EP0373913B1 - Improved keel - Google Patents
Improved keel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0373913B1 EP0373913B1 EP89313029A EP89313029A EP0373913B1 EP 0373913 B1 EP0373913 B1 EP 0373913B1 EP 89313029 A EP89313029 A EP 89313029A EP 89313029 A EP89313029 A EP 89313029A EP 0373913 B1 EP0373913 B1 EP 0373913B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hydrofoil
- vessel
- force
- drive means
- exerts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
- B63B1/16—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces
- B63B1/24—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoil type
- B63B1/28—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoil type with movable hydrofoils
- B63B1/285—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving additional lift from hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoil type with movable hydrofoils changing the angle of attack or the lift of the foil
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B41/00—Drop keels, e.g. centre boards or side boards ; Collapsible keels, or the like, e.g. telescopically; Longitudinally split hinged keels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B35/00—Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
- B63B2035/009—Wind propelled vessels comprising arrangements, installations or devices specially adapted therefor, other than wind propulsion arrangements, installations, or devices, such as sails, running rigging, or the like, and other than sailboards or the like or related equipment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
- B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING
- B63B39/00—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude
- B63B39/06—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by using foils acting on ambient water
- B63B2039/065—Equipment to decrease pitch, roll, or like unwanted vessel movements; Apparatus for indicating vessel attitude to decrease vessel movements by using foils acting on ambient water the foils being pivotal about an axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to sailing vessels, and is particularly concerned with an improved keel apparatus for use in such vessels to reduce leeway and operable to provide a righting moment to counteract capsizing moments caused by lateral forces on the rigging.
- the keel apparatus may also be used to reduce the displacement of the vessel, thus reducing wavemaking resistance.
- sailing vessels have been provided with keels or leeboards to counteract leeway, the keel being ballasted to provide a righting moment when the vessel is heeled.
- the vessel moves forward in the water with a yaw angle giving the keel an "incidence" angle so that it acts as a hydrofoil surface giving lift directed laterally of the vessel.
- this action of the keel also produces drag.
- the present invention seeks to provide an apparatus which, when fitted to a vessel, can exert a lateral force and/or a rolling moment on the vessel as it moves forward through the water, or can be arranged to provide a vertically upward force to reduce the vessel's displacement.
- a keel arrangement for simultaneously countering leeway and heeling in a sailing vessel or for reducing the displacement of the vessel provided with at least two hydrofoil surfaces spaced symmetrically from the vessel's centreline and mounted for rotation about axes extending parallel thereto, each hydrofoil surface being capable of exerting a hydrodynamic force directed perpendicularly to its axis of rotation, and the hydrofoil surfaces being independently angularly orientable about their respective rotation axes, characterised in that the hydrofoil surfaces are so oriented that: a) the leeward of the hydrofoil surfaces exerts a force having a windward and an upward component, and the windward hydrofoil surface exerts a force having a windward and a downward component or b) the leeward of the hydrofoil surfaces exerts a force having an upward component and the winward hydrofoil surface exerts a force having a pure windward component, or c) Both hydrofoils exert forces having an
- each hydrofoil surface comprises a pair of fins arranged symmetrically about the rotation axis of the hydrofoil surface and at a predetermined incidence angle relative to the rotation axis. It is foreseen that the incidence angle of the hydrofoil surfaces may be made variable.
- the hydrofoil surfaces are preferably mounted to the vessel's hull by means of one or more pylons extending from the hull, each hydrofoil surface being rotatably mounted at the free end of a pylon or between the free ends of two pylons.
- the means for orienting each hydrofoil surface relative to the vertical advantageously comprises a shaft rotatably mounted within a pylon and carrying a bevel gear at its outboard end, the bevel gear meshing with a bevel gear fixed to the hydrofoil surface so that rotation of the shaft causes rotation of the hydrofoil surface about its axis.
- control of a sailing vessel having the hydrofoil surfaces described above can be further improved by the use of a bow foil mounted on a single pylon beneath the forward part of the vessel.
- the pylon will preferably be of faired cross-section and will be rotatable about a vertical axis to serve as a rudder, possibly replacing the conventional stern rudder.
- a lifting foil surface mounted on the bow pylon assists in keeping the vessel's direction in conformity with the sea surface, thus reducing transient variations in incidence at the hydrofoil surfaces further aft.
- the incidence of the bow foil may be fixed or variable.
- a shaft 4 Extending between the free ends of the pylons 1 and 2 is a shaft 4, whose ends are received in bearings 5 and 6 in the pylons 1 and 2 for rotation about its axis.
- the shaft is arranged so that its axis is parallel to the centreline of the vessel, and is generally horizontal.
- a bevel gear 7 which meshes with a cooperating gear 8 mounted to a control shaft 9.
- rotation of the shaft 9 will cause the shaft 4 to rotate by an amount corresponding to the gear ratio of gears 7 and 8.
- a hydrofoil surface 10 comprising a pair of fins 11, 12 which are of a cambered foil section and are set at an angle relative to the shaft axis, so that as the vessel moves through the water then a hydrodynamic lift force is generated by the fins.
- the lift force is arranged to act in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the shaft 4.
- a vessel's hull 3 is fitted with two hydrofoil surfaces 10L, 10W, spaced symmetrically about the vessel's centreline.
- Drive means (not shown) are provided within the hull 3 which can be operated to rotate the shafts 4 and hold them, and thus the hydrofoil surfaces 10L and 10W, in any desired angular position.
- Such drive means may be manual, for example a simple handwheel mounted on the shaft 9 at an accessible point within the vessel, or the drive means may be an electric motor or other remotely controllable drive.
- Transmission of the drive to the shaft 4 may be via a control shaft and bevel gears, or it may be achieved via a flexible coupling or universal joint, or the control shaft 9 may be replaced by a chain or other drive arrangement.
- an indication of the angular orientation of the shafts is provided, either by marking the handwheels of manual drives and providing an electrical indication of the angular positions of the shafts 4 by means of electrical sensors acting on the control shafts 9 or the shafts 4 or on their drive trains and relaying position information to a display device.
- Operation of the apparatus is simple, in that the orientation of the lift forces produced by the hydrofoil surface is arranged, by rotating shafts 4 to desired positions, so as to provide a resultant force and/or moment acting on the vessel to counter the leeward forces and heeling moments produced by the wind in the rigging and sails.
- each hydrofoil surface 10L, 10W exerts a lift force F (indicated by the arrow) at right angles to the shaft axis, then in the position shown in Figure 2 there is a resultant upward force of 2F tending to lift the vessel.
- This is useful when running before the wind, as the displacement of the hull is reduced, thus reducing drag.
- the vessel With the wind abeam indicated by arrow A, the vessel is subjected to a heeling moment due to the lateral force on the sails and rigging.
- its "lift" force F is arranged to act downwardly and thus the combined effect of the two hydrofoil surfaces 10L and 10W is a moment of Fb counteracting the heeling moment.
- the leeward hydrofoil surface 10L is arranged to provide a vertically upward force
- the windward hydrofoil surface 10W is oriented to provide a substantially horizontal force to windward. This again will cause a righting moment and a force to counteract leeway.
- the helmsman may select the combination of orientations for the two hydrofoil surfaces which best suits the point of sailing and wind strength at a given time.
- each hydrofoil surface may be mounted to a single pylon.
- the hydrofoil surfaces may be of considerable weight, to have a ballasting effect, since rotation of a hydrofoil surface 10 will not move its centre of gravity and thus upset the vessel's trim.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
- Wind Motors (AREA)
Description
- The present invention relates to sailing vessels, and is particularly concerned with an improved keel apparatus for use in such vessels to reduce leeway and operable to provide a righting moment to counteract capsizing moments caused by lateral forces on the rigging. The keel apparatus may also be used to reduce the displacement of the vessel, thus reducing wavemaking resistance.
- Conventionally, sailing vessels have been provided with keels or leeboards to counteract leeway, the keel being ballasted to provide a righting moment when the vessel is heeled. In order to provide a lateral force to counteract leeway, the vessel moves forward in the water with a yaw angle giving the keel an "incidence" angle so that it acts as a hydrofoil surface giving lift directed laterally of the vessel. However, this action of the keel also produces drag.
- The present invention seeks to provide an apparatus which, when fitted to a vessel, can exert a lateral force and/or a rolling moment on the vessel as it moves forward through the water, or can be arranged to provide a vertically upward force to reduce the vessel's displacement.
- According to the present invention, a keel arrangement for simultaneously countering leeway and heeling in a sailing vessel or for reducing the displacement of the vessel provided with at least two hydrofoil surfaces spaced symmetrically from the vessel's centreline and mounted for rotation about axes extending parallel thereto, each hydrofoil surface being capable of exerting a hydrodynamic force directed perpendicularly to its axis of rotation, and the hydrofoil surfaces being independently angularly orientable about their respective rotation axes, characterised in that the hydrofoil surfaces are so oriented that: a) the leeward of the hydrofoil surfaces exerts a force having a windward and an upward component, and the windward hydrofoil surface exerts a force having a windward and a downward component or
b) the leeward of the hydrofoil surfaces exerts a force having an upward component and the winward hydrofoil surface exerts a force having a pure windward component, or
c) Both hydrofoils exert forces having an upward component. - Preferably, each hydrofoil surface comprises a pair of fins arranged symmetrically about the rotation axis of the hydrofoil surface and at a predetermined incidence angle relative to the rotation axis. It is foreseen that the incidence angle of the hydrofoil surfaces may be made variable. The hydrofoil surfaces are preferably mounted to the vessel's hull by means of one or more pylons extending from the hull, each hydrofoil surface being rotatably mounted at the free end of a pylon or between the free ends of two pylons. The means for orienting each hydrofoil surface relative to the vertical advantageously comprises a shaft rotatably mounted within a pylon and carrying a bevel gear at its outboard end, the bevel gear meshing with a bevel gear fixed to the hydrofoil surface so that rotation of the shaft causes rotation of the hydrofoil surface about its axis.
- In a further aspect of the invention, control of a sailing vessel having the hydrofoil surfaces described above can be further improved by the use of a bow foil mounted on a single pylon beneath the forward part of the vessel. The pylon will preferably be of faired cross-section and will be rotatable about a vertical axis to serve as a rudder, possibly replacing the conventional stern rudder. A lifting foil surface mounted on the bow pylon assists in keeping the vessel's direction in conformity with the sea surface, thus reducing transient variations in incidence at the hydrofoil surfaces further aft. The incidence of the bow foil may be fixed or variable.
- An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which,
- Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a hydrofoil surface and its supporting pylons; and
- Figures 2 to 4 are schematic views of a vessel fitted with two of the hydrofoil surfaces shown in Figure 1.
- Referring now to Figure 1, there is seen a pair of pylons 1, 2 which project downwardly from a vessel's hull 3 (only partially shown in the Figure).
- Extending between the free ends of the pylons 1 and 2 is a
shaft 4, whose ends are received inbearings - At the forward end of the
shaft 4 is mounted a bevel gear 7, which meshes with a cooperating gear 8 mounted to acontrol shaft 9. As is clear from the drawing, rotation of theshaft 9 will cause theshaft 4 to rotate by an amount corresponding to the gear ratio of gears 7 and 8. - Mounted to the
shaft 4 is ahydrofoil surface 10 comprising a pair offins shaft 4. - In a preferred installation, shown in Figures 2 to 4, a vessel's hull 3 is fitted with two
hydrofoil surfaces shafts 4 and hold them, and thus thehydrofoil surfaces shaft 9 at an accessible point within the vessel, or the drive means may be an electric motor or other remotely controllable drive. Transmission of the drive to theshaft 4 may be via a control shaft and bevel gears, or it may be achieved via a flexible coupling or universal joint, or thecontrol shaft 9 may be replaced by a chain or other drive arrangement. Preferably, an indication of the angular orientation of the shafts is provided, either by marking the handwheels of manual drives and providing an electrical indication of the angular positions of theshafts 4 by means of electrical sensors acting on thecontrol shafts 9 or theshafts 4 or on their drive trains and relaying position information to a display device. - Operation of the apparatus is simple, in that the orientation of the lift forces produced by the hydrofoil surface is arranged, by rotating
shafts 4 to desired positions, so as to provide a resultant force and/or moment acting on the vessel to counter the leeward forces and heeling moments produced by the wind in the rigging and sails. - For example, in the vessel shown in Figure 2, the
shafts 4 are separated by a distance b. Thus if eachhydrofoil surface - With the wind abeam indicated by arrow A, the vessel is subjected to a heeling moment due to the lateral force on the sails and rigging. By rotating the windward
side hydrofoil surface 10W to an inverted position, its "lift" force F is arranged to act downwardly and thus the combined effect of the twohydrofoil surfaces leeward hydrofoil surface 10L is directed upwardly and inclined slightly to windward of the vertical, and thewindward hydrofoil 10W is directed downwardly and inclined slightly to windward of the vertical, thus giving rise to a combination of a lateral force to windward and a righting moment. - In the position shown In Figure 4, the
leeward hydrofoil surface 10L is arranged to provide a vertically upward force, and thewindward hydrofoil surface 10W is oriented to provide a substantially horizontal force to windward. This again will cause a righting moment and a force to counteract leeway. - Clearly, the helmsman may select the combination of orientations for the two hydrofoil surfaces which best suits the point of sailing and wind strength at a given time.
- While it is preferred to install two
hydrofoil surfaces hydrofoil surface 10 will not move its centre of gravity and thus upset the vessel's trim.
Claims (11)
- A keel arrangement for simultaneously countering leeway and heeling in a sailing vessel or for reducing the displacement of the vessel, provided with at least two hydrofoil surfaces (10) spaced symmetrically from the vessel's centreline and mounted for rotation about axes extending parallel thereto, each hydrofoil surface being capable of exerting a hydrodynamic force directed perpendicularly to its axis of rotation, and the hydrofoil surfaces (10L, 10W) being independently angularly orientable about their respective rotation axes, characterised in that the hydrofoil surfaces are so oriented that:a) the leeward of the hydrofoil surfaces (10L) exerts a force having a windward and an upward component, and the winward hydrofoil surface (10W) exerts a force having a winward and a downward component, orb) the leeward of the hydrofoil surfaces (10L) exerts a force having an upward component and the winward hydrofoil surface (10W) exerts a force having a pure windward component, orc) Both hydrofoils (10L, 10W) exert forces having an upward component.
- An apparatus according to Claim 1, characterised in that each hydrofoil surface (10) comprises a pair of fins (11, 12) mounted for rotation about a chordal axis (4) passing through their roots and aligned parallel to the vessel's centreline.
- An apparatus according to Claim 2, characterised in that the means for mounting the respective hydrofoil surfaces (10) to the vessel are pylons (1) extending from the vessel's hull (3), the hydrofoil surfaces being pivotally mounted to the free ends of the pylons.
- An apparatus according to any preceding Claim, characterised in that each hydrofoil surface (10) comprises a shaft (4) and a pair of fins (11, 12) mounted thereto, the shaft being journalled at its respective ends in bearings (5) housed in the free ends of two pylons (1) extending from the vessel's hull (3).
- An apparatus according to Claim 3 or Claim 4, characterised in that the means for orienting each hydrofoil surface (7, 8, 9) comprises a drive means and a transmission coupling the drive means to the hydrofoil surface.
- An apparatus according to Claim 5, characterised in that the transmission comprises a rotating control shaft (9) and a pair of bevel gears (7, 8).
- An apparatus according to Claim 5, characterised in that the transmission comprises a chain and sprockets.
- An apparatus according to any of Claims 5 to 7, characterised in that the drive means is manually operated.
- An apparatus according to Claim 8, characterised in that the drive means is a handwheel or crank.
- An apparatus according to any of Claims 5 to 7, characterised in that the drive means is motorised.
- An apparatus according to Claim 10, characterised in that the drive means is an electric motor.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8829293A GB2226281B (en) | 1988-12-15 | 1988-12-15 | Improved keel |
GB8829293 | 1988-12-15 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0373913A1 EP0373913A1 (en) | 1990-06-20 |
EP0373913B1 true EP0373913B1 (en) | 1993-09-01 |
Family
ID=10648549
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89313029A Expired - Lifetime EP0373913B1 (en) | 1988-12-15 | 1989-12-13 | Improved keel |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0373913B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE68908860T2 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2226281B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102017209759A1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-12-13 | Ifm Electronic Gmbh | Watercraft with adjustable wings |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5313905A (en) * | 1991-05-09 | 1994-05-24 | Calderon Albert A | Twin wing sailing yacht |
GB2322334A (en) * | 1997-02-25 | 1998-08-26 | Stephen James Bryant | Twin yacht keels |
AU2016262984B2 (en) | 2015-05-19 | 2020-10-01 | STEENKAMP, Sarah-may | Adjustable ballast bulb for a sailing vessel |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3179078A (en) * | 1962-12-04 | 1965-04-20 | John R Popkin | Dual hydrofoil mechanism for sailboats |
GB1039592A (en) * | 1964-03-03 | 1966-08-17 | Waldemar Graig | Device for directional control of dynamically supported watercraft |
US3425383A (en) * | 1965-08-11 | 1969-02-04 | Paul A Scherer | Hydrofoil method and apparatus |
US3505968A (en) * | 1968-06-19 | 1970-04-14 | Henry Gorman | Boat stabilizer |
US4193366A (en) * | 1978-03-27 | 1980-03-18 | Salminen Reijo K | Sailing boat and method of operating the same |
DE2947523A1 (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1981-06-04 | Ernst-W. Ing.(grad.) 4400 Münster Zühlke | Hinged general-purpose keel with separately spreadable fins - has fin in halves, separately hinged, enclosing short central element |
DE2948240A1 (en) * | 1979-11-30 | 1981-07-23 | Frank 6246 Glashütten Göldner | Hydrofoil arrangement for watercraft - has foils transversely pivoted, angle of tilt controlled via linkage from float |
WO1987002641A1 (en) * | 1985-11-01 | 1987-05-07 | Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc. | High-speed semisubmerged ship maneuvering system |
DE3713176A1 (en) * | 1987-02-07 | 1988-08-18 | Erich Victora | Sailing boat with winged keel |
DE3741758A1 (en) * | 1987-12-09 | 1989-06-29 | Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm | SAILING YACHT |
-
1988
- 1988-12-15 GB GB8829293A patent/GB2226281B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-12-13 EP EP89313029A patent/EP0373913B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-13 DE DE89313029T patent/DE68908860T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102017209759A1 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2018-12-13 | Ifm Electronic Gmbh | Watercraft with adjustable wings |
DE102017209759B4 (en) | 2017-06-09 | 2021-09-23 | Ifm Electronic Gmbh | Watercraft with adjustable wings |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE68908860D1 (en) | 1993-10-07 |
DE68908860T2 (en) | 1994-04-14 |
GB8829293D0 (en) | 1989-01-25 |
EP0373913A1 (en) | 1990-06-20 |
GB2226281B (en) | 1992-12-16 |
GB2226281A (en) | 1990-06-27 |
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