56 and 57, 58 and 59, 60 and 61, each common point A, B or C of which is connected to a winding 62 for switches 56 and 57, to a winding 63 for switches 58 and 59 and to a winding 64 for switches 60 and 61.
  • the filtering capacitor is referenced 65.
  • switches 56 to 60 are controlled by a device 67 which provides control signals for said switches.
  • the control signals are such that the waveforms VA, VB, VC, measured between the common points A, B and C of the switches and the negative pole of the power supply, are given by the diagrams of the figures 6-a, 6-b and 6-c. These are square signals 120 ° out of phase with each other.
  • the diagrams of figures 6-d, 6-e and 6-f give the result of the combination of these waveforms between them such that the figure 6-d corresponds to VA-VB, the figure 6-e to VB- VC and the figure 6-f corresponds to VC-VA.
  • These waveforms commonly called pseudosinusoidal waves, are 120 ° out of phase with each other.
  • the easier realization of the three-phase winding of the motor allows an improvement in the performance of the motor, which allows a shorter ramp-up time (phase A).
  • the operation of such a device leads to a natural elimination, in the motor, of harmonics of current of multiple rank of three which, like the intermediate harmonics, do not provide useful torque but on the contrary create parasitic currents and cause losses.
  • we obtain a reduction in the input filter because the frequency of the ripple imposed by the three-phase motor is tripled, which reduces the value of the capacity of the filter capacitor 65.
  • stator has a number of notches which is a multiple of three so as to allow a three-phase winding.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a device for controlling the speed of a motor which can be connected either to a two-phase motor or to a three-phase motor.
  • control device comprises a three-phase inverter which can be connected in a known manner to a three-phase motor and connected in a particular way according to the invention to a two-phase motor.
  • control of the switches of the inverter is carried out in a particular way in the case of the supply of the two-phase motor in order to eliminate all or part of the harmonic components which are considered to be troublesome.
  • the invention relates to a device for controlling a two-phase motor comprising a main phase winding and an auxiliary phase winding characterized - in that it comprises a three-phase type inverter circuit comprising switches, at the rate of one pair of switches per phase, the common points of each pair being connected one to the main phase winding, the other at the auxiliary phase winding and the last at the common point of said windings, - in that the opening and closing of the switches are controlled by the signals supplied by a control circuit so that the waveforms at the common points of each pair of switches are phase shifted by 90 ° relative to each other to the other.
  • control device is also characterized in that the control signals supplied by the control circuit are such that the waveforms at the fundamental frequency at the common points are sampled by signals whose switching instants are, in a period , symmetrical with respect to the 90 ° phase and inverse with respect to the 180 ° phase, so as to eliminate the spectral components of even rank.
  • the device therefore makes it possible to supply either a three-phase motor or a two-phase motor, by determining the fundamental wave and by controlling the harmonic waves applied to the motor, according to the nature of the latter.
  • control device supplies control signals to the switches such that the waveforms at common points A, B, C, are adequately sampled.
  • n switching moments placed on the first quarter cycle make it possible to eliminate (n-1) spectral components of odd rank; they are then determined by the resolution of a system of n equations with n unknowns constituted by the terms of the decomposition in Fourier series of the wave thus synthesized.
  • This system having multiple solutions, one can by the particular choice of one of them, optimize the final harmonic content.
  • the states of the inverter switches are saved in a memory. These n switching instants are calculated for a number m of fundamental frequencies; their values are recorded in separate parts of a memory of the circuit supplying the control signals of the switches of the inverter and each part of said memory is read at a speed corresponding to the fundamental frequency selected for the calculation of the switching instants.
  • FIG. 7 is the block diagram of a device for controlling the speed of a two-phase motor 85 according to the invention, said motor comprising a winding 82 of main phase and a winding 83 of auxiliary phase.
  • This device comprises a three-phase inverter 70 which is supplied with direct current by a source 71 and which is controlled by a circuit 86.
  • a capacitor 72 serves as a filtering element.
  • the inverter 70 comprises three pairs or pairs of switches 73 and 74, 75 and 76, 77 and 78, each common point D, E and F of which is connected respectively to the winding 82 of the main phase, at the common point 84 of the two windings 82 and 83 and the auxiliary phase winding 83.
  • switches 73 to 78 are controlled by a circuit 86 which supplies control signals for said switches.
  • These switches 73 to 78 are preferably produced by conventional electronic components such as transistors or thyristors, associated with diodes in reverse parallel.
  • the control pulses of switches 73 to 78 must be such that the voltage applied to winding 83 of the auxiliary phase is 90 ° out of phase with that applied to winding 82 of the main phase.
  • these voltages must not contain harmonics of low rank which do not contribute to increasing the motor torque knowing that the harmonics of high rank are not annoying because the corresponding currents are low due to the high value of the self- inductances of windings 82 and 83 for these high frequencies.
  • FIGS. 8-d and 8-e show as a function of time, the waveforms VD, VE and VF in voltages which are obtained respectively at the common points D, E and F of the couples of switches (73.74), (75.76) and (77.78). These are square pulses which are 90 ° out of phase with each other.
  • the voltage which is applied to the main phase winding 82 results from the difference (VD-VE) (figure 8-d) while the voltage which is applied to the auxiliary phase winding 83 results from the difference (VE- VF) (figure 8-e).
  • VD-VE the difference
  • VE- VF auxiliary phase winding
  • the last column on the right gives the harmonic contents in the case of the waveforms (VA-VB), (VB-VC) and (VC-VA) of figures 6-d, 6-e, and 6-f, feeding a three-phase motor.
  • the harmonic currents which are superimposed on the useful fundamental current are penalizing vis-à-vis the inverter but especially vis-à-vis the motor because they reduce the useful flow and cause the motor to heat up. It is therefore important to eliminate them.
  • harmonics of high rank for example greater than 13, the corresponding voltages are filtered by the inductances of the windings which have high values at these frequencies so that the corresponding currents are low and have an effect. negligible harm.
  • the engine torque must only compensate for the resistive torque so that the engine only needs to be supplied with reduced voltage.
  • This reduced voltage is generally obtained by cutting the VD, VE and VF waveforms using a signal having a frequency greater than the fundamental frequency. This then results in an increase in the harmonic content.
  • the invention proposes to control the harmonics by determining the switching instants of the switches 73 to 78 so as to eliminate harmonics of low rank. This determination is made by calculation from the Fourier series decomposition of the voltages VD, VE and VF which would be sampled by a waveform represented by FIG. 9.
  • This sampling waveform has particular characteristics which are the following : - It corresponds to an odd periodic function of period T and of zero mean value; - during a period T, it is symmetrical with respect to the axes defined by the angles 90 ° and 270 ° and reverses with respect to the axes defined by the angles 180 ° and 360 °.
  • the figure 9-a represents the sequence of command of the switch 74 of the figure 7, complementary to that of the switch 73, then the figure 9-b represents the tension taken at the point D compared to a fictitious point of potential E half of that of the direct supply voltage of value 2E.
  • This criterion can be, for example, the cancellation of the first two harmonics, either b3 and b5 for a two-phase motor, and b5 and b7 for a three-phase motor.
  • the criteria can be different, for example, tolerating a specified harmonic percentage for each row up to a certain row. It is clear that if one wishes to cancel three coefficients b n , it will be necessary to choose a sampling waveform having switching instants at the angles ⁇ ′1, ⁇ ′2, ⁇ ′3 and ⁇ ′4 and calculate these angles using a system of four equations as defined above.
  • the calculation of the angles ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 using the system of equations defined above is carried out by a computer, for example by successive approximations.
  • the values of ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3 ... therefore define the waveform which must be obtained at point D, for example in FIG. 7.
  • the waveforms at points E and F are deduced from that in D by an offset of 90 °.
  • the states of the switches of the inverter over a period with the switching operations at the angles ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3 thus determined and the necessary phase shifts are recorded in a memory of the control circuit 86 of FIG. 7 and the cyclic reading of this memory makes it possible to control switches 73 to 78.
  • the speed variation can be obtained either continuously by varying the frequency of the read signal, or discretely by calculating the programming over a number of steps corresponding to a fixed frequency of the read signal and to the desired speed.
  • the invention which has just been described therefore makes it possible to rotate a two-phase motor using a three-phase inverter 70 with elimination of the most troublesome harmonics by calculating the values ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3 ...
  • the even inverter 70 can run a three-phase motor with elimination of unwanted harmonics.
  • the switch control device is preferably of the type described in FIG. 10.
  • a counter C periodically reset to zero by a command applied to its reset reset input sends address signals, A0 , A1 ... to a memory M. This sending is carried out at the rate given by a clock H. The values of the addresses are incremented with the counter.
  • the memory delivers, in response to these addresses, instructions DO, D1 to a buffer circuit L.
  • the buffer circuit L is also controlled by the clock H (via an inverter).
  • the buffer circuit L is connected, at its output, to a circuit A of switch control amplifiers (triggering of the thyristor triggers).
  • a coding circuit RM relating to the engine speed makes it possible to select an adequate programming of the memory M. to obtain the desired voltage and speed and for the two-phase or three-phase type of motor.
  • the operation of the circuit of FIG. 10 is as follows.
  • the instructions issued by the memory are identical to each other for all the durations of the periods. These instructions therefore change value at times ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3 ...
  • memory M has six outputs D0 to D5 (to control the six switches) which can according to the instruction, take a state 0 (corresponding to the opening of a switch) or a state 1 (closing of a switch). In this way, it is possible to control, at the rate of the clock, the switches corresponding to a phase for a chosen regime.
  • the available memories have eight outputs. In this way, there is an additional output, the 7th or the 8th, to control the reset of the counter. This simply occurs when the counter delivers an address corresponding to the end of a cycle.
  • the control circuit of FIG. 10 is also used for this purpose.
  • the memory RM one of the pages M is selected from the memory M, so that the amplifier circuit A controls the inverter as a chopper.
  • the control circuit of FIG. 10 can therefore judiciously also fulfill this role.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a device and a method for controlling the speed of two-phase or three-phase a.c. motors with the aid of a three-phase inverter. <??>The invention lies in the fact that the switching instants for the switches 73 to 78 of the inverter 70 for controlling a two-phase motor 85 are calculated in such a way that the signals at the points D, E and F are 90 DEG out of phase with one another and do not contain any low-order harmonic components. <??>The invention is applicable to motors driving rotating anodes for X-ray tubes. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention concerne les moteurs alternatifs diphasés ou triphasés et, plus particulièrement, un dispositif de commande de la vitesse de tels moteurs. L'invention sera décrite dans son application au domaine de la radiologie médicale où il est nécessaire de commander la vitesse de rotation de l'anode d'un tube émetteur de rayons X. Comme le montre schématiquement la figure 1, un tel tube est généralement constitué comme une diode, c'est-à-dire avec une cathode 11 et une anode 12 ou anti-cathode, ces deux électrodes 11 et 12 étant enfermées dans une enveloppe 13 étanche au vide qui permet de réaliser l'isolement électrique entre ces deux électrodes. La cathode 11 produit un faisceau d'électrons et l'anode 12 reçoit ces électrons sur une petite surface qui constitue un foyer d'où sont émis les rayons X.The present invention relates to two-phase or three-phase reciprocating motors and, more particularly, to a device for controlling the speed of such motors. The invention will be described in its application to the field of medical radiology where it is necessary to control the speed of rotation of the anode of an X-ray emitting tube. As shown schematically in Figure 1, such a tube is generally constituted as a diode, that is to say with a cathode 11 and an anode 12 or anti-cathode, these two electrodes 11 and 12 being enclosed in a vacuum-tight envelope 13 which makes it possible to achieve electrical isolation between these two electrodes. The cathode 11 produces an electron beam and the anode 12 receives these electrons over a small surface which constitutes a focal point from which the X-rays are emitted.

Quand la haute tension d'alimentation est appliquée aux bornes de la cathode 11 et de l'anode 12, de façon que la cathode soit au potentiel négatif, un courant dit courant anodique s'établit dans le circuit, au travers d'un générateur 14 produisant la haute tension d'alimentation; le courant anodique traverse l'espace entre la cathode et l'anode sous la forme du faisceau d'électrons qui bombardent le foyer.When the high supply voltage is applied across the cathode 11 and anode 12, so that the cathode is at negative potential, a current called anodic current is established in the circuit, through a generator 14 producing the high supply voltage; the anode current crosses the space between the cathode and the anode in the form of the electron beam which bombards the hearth.

Une faible proportion (1%) de l'énergie dépensée à produire le faisceau d'électrons est transformée en rayons X. Aussi, compte tenu également des puissances instantanées importantes mises en jeu (de l'ordre de 1 à 100 KW) et des petites dimensions du foyer (de l'ordre du millimètre), les constructeurs ont depuis longtemps réalisé des tubes à rayons X à anodes tournantes où l'anode est mise en rotation pour répartir le flux thermique sur une couronne appelée couronne focale, d'aire plus grande que le foyer, l'intérêt étant d'autant plus grand que la vitesse de rotation est élevée, en général, entre 3.000 et 12.000 tours par minute.A small proportion (1%) of the energy expended in producing the electron beam is transformed into X-rays. Also, also taking into account the large instantaneous powers involved (of the order of 1 to 100 KW) and small dimensions of the hearth (of the order of a millimeter), builders have long produced X-ray tubes with rotating anodes where the anode is rotated to distribute the heat flux over a ring called focal ring, with an area larger than the focal point, the advantage being all the greater as the speed rotation is generally high between 3,000 and 12,000 revolutions per minute.

L'anode tournante 12 de type classique a la forme générale d'un disque ayant un axe de symétrie 17 autour duquel elle est mise en rotation à l'aide d'un moteur électrique. Le moteur électrique a un stator 15 situé à l'extérieur de l'enveloppe 13 et un rotor 16 monté dans l'enveloppe et disposé selon l'axe de symétrie 17, le rotor étant mécaniquement solidarisé à l'anode par l'intermédiaire d'un arbre support 18. Ce moteur est généralement de type asynchrone de sorte qu'il ne nécesite pas la création d'un champ inducteur par le rotor. L'énergie dissipée dans un tel tube est élevée et il est donc prévu de le refroidir. Pour cela, le tube est enfermé dans une enceinte ou gaine 19 dans laquelle on fait circuler un liquide de refroidissement 19, notamment de l'huile.The rotary anode 12 of the conventional type has the general shape of a disc having an axis of symmetry 17 around which it is rotated by means of an electric motor. The electric motor has a stator 15 located outside the envelope 13 and a rotor 16 mounted in the envelope and arranged along the axis of symmetry 17, the rotor being mechanically secured to the anode via d 'a support shaft 18. This motor is generally of the asynchronous type so that it does not require the creation of an inducing field by the rotor. The energy dissipated in such a tube is high and it is therefore planned to cool it. For this, the tube is enclosed in an enclosure or sheath 19 in which a coolant 19, in particular oil, is circulated.

La rotation de l'anode à des vitesses élevées conduit à une usure rapide des paliers du moteur. Aussi, pour allonger leur durée de vie ainsi que pour réduire les pertes Joule du moteur qui sont dissipées dans la gaine renfermant le tube à rayons X, l'anode n'est pas entraînée à grande vitesse en permanence, ce qui signifie qu'il est prévu au moins deux vitesses de rotation, l'une élevée pour l'exposition radiologique proprement dite et l'autre plus faible entre deux expositions, cette dernière pouvant être nulle.Rotation of the anode at high speeds leads to rapid wear of the motor bearings. Also, to extend their service life as well as to reduce the Joule losses of the engine which are dissipated in the sheath containing the X-ray tube, the anode is not driven at high speed continuously, which means that it at least two rotational speeds are provided, one high for the actual radiological exposure and the other lower between two exposures, the latter possibly being zero.

Par ailleurs, il est connu d'utiliser un même tube à rayons X pour créer deux sources de rayons X différentes qui correspondent à des foyers différents par leur taille et à des débits différents. Il en résulte des conditions de fonctionnement différentes et il est habituel d'avoir, pour chaque type de foyer, une vitesse de rotation adaptée. Ainsi, pour un foyer de 0,3 mm, la vitesse de rotation sera de 3.000 tours/minute tandis qu'elle sera de 9.000 tours/minute pour un foyer de 0,1 mm dans lequel l'énergie est concentrée sur une surface plus faible.Furthermore, it is known to use the same X-ray tube to create two different X-ray sources. which correspond to different stoves by their size and to different flow rates. This results in different operating conditions and it is usual to have, for each type of hearth, a suitable rotation speed. Thus, for a 0.3 mm hearth, the speed of rotation will be 3,000 rpm while it will be 9,000 rpm for a 0.1 mm hearth in which the energy is concentrated on a more low.

Les diagrammes de la figure 2 montrent, à titre d'exemple, deux cycles de fonctionnement de l'anode tournante d'un tube à rayons X, l'un 20 pour un foyer de 0,3 mm et l'autre 21 pour un foyer de 0,1 mm. Les deux cycles sont identiques et comprennent une première phase A qui correspond au démarrage du moteur, une deuxième phase B de maintien de la vitesse (3.000 tours/minute ou 9.000 tours/minute) et une troisième phase C de freinage jusqu'à l'arrêt du moteur.The diagrams in FIG. 2 show, by way of example, two operating cycles of the rotating anode of an X-ray tube, one 20 for a 0.3 mm focal point and the other 21 for a 0.1 mm focus. The two cycles are identical and include a first phase A which corresponds to starting the engine, a second phase B for maintaining the speed (3,000 rpm or 9,000 rpm) and a third phase C for braking until engine shutdown.

Les moteurs qui sont utilisés pour réaliser des anodes tournantes sont en général du type diphasé et le schéma électrique qui permet d'effectuer un cycle de fonctionnement est par exemple celui de la figure 3. Sur cette figure 3, le moteur 30 est représenté sous la forme d'un enroulement dit de phase principale 31 et d'un enroulement dit de phase auxiliaire 32 en série avec un condensateur de déphasage 33. Ce condensateur 33 réalise, pour la fréquence considérée, l'alimentation en quadrature des deux enroulements 31 et 32. Ces deux enroulements 31 et 32 sont alimentés par une tension alternative monophasée 34 par l'intermédiaire d'un transformateur 35 et de contacts de relais 36 et 37 en série sur des conducteurs d'alimentation 38 et 39. Le point commun des enroulements 31 et 32 est connecté directement à l'enroulement secondaire du transformateur 35. Par ailleurs, les deux conducteurs 38 et 39 sont connectés par un conducteur 29 disposé entre les contacts des relais 36 et 37.The motors which are used to produce rotating anodes are generally of the two-phase type and the electrical diagram which makes it possible to carry out an operating cycle is for example that of FIG. 3. In this FIG. 3, the motor 30 is represented under the form of a so-called main phase winding 31 and a so-called auxiliary phase winding 32 in series with a phase shift capacitor 33. This capacitor 33 performs, for the frequency considered, the quadrature supply of the two windings 31 and 32 These two windings 31 and 32 are supplied by a single-phase alternating voltage 34 via a transformer 35 and relay contacts 36 and 37 in series on supply conductors 38 and 39. The common point of the windings 31 and 32 is connected directly to the secondary winding of the transformer 35. Furthermore, the two conductors 38 and 39 are connected by a conductor 29 disposed between the contacts of the relays 36 and 37.

Lorsque les relais 36 et 37 sont actionnés, les deux enroulements 31 et 32 sont alimentés à la tension normale par le conducteur 38 et le moteur 30 démarre (phase A). Lorsque le relais 36 est ensuite relâché, les enroulements 31 et 32 sont alimentés à tension réduite par le conducteur 39, c'est la phase B.When the relays 36 and 37 are actuated, the two windings 31 and 32 are supplied at normal voltage by the conductor 38 and the motor 30 starts (phase A). When the relay 36 is then released, the windings 31 and 32 are supplied at reduced voltage by the conductor 39, this is phase B.

Pour obtenir le freinage du moteur, il est prévu d'ouvrir les contacts du relais 37 et d'injecter un courant continu dans l'enroulement principal 31, par exemple. A cet effet, les deux bornes de l'enroulement 31 sont connectées à un circuit redresseur 40 par l'intermédiaire des contacts d'un relais 41. Ainsi, lorsque les relais 36 et 37 sont désactivés tandis que le relais 41 est actionné, un courant circule dans l'enroulement principal et freine le moteur 30.To obtain motor braking, provision is made to open the contacts of relay 37 and to inject direct current into the main winding 31, for example. To this end, the two terminals of the winding 31 are connected to a rectifier circuit 40 via the contacts of a relay 41. Thus, when the relays 36 and 37 are deactivated while the relay 41 is actuated, a current flows in the main winding and brakes the motor 30.

Avec un tel dispositif d'alimentation du moteur 30, ce dernier tourne à une vitesse de 3.000 tours/minute lorsque la fréquence d'alimentation est de 50 Hertz. Pour obtenir une vitesse de rotation de 9.000 tours/minute, il suffit de tripler la fréquence du secteur monophasé à l'aide d'un dispositif utilisant, par exemple, un transformateur à fer saturé et en changeant le condensateur de déphasage 33 à l'aide d'un commutateur (non représenté).With such a device for supplying the motor 30, the latter rotates at a speed of 3,000 revolutions / minute when the supply frequency is 50 Hertz. To obtain a rotation speed of 9,000 revolutions / minute, it is enough to triple the frequency of the single-phase sector using a device using, for example, a saturated iron transformer and by changing the phase shift capacitor 33 to the using a switch (not shown).

Pour obtenir des vitesses de rotation du moteur qui sont différentes de celles imposées par le secteur (3.000 tours/minute ou 9.000 tours/minute), il est nécessaire d'avoir recours à un onduleur. Le recours à un onduleur est également nécessaire lorsque l'alimentation est en courant continu, par exemple pour les appareils de radiologie mobiles fonctionnant sur batterie.To obtain motor rotation speeds which are different from those imposed by the sector (3,000 rpm or 9,000 rpm), it is necessary to use an inverter. The use of an inverter is also necessary when the supply is direct current, for example for mobile radiology devices operating on battery.

L'une des solutions qui est adoptée est d'utiliser un onduleur monophasé qui alimente un moteur diphasé dont la phase auxiliaire est en série avec un condensateur de déphasage. Cette solution présente l'inconvénient de nécessiter des commutations, notamment pour adapter les condensateurs de déphasage à la vitesse et pour obtenir le freinage. En outre, il n'y a pas optimisation de l'ensemble onduleur-moteur car, notamment, le condensateur, d'une part, réalise le déphasage souhaité avec une précision faible en fonction de sa tolérance propre et de celle du moteur et, d'autre part, il provoque une augmentation des harmoniques de courant dans la phase auxiliaire.One of the solutions which is adopted is to use a single-phase inverter which supplies a two-phase motor whose auxiliary phase is in series with a phase-shifting capacitor. This solution has the disadvantage of requiring switching, in particular to adapt the phase shift capacitors to the speed and to obtain braking. In addition, there is no optimization of the inverter-motor assembly because, in particular, the capacitor, on the one hand, achieves the desired phase shift with low precision as a function of its own tolerance and that of the motor and, on the other hand, it causes an increase in current harmonics in the auxiliary phase.

Pour remédier aux inconvénients de cette première solution, on utilise deux onduleurs monophasés en quadrature et un moteur diphasé sans condensateur de déphasage. Le schéma électrique de principe est celui de la figure 4. L'enroulement 31 de la phase principale est alimenté par un premier onduleur 44 représenté par quatre interrupteurs 45,46,47 et 48 tandis que l'enroulement 32 de la phase auxiliaire est alimenté par un deuxième onduleur 49 représenté par quatre interrupteurs 50,51,52 et 53. Pour la compréhension du texte, chaque interrupteur pourra être considéré comme composé d'un transistor ou d'un thyristor associé à une diode antiparallèle.Un condensateur 54 constitue le filtre d'entrée des onduleurs 44 et 49 qui sont alimentés en courant continu par une source 43.To overcome the drawbacks of this first solution, two single-phase quadrature inverters and a two-phase motor without phase shift capacitor are used. The electrical diagram in principle is that of FIG. 4. The winding 31 of the main phase is supplied by a first inverter 44 represented by four switches 45, 46, 47 and 48 while the winding 32 of the auxiliary phase is supplied by a second inverter 49 represented by four switches 50, 51, 52 and 53. For the understanding of the text, each switch can be considered to be composed of a transistor or a thyristor associated with an antiparallel diode. A capacitor 54 constitutes the input filter of inverters 44 and 49 which are supplied with direct current by a source 43.

Cette deuxième solution est d'un coût élevé car elle met en oeuvre deux onduleurs. Aussi, une troisième solution consiste à utiliser un moteur 66 dont le stator permet un bobinage triphasé, ce bobinage étant alimenté par un onduleur triphasé selon le schéma de la figure 5. Sur cette figure, l'onduleur 55 comprend trois paires ou couples d'interrupteurs 56 et 57, 58 et 59, 60 et 61 dont chaque point commun A, B ou C est connecté à un enroulement 62 pour les interrupteurs 56 et 57, à un enroulement 63 pour les interrupteurs 58 et 59 et à un enroulement 64 pour les interrupteurs 60 et 61. Dans ce schéma, le condensateur de filtrage est référencé 65.This second solution is expensive because it uses two inverters. Also, a third solution consists in using a motor 66 whose stator allows a three-phase winding, this winding being supplied by a three-phase inverter according to the diagram in FIG. 5. In this figure, the inverter 55 comprises three pairs or pairs of switches 56 and 57, 58 and 59, 60 and 61, each common point A, B or C of which is connected to a winding 62 for switches 56 and 57, to a winding 63 for switches 58 and 59 and to a winding 64 for switches 60 and 61. In this diagram, the filtering capacitor is referenced 65.

L'ouverture et la fermeture des interrupteurs 56 à 60 sont commandés par un dispositif 67 qui fournit des signaux de commande desdits interrupteurs. Si l'on considère que les signaux de commandes sont tels que les formes d'ondes VA,VB,VC, mesurées entre les points communs A,B et C des interrupteurs et le pôle négatif de l'alimentation, sont données par les diagrammes des figures 6-a, 6-b et 6-c. Ce sont des signaux carrés déphasés de 120° l'un par rapport à l'autre. Les diagrammes des figures 6-d, 6-e et 6-f donnent le résultat de la combinaison de ces formes d'ondes entre elles telle que la figure 6-d correspond à VA-VB, la figure 6-e à VB-VC et la figure 6-f correspond à VC-VA. Ces formes d'ondes, appelées couramment ondes pseudosinusoïdales, sont déphasées de 120° l'une par rapport à l'autre.The opening and closing of switches 56 to 60 are controlled by a device 67 which provides control signals for said switches. If we consider that the control signals are such that the waveforms VA, VB, VC, measured between the common points A, B and C of the switches and the negative pole of the power supply, are given by the diagrams of the figures 6-a, 6-b and 6-c. These are square signals 120 ° out of phase with each other. The diagrams of figures 6-d, 6-e and 6-f give the result of the combination of these waveforms between them such that the figure 6-d corresponds to VA-VB, the figure 6-e to VB- VC and the figure 6-f corresponds to VC-VA. These waveforms, commonly called pseudosinusoidal waves, are 120 ° out of phase with each other.

Dans cette troisième solution, la réalisation plus aisée du bobinage triphasé du moteur permet une amélioration des performances du moteur, ce qui permet un temps de montée en vitesse (phase A) plus court. En outre, le fonctionnement d'un tel dispositif conduit à une élimination naturelle, dans le moteur, des harmoniques de courant de rang multiple de trois qui, comme les harmoniques intermédiaires, ne fournissent pas de couple utile mais créent au contraire des courants parasites et occasionnent des pertes. Enfin, on obtient un allégement du filtre d'entrée car la fréquence de l'ondulation imposée par le moteur triphasé est triplée, ce qui réduit la valeur de la capacité du condensateur de filtrage 65.In this third solution, the easier realization of the three-phase winding of the motor allows an improvement in the performance of the motor, which allows a shorter ramp-up time (phase A). In addition, the operation of such a device leads to a natural elimination, in the motor, of harmonics of current of multiple rank of three which, like the intermediate harmonics, do not provide useful torque but on the contrary create parasitic currents and cause losses. Finally, we obtain a reduction in the input filter because the frequency of the ripple imposed by the three-phase motor is tripled, which reduces the value of the capacity of the filter capacitor 65.

Cependant, une telle solution ne peut être mise en oeuvre que si le stator présente un nombre d'encoches qui est un multiple de trois de manière à permettre un bobinage triphasé.However, such a solution can only be implemented if the stator has a number of notches which is a multiple of three so as to allow a three-phase winding.

De plus, compte tenu de l'emploi jusqu'à présent de moteurs diphasés, il est nécessaire de conserver la compatibilité du dispositif de commande de vitesse avec ce type de moteur.In addition, given the hitherto use of two-phase motors, it is necessary to maintain the compatibility of the speed control device with this type of motor.

Le but de la présente invention est donc de réaliser un dispositif de commande de la vitesse d'un moteur qui peut être connecté soit à un moteur diphasé, soit à un moteur triphasé.The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a device for controlling the speed of a motor which can be connected either to a two-phase motor or to a three-phase motor.

A cet effet, le dispositif de commande comprend un onduleur triphasé qui peut être connecté de manière connue à un moteur triphasé et connecté de manière particulière selon l'invention à un moteur diphasé. En outre, la commande des interrupteurs de l'onduleur est réalisée de manière particulière dans le cas de l'alimentation du moteur diphasé afin d'éliminer tout ou partie des composantes harmoniques qui sont considérées comme gênantes.To this end, the control device comprises a three-phase inverter which can be connected in a known manner to a three-phase motor and connected in a particular way according to the invention to a two-phase motor. In addition, the control of the switches of the inverter is carried out in a particular way in the case of the supply of the two-phase motor in order to eliminate all or part of the harmonic components which are considered to be troublesome.

L'invention se rapporte à un dispositif de commande d'un moteur diphasé comportant un enroulement de phase principale et un enroulement de phase auxiliaire caractérisé
- en ce qu'il comprend un circuit onduleur du type triphasé comportant des interrupteurs, à raison d'un couple d'interrupteurs par phase, les points communs de chaque couple étant connectés l'un à l'enroulement de phase principale, l'autre à l'enroulement de phase auxiliaire et le dernier au point commun desdits enroulements,
- en ce que l'ouverture et la fermeture des interrupteurs sont commandées par les signaux fournis par un circuit de commande de manière que les formes d'onde aux points communs de chaque couple d'interrupteurs soient déphasées de 90° l'une par rapport à l'autre.
The invention relates to a device for controlling a two-phase motor comprising a main phase winding and an auxiliary phase winding characterized
- in that it comprises a three-phase type inverter circuit comprising switches, at the rate of one pair of switches per phase, the common points of each pair being connected one to the main phase winding, the other at the auxiliary phase winding and the last at the common point of said windings,
- in that the opening and closing of the switches are controlled by the signals supplied by a control circuit so that the waveforms at the common points of each pair of switches are phase shifted by 90 ° relative to each other to the other.

Le dispositif de commande est également caractérisé en ce que les signaux de commande fournis par le circuit de commande sont tels que les formes d'onde à la fréquence fondamentale aux points communs sont échantillonnées par des signaux dont les instants de commutation sont, dans une période, symétriques par rapport à la phase de 90° et inverses par rapport à la phase 180°, de manière à éliminer les composantes spectrales de rang pair.The control device is also characterized in that the control signals supplied by the control circuit are such that the waveforms at the fundamental frequency at the common points are sampled by signals whose switching instants are, in a period , symmetrical with respect to the 90 ° phase and inverse with respect to the 180 ° phase, so as to eliminate the spectral components of even rank.

Le dispositif permet donc l'alimentation, soit d'un moteur triphasé, soit d'un moteur diphasé, en déterminant l'onde fondamentale et en contrôlant les ondes harmoniques appliquées au moteur, suivant la nature de celui-ci.The device therefore makes it possible to supply either a three-phase motor or a two-phase motor, by determining the fundamental wave and by controlling the harmonic waves applied to the motor, according to the nature of the latter.

Pour ce faire, le dispositif de commande fournit des signaux de commande aux interrupteurs tels que les formes d'onde aux points communs A, B, C, soient échantillonnées de manière adéquate.To do this, the control device supplies control signals to the switches such that the waveforms at common points A, B, C, are adequately sampled.

Cet échantillonnage se fait à des instants tels que sur une période, ils se déduisent de ceux présents sur le premier quart par symétrie pour le second quart et complémentation pour la seconde moitié de la période. Ces propriétés de symétrie garantissent l'absence de composantes spectrales de rangs pairs.This sampling is done at times such as over a period, they are deduced from those present on the first quarter by symmetry for the second quarter and complementation for the second half of the period. These properties of symmetry guarantee the absence of spectral components of even ranks.

Les n instants de commutation placés sur le premier quart de cycle permettent d'éliminer (n-1) composantes spectrales de rang impair ; ils sont alors déterminés par la résolution d'un système de n équations à n inconnues constitué par les termes de la décomposition en série de Fourier de l'onde ainsi synthétisée. Ce système possédant des solutions multiples, on peut par le choix particulier de l'une d'elles, optimiser le contenu harmonique final.The n switching moments placed on the first quarter cycle make it possible to eliminate (n-1) spectral components of odd rank; they are then determined by the resolution of a system of n equations with n unknowns constituted by the terms of the decomposition in Fourier series of the wave thus synthesized. This system having multiple solutions, one can by the particular choice of one of them, optimize the final harmonic content.

Les états des interrupteurs de l'onduleur, ainsi déterminés sur une période sont enregistrés dans une mémoire. Ces n instants de commutation sont calculés pour un nombre m de fréquences fondamentales; leurs valeurs sont enregistrées dans des parties distinctes d'une mémoire du circuit fournissant les signaux de commande des interrupteurs de l'onduleur et chaque partie de ladite mémoire est lue à une vitesse correspondant à la fréquence fondamentale sélectionnée pour le calcul des instants de commutation.The states of the inverter switches, thus determined over a period, are saved in a memory. These n switching instants are calculated for a number m of fundamental frequencies; their values are recorded in separate parts of a memory of the circuit supplying the control signals of the switches of the inverter and each part of said memory is read at a speed corresponding to the fundamental frequency selected for the calculation of the switching instants.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description suivante d'un exemple particulier de réalisation, ladite description étant faite en relation avec les dessins joints dans lesquels :

  • - la figure 1 est un schéma simplifié d'un tube à rayons X,
  • - la figure 2 est un diagramme montrant deux cycles de fonctionnement d'un moteur d'anode de tube à rayons X,
  • - la figure 3 est un schéma électrique d'alimentation d'un moteur diphasé d'anode de tube à rayons X,
  • - la figure 4 est un schéma de principe d'un moteur diphasé alimenté par deux onduleurs monophasés en quadrature,
  • - la figure 5 est un schéma de principe d'un moteur triphasé alimenté par un onduleur triphasé,
  • - les figures 6-a à 6-f sont des diagrammes montrant les formes d'ondes fournies par l'onduleur triphasé 55 de la figure 5,
  • - la figure 7 est un schéma de principe d'un moteur diphasé alimenté par un onduleur triphasé, selon la présente invention,
  • - les figures 8-a à 8-e sont des diagrammes montrant les formes d'ondes fournies par l'onduleur triphasé 70 de la figure 7,
  • - la figure 9 est un diagramme montrant la forme d'onde d'échantillonnage du signal fondamental selon la présente invention, et
  • - la figure 10 est un schéma fonctionnel d'un circuit de commande d'un onduleur selon la présente invention.
Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the following description of a particular exemplary embodiment, said description being made in relation to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of an X-ray tube,
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing two operating cycles of an X-ray tube anode engine,
  • FIG. 3 is an electrical diagram for supplying a two-phase motor with an x-ray tube anode,
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a two-phase motor supplied by two single-phase quadrature inverters,
  • FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a three-phase motor supplied by a three-phase inverter,
  • FIGS. 6-a to 6-f are diagrams showing the waveforms supplied by the three-phase inverter 55 of FIG. 5,
  • - Figure 7 is a block diagram of an engine two-phase powered by a three-phase inverter, according to the present invention,
  • FIGS. 8-a to 8-e are diagrams showing the waveforms supplied by the three-phase inverter 70 of FIG. 7,
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the sampling waveform of the fundamental signal according to the present invention, and
  • - Figure 10 is a block diagram of a control circuit of an inverter according to the present invention.

Les figures 1 à 6, qui correspondent à l'art antérieur reconnu dans le préambule, ne seront pas décrites à nouveau.Figures 1 to 6, which correspond to the prior art recognized in the preamble, will not be described again.

La figure 7 est le schéma de principe d'un dispositif de commande de la vitesse d'un moteur diphasé 85 selon l'invention, ledit moteur comportant un enroulement 82 de phase principale et un enroulement 83 de phase auxiliaire. Ce dispositif comprend un onduleur triphasé 70 qui est alimenté en courant continu par une source 71 et qui est commandé par un circuit 86. Un condensateur 72 sert d'élément de filtrage. L'onduleur 70 comporte trois paires ou couples d'interrupteurs 73 et 74, 75 et 76, 77 et 78 dont chaque point commun D, E et F est connecté respectivement à l'enroulement 82 de la phase principale, au point commun 84 des deux enroulements 82 et 83 et à l'enroulement 83 de phase auxiliaire.FIG. 7 is the block diagram of a device for controlling the speed of a two-phase motor 85 according to the invention, said motor comprising a winding 82 of main phase and a winding 83 of auxiliary phase. This device comprises a three-phase inverter 70 which is supplied with direct current by a source 71 and which is controlled by a circuit 86. A capacitor 72 serves as a filtering element. The inverter 70 comprises three pairs or pairs of switches 73 and 74, 75 and 76, 77 and 78, each common point D, E and F of which is connected respectively to the winding 82 of the main phase, at the common point 84 of the two windings 82 and 83 and the auxiliary phase winding 83.

L'ouverture et la fermeture des interrupteurs 73 à 78 sont commandées par un circuit 86 qui fournit des signaux de commande desdits interrupteurs. Ces interrupteurs 73 à 78 sont réalisés de préférence par des composants électroniques classiques tels que des transistors ou des thyristors, associés à des diodes en parallèle inverse.The opening and closing of the switches 73 to 78 are controlled by a circuit 86 which supplies control signals for said switches. These switches 73 to 78 are preferably produced by conventional electronic components such as transistors or thyristors, associated with diodes in reverse parallel.

Les impulsions de commande des interrupteurs 73 à 78 doivent être telles que la tension appliquée à l'enroulement 83 de la phase auxiliaire soit déphasée de 90° par rapport à celle appliquée à l'enroulement 82 de la phase principale. En outre, ces tensions ne doivent pas contenir d'harmoniques de rang faible qui ne contribuent pas à augmenter le couple moteur sachant que les harmoniques de rang élevé ne sont pas gênants car les courants correspondants sont faibles par suite de la valeur élevée des self-inductances des enroulements 82 et 83 pour ces fréquences élevées.The control pulses of switches 73 to 78 must be such that the voltage applied to winding 83 of the auxiliary phase is 90 ° out of phase with that applied to winding 82 of the main phase. In addition, these voltages must not contain harmonics of low rank which do not contribute to increasing the motor torque knowing that the harmonics of high rank are not annoying because the corresponding currents are low due to the high value of the self- inductances of windings 82 and 83 for these high frequencies.

Par ailleurs, pour réduire le courant d'alimentation en phase B d'entretien de la vitesse, il faut modifier la durée des impulsions sans introduire d'harmoniques de rang faible.Furthermore, to reduce the supply current in phase B of speed maintenance, it is necessary to modify the duration of the pulses without introducing harmonics of low rank.

Les diagrammes des figures 8-a, 8-b et 8-c montrent en fonction du temps, les formes d'ondes VD, VE et VF en tensions qui sont obtenues respectivement aux points communs D, E et F des couples d'interrupteurs (73,74), (75,76) et (77,78). Ce sont des impulsions carrées qui sont déphasées de 90° l'une par rapport à l'autre. La tension qui est appliquée à l'enroulement 82 de phase principale résulte de la différence (VD-VE) (figure 8-d) tandis que la tension qui est appliquée à l'enroulement 83 de phase auxiliaire résulte de la différence (VE-VF) (figure 8-e). La comparaison des diagrammes des figures 8-d et 8-e montre que les ondes appliquées aux enroulements 82 et 83 sont pseudosinusoïdales et sont déphasées de 90° l'une par rapport à l'autre, ce qui est le but recherché.The diagrams of figures 8-a, 8-b and 8-c show as a function of time, the waveforms VD, VE and VF in voltages which are obtained respectively at the common points D, E and F of the couples of switches (73.74), (75.76) and (77.78). These are square pulses which are 90 ° out of phase with each other. The voltage which is applied to the main phase winding 82 results from the difference (VD-VE) (figure 8-d) while the voltage which is applied to the auxiliary phase winding 83 results from the difference (VE- VF) (figure 8-e). The comparison of the diagrams of FIGS. 8-d and 8-e shows that the waves applied to the windings 82 and 83 are pseudosinusoidal and are phase shifted by 90 ° relative to each other, which is the aim sought.

Cependant, de telles formes d'ondes (VD-VE) et (VE-VF) conduisent à des harmoniques qu'il est nécessaire d'éliminer.However, such waveforms (VD-VE) and (VE-VF) lead to harmonics which it is necessary to eliminate.

La décomposition en série de Fourier des ondes (VD-VE) et (VE-VF) des figures 8-d et 8-e montre que leurs contenus harmoniques exprimés par les rapports en pourcentage des tensions efficaces des harmoniques et du fondamental sont les suivants : Harmonique 3 (H 3) 33% 0% Harmonique 5 (H 5) 20% 20% Harmonique 7 (H 7) 14% 14% Harmonique 9 (H 9) 11% 0% Harmonique 11 (H 11) 9% 9% Harmonique 13 (H 13) 8% 8% The decomposition in Fourier series of the waves (VD-VE) and (VE-VF) of Figures 8-d and 8-e shows that their harmonic contents expressed by the ratios in percentage of the effective voltages of the harmonics and the fundamental are the following: Harmonic 3 (H 3) 33% 0% Harmonic 5 (H 5) 20% 20% Harmonic 7 (H 7) 14% 14% Harmonic 9 (H 9) 11% 0% Harmonic 11 (H 11) 9% 9% Harmonic 13 (H 13) 8% 8%

La dernière colonne de droite donne les contenus harmoniques dans le cas des formes d'ondes (VA-VB), (VB-VC) et (VC-VA) des figures 6-d, 6-e, et 6-f, alimentant un moteur triphasé.The last column on the right gives the harmonic contents in the case of the waveforms (VA-VB), (VB-VC) and (VC-VA) of figures 6-d, 6-e, and 6-f, feeding a three-phase motor.

Les courants harmoniques qui se superposent au courant fondamental utile sont pénalisants vis-à-vis de l'onduleur mais surtout vis-à-vis du moteur car ils diminuent le flux utile et provoquent un échauffement du moteur. Il est donc important de les éliminer.The harmonic currents which are superimposed on the useful fundamental current are penalizing vis-à-vis the inverter but especially vis-à-vis the motor because they reduce the useful flow and cause the motor to heat up. It is therefore important to eliminate them.

Cependant, il est à remarquer que pour les harmoniques de rang élevé, par exemple supérieur à 13, les tensions correspondantes sont filtrées par les inductances des enroulements qui ont des valeurs élevées à ces fréquences de sorte que les courants correspondants sont faibles et ont un effet néfaste négligeable.However, it should be noted that for harmonics of high rank, for example greater than 13, the corresponding voltages are filtered by the inductances of the windings which have high values at these frequencies so that the corresponding currents are low and have an effect. negligible harm.

Par ailleurs, pendant la phase B d'entretien de la vitesse, le couple moteur ne doit compenser que le couple résistant de sorte que le moteur n'a besoin d'être alimenté qu'à tension réduite. Cette tension réduite est en général obtenue par un découpage des formes d'ondes VD, VE et VF à l'aide d'un signal ayant une fréquence supérieure à la fréquence fondamentale. Il en résulte alors une augmentation du contenu harmonique. L'invention propose de contrôler les harmoniques en déterminant les instants de commutation des interrupteurs 73 à 78 de manière à éliminer les harmoniques de rang faible. Cette détermination est effectuée par calcul à partir de la décomposition en série de Fourier des tensions VD, VE et VF qui seraient échantillonnées par une forme d'onde représentée par la figure 9. Cette forme d'onde d'échantillonnage a des caractéristiques particulières qui sont les suivantes :
- elle correspond à une fonction périodique impaire de période T et de valeur moyenne nulle;
- au cours d'une période T, elle est symétrique par rapport aux axes définis par les angles 90° et 270° et s'inverse par rapport aux axes définis par les angles 180° et 360°.
Furthermore, during speed maintenance phase B, the engine torque must only compensate for the resistive torque so that the engine only needs to be supplied with reduced voltage. This reduced voltage is generally obtained by cutting the VD, VE and VF waveforms using a signal having a frequency greater than the fundamental frequency. This then results in an increase in the harmonic content. The invention proposes to control the harmonics by determining the switching instants of the switches 73 to 78 so as to eliminate harmonics of low rank. This determination is made by calculation from the Fourier series decomposition of the voltages VD, VE and VF which would be sampled by a waveform represented by FIG. 9. This sampling waveform has particular characteristics which are the following :
- It corresponds to an odd periodic function of period T and of zero mean value;
- during a period T, it is symmetrical with respect to the axes defined by the angles 90 ° and 270 ° and reverses with respect to the axes defined by the angles 180 ° and 360 °.

La décomposition en série de Fourier d'une fonction périodique de période T est donnée par la formule :

Figure imgb0001
avec Θ = wt et w = 2π/TThe decomposition in Fourier series of a periodic function of period T is given by the formula:
Figure imgb0001
with Θ = wt and w = 2π / T

Lorsque cette fonction périodique est impaire et de valeur moyenne nulle, sa décomposition en série de Fourier devient :
f (Θ) = Σ bn sin n Θ
et les coefficients bn sont donnés par :

Figure imgb0002
When this periodic function is odd and of zero mean value, its decomposition into Fourier series becomes:
f (Θ) = Σ b n sin n Θ
and the coefficients b n are given by:
Figure imgb0002

Si l'on considère que la figure 9-a représente la séquence de commande de l'interrupteur 74 de la figure 7, complémentaire de celle de l'interrupteur 73, alors la figure 9-b représente la tension prise au point D par rapport à un point fictif de potentiel E moitié de celui de la tension continue d'alimentation de valeur 2E.If one considers that the figure 9-a represents the sequence of command of the switch 74 of the figure 7, complementary to that of the switch 73, then the figure 9-b represents the tension taken at the point D compared to a fictitious point of potential E half of that of the direct supply voltage of value 2E.

Dans le cas de la forme d'onde de la figure 9-b, le fondamental b₁ et les harmoniques bn sont donnés par :
b₁ = 4E π

Figure imgb0003
(- ½ + cosΘ₁ - cosΘ₂ + cosΘ₃)
bn = 4E
Figure imgb0004
(- ½ + cos nΘ₁ - cos nΘ₂ + cos nΘ3)
n étant un nombre impair 3,5,7,9.....In the case of the waveform of the figure 9-b, the fundamental b₁ and the harmonics b n are given by:
b₁ = 4E π
Figure imgb0003
(- ½ + cosΘ₁ - cosΘ₂ + cosΘ₃)
b n = 4E
Figure imgb0004
(- ½ + cos nΘ₁ - cos nΘ₂ + cos nΘ3)
n being an odd number 3,5,7,9 .....

Ces équations sont d'application générale en fonction du nombre d'angles Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ3, Θ₄... La détermination de Θ₁, Θ₂ et Θ₃ s'effectue en fonction :
- de la valeur du fondamental b₁ souhaité,
- d'un critère de minimisation des harmoniques.
These equations are of general application according to the number of angles Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ3, Θ₄ ... The determination of Θ₁, Θ₂ and Θ₃ is carried out according to:
- the value of the fundamental b₁ desired,
- a criterion for minimizing harmonics.

Ce critère peut être, par exemple, l'annulation des deux premièrs harmoniques, soit b₃ et b₅ pour un moteur diphasé, et b₅ et b₇ pour un moteur triphasé.This criterion can be, for example, the cancellation of the first two harmonics, either b₃ and b₅ for a two-phase motor, and b₅ and b₇ for a three-phase motor.

Dans le cas d'un moteur diphasé, on résoud alors le système d'équationssuivant :
4E π

Figure imgb0005
(- ½ + cos Θ₁ - cos Θ₂ + cos Θ₃) = Fondamental
4E
Figure imgb0006
(- ½ + cos 3Θ₁ - cos 3Θ₂ + cos 3Θ₃) = 0
4E
Figure imgb0007
(- ½ + cos 5Θ₁ - cos 5Θ₂ + cos 5Θ₃) = 0In the case of a two-phase motor, we then solve the following system of equations:
4E π
Figure imgb0005
(- ½ + cos Θ₁ - cos Θ₂ + cos Θ₃) = Fundamental
4E
Figure imgb0006
(- ½ + cos 3Θ₁ - cos 3Θ₂ + cos 3Θ₃) = 0
4E
Figure imgb0007
(- ½ + cos 5Θ₁ - cos 5Θ₂ + cos 5Θ₃) = 0

Le critère peut être différent, par exemple, tolérer un pourcentage d'harmonique spécifié pour chaque rang jusqu'à un certain rang. Il est clair que si l'on souhaite annuler trois coefficients bn, il faudra choisir une forme d'onde d'échantillonnage présentant des instants de commutation aux angles Θ′₁, Θ′₂, Θ′₃et Θ′₄ et calculer ces angles à l'aide d'un système de quatre équations tel que défini ci-dessus.The criteria can be different, for example, tolerating a specified harmonic percentage for each row up to a certain row. It is clear that if one wishes to cancel three coefficients b n , it will be necessary to choose a sampling waveform having switching instants at the angles Θ′₁, Θ′₂, Θ′₃ and Θ′₄ and calculate these angles using a system of four equations as defined above.

Le calcul des angles Θ₁, Θ₂ et Θ₃ à l'aide du système d'équations défini ci-dessus est réalisé par un calculateur, par exemple par approximations successives. Les valeurs de Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃...définissent donc la forme d'onde qui doit être obtenue au point D, par exemple de la figure 7. Les formes d'onde aux points E et F se déduisent de celle en D par un décalage de 90°. De manière pratique, les états des interrupteurs de l'onduleur sur une période avec les commutations aux angles Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ainsi déterminés et les déphasages nécessaires sont enregistrés dans une mémoire du circuit de commande 86 de la figure 7 et la lecture cyclique de cette mémoire permet de réaliser la commande des interrupteurs 73 à 78.The calculation of the angles Θ₁, Θ₂ and Θ₃ using the system of equations defined above is carried out by a computer, for example by successive approximations. The values of Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ... therefore define the waveform which must be obtained at point D, for example in FIG. 7. The waveforms at points E and F are deduced from that in D by an offset of 90 °. In practice, the states of the switches of the inverter over a period with the switching operations at the angles Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ thus determined and the necessary phase shifts are recorded in a memory of the control circuit 86 of FIG. 7 and the cyclic reading of this memory makes it possible to control switches 73 to 78.

La variation de vitesse peut être obtenue soit de manière continue par variation de la fréquence du signal de lecture, soit de manière discrète en calculant la programmation sur un nombre de pas correspondant à une fréquence fixée du signal de lecture et à la vitesse désirée.The speed variation can be obtained either continuously by varying the frequency of the read signal, or discretely by calculating the programming over a number of steps corresponding to a fixed frequency of the read signal and to the desired speed.

L'invention qui vient d'être décrite permet donc de faire tourner un moteur diphasé à l'aide d'un onduleur triphasé 70 avec élimination des harmoniques les plus gênants par un calcul des valeurs Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃... En choisissant des valeurs de commutation différentes Θ˝₁, Θ˝₂, Θ˝₃ qui sont déterminées de la même manière, le même onduleur 70 peut faire tourner un moteur triphasé avec élimination des harmoniques indésirables. Ces valeurs Θ˝₁, Θ˝₂, Θ˝₃...sont enregistrées dans une autre mémoire du circuit 70 et leur lecture cyclique permet de réaliser une autre séquence de commutations des interrupteurs 73 à 78 en supposant que les points D, E et F sont connectés aux enroulements d'un moteur triphasé selon le schéma de la figure 5 pour les points A,B et C.The invention which has just been described therefore makes it possible to rotate a two-phase motor using a three-phase inverter 70 with elimination of the most troublesome harmonics by calculating the values Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ... By choosing different switching values Θ˝₁, Θ˝₂, Θ˝₃ which are determined in the same way, the even inverter 70 can run a three-phase motor with elimination of unwanted harmonics. These values Θ˝₁, Θ˝₂, Θ˝₃ ... are recorded in another memory of the circuit 70 and their cyclic reading makes it possible to carry out another sequence of switching operations of the switches 73 to 78 assuming that the points D, E and F are connected to the windings of a three-phase motor according to the diagram in Figure 5 for points A, B and C.

Le dispositif de commande des interrupteurs est de préférence du type décrit sur la figure 10. Dans celle-ci, un compteur C, périodiquement remis à zéro par une commande appliquée sur son entrée de remise à zéro RAZ envoie des signaux d'adresse, A0, A1... à une mémoire M. Cet envoi est effectué au rythme donné par une horloge H. Les valeurs des adresses s'incrémentent avec le compteur. La mémoire délivre, en réponse à ces adresses, des instructions DO, D1 à un circuit tampon L. Le circuit tampon L est également piloté par l'horloge H (par l'intermédiaire d'un inverseur). Le circuit tampon L est relié, à sa sortie, à un circuit A d'amplificateurs de commande des interrupteurs (déclenchement des gâchettes des thyristors). Un circuit de codage RM relatif au régime moteur permet de sélectionner une programmation adéquate de la mémoire M. pour obtenir la tension et la vitesse désirées et pour le type diphasé ou triphasé de moteur.The switch control device is preferably of the type described in FIG. 10. In this, a counter C, periodically reset to zero by a command applied to its reset reset input sends address signals, A0 , A1 ... to a memory M. This sending is carried out at the rate given by a clock H. The values of the addresses are incremented with the counter. The memory delivers, in response to these addresses, instructions DO, D1 to a buffer circuit L. The buffer circuit L is also controlled by the clock H (via an inverter). The buffer circuit L is connected, at its output, to a circuit A of switch control amplifiers (triggering of the thyristor triggers). A coding circuit RM relating to the engine speed makes it possible to select an adequate programming of the memory M. to obtain the desired voltage and speed and for the two-phase or three-phase type of motor.

Le fonctionnement du circuit de la figure 10 est le suivant. Les instructions délivrées par la mémoire sont identiques entre elles pendant toutes les durées des périodes. Ces instructions changent donc de valeur aux instants Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃...The operation of the circuit of FIG. 10 is as follows. The instructions issued by the memory are identical to each other for all the durations of the periods. These instructions therefore change value at times Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ...

Dans un exemple, la mémoire M a six sorties D0 à D5 (pour commander les six interrupteurs) qui peuvent prendre, en fonction de l'instruction, un état 0 (correspondant à l'ouverture d'un interrupteur) ou un état 1 (fermeture d'un interrupteur). De cette façon, on peut piloter, au rythme de l'horloge, les interrupteurs correspondant à une phase pour un régime choisi. En pratique, les mémoires disponibles ont huit sorties. De cette façon, on dispose d'une sortie supplémentaire, la 7e ou la 8e, pour commander la remise à zéro du compteur. Ceci se produit simplement quand le compteur délivre une adresse correspondant à la fin d'un cycle.In one example, memory M has six outputs D0 to D5 (to control the six switches) which can according to the instruction, take a state 0 (corresponding to the opening of a switch) or a state 1 (closing of a switch). In this way, it is possible to control, at the rate of the clock, the switches corresponding to a phase for a chosen regime. In practice, the available memories have eight outputs. In this way, there is an additional output, the 7th or the 8th, to control the reset of the counter. This simply occurs when the counter delivers an address corresponding to the end of a cycle.

En ce qui concerne le freinage de l'anode, on rappelle qu'il suffit d'appliquer un courant continu sur l'enroulement principal. En pratique, on utilise aussi le circuit de commande de la figure 10 à cette fin. Dans ce cas, au moyen de la mémoire RM, on sélectionne dans la mémoire M une de ses pages, de telle façon que le circuit d'amplificateurs A commande l'onduleur comme un hacheur. Ceci signifie que, dans une ou plusieurs phases du moteur, on obtient un courant pseudo-continu et en tous cas toujours orienté dans le même sens. Le circuit de commande de la figure 10 peut donc judicieusement remplir aussi ce rôle.As regards the braking of the anode, it is recalled that it suffices to apply a direct current to the main winding. In practice, the control circuit of FIG. 10 is also used for this purpose. In this case, by means of the memory RM, one of the pages M is selected from the memory M, so that the amplifier circuit A controls the inverter as a chopper. This means that, in one or more phases of the motor, a pseudo-continuous current is obtained and in any case always oriented in the same direction. The control circuit of FIG. 10 can therefore judiciously also fulfill this role.

Claims (4)

1. Dispositif de commande d'un moteur diphasé comportant un enroulement (82) de phase principale et un enroulement (83) de phase auxiliaire, ledit dispositif
- comprenant un circuit onduleur (70) du type triphasé comportant des interrupteurs (73 à 78) à raison d'un couple d'interrupteurs par phase, les points communs (D,E,F) de chaque couple étant connectés l'un (D) à l'enroulement (82) de phase principale , l'autre (F) à l'enroulement (83) de la phase auxiliaire et le dernier (E) au point commun desdits enroulements, l'ouverture et la fermeture des interrupteurs étant commandées par les signaux fournis par un circuit de commande (86) de manière que les formes d'onde aux points communs (D,E et F) de chaque couple d'interrupteurs soient déphasées de 90° l'un par rapport à l'autre, caractérisé en ce que les signaux de commande fournis par le circuit de commande (86) sont tels que les formes d'onde à la fréquence fondamentale aux points communs (D,E,F) sont echantillonnées par des signaux dont les instants de commutation sont, dans une période, symétriques par rapport à la phase de 90° et inverses par rapport à la phase 180° de manière à éliminer les composantes spectrales de rang pair.
1. Device for controlling a two-phase motor comprising a winding (82) of main phase and a winding (83) of auxiliary phase, said device
- comprising an inverter circuit (70) of the three-phase type comprising switches (73 to 78) at the rate of a pair of switches per phase, the common points (D, E, F) of each couple being connected one ( D) at the main phase winding (82), the other (F) at the auxiliary phase winding (83) and the last (E) at the common point of said windings, the opening and closing of the switches being controlled by the signals supplied by a control circuit (86) so that the waveforms at the common points (D, E and F) of each pair of switches are 90 ° out of phase with respect to the other, characterized in that the control signals supplied by the control circuit (86) are such that the waveforms at the fundamental frequency at the common points (D, E, F) are sampled by signals whose instants in a period are symmetrical with respect to the phase by 90 ° and inverse with respect to the phase 180 ° so as to eliminate the spectral components of even rank.
2. Dispositif de commande selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les instants de commutation (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃...Θn) pour un quart de période sont calculés à l'aide d'une décomposition en série de Fourier de manière à éliminer tout ou partie de certaines composantes spectrales.2. Control device according to claim 1, characterized in that the switching instants (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ... Θ n ) for a quarter of a period are calculated using a Fourier series decomposition of so as to eliminate all or part of certain spectral components. 3. Dispositif de commande selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les instants de commutation (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃...Θn) pour un quart de période sont calculés à l'aide d'une décomposition en série de Fourier de manière à éliminer (n-1) composantes spectrales de rang impair.3. Control device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the switching instants (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ... Θ n ) for a quarter period are calculated using a series decomposition of Fourier so as to eliminate (n-1) spectral components of odd rank. 4. Dispositif de commande selon la revendication 1, 2 3 caractérisé en ce que les instants de commutation (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃...Θn) sont calculés pour un nombre m de fréquences fondamentales, en ce que leurs valeurs sont enregistrées dans des parties distinctes d'une mémoire du dispositif (86) fournissant les signaux de commande des interrupteurs (73 à 78) de l'onduleur et en ce que chaque partie de ladite mémoire est lue à une vitesse correspondant à la fréquence fondamentale sélectionnée pour le calcul des instants de commutation.4. Control device according to claim 1, 2 3 characterized in that the switching instants (Θ₁, Θ₂, Θ₃ ... Θ n ) are calculated for a number m of fundamental frequencies, in that their values are recorded in separate parts of a memory of the device (86) supplying the control signals of the switches (73 to 78) of the inverter and in that each part of said memory is read at a speed corresponding to the fundamental frequency selected for the calculation of switching instants.
EP90402014A 1989-07-13 1990-07-12 Speed control device for two-or three-phase motors Expired - Lifetime EP0408458B1 (en)

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FR8909546A FR2649840B1 (en) 1989-07-13 1989-07-13 DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE SPEED OF TWO-PHASE OR THREE-PHASE MOTORS
FR8909546 1989-07-13

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US5105141A (en) 1992-04-14
DE69014453D1 (en) 1995-01-12

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