EP0356713A1 - Electromagnetically actuated positioning device - Google Patents
Electromagnetically actuated positioning device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0356713A1 EP0356713A1 EP89113915A EP89113915A EP0356713A1 EP 0356713 A1 EP0356713 A1 EP 0356713A1 EP 89113915 A EP89113915 A EP 89113915A EP 89113915 A EP89113915 A EP 89113915A EP 0356713 A1 EP0356713 A1 EP 0356713A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gas exchange
- valve
- anchor plate
- springs
- spring
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L9/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically
- F01L9/20—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically by electric means
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electromagnetically actuated adjusting device for gas exchange valves of an internal combustion engine.
- Such actuators are known from DE-OS 35 13 105 or DE-OS 23 35 150.
- An armature plate oscillating back and forth between an opposing pair of magnets transfers its movement to a valve stem designed as a separate component, so that the one position of the armature plate is assigned an opening of the gas exchange valve and the other position is associated with a closure of the gas exchange valve.
- a spring system which acts on the anchor plate from the closed to the open position, and a second spring system which acts on the upper end of the valve stem from the open to the closed position.
- the dead center of this spring system is roughly assigned to the central position of the armature plate between the two opposite electromagnets.
- the spring system moves the armature plate away from the magnet when the magnet is switched off and allows the system to vibrate beyond the dead center in the vicinity of the opposite magnet.
- the anchor plate is captured and the system for actuating the gas exchange valve has changed from the open to the closed state or vice versa.
- the spring preload changes due to material fatigue and aging processes, so that constant conditions are not maintained over a longer operating state.
- the invention is based on the problem of improving a system known from the above-mentioned prior art in such a way that constant suspension properties of the spring systems are maintained over long operating periods.
- a three-spring system is used in the actuating device for the gas exchange valves, two springs of which act on the anchor plate on both sides.
- This spring system corresponds approximately to the system that is shown in a system known from DE-OS 30 24 109 in cooperation with an integral design of the anchor plate and valve stem.
- a third spring acts on the valve stem at its one end, opposite the valve plate, into the closed position of the valve plate.
- the only figure shows the principle of a fiction moderate adjusting device in sectional view.
- the magnetic cores 10 and 12 are designed as pot magnets and contain a coil 14 and 16, respectively.
- the two pole faces of these pot magnets 10 and 12 lie opposite one another, an armature plate 18 moves back and forth between them.
- an extension 34 of the anchor plate 18 In the bore 36 provided centrally in the pot magnet 10 there is an extension 34 of the anchor plate 18, which supports the guidance of the movement of the anchor plate 18.
- An outer sleeve 20 surrounds the system, it serves for shielding from the outside and also also for guiding the anchor plate 18.
- a cover 32 is provided, which also closes the bore 36 at the top.
- the cover 32 is also used as an abutment for a spring 38, which will be discussed further below.
- an extension 22 which lies in the central bore between the electromagnet 12 and contributes to guiding the armature plate 18.
- the underside of this extension 22 is designated 24, it is in contact with the valve stem end 26 of a valve stem 28.
- the valve stem 28 carries at its opposite end, not shown here, a valve plate, which is the inlet or outlet for the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine in a known manner opens or closes.
- a first spring system shown here as spring 38, is provided between cover 32 and anchor plate 18 to apply the anchor plate 18 in the direction of the opening of the gas exchange valve.
- a second spring system shown here as a helical spring 40, is provided between the cylinder block 30 as an abutment and the lower end 24, which is connected to the anchor plate 18 via the extension 22.
- This coil spring 40 thus acts on the anchor plate 18 in a position which corresponds to the closed position of the gas exchange valve.
- a spring 42 is provided, which is arranged between the cylinder block 30 and the upper end 26 of the valve stem 28 and also acts on the valve stem 28 in the direction of the closed position of the gas exchange valve.
- the spring system 38 on one side of the armature plate 18 and the combined spring system 40 and 42 on the other side of the armature plate 18 act on the armature plate such that the equilibrium position of the armature plate between the two opposite pole faces of the magnets 10 and 12 is approximately in the middle.
- the spring 38 is designed stiffer than the spring 40, which is supported by the spring 42 in its action. However, it is assumed that there is still contact between the lower extension 24 and the upper shaft end 26 even in the closed position of the gas exchange valve.
- the coil 14 is switched off and the coil 16 is energized.
- the armature plate 18 is no longer held on the pole face of the pot magnet 10, the spring 38 presses the armature plate 18 in the direction of the central position between the pole faces of the magnets 10 and 12.
- the springs 40 and 42 are compressed.
- the springs 38 and 40 are designed differently rigid.
- the two springs can have the same spring constant, but then a further spring must be provided in the bore 36 between the cover 32 and the extension 34, the the spring 42 compensates so that the dead center of the armature plate 18 remains in the central position between the two pole faces and the system works at least essentially symmetrically on both sides. Inevitably, this additional spring can then only become effective over part of the path of the anchor plate 18.
- the three-spring system shown ensures constant spring conditions even over a longer period of time.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
- Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
Abstract
Bei einer elktromagnetisch betätigbaren Stellvorrichtung für Gaswechselventile, die die Gaswechselventile durch das Hin- und Herbewegen einer Ankerplatte (18) zwischen gegenüberliegenden Elektromagneten (14, 16) öffnet oder schließt, wird eine Zweiteilung zwischen Ankerplatte (18) und Ventilschaft (28) vorgeschlagen. Auf der einen Seite der Ankerplatte (18) drückt ein Federsystem (38) die Ankerplatte in die Öffnungsstellung des Gaswechselventiles, auf der anderen Seite ist ein Doppelsystem von Federn vorgesehen, deren einer Teil (40) die Ankerplatte in die Schließstellung des Gaswechselventiles drückt, während der zweite Teil (42) dieses Doppelsystems das Gaswechselventils am Ventilschaft (28) in die Schließstellung des Gaswechselventiles beaufschlagt.In the case of an electromagnetically actuated actuating device for gas exchange valves, which opens or closes the gas exchange valves by moving an armature plate (18) back and forth between opposing electromagnets (14, 16), a division in two between armature plate (18) and valve stem (28) is proposed. On one side of the anchor plate (18) a spring system (38) presses the anchor plate into the open position of the gas exchange valve, on the other side a double system of springs is provided, one part (40) of which presses the anchor plate into the closed position of the gas exchange valve while the second part (42) of this double system acts on the gas exchange valve on the valve stem (28) in the closed position of the gas exchange valve.
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine elektromagnetisch betätigbare Stellvorrichtung für Gaswechselventile einer Brennkraftmaschine.The invention relates to an electromagnetically actuated adjusting device for gas exchange valves of an internal combustion engine.
Derartige Stellvorrichtungen sind bekannt aus der DE-OS 35 13 105 oder der DE-OS 23 35 150.Such actuators are known from DE-OS 35 13 105 or DE-OS 23 35 150.
Eine zwischen einem gegenüberliegenden Magnetpaar hinund heroszillierende Ankerplatte überträgt ihre Bewegung auf einen als getrenntes Bauteil ausgeführten Ventilschaft, so daß der einen Stellung der Ankerplatte eine Öffnung des Gaswechselventiles und der anderen Stellung eine Schließung des Gaswechselventiles zugeordnet ist.An armature plate oscillating back and forth between an opposing pair of magnets transfers its movement to a valve stem designed as a separate component, so that the one position of the armature plate is assigned an opening of the gas exchange valve and the other position is associated with a closure of the gas exchange valve.
Es ist ein Federsystem vorgesehen, das die Ankerplatte von der Schließ- in die Öffnungsstellung beaufschlagt, und ein zweites Federsystem, das das obere Ende des Ventilschaftes von der Öffnungs- in die Schließstellung beaufschlagt. Der Totpunkt dieses Federsystems ist in etwa der Mittelstellung der Ankerplatte zwischen den beiden gegenüberliegenden Elektromagneten zugeordnet.A spring system is provided which acts on the anchor plate from the closed to the open position, and a second spring system which acts on the upper end of the valve stem from the open to the closed position. The dead center of this spring system is roughly assigned to the central position of the armature plate between the two opposite electromagnets.
Liegt im Betrieb die Ankerplatte an einem der beiden Magnete an, bewegt das Federsystem beim Abschalten des Magneten die Ankerplatte von dem Magneten weg und läßt das System bis über den Totpunkt hinaus in die Nähe des gegenüberliegenden Magneten schwingen. Wenn dieser stromerregt ist, wird die Ankerplatte eingefangen und das System zur Betätigung des Gaswechselventiles hat von dem Öffnungs- in den Schließzustand bzw. umgekehrt gewechselt.If the armature plate is in contact with one of the two magnets during operation, the spring system moves the armature plate away from the magnet when the magnet is switched off and allows the system to vibrate beyond the dead center in the vicinity of the opposite magnet. When this is energized, the anchor plate is captured and the system for actuating the gas exchange valve has changed from the open to the closed state or vice versa.
Durch Materialermüdung und Alterungsprozesse ändert sich die Federvorspannung, so daß über einen längeren Betriebszustand keine konstanten Verhältnisse beibehalten werden.The spring preload changes due to material fatigue and aging processes, so that constant conditions are not maintained over a longer operating state.
Der Erfindung liegt das Problem zugrunde, ein aus dem oben erwähnten Stand der Technik bekanntes System dahingehend zu verbessern, daß über lange Betriebszeiträume konstante Federungseigenschaften der Federsysteme beibehalten werden.The invention is based on the problem of improving a system known from the above-mentioned prior art in such a way that constant suspension properties of the spring systems are maintained over long operating periods.
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch den Anspruch.The task is solved by the claim.
Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, daß bei der Stellvorrichtung für die Gaswechselventile ein Dreifedersystem verwendet wird, von dem zwei Federn die Ankerplatte beidseitig beaufschlagen. Dieses Federsystem entspricht etwa dem System, das bei einem aus der DE-OS 30 24 109 bekannten System in Zusammenwirkung mit einer einstückigen Ausbildung von Ankerplatte und Ventilschaft dargestellt ist.According to the invention it is provided that a three-spring system is used in the actuating device for the gas exchange valves, two springs of which act on the anchor plate on both sides. This spring system corresponds approximately to the system that is shown in a system known from DE-OS 30 24 109 in cooperation with an integral design of the anchor plate and valve stem.
Eine dritte Feder beaufschlagt den Ventilschaft an seinem einen, dem Ventilteller entgegenliegenden Ende in die Schließstellung des Ventiltellers.A third spring acts on the valve stem at its one end, opposite the valve plate, into the closed position of the valve plate.
Durch diese Aufteilung des Federsystems nach den verschiedenen Funktionen wird eine Konstanz über die Lebensdauer erreicht.This division of the spring system according to the various functions ensures consistency over the service life.
Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.Preferred embodiments are described in the subclaims.
Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand der Figur erläutert.The invention is explained below with reference to the figure.
Die einzige Figur zeigt das Prinzip einer erfindungsge mäßen Stellvorrichtung in Schnittansicht.The only figure shows the principle of a fiction moderate adjusting device in sectional view.
Es sind zwei Magnetkerne 10 und 12 vorgesehen, die einander gegenüberliegen. Die Magnetkerne 10 und 12 sind als Topfmagnete ausgeführt und beeinhalten eine Spule 14 bzw. 16. Die beiden Polflächen dieser Topfmagnete 10 und 12 liegen einander gegenüber, zwischen ihnen bewegt sich eine Ankerplatte 18 hin und her. In der zentrisch in dem Topfmagneten 10 vorgesehenen Bohrung 36 ist ein Fortsatz 34 der Ankerplatte 18, der die Führung der Bewegung der Ankerplatte 18 unterstützt.There are two
Eine Außenhülse 20 umgibt das System, sie dient zur Abschirmung nach außen und außerdem ebenfalls zur Führung der Ankerplatte 18. Im oberen Bereich ist ein Deckel 32 vorgesehen, der auch die Bohrung 36 nach oben verschließt. Der Deckel 32 wird gleichzeitig als Widerlager für eine Feder 38, auf die weiter unten eingegangen wird.An
Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite der Ankerplatte 18 gegenüber dem Fortsatz 34 ist ein Fortsatz 22, der in die zentrische Bohrung zwischen dem Elektromagneten 12 liegt und zur Führung der Ankerplatte 18 beiträgt. Die Unterseite dieses Fortsatzes 22 ist mit 24 bezeichnet, sie ist in Anlage mit dem Ventilschaftende 26 eines Ventilschaftes 28. Der ventilschaft 28 trägt an seinem gegenüberliegenden, hier nicht dargestellten Ende einen Ventilteller, der den Einlaß oder Auslaß für den Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine in bekannter Weise öffnet oder schließt.On the opposite side of the
Ein Materialblock 30, beispielsweise der Zylinderkopf, führt in einer entsprechenden Bohrung den Ventilschaft 28.A
Ein erstes Federsystem, hier dargestellt als Feder 38, ist zwischen Deckel 32 und Ankerplatte 18 vorgesehen, um die Ankerplatte 18 in Richtung der Öffnung des Gaswechselventiles zu beaufschlagen.A first spring system, shown here as
Ein zweites Federsystem, hier dargestellt als Schraubenfeder 40, ist zwischen dem Zylinderblock 30 als Widerlager und dem unteren Abschluß 24, der über den Fortsatz 22 mit der Ankerplatte 18 verbunden ist, vorgesehen. Diese Schraubenfeder 40 beaufschlagt somit die Ankerplatte 18 in eine Stellung, die der Schließstellung des Gaswechselventiles entspricht.A second spring system, shown here as a
Gleichzeitig ist eine Feder 42 vorgesehen, die zwischen Zylinderblock 30 und dem oberen Ende 26 des Ventilschaftes 28 angeordnet ist und den Ventilschaft 28 ebenfalls in Richtung der Schließstellung des Gaswechselventiles beaufschlagt.At the same time, a
Das Federsystem 38 auf der einen Seite der Ankerplatte 18 und das kombinierte Federsystem 40 und 42 auf der anderen Seite der Ankerplatte 18 beaufschlagen die Ankerplatte so, daß die Gleichgewichtslage der Ankerplatte zwischen den beiden gegenüberliegenden Polflächen der Magnete 10 und 12 in etwa mittig ist.The
Aus diesem Grunde ist die Feder 38 steifer ausgelegt als die Feder 40, die in ihrer Wirkung ja von der Feder 42 unterstützt wird. Dabei jedoch ist vorausgesetzt, daß auch in der Schließstellung des Gaswechselventiles weiterhin eine Berührung zwischen dem unteren Ansatz 24 und dem oberen Schaftende 26 besteht.For this reason, the
Die Berührung auch für einen längeren Betrieb kann sichergestellt werden durch ein hydraulisches Ventilspielausgleichselement, das zwischen der Berührungsstelle des Ansatzes 24 und des Ventilschaftendes 26 vorgesehen ist und aus der Ventiltechnik für Brennkraftmaschinen allgemein bekannt ist.The contact even for a longer operation can be ensured by a hydraulic valve lash compensation element which is provided between the contact point of the
Der betriebsmäßige Ablauf des erfindungsgemäßen Systems ist folgendermaßen:The operational sequence of the system according to the invention is as follows:
Es wird angenommen, daß die Ankerplatte 18 in Anlage an dem oberen Topfmagneten 10 ist, so wie es in Fig. 1 dargestellt ist. Damit ist die Feder 38 zusammengedrückt und die Federn 40 und 42 sind im wesentlichen entlastet. Um die Ankerplatte 18 in dieser Stellung zu halten, ist die Spule 14 stromdurchflossen.It is assumed that the
Zum Öffnen des Gaswechselventiles wird die Spule 14 abgeschaltet und die Spule 16 erregt. Damit wird die Ankerplatte 18 nicht länger an der Polfläche des Topfmagneten 10 gehalten, die Feder 38 drückt die Ankerplatte 18 in Richtung der Mittelstellung zwischen den Polflächen der Magneten 10 und 12. Dabei werden die Federn 40 und 42 komprimiert.To open the gas exchange valve, the
Das Federsystem schwingt über den Totpunkt hinaus auf die andere Seite, dort wird die Ankerplatte 18 an der Polfläche des Topfmagneten 12 durch den Stromdurchfluß durch die Spule 16 festgehalten, die Feder 38 ist nunmehr entspannt und die Federn 40 und 42 sind komprimiert. Da sich die Ankerplatte um den Abstand zwischen den beiden Magneten 10 und 12 (abzüglich ihrer eigenen Dicke) verschoben hat, wird der Ventilschaft 28 um diesen Betrag nach unten gedrückt und öffnet somit den Ventilteller des Gaswechselventiles.The spring system swings beyond the dead center to the other side, where the
Zum erneuten Schließen des Gaswechselventiles findet der eben beschriebene Vorgang in umgekehrter Reihenfolge statt.To close the gas exchange valve again, the process just described takes place in reverse order.
Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind die Federn 38 und 40 unterschiedlich starr ausgelegt. Die beiden Federn können jedoch die gleiche Federkonstante besitzen, es muß dann jedoch in der Bohrung 36 eine weitere Feder vorgesehen sein zwischen Deckel 32 und Fortsatz 34, die die Feder 42 kompensiert, so daß der Totpunkt der Ankerplatte 18 in der Mittellage zwischen den beiden Polflächen verbleibt und das System zumindest im wesentlichen nach beiden Seiten symmetrisch arbeitet. Zwangsläufig kann dann diese zusätzliche Feder nur über einen Teil des Weges der Ankerplatte 18 wirksam werden.In the illustrated embodiment, the
Erfindungsgemäß wurde herausgefunden, daß das dargestellte Dreifedersystem auch über einen längeren Zeitraum konstante Federverhältnisse sicherstellt.According to the invention, it was found that the three-spring system shown ensures constant spring conditions even over a longer period of time.
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3826978 | 1988-08-09 | ||
DE3826978A DE3826978A1 (en) | 1988-08-09 | 1988-08-09 | ELECTROMAGNETICALLY OPERABLE ACTUATOR |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0356713A1 true EP0356713A1 (en) | 1990-03-07 |
EP0356713B1 EP0356713B1 (en) | 1992-05-06 |
Family
ID=6360501
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89908802A Pending EP0429485A1 (en) | 1988-08-09 | 1989-07-28 | Electromagnetically actuated control device |
EP89113915A Expired - Lifetime EP0356713B1 (en) | 1988-08-09 | 1989-07-28 | Electromagnetically actuated positioning device |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89908802A Pending EP0429485A1 (en) | 1988-08-09 | 1989-07-28 | Electromagnetically actuated control device |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5199392A (en) |
EP (2) | EP0429485A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2635428B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3826978A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2032082T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1990001614A1 (en) |
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DE3513107A1 (en) * | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-16 | Fleck, Andreas, 2000 Hamburg | ELECTROMAGNETIC OPERATING DEVICE |
DE3513103A1 (en) * | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-16 | Fleck, Andreas, 2000 Hamburg | ELECTROMAGNETIC WORKING ACTUATOR |
DE3524024A1 (en) * | 1985-07-05 | 1987-01-15 | Fleck Andreas | METHOD FOR OPERATING AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
DE3708373C1 (en) * | 1987-03-14 | 1988-07-14 | Fleck Andreas | Method for operating an intake valve of an internal combustion engine |
US4878464A (en) * | 1988-02-08 | 1989-11-07 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Pneumatic bistable electronic valve actuator |
US4883025A (en) * | 1988-02-08 | 1989-11-28 | Magnavox Government And Industrial Electronics Company | Potential-magnetic energy driven valve mechanism |
DE3826975A1 (en) * | 1988-08-09 | 1990-02-15 | Meyer Hans Wilhelm | CONTROL DEVICE FOR A GAS EXCHANGE VALVE |
-
1988
- 1988-08-09 DE DE3826978A patent/DE3826978A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1989
- 1989-07-28 EP EP89908802A patent/EP0429485A1/en active Pending
- 1989-07-28 EP EP89113915A patent/EP0356713B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-28 JP JP1508323A patent/JP2635428B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-28 ES ES198989113915T patent/ES2032082T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-28 DE DE8989113915T patent/DE58901328D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-28 WO PCT/DE1989/000491 patent/WO1990001614A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-07-28 US US07/654,645 patent/US5199392A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2335150A1 (en) * | 1972-07-12 | 1974-01-24 | British Leyland Austin Morris | COMBUSTION ENGINE |
DE3024109A1 (en) * | 1980-06-27 | 1982-01-21 | Pischinger, Franz, Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.Techn., 5100 Aachen | ELECTROMAGNETIC OPERATING DEVICE |
DE3513105A1 (en) * | 1985-04-12 | 1986-10-16 | Fleck, Andreas, 2000 Hamburg | ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATOR FOR GAS EXCHANGE VALVES |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0493633A1 (en) * | 1990-12-31 | 1992-07-08 | Isuzu Ceramics Research Institute Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic valve control system |
GB2312244A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1997-10-22 | Daimler Benz Ag | Electromagnetically actuated valve for i.c. engines |
GB2312244B (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1998-06-17 | Daimler Benz Ag | Electromagnetically activated valve for internal combustion engines |
WO1998055748A2 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 1998-12-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for controlling an electromechanical setting device |
WO1998055748A3 (en) * | 1997-06-06 | 1999-03-11 | Siemens Ag | Device for controlling an electromechanical setting device |
US6297941B1 (en) | 1997-06-06 | 2001-10-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for controlling an electromechanical actuator |
DE19832388C1 (en) * | 1998-07-18 | 1999-09-16 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Gas changing valve operating device for reciprocating piston i.c. engine |
US8235011B2 (en) | 2007-08-08 | 2012-08-07 | Daimler Ag | Actuating device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1990001614A1 (en) | 1990-02-22 |
ES2032082T3 (en) | 1993-01-01 |
DE3826978A1 (en) | 1990-02-15 |
EP0429485A1 (en) | 1991-06-05 |
JP2635428B2 (en) | 1997-07-30 |
DE58901328D1 (en) | 1992-06-11 |
US5199392A (en) | 1993-04-06 |
EP0356713B1 (en) | 1992-05-06 |
JPH04502190A (en) | 1992-04-16 |
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