EP0376900B1 - A multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, particularly for motor vehicles - Google Patents
A multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, particularly for motor vehicles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0376900B1 EP0376900B1 EP89830550A EP89830550A EP0376900B1 EP 0376900 B1 EP0376900 B1 EP 0376900B1 EP 89830550 A EP89830550 A EP 89830550A EP 89830550 A EP89830550 A EP 89830550A EP 0376900 B1 EP0376900 B1 EP 0376900B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sump
- block
- main bearing
- bearing caps
- engine according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
- F02F7/0002—Cylinder arrangements
- F02F7/0007—Crankcases of engines with cylinders in line
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/002—Integrally formed cylinders and cylinder heads
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
- F02F7/0043—Arrangements of mechanical drive elements
- F02F7/0053—Crankshaft bearings fitted in the crankcase
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
- F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
- F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
- F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
- F02B2075/1804—Number of cylinders
- F02B2075/1816—Number of cylinders four
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B2275/00—Other engines, components or details, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F02B2275/20—SOHC [Single overhead camshaft]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F2001/008—Stress problems, especially related to thermal stress
Definitions
- the present invention relates in general to multi-cylinder internal combustion engines, particularly for motor vehicles.
- the intake and exhaust manifolds and the covers are also fixed to the block and to the head by means of bolts and gaskets.
- the connections between the various components are achieved by means of flanges which are not always in one piece.
- the flange for attaching the oil sump normally carries "cradles" which give rise to oil leaks.
- the structural deterioration of the materials, due to ageing and to thermal stress, or the incomplete tightening of the bolts connecting the various components are the cause of defects and breakdowns.
- GB-B-1040793 discloses a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine including a cylinder block in which are formed the cylinders, an oil sump situated beneath the block, combustion chambers for the cylinders, intake and exhaust ducts, seats for valves and spark plugs, and a timing control assembly situated above the block, and a crankshaft supported for rotation by means of main bearings and main bearing caps, wherein the cylinder block is a single piece which incorporates the combustion chambers, the ducts and the seats and, above the latter and substantially in correspondence with the lower ends of the cylinder, is formed with two continuous integral flanges, in a single upper plane and a single lower plane respectively, for the coupling of corresponding continuous upper and lower flanges respectively formed in single planes, the upper flange being integral with the timing control assembly.
- the lower flange is formed, intermediate the ends of the cylinders, on a cast-iron unit constituting the engine crankcase and in turn formed with transverse webs to support the main bearings for the engine crankshaft.
- a usual pressed sheet-metal sump is secured to a further lower flange formed on the crankcase unit, and the main bearings caps are secured from below to the main bearings by bolts.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an engine with a novel architecture, which is formed so as to eliminate fluid leakages, to reduce components which are most subject to defects due to assembly anomalies or structural deterioration, and to rationalise the function of each component and minimise the use of nuts and bolts in order to produce a very strong and reliable unit.
- this concept affords notable advantages in terms of the bending and torsional strength of the engine and of the reduction of its tendency to vibrate and of the leakage of fluids to the outside.
- the spacer means conveniently comprise spacers of calibrated thickness which are interposed between the mutually facing surfaces of the main bearing caps and the retaining feet of the block and are held on the caps by means of resilient bridge members formed integrally with the spacers and provided with parts for engaging complementary fixing recesses in the caps.
- the main bearing caps have lateral projections which bear against complementary lateral shoulders of the lateral pillars of the sump.
- the sump has box-like front and rear walls provided with respective apertures for the drive from the driving shaft, the front one being formed with a flange which constitutes a seat for the oil pump and the rear one defining a seat for the rear seal of the driving shaft.
- a four-cylinder internal combustion engine for a motor car is generally indicated 1.
- the engine 1 is composed essentially of three elements: a cylinder block 2, a sump structure 3 fitted beneath the block 2, and a timing control assembly 4 fitted above the block 2.
- the block 2 is constituted by a single piece defining the four cylinders 5, a chamber 6 for the circulation of the coolant liquid for the engine 1, as well as all the parts which are formed in the cylinder head in conventional engines, that is, the combustion chambers 7 of the cylinders 5, their intake ducts 8 and exhaust ducts 9, the seats 10 for the inlet and exhaust valves 11 and their springs, and the seats for any spark plugs (not illustrated).
- the chamber 6 for the coolant of the engine which is wholly included in the one-piece casting of the block 2, communicates with the outside on one side through a seat, not shown, for the pump for the liquid and on the other side through a lateral connector 12, which is also integral with the block 2 and acts as the casing for a thermostat 13 for regulating the temperature of the coolant liquid.
- the engine block 2 is formed with two continuous integral flanges, an upper flange 14 and a lower flange 15, each in a single plane.
- the upper flange 14 is coupled to a corresponding continuous flange 16 formed in a single plane and integral with the timing control assembly 4, which is constituted essentially by a body 17 containing the camshaft 18 and the tappets, schematically indicated 19.
- the lower flange 15 is situated substantially at the level of the lower ends of the cylinders 5 and is coupled to a corresponding continuous flange formed in a single plane 20 and integral with the sump structure 3.
- the sump 3 is box-like on three sides and on its front and rear faces. These faces define two coaxial holes 21, 22 in correspondence with which an annular flange 23 for the attachment of the oil pump (not shown) and an annular seat 24 for the rear seal of the driving shaft 25 are formed, respectively.
- the driving shaft 25 (which is inserted from above during assembly) is supported by the sump structure 3 by means of main bearings 26 which are integral therewith, and main bearing caps 27 which bear on the sump 3 and are clamped against it by the block 2 in the manner made clear below.
- pistons 29 are sealingly slidable in the respective cylinders 5 and are connected to the crankshaft 25 in conventional manner, by means of connecting rods 28.
- the sump 3 is connected to the block 2 by means of axial bolts 30 ( Figures 1 and 4) inserted in tubular pillars 31 formed integrally with the sump 3 beside the main bearing caps 27.
- the sump 3/block 2 assembly thus forms an egg-shaped chamber which has very high bending and torsional strength and is insensitive to vibrations.
- the sump 3 also acts as a reservoir for the lubricating oil and contains all the ducts which take the oil to the pump and thence to the filter and the crankshaft bearings, indicated 32.
- the function of the reservoir for the lubricating oil may be carried out by a lower sump bolted to the sump structure, with continuous integral flanges lying in a single plane for the coupling of the sump and the lower sump.
- the plane is, for example, the one identified by the line A in Figure 1.
- each main bearing cap 27 simply bears on the respective main bearing 26 and is aligned therewith by means of centring pins 33.
- Each main bearing cap has at least two separate appendages 34 which face the block 2 and are situated opposite corresponding feet 35 thereof.
- Spacers 36 of calibrated thickness are interposed between the mutually facing surfaces of the appendages 34 and the corresponding feet 35.
- the two spacers 36 associated with each main bearing cap 27 are formed integrally with a resilient plate-shaped bridge member 37 provided with side parts 38 for engaging complementary fixing recesses 39 in the main bearing cap 27.
- the engine according to the invention achieves a considerable structural simplification as a result of the reduction of the number of components and the minimising of the use of nuts and bolts. Moreover, the elimination of parts and materials which are subject to ageing enables the risks of liquid and gas leakages to be eliminated, leading to the production of an extremely strong and reliable unit.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Description
- The present invention relates in general to multi-cylinder internal combustion engines, particularly for motor vehicles.
- Almost all current multi-cylinder engines are constituted essentially by a cylinder head, a cylinder block in which the cylinders are formed, main bearing caps which clamp the driving shaft to main bearings associated with the cylinder block, and a sump which has the function of containing the oil. These components are fixed together by means of bolts with the interposition of gaskets or sealing material.
- The intake and exhaust manifolds and the covers are also fixed to the block and to the head by means of bolts and gaskets.
- The connections between the various components are achieved by means of flanges which are not always in one piece. The flange for attaching the oil sump normally carries "cradles" which give rise to oil leaks. The structural deterioration of the materials, due to ageing and to thermal stress, or the incomplete tightening of the bolts connecting the various components are the cause of defects and breakdowns.
- GB-B-1040793 discloses a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine including a cylinder block in which are formed the cylinders, an oil sump situated beneath the block, combustion chambers for the cylinders, intake and exhaust ducts, seats for valves and spark plugs, and a timing control assembly situated above the block, and a crankshaft supported for rotation by means of main bearings and main bearing caps, wherein the cylinder block is a single piece which incorporates the combustion chambers, the ducts and the seats and, above the latter and substantially in correspondence with the lower ends of the cylinder, is formed with two continuous integral flanges, in a single upper plane and a single lower plane respectively, for the coupling of corresponding continuous upper and lower flanges respectively formed in single planes, the upper flange being integral with the timing control assembly. According to this knowns solution, the lower flange is formed, intermediate the ends of the cylinders, on a cast-iron unit constituting the engine crankcase and in turn formed with transverse webs to support the main bearings for the engine crankshaft. A usual pressed sheet-metal sump is secured to a further lower flange formed on the crankcase unit, and the main bearings caps are secured from below to the main bearings by bolts.
- The object of the present invention is to provide an engine with a novel architecture, which is formed so as to eliminate fluid leakages, to reduce components which are most subject to defects due to assembly anomalies or structural deterioration, and to rationalise the function of each component and minimise the use of nuts and bolts in order to produce a very strong and reliable unit.
- According to the invention, this object is achieved by virtue of the features, set forth in the characterising portion of Claim 1.
- In addition to considerable structural simplification, this concept affords notable advantages in terms of the bending and torsional strength of the engine and of the reduction of its tendency to vibrate and of the leakage of fluids to the outside.
- The spacer means conveniently comprise spacers of calibrated thickness which are interposed between the mutually facing surfaces of the main bearing caps and the retaining feet of the block and are held on the caps by means of resilient bridge members formed integrally with the spacers and provided with parts for engaging complementary fixing recesses in the caps.
- To advantage, the main bearing caps have lateral projections which bear against complementary lateral shoulders of the lateral pillars of the sump.
- Thus, as a result of the tightening of the fixing bolts between the sump and the block, the resilient deformation of the sump/block/caps/calibrated spacers system gives rise to axial and transverse forces which can ensure the stability of the caps during the stresses of use.
- According to another advantageous characteristic of the invention, the sump has box-like front and rear walls provided with respective apertures for the drive from the driving shaft, the front one being formed with a flange which constitutes a seat for the oil pump and the rear one defining a seat for the rear seal of the driving shaft.
- Further characteristic and advantages of the invention will become clear from the detailed description which follows with reference to the appended drawings, provided by way of non-limiting example, in which:
- Figure 1 is a schematic vertical section of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine according to the invention,
- Figure 2 is a schematic longitudinal section taken on the line II-II of Figure 1,
- Figure 3 is a longitudinal section taken on the line III-III of Figure 1,
- Figure 4 shows a detail of Figure 1 on an enlarged scale,
- Figure 5 is a section taken on the line V-V of Figure 4 on an enlarged scale, and
- Figure 6 is a perspective view of a detail indicated by the arrow VI of Figure 4.
- With reference initially to Figure 1, a four-cylinder internal combustion engine for a motor car is generally indicated 1.
- The engine 1 is composed essentially of three elements: a
cylinder block 2, a sump structure 3 fitted beneath theblock 2, and atiming control assembly 4 fitted above theblock 2. - As shown in greater detail in Figure 3, the
block 2 is constituted by a single piece defining the fourcylinders 5, achamber 6 for the circulation of the coolant liquid for the engine 1, as well as all the parts which are formed in the cylinder head in conventional engines, that is, the combustion chambers 7 of thecylinders 5, theirintake ducts 8 andexhaust ducts 9, theseats 10 for the inlet andexhaust valves 11 and their springs, and the seats for any spark plugs (not illustrated). Thechamber 6 for the coolant of the engine, which is wholly included in the one-piece casting of theblock 2, communicates with the outside on one side through a seat, not shown, for the pump for the liquid and on the other side through alateral connector 12, which is also integral with theblock 2 and acts as the casing for athermostat 13 for regulating the temperature of the coolant liquid. - The
engine block 2 is formed with two continuous integral flanges, anupper flange 14 and alower flange 15, each in a single plane. - The
upper flange 14 is coupled to a correspondingcontinuous flange 16 formed in a single plane and integral with thetiming control assembly 4, which is constituted essentially by abody 17 containing thecamshaft 18 and the tappets, schematically indicated 19. - The
lower flange 15 is situated substantially at the level of the lower ends of thecylinders 5 and is coupled to a corresponding continuous flange formed in asingle plane 20 and integral with the sump structure 3. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the sump 3 is box-like on three sides and on its front and rear faces. These faces define twocoaxial holes 21, 22 in correspondence with which anannular flange 23 for the attachment of the oil pump (not shown) and anannular seat 24 for the rear seal of thedriving shaft 25 are formed, respectively. The driving shaft 25 (which is inserted from above during assembly) is supported by the sump structure 3 by means ofmain bearings 26 which are integral therewith, andmain bearing caps 27 which bear on the sump 3 and are clamped against it by theblock 2 in the manner made clear below. - Four
pistons 29 are sealingly slidable in therespective cylinders 5 and are connected to thecrankshaft 25 in conventional manner, by means of connectingrods 28. - The sump 3 is connected to the
block 2 by means of axial bolts 30 (Figures 1 and 4) inserted intubular pillars 31 formed integrally with the sump 3 beside themain bearing caps 27. The sump 3/block 2 assembly thus forms an egg-shaped chamber which has very high bending and torsional strength and is insensitive to vibrations. - As well as fulfilling the function of a support for the
driving shaft 25, the sump 3 also acts as a reservoir for the lubricating oil and contains all the ducts which take the oil to the pump and thence to the filter and the crankshaft bearings, indicated 32. Alternatively, the function of the reservoir for the lubricating oil may be carried out by a lower sump bolted to the sump structure, with continuous integral flanges lying in a single plane for the coupling of the sump and the lower sump. The plane is, for example, the one identified by the line A in Figure 1. - With reference now in greater detail to Figures 4 to 6, each main bearing
cap 27 simply bears on the respective main bearing 26 and is aligned therewith by means of centringpins 33. Each main bearing cap has at least twoseparate appendages 34 which face theblock 2 and are situated oppositecorresponding feet 35 thereof.Spacers 36 of calibrated thickness are interposed between the mutually facing surfaces of theappendages 34 and thecorresponding feet 35. As shown in detail in Figures 5 and 6, the twospacers 36 associated with eachmain bearing cap 27 are formed integrally with a resilient plate-shaped bridge member 37 provided withside parts 38 for engagingcomplementary fixing recesses 39 in themain bearing cap 27. Thus, during the assembly of the engine 1, thespacers 36 are fitted onto themain bearing caps 27 beforehand and are held firmly thereon during the connection of theblock 2 to the sump 3 and the tightening of thebolts 30. Under the action of the latter, the resilient deformation of the sump 3/block 2/main bearing caps 27/calibratedspacers 36 system ensures the axial loading for clamping thecaps 27 between thefeet 35 and themain bearings 26. Returning again to Figure 4, it can be seen thatlateral projections 40 are formed on the opposite sides of each main bearingcap 27 and bear against complementarylateral shoulders 41 of the correspondingtubular pillars 31 of the sump 3. By virtue of this bearing, in addition to the axial loading, the resilient deformation of the sump/block/caps/calibrated-spacers system caused by the tightening of thebolts 30 also achieves lateral loading, ensuring the necessary transverse stability of thecaps 27 during the stresses of use. - It is obvious from the above that, compared with conventional engines of the same type, the engine according to the invention achieves a considerable structural simplification as a result of the reduction of the number of components and the minimising of the use of nuts and bolts. Moreover, the elimination of parts and materials which are subject to ageing enables the risks of liquid and gas leakages to be eliminated, leading to the production of an extremely strong and reliable unit.
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT68177/88A IT1224051B (en) | 1988-12-30 | 1988-12-30 | INTERNAL COMBUSTION CYLINDRICAL ENGINE PARTICULARLY FOR VEHICLES |
IT6817788 | 1988-12-30 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0376900A1 EP0376900A1 (en) | 1990-07-04 |
EP0376900B1 true EP0376900B1 (en) | 1993-07-07 |
Family
ID=11308349
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89830550A Expired - Lifetime EP0376900B1 (en) | 1988-12-30 | 1989-12-19 | A multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, particularly for motor vehicles |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0376900B1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR8906870A (en) |
DE (1) | DE68907474T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2042070T3 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1224051B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4033623C1 (en) * | 1990-10-23 | 1992-03-12 | Mercedes-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De | |
DE19633419C1 (en) * | 1996-08-20 | 1997-11-20 | Porsche Ag | Cylinder block for internal combustion engine in open deck structure |
JP2005042653A (en) * | 2003-07-24 | 2005-02-17 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Liquid cooled engine |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR862709A (en) * | 1938-09-10 | 1941-03-13 | Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag | Internal combustion engine built in light metal |
GB1040793A (en) * | 1964-04-10 | 1966-09-01 | British Aluminium Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to internal combustion engines |
AT376018B (en) * | 1975-09-04 | 1984-10-10 | List Hans | WATER-COOLED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
US4838221A (en) * | 1987-01-21 | 1989-06-13 | Mazda Motor Corporation | Automotive engine construction |
-
1988
- 1988-12-30 IT IT68177/88A patent/IT1224051B/en active
-
1989
- 1989-12-19 ES ES198989830550T patent/ES2042070T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-19 DE DE89830550T patent/DE68907474T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-19 EP EP89830550A patent/EP0376900B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-27 BR BR898906870A patent/BR8906870A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE68907474T2 (en) | 1993-10-21 |
IT8868177A0 (en) | 1988-12-30 |
ES2042070T3 (en) | 1993-12-01 |
IT1224051B (en) | 1990-09-26 |
EP0376900A1 (en) | 1990-07-04 |
BR8906870A (en) | 1990-09-25 |
DE68907474D1 (en) | 1993-08-12 |
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