EP0349604B1 - Transformer - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0349604B1
EP0349604B1 EP88909506A EP88909506A EP0349604B1 EP 0349604 B1 EP0349604 B1 EP 0349604B1 EP 88909506 A EP88909506 A EP 88909506A EP 88909506 A EP88909506 A EP 88909506A EP 0349604 B1 EP0349604 B1 EP 0349604B1
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Prior art keywords
cores
core
transformer
coil
phi
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0349604A1 (en
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Hanspeter Bitterli
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RIEDI-JOKS Susanne
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RIEDI-JOKS Susanne
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/08High-leakage transformers or inductances

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a transformer according to the preamble of claim 1 and is based on US-A-1,662,132.
  • Transformers are used to convert the electrical energy of a certain voltage into that of another voltage. They are therefore used in the entire field of electrical engineering and electronics. The fact that electrical energy is transformed three times, often even more often, on the long way from production to consumption, also shows the importance of transformers for electrical energy supply. The technical and economic quality of the electricity supply is significantly influenced by its operational reliability and efficiency. Under these circumstances, the development of transformer construction was pushed exceptionally far.
  • the transformer is one of the most reliable links in the electrical energy supply systems.
  • the transformer basically consists of an iron core and two windings insulated against each other and against earth.
  • the iron core is on the one hand the mechanical carrier of the windings and on the other hand it carries the magnetic flux which causes the voltage to be transferred from one winding to the other.
  • the winding to which the energy is supplied is called the primary winding and that from which the energy, less the transformer's own consumption, is drawn is called the secondary winding.
  • the relative secondary voltage fluctuation is exactly the same as the relative primary voltage fluctuation.
  • the secondary open circuit voltage drops around the inner one Voltage drop caused by the short circuit impedance and the load current.
  • the secondary voltage of the transformer is dependent on the primary voltage fluctuation and load current. This means that due to the constantly occurring alternating loads in the electrical energy distribution networks, the consumer voltage must be constantly adjusted to a specific consumer voltage level of 400/231 volts. This balancing takes place with on-load switches on the overvoltage side in the substation transformers under load. This operating mode inevitably results in enormous wear and tear on the switching contacts of the on-load tap-changers, so that they have to be periodically subjected to an expensive revision.
  • the number of on-load tap-changers possible is limited for constructional and economic reasons, so that there is nevertheless a relatively rough regulation of the consumer voltage and, on the other hand, the change in load occurs in relatively fine stages.
  • These facts mean that the consumer operating voltage is set at 400/231 volts, is on average approx. 5% above the nominal consumer voltage of 380/220 volts, and fluctuates continuously within certain limits. Due to the dimensioning of the electrical devices, they have a fixed internal ohmic resistance or a fixed internal impedance. These events mean that when connected to an approx. 5% overvoltage, these devices also draw an approx. 5% higher operating current from the consumer network and thereby cause an approx. 10% higher electrical energy consumption.
  • the object of the present invention to provide a transformer which solves the problems mentioned.
  • the on-load tap-changers in the substation transformers for electrical power distribution and the step switching in the other transformers for the same or similar application are to become superfluous.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a transformer by means of which the unstable secondary voltage can be kept constant over a certain primary voltage fluctuation range, regardless of load, from idling to full load, or up to a certain overload, within certain limits, independent of the power factor and within certain limits, regardless of the frequency.
  • the invention is intended to create a transformer by means of which any secondary voltage behavior which can be determined as desired can be generated within a certain primary voltage range, independently of the load and / or depending on the load.
  • the invention solves this problem with a transformer that has the features of claim 1.
  • a transformer with four separate cores, one winding comprising all four cores together, is disclosed in US 1,662,132. There is one additional winding on each of the cores, which are all designed without an air gap. The number of turns of the windings are such that the voltage per ampere winding induced in the winding comprising all cores is twice as large as the voltage per ampere winding in each of the further windings.
  • the transformer is used as an step-up or step-down transformer for voltages.
  • a secondary voltage curve deviating from normal known transformers in the case of primary voltage fluctuations and / or load changes is not disclosed.
  • transformers according to the invention are shown in various embodiments, for example.
  • the individual types of implementation serve to create certain types of behavior of the secondary voltage, either load-independent and / or load-dependent.
  • the physical background of its mode of action is also illustrated using various magnetization curves.
  • the basic structure and the functional principle of the transformer and the transformer system according to the invention are explained in the following description. Furthermore, the embodiments shown are described and their mode of operation is explained.
  • the transformer according to the invention is called delta-phi transformer in the following.
  • the delta phi transformer Before going into the basic structure and the mode of operation of the delta phi transformer, it should be said that it can be operated in at least three different functional levels, namely in a primary, secondary and tertiary function.
  • the electrical feed-in takes place directly from an unstabilized network. If he works in the secondary function, the electrical feed takes place on at least one primary winding from at least one secondary branch of an upstream Delta-Phi transformer with primary or secondary function or directly from a stabilized network.
  • Several delta phi transformers with a secondary function can also be connected in series.
  • a transformer with a tertiary function can be both a delta phi transformer and a transformer of conventional design. The secondary winding of the transformer with tertiary function goes into series production switched with the main current or secondary winding branch (s) of the delta phi transformer or transformers with primary and / or secondary function.
  • the electrical feed takes place to at least one primary winding from the secondary current or secondary winding branches of the delta-phi transformer or transformers with primary and / or secondary function (s).
  • the secondary windings of several transformers with a tertiary function can be connected in series. Parallel connection or combined connections of the secondary windings of the transformers with tertiary function are also possible.
  • the functionality of the delta phi transformer is based on a special magnetization effect.
  • the no-load current flows in the excitation winding.
  • the cores Because these cores are surrounded by the same field winding with the corresponding number of turns, the cores experience the same magnetic flux, that is, the flux through one core is equal to the flux through the other core. As a result of the different magnetic characteristics, the cores are magnetized differently, ie different magnetic fluxes or induction form in the cores. As seen from the excitation winding, the no-load current acts on a common core, composed of the individual cores, the total cross-section of which consists of the sum of the individual cores. Due to the excitation voltage applied, the frequency, the number of turns of the excitation winding and the entire core cross-section the corresponding total induction can be determined for each excitation voltage applied.
  • Induction as a function of the flow and the individual core cross sections can also determine the total induction.
  • the total induction B is the sum of the individual magnetic fluxes divided by the sum of the individual core cross sections.
  • the total induction B as a function of the flow, determined in this way, must represent a curve.
  • the remodeling of the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flow into the magnetization curve induction as a function of the primary voltage takes place in such a way that the curve of the total induction B in the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flow is to be divided into equal partial induction, which correspond to the associated partial excitation voltages.
  • the induction of the individual cores above or below the division points also correspond to the partial excitation voltages and can be transferred to the new induction curve as a function of the primary voltage.
  • a delta phi transformer according to the invention is shown in principle.
  • the transformer has two cores with different overall magnetic properties, namely the core core SK, which in turn is divided into two cores 1 and 2 with different overall magnetic properties.
  • core 1 has an air gap section LSK.
  • the regulating core RK also has an air gap section LRK.
  • the winding A in the function of the primary winding, wraps around the two cores SK and RK.
  • the winding B is built on the trunk core SK and the winding C is built on the regulating core RK and represent two secondary windings in the open circuit. This type of construction is mainly used for the delta-phi transformer with primary function.
  • the winding 2 shows the basic structure of an expanded delta-phi transformer with the stem core SK, the regulating core RK, the stem balancing core SAK and the regulating balancing core RAK with different overall magnetic properties.
  • the primary winding A wraps around the cores SK, RK and SAK.
  • the winding B is on the trunk core SK
  • the winding C is on the regulating core RK and the regulating compensation core RAK
  • the winding D is on the trunk compensation core SAK
  • the winding E is built on the regulating compensation core RAK.
  • the windings B, C, D and E are secondary windings and according to the electrical and magnetic design they are assigned certain functions. This type of design is used for a delta phi transformer with a primary function.
  • FIG. 5 shows a core arrangement which is divided into a plurality of cores with different overall magnetic properties.
  • the different overall magnetic properties are achieved in that the core 1 has no air gap and the other cores have different air gaps.
  • the applicable air gap shapes are shown in Fig. 6.
  • the magnetic characteristics in the individual cores 1, ..., n are influenced.
  • the magnetic field lines scatter in the zones of the air gap out. So that the cores do not influence each other magnetically, the individual cores must be spaced at least by the distance of the largest adjacent air gap.
  • the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flooding for curve A must be a straight line for the stem core SK between points D and E.
  • curve B correspondingly for the regulating core RK between points F and G.
  • curve C must also be a straight line for both cores SK and RK between points H and I.
  • Points D, F and H are thus the lower limit values for the specific flow area or primary voltage range and points E, G and I are the upper limit values.
  • Points H and I on curve C must be selected so that the induction at these points corresponds to the lower and upper limit value voltages of the determined primary voltage range according to the transformation law.
  • U 4.44 xfxwx A x B x 10000 always a straight line for B in Tesla.
  • the corresponding induction is to be determined and transferred to curve C of the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flooding according to FIG. 7, which also determines the flooding values present for the corresponding induction of curve C.
  • the associated induction for curves A and B are thus also determined and are to be transferred to the magnetization curves induction as a function of the primary voltage.
  • the total magnetization curves are induction as a function of the flow and 5 to determine induction as a function of the primary voltage for a core arrangement subdivided into cores with different magnetic characteristics.
  • the horizontal line A means a constant
  • the dash-dotted line B a percentage equal
  • the hatched area C a percentage smaller
  • the hatched area D a percentage larger
  • the hatched area E a negative
  • the secondary voltage decreases with increasing primary voltage, respectively.
  • the secondary voltage increases with decreasing primary voltage, the course of the secondary voltage as a function of the primary voltage change from U1 + v% to U1-w%.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/CH88/00213 Sec. 371 Date Aug. 6, 1992 Sec. 102(e) Date Aug. 6, 1992 PCT Filed Nov. 17, 1988 PCT Pub. No. WO89/06860 PCT Pub. Date Jul. 27, 1989.The so-called delta-phi transformer makes use of the effects of various core materials and air gap sections in the cores on the magnetization curves of core materials. It consists of at least two magnetically separated cores, designated source core SK and regulating core RK, which possess different magnetic properties. At least one coil A, the primary winding, is wound on the cores, which are thereby electrically coupled. Hence, both cores SK and RK are traversed by the same magnetic flux. As a result of their different magnetic properties, different magnetic fields are generated in the two cores SK and RK. A coil B is wound on the source core SK and a second coil is wound on the regulating core RK. Coils B and C are secondary windings and are designed to be connected in an additive or subtractive series circuit, depending on the desired variation in secondary voltage, or to be arranged in open circuit. Delta-phi transformers can also be connected to form delta-phi transformer systems which can function in primary, secondary or tertiary mode. By suitable design and connection of the individual delta-phi transformers, the magnitude of the secondary voltage can be varied as desired in function of the primary voltage.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Transformator gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1 und geht aus von der US-A-1'662'132.The present invention relates to a transformer according to the preamble of claim 1 and is based on US-A-1,662,132.

Transformatoren dienen dazu, die elektrische Energie einer bestimmten Spannung in eine solche einer anderen Spannung umzuwandeln. Sie finden daher auf dem gesamten Gebiet der Elektro-Technik und der Elektronik Anwendung. Die Tatsache, dass die elektrische Energie auf dem langen Weg von der Produktion bis zum Verbrauch meist dreimal, oft sogar noch häufiger, transformiert wird, zeigt auch die Wichtigkeit der Transformatoren für die Elektro-Energie-Versorgung. Von ihrer Betriebssicherheit und ihrem Wirkungsgrad wird die technische und wirtschaftliche Güte der Elektrizitätsversorgung massgeblich beeinflusst. Unter diesen Gegebenheiten wurde die Entwicklung des Transformatorenbaues aussergewöhnlich weit getrieben. Der Transformator ist eines der betriebssichersten Glieder der Elektro-Energie-Versorgungs-Systeme. Der Transformator besteht im Prinzip aus einem Eisenkern und zwei gegeneinander und gegen Erde isolierten Wicklungen. Der Eisenkern ist einerseits der mechanische Träger der Wicklungen und andererseits führt er den magnetischen Fluss, der die Uebertragung der Spannung von der einen Wicklung zur anderen bewirkt. Diejenige Wicklung, welcher die Energie zugeführt wird, heisst Primärwicklung und diejenige, welcher die Energie, vermindert um den Eigenverbrauch des Transformators, entnommen wird, heisst Sekundärwicklung.Transformers are used to convert the electrical energy of a certain voltage into that of another voltage. They are therefore used in the entire field of electrical engineering and electronics. The fact that electrical energy is transformed three times, often even more often, on the long way from production to consumption, also shows the importance of transformers for electrical energy supply. The technical and economic quality of the electricity supply is significantly influenced by its operational reliability and efficiency. Under these circumstances, the development of transformer construction was pushed exceptionally far. The transformer is one of the most reliable links in the electrical energy supply systems. The transformer basically consists of an iron core and two windings insulated against each other and against earth. The iron core is on the one hand the mechanical carrier of the windings and on the other hand it carries the magnetic flux which causes the voltage to be transferred from one winding to the other. The winding to which the energy is supplied is called the primary winding and that from which the energy, less the transformer's own consumption, is drawn is called the secondary winding.

Aufgrund des Aufbaues der Transformatoren ist die relative Sekundärspannungsschwankung genau gleich der relativen Primärspannungsschwankung. Bei Belastung des Transformators sinkt die Sekundärleerlaufspannung um den inneren Spannungsabfall, hervorgerufen durch die Kurzschlussimpedanz und den Belastungsstrom, ab. Die Sekundärspannung des Transformators ist primärspannungsschwankungs- und belastungsstromabhängig. Dieser Umstand führt dazu, dass durch die dauernd auftretende Wechselbelastung in den Elektro-Energie-Verteilnetzen die Verbraucherspannung ständig auf einen bestimmten Verbraucherspannungspegel von 400/231 Volt ausreguliert werden muss. Diese Ausregulierung erfolgt mit elektromotorisch angetriebenen Laststufenschaltern oberspannungsseitig in den Unterwerkstransformatoren unter Last. Diese Betriebsart hat unweigerlich einen enormen Verschleiss der Schaltkontakte der Laststufenschalter zur Folge, so dass diese periodisch einer kostspieligen Revision unterzogen werden müssen. Einerseits ist die mögliche Stufenzahl der Laststufenschalter aus konstruktiven und wirtschaftlichen Gründen begrenzt, so dass daher doch eine relativ grobe Ausregulierung der Verbraucherspannung erfolgt und andererseits die Belastungsänderung relativ feinstufig auftritt. Diese Tatsachen führen dazu, dass die Verbraucherbetriebsspannung auf 400/231 Volt angesetzt wird, durchschnittlich ca. 5 % über der Verbrauchernennspannung von 380/220 Volt liegt, und dauernd in bestimmten Grenzen schwankt. Aufgrund der Dimensionierung der Elektro-Apparate weisen diese einen festen inneren ohmschen Widerstand oder eine feste innere Impedanz auf. Diese Begebenheiten führen dazu, dass diese Apparate beim Anschluss an eine ca 5 %-ige Ueberspannung auch einen ca. 5 %-igen höheren Betriebsstrom aus dem Verbrauchernetz ziehen und dadurch einen ca. 10 %-igen Elektro-Energie-Mehrverbrauch verursachen. Dieser wird in den Elektro-Apparaten zum grössten Teil nur in eine ungenutzte Mehrverlustwärme umgesetzt, welche sich negativ auf die Betriebstüchtigkeit und die Lebensdauer dieser Apparate auswirkt. Ebenso sind die vorliegenden Spannungsschwankungen und die bei der Stufenumschaltung auftretenden Ueberspannungsspitzen bei hochempfindlichen Anlagen, wie Computer-Anlagen, numerisch gesteuerten Maschinen etc., sehr unerwünscht und können daher schädliche oder gar katastrophale Folgen haben. Die herkömmlichen Transformatoren sind die Verursacher eines ca. 10 %igen Elektro-Energie-Mehrverbrauches und bringen gerade auch im Zusammenhang mit der sich immer mehr ausbreitenden, hochempfindlichen Prozessortechnik eine Vielzahl von Problemen, welche gelöst werden müssen.Due to the structure of the transformers, the relative secondary voltage fluctuation is exactly the same as the relative primary voltage fluctuation. When the transformer is loaded, the secondary open circuit voltage drops around the inner one Voltage drop caused by the short circuit impedance and the load current. The secondary voltage of the transformer is dependent on the primary voltage fluctuation and load current. This means that due to the constantly occurring alternating loads in the electrical energy distribution networks, the consumer voltage must be constantly adjusted to a specific consumer voltage level of 400/231 volts. This balancing takes place with on-load switches on the overvoltage side in the substation transformers under load. This operating mode inevitably results in enormous wear and tear on the switching contacts of the on-load tap-changers, so that they have to be periodically subjected to an expensive revision. On the one hand, the number of on-load tap-changers possible is limited for constructional and economic reasons, so that there is nevertheless a relatively rough regulation of the consumer voltage and, on the other hand, the change in load occurs in relatively fine stages. These facts mean that the consumer operating voltage is set at 400/231 volts, is on average approx. 5% above the nominal consumer voltage of 380/220 volts, and fluctuates continuously within certain limits. Due to the dimensioning of the electrical devices, they have a fixed internal ohmic resistance or a fixed internal impedance. These events mean that when connected to an approx. 5% overvoltage, these devices also draw an approx. 5% higher operating current from the consumer network and thereby cause an approx. 10% higher electrical energy consumption. For the most part, this is only converted into unused additional loss heat in the electrical apparatus, which has a negative effect on the operational efficiency and the service life of these apparatuses. Likewise, the voltage fluctuations that are present and those that occur during the step changeover Surge peaks in highly sensitive systems, such as computer systems, numerically controlled machines, etc., are very undesirable and can therefore have harmful or even catastrophic consequences. The conventional transformers are the cause of an approx. 10% increase in electrical energy consumption and, especially in connection with the increasingly spreading, highly sensitive processor technology, cause a multitude of problems that have to be solved.

Es ist die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, einen Transformator zu schaffen, der die erwähnten Probleme löst. Mit dem erfindungsgemässen Transformator sollen die Laststufenschalter in den Unterwerkstransformatoren für die Elektro-Energie-Verteilung und die Stufenumschaltung in den übrigen Transformatoren für gleiche oder ähnliche Anwendung überflüssig werden. Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Transformator zu schaffen, mittels dem die unstabile Sekundärspannung über einen bestimmten Primärspannungsschwankungsbereich belastungsunabhängig von Leerlauf bis Vollast, respektive bis zu einer bestimmten Ueberlast, in bestimmten Grenzen leistungsfaktorunabhängig und in bestimmten Grenzen frequenzunabhängig konstant gehalten werden kann. Im weiteren soll die Erfindung einen Transformator schaffen, mittels dem jedes beliebig bestimmbare Sekundärspannungsverhalten belastungsunabhängig und/oder belastungsabhängig innerhalb eines bestimmten Primärspannungsbereiches erzeugt werden kann.It is the object of the present invention to provide a transformer which solves the problems mentioned. With the transformer according to the invention, the on-load tap-changers in the substation transformers for electrical power distribution and the step switching in the other transformers for the same or similar application are to become superfluous. Another object of the invention is to provide a transformer by means of which the unstable secondary voltage can be kept constant over a certain primary voltage fluctuation range, regardless of load, from idling to full load, or up to a certain overload, within certain limits, independent of the power factor and within certain limits, regardless of the frequency. Furthermore, the invention is intended to create a transformer by means of which any secondary voltage behavior which can be determined as desired can be generated within a certain primary voltage range, independently of the load and / or depending on the load.

Die Erfindung löst diese Aufgabe mit einem Transformator, der die Merkmale des Patentanspruches 1 aufweist.The invention solves this problem with a transformer that has the features of claim 1.

Ein Transformator mit vier voneinander getrennten Kernen, wobei eine Wicklung alle vier Kerne gemeinsam umfasst, ist in der US 1 662 132 offenbart. Auf jedem der Kerne, die alle ohne Luftspalt ausgeführt sind, ist je eine weitere Wicklung vorhanden. Die Windungszahlen der Wicklungen sind so, dass die in der alle Kerne umfassenden Wicklung induzierte Spannung per Ampèrewindung doppelt so gross ist wie die Spannung pro Ampèrewindung in jeder der weiteren Wicklungen. Der Transformator wird als Aufwärts- oder Abwärts-Transformator für Spannungen eingesetzt. Ein von normalen bekannten Transformatoren abweichender Sekundärspannungsverlauf bei Primärspannungsschwankungen und/oder Laständerungen ist nicht offenbart.A transformer with four separate cores, one winding comprising all four cores together, is disclosed in US 1,662,132. There is one additional winding on each of the cores, which are all designed without an air gap. The number of turns of the windings are such that the voltage per ampere winding induced in the winding comprising all cores is twice as large as the voltage per ampere winding in each of the further windings. The transformer is used as an step-up or step-down transformer for voltages. A secondary voltage curve deviating from normal known transformers in the case of primary voltage fluctuations and / or load changes is not disclosed.

In den Zeichnungen sind erfindungsgemässe Transformatoren in verschiedenen Ausführungsarten beispielsweise dargestellt. Die einzelnen Ausführungsarten dienen zur Schaffung bestimmter Verhaltensarten der Sekundärspannung, entweder belastungsunabhängig und/oder belastungsabhängig. Weiter sind die physikalischen Hintergründe seiner Wirkungsweise anhand von verschiedenen Magnetisierungskurven veranschaulicht. In der nachfolgenden Beschreibung ist der grundsätzliche Aufbau und das Funktionsprinzip des erfindungsgemässen Transformators und des erfindungsgemässen Transformatoren-Systems erläutert. Ferner werden die gezeigten Ausführungsarten beschrieben und deren Wirkungsweise erklärt. Der erfindungsgemässe Transformator wird im folgenden Delta-Phi-Trafo genannt.In the drawings, transformers according to the invention are shown in various embodiments, for example. The individual types of implementation serve to create certain types of behavior of the secondary voltage, either load-independent and / or load-dependent. The physical background of its mode of action is also illustrated using various magnetization curves. The basic structure and the functional principle of the transformer and the transformer system according to the invention are explained in the following description. Furthermore, the embodiments shown are described and their mode of operation is explained. The transformer according to the invention is called delta-phi transformer in the following.

Es zeigen

Fig. 1
den prinzipiellen Aufbau des Delta-Phi-Trafos bestehend aus den Kernen SK und RK und den Wicklungen A, B und C, der Kern SK ist in zwei Kerne 1 und 2 unterteilt, mit der Wicklung A als Primärwicklung, Wicklungen B und C in offener Schaltung;
Fig. 2
den prinzipiellen Aufbau des Delta-Phi-Trafos in erweiterter Ausführung, bestehend aus den Kernen SK, RK, SAK und RAK und den Wicklungen A, B, C, D und E, mit der Wicklung A, welche die Kerne SK, RK und SAK umschlingt, als Primärwicklung, die Wicklungen B, C, D und E als Sekundärwicklungen in offener Schaltung;
Fig. 3
die Magnetisierungskurven Induktion in Funktion der Feldstärke für zwei verschiedene Materialien;
Fig. 4
den Einfluss der Luftspaltstrecken auf die Magnetisierungskurven Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung:
  • Kurve A: die Magnetisierungskurve für das Kernblech,
  • Kurve B: die Magnetisierungskurve für eine kleine Luftspaltstrecke,
  • Kurve C: die Resultierende aus Kurve A und Kurve B,
  • Kurve D: die Magnetisierungskurve für eine grosse Luftspaltstrecke,
  • Kurve E: die Resultierende aus Kurve A und Kurve D;
Fig. 5
eine aus mehreren, teilweise mit Luftspalten versehenen Kernen (1, 2, 3, ..., n-1, n), aufgebaute Kernanordnung
  • Kern 1: ohne Luftspalt
  • Kern 2: mit einem kleinen Luftspalt
  • Kern 3: mit einem grösseren Luftspalt
  • Kern n-1: mit zwei Luftspalten
  • Kern n: mit vier Luftspalten;
Fig. 6
mögliche Luftspaltformen, dabei bedeuten:
  • a) paralleler Luftspalt
  • b) Luftspalt keilförmig nach unten
  • c) Luftspalt keilförmig nach oben
  • d) Luftspalt symmetrischkeilförmig
  • e) Luftspalt trapezförmig nach unten
  • f) Luftspalt trapezförmig nach oben
  • g) Luftspalt symmetrisch trapezförmig;
Fig. 7
die Magnetisierungskurven für zwei Kerne mit verschiedenen magnetischen Charakteristika Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung und der daraus resultierenden Gesamtinduktion:
  • Kurve A: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern SK
  • Kurve B: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern RK
  • Kurve C: die Gesamtmagnetisierungskurve für beide Kerne SK und RK;
Fig. 8
die Magnetisierungskurven für zwei Kerne mit verschiedenen magnetischen Charakteristika Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung und der daraus resultierenden Gesamtinduktion mit gleicher Steigung der drei Kurven innerhalb des bestimmten Primärspannungsbereiches:
  • Kurve A: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern SK
  • Kurve B: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern RK
  • Kurve C: die Gesamtmagnetisierungskurve für beide Kerne SK und RK;
Fig. 9
die Magnetisierungskurven für zwei Kerne mit verschiedenen magnetischen Charakteristika Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung und der daraus resultierenden Gesamtinduktion mit ungleicher Steigung der drei Kurven innerhalb des bestimmten Primärspannungsbereiches:
  • Kurve A: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern SK
  • Kurve B: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern RK
  • Kurve C: die Gesamtmagnetisierungskurve für beide Kerne SK und RK,
die Kurve B hat die grössere Steigung als die Kurve A;
Fig. 10
die Magnetisierungskurven für zwei Kerne mit verschiedenen magnetischen Charakteristika Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung und der daraus resultierenden Gesamtinduktion mit ungleicher Steigung der drei Kurven innerhalb des bestimmten Primärspannungsbereiches:
  • Kurve A: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern SK
  • Kurve B: die Magnetisierungskurve für den Kern RK
  • Kurve C: die Gesamtmagnetisierungskurve für beide Kerne SK und RK,
die Kurve B hat die kleinere Steigung als die Kurve A;
Fig. 11
den Bereich des Verhaltens der Sekundärspannung.
Show it
Fig. 1
the basic structure of the delta phi transformer consisting of the cores SK and RK and the windings A, B and C, the core SK is divided into two cores 1 and 2, with winding A as the primary winding, windings B and C in open Circuit;
Fig. 2
the basic structure of the Delta-Phi transformer in an extended version, consisting of the cores SK, RK, SAK and RAK and the windings A, B, C, D and E, with winding A, which the cores SK, RK and SAK wraps around the windings as the primary winding B, C, D and E as secondary windings in open circuit;
Fig. 3
the magnetization curves induction as a function of the field strength for two different materials;
Fig. 4
the influence of the air gap distances on the magnetization curves induction as a function of the flow:
  • Curve A: the magnetization curve for the core sheet,
  • Curve B: the magnetization curve for a small air gap,
  • Curve C: the resultant of curve A and curve B,
  • Curve D: the magnetization curve for a large air gap,
  • Curve E: the resultant of curve A and curve D;
Fig. 5
a core arrangement composed of several cores (1, 2, 3, ..., n-1, n), some of which are provided with air gaps
  • Core 1: without air gap
  • Core 2: with a small air gap
  • Core 3: with a larger air gap
  • Kernel n-1: with two air gaps
  • Kernel n: with four air gaps;
Fig. 6
possible air gap shapes, mean:
  • a) parallel air gap
  • b) Air gap wedge-shaped downwards
  • c) Air gap wedge-shaped upwards
  • d) symmetrical wedge-shaped air gap
  • e) trapezoidal air gap downwards
  • f) trapezoidal air gap upwards
  • g) symmetrical trapezoidal air gap;
Fig. 7
the magnetization curves for two cores with different magnetic characteristics induction as a function of the flow and the resulting total induction:
  • Curve A: the magnetization curve for the core SK
  • Curve B: the magnetization curve for the core RK
  • Curve C: the total magnetization curve for both cores SK and RK;
Fig. 8
the magnetization curves for two cores with different magnetic characteristics induction as a function of the primary voltage and the resulting total induction with the same slope of the three curves within the determined primary voltage range:
  • Curve A: the magnetization curve for the core SK
  • Curve B: the magnetization curve for the core RK
  • Curve C: the total magnetization curve for both cores SK and RK;
Fig. 9
the magnetization curves for two cores with different magnetic characteristics induction as a function of the primary voltage and the resulting total induction with an uneven slope of the three curves within the defined primary voltage range:
  • Curve A: the magnetization curve for the core SK
  • Curve B: the magnetization curve for the core RK
  • Curve C: the total magnetization curve for both cores SK and RK,
curve B has the greater slope than curve A;
Fig. 10
the magnetization curves for two cores with different magnetic characteristics induction as a function of the primary voltage and the resulting total induction with an uneven slope of the three curves within the defined primary voltage range:
  • Curve A: the magnetization curve for the core SK
  • Curve B: the magnetization curve for the core RK
  • Curve C: the total magnetization curve for both cores SK and RK,
curve B has the smaller slope than curve A;
Fig. 11
the range of behavior of the secondary voltage.

Bevor im einzelnen auf den prinzipiellen Aufbau und die Wirkungsweise des Delta-Phi-Trafos eingegangen wird, sei vorausgeschickt, dass er sinnvollerweise in mindestens drei verschiedenen Funktionsstufen betrieben werden kann, nämlich in einer Primär-, Sekundär- und Tertiärfunktion.Before going into the basic structure and the mode of operation of the delta phi transformer, it should be said that it can be operated in at least three different functional levels, namely in a primary, secondary and tertiary function.

Arbeitet der Delta-Phi-Trafo in der Primärfunktion, so erfolgt die elektrische Einspeisung direkt aus einem unstabilisierten Netz. Arbeitet er in der Sekundärfunktion, so erfolgt die elektrische Einspeisung auf mindestens eine Primärwicklung von mindestens einem Sekundärzweig eines vorgeschalteten Delta-Phi-Trafos mit Primär- oder Sekundärfunktion oder direkt aus einem stabilisierten Netz. Es können also auch mehrere Delta-Phi-Trafos mit Sekundärfunktion hintereinander geschaltet werden. Ein Transformator mit Tertiärfunktion kann sowohl ein Delta-Phi-Trafo als auch Transformator herkömmlicher Bauart sein. Die Sekundärwicklung des Transformators mit Tertiärfunktion wird in Serie mit dem oder den Hauptstrom-Sekundärwicklungszweig(en) des oder der Delta-Phi-Trafos mit Primär- und/oder Sekundärfunktion geschaltet. Beim Transformator mit Tertiärfunktion erfolgt die elektrische Einspeisung auf mindestens eine Primärwicklung aus dem oder den Nebenstrom-Sekundärwicklungszweigen des oder der Delta-Phi-Trafos mit Primär- und/oder Sekundärfunktion(en). Die Sekundärwicklungen mehrerer Transformatoren mit Tertiärfunktion können in Serie geschaltet werden. Auch die Parallelschaltung oder kombinierte Schaltungen der Sekundärwicklungen der Transformatoren mit Tertiärfunktion sind möglich.If the Delta-Phi transformer works in the primary function, the electrical feed-in takes place directly from an unstabilized network. If he works in the secondary function, the electrical feed takes place on at least one primary winding from at least one secondary branch of an upstream Delta-Phi transformer with primary or secondary function or directly from a stabilized network. Several delta phi transformers with a secondary function can also be connected in series. A transformer with a tertiary function can be both a delta phi transformer and a transformer of conventional design. The secondary winding of the transformer with tertiary function goes into series production switched with the main current or secondary winding branch (s) of the delta phi transformer or transformers with primary and / or secondary function. In the case of a transformer with a tertiary function, the electrical feed takes place to at least one primary winding from the secondary current or secondary winding branches of the delta-phi transformer or transformers with primary and / or secondary function (s). The secondary windings of several transformers with a tertiary function can be connected in series. Parallel connection or combined connections of the secondary windings of the transformers with tertiary function are also possible.

Die Funktionsweise des Delta-Phi-Trafos liegt einem speziellen Magnetisierungseffekt zugrunde.The functionality of the delta phi transformer is based on a special magnetization effect.

Werden mindestens zwei getrennte Kerne mit unterschiedlichen magnetischen Charakteristika von einer gemeinsamen Erregerwicklung umschlossen, die Erregerwicklung an eine ansteigende Spannung gelegt, so fliesst in der Erregerwicklung der Leerlaufstrom.If at least two separate cores with different magnetic characteristics are enclosed by a common excitation winding and the excitation winding is connected to an increasing voltage, the no-load current flows in the excitation winding.

Dadurch, dass diese Kerne von der gleichen Erregerwicklung mit der entsprechenden Windungszahl umschlossen sind, erfahren die Kerne die gleiche magnetische Durchflutung, d.h., die Durchflutung des einen Kernes ist gleich der Durchflutung des anderen Kernes. Infolge der unterschiedlichen magnetischen Charakteristika werden die Kerne unterschiedlich magnetisiert, d.h., es bilden sich in den Kernen unterschiedliche magnetische Flüsse respektive Induktionen. Da von der Erregerwicklung aus gesehen, der Leerlaufstrom auf einen gemeinsamen Kern, zusammengesetzt aus den einzelnen Kernen, deren Gesamtquerschnitt aus der Summe der einzelnen Kerne besteht, wirkt, kann aufgrund der angelegten Erregerspannung, der Frequenz, der Windungszahl der Erregerwicklung und des gesamten Kernquerschnittes bei jeder angelegten Erregerspannung die entsprechende Gesamtinduktion bestimmt werden. Anhand der vorliegenden Magnetisierungskurven Induktionen in Funktion der Durchflutung und den einzelnen Kernquerschnitten kann ebenfalls die Gesamtinduktion bestimmt werden. Die Gesamtinduktion B ist die Summe der einzelnen magnetischen Flüsse geteilt durch die Summe der einzelnen Kernquerschnitte. Die, auf diese Art, bestimmte Gesamtinduktion B in Funktion der Durchflutung muss eine Kurve darstellen. Die Umgestaltung der Magnetisierungskurve Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung in die Magnetisierungskurve Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung geschieht so, dass die Kurve der Gesamtinduktion B in der Magnetisierungskurve Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung in gleiche Teilinduktionen einzuteilen ist, welche den zugehörigen Teilerregerspannungen entsprechen. Die über respektive unter den Teilungspunkten liegenden Induktionen der einzelnen Kerne entsprechen ebenfalls den Teilerregerspannungen und können in die neue Kurve Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung übertragen werden.Because these cores are surrounded by the same field winding with the corresponding number of turns, the cores experience the same magnetic flux, that is, the flux through one core is equal to the flux through the other core. As a result of the different magnetic characteristics, the cores are magnetized differently, ie different magnetic fluxes or induction form in the cores. As seen from the excitation winding, the no-load current acts on a common core, composed of the individual cores, the total cross-section of which consists of the sum of the individual cores. Due to the excitation voltage applied, the frequency, the number of turns of the excitation winding and the entire core cross-section the corresponding total induction can be determined for each excitation voltage applied. Based on the existing magnetization curves Induction as a function of the flow and the individual core cross sections can also determine the total induction. The total induction B is the sum of the individual magnetic fluxes divided by the sum of the individual core cross sections. The total induction B as a function of the flow, determined in this way, must represent a curve. The remodeling of the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flow into the magnetization curve induction as a function of the primary voltage takes place in such a way that the curve of the total induction B in the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flow is to be divided into equal partial induction, which correspond to the associated partial excitation voltages. The induction of the individual cores above or below the division points also correspond to the partial excitation voltages and can be transferred to the new induction curve as a function of the primary voltage.

In Fig. 1 ist ein erfindungsgemässer Delta-Phi-Trafo prinzipiell dargestellt. Der Trafo weist zwei Kerne mit unterschiedlichen magnetischen Gesamtwirkungseigenschaften auf, nämlich dem Stammkern SK, welcher seinerseits in zwei Kerne 1 und 2 mit unterschiedlichen magnetischen Gesamtwirkungseigenschaften aufgeteilt ist. Der Kern 1 weist im Gegensatz zum Kern 2 eine Luftspaltstrecke LSK auf. Der Regulierkern RK weist ebenfalls eine Luftspaltstrecke LRK auf. Die Wicklung A, in der Funktion der Primärwicklung, umschlingt gemeinsam die beiden Kerne SK und RK. Die Wicklung B ist auf dem Stammkern SK und die Wicklung C ist auf dem Regulierkern RK aufgebaut und stellen zwei Sekundärwicklungen in offener Schaltung dar. Diese Ausführungsart wird hauptsächlich für den Delta-Phi-Trafo mit Primärfunktion verwendet. Durch die entsprechende Schaltung der Sekundärwicklungen, entweder additive Serieschaltung, d.h., die in den Wicklungen B und C induzierten Spannungen werden addiert, subtraktive Serieschaltung, d.h., die in der Wicklung C induzierte Spannung wird von der in der Wicklung B induzierten Spannung subtrahiert oder offene Schaltung, können alle bestimmbaren Sekundärspannungsverhalten erzeugt werden. Die in den Wicklungen B und C induzierten Spannungen resp. die für diese Wicklungen benötigten Windungszahlen lassen sich nach dem Transformationsgesetz berechnen, wobei die Berechnung für beide Kerne, sowohl an der oberen, wie an der unteren Grenze des Primärspannungsbereiches durchzuführen ist.In Fig. 1, a delta phi transformer according to the invention is shown in principle. The transformer has two cores with different overall magnetic properties, namely the core core SK, which in turn is divided into two cores 1 and 2 with different overall magnetic properties. In contrast to core 2, core 1 has an air gap section LSK. The regulating core RK also has an air gap section LRK. The winding A, in the function of the primary winding, wraps around the two cores SK and RK. The winding B is built on the trunk core SK and the winding C is built on the regulating core RK and represent two secondary windings in the open circuit. This type of construction is mainly used for the delta-phi transformer with primary function. Through the appropriate switching of the secondary windings, either additive series connection, ie, the voltages induced in windings B and C. are added, subtractive series circuit, ie, the voltage induced in winding C is subtracted from the voltage induced in winding B or open circuit, all determinable secondary voltage behavior can be generated. The voltages induced in the windings B and C, respectively. the number of turns required for these windings can be calculated according to the transformation law, the calculation for both cores, both at the upper and at the lower limit of the primary voltage range.

Fig. 2 zeigt den prinzipiellen Aufbau eines erweiterten Delta-Phi-Trafos mit dem Stammkern SK, dem Regulierkern RK, dem Stammausgleichskern SAK und dem Regulierausgleichskern RAK mit unterschiedlichen magnetischen Gesamtwirkungseigenschaften. Die Primärwicklung A umschlingt die Kerne SK, RK und SAK. Die Wicklung B ist auf dem Stammkern SK, die Wicklung C ist auf dem Regulierkern RK und dem Regulierausgleichskern RAK, die Wicklung D ist auf dem Stammausgleichskern SAK und die Wicklung E ist auf dem Regulierausgleichskern RAK aufgebaut. Die Wicklungen B, C, D und E sind Sekundärwicklungen und entsprechend der elektrischen und magnetischen Auslegung sind ihnen bestimmte Funktionen zugeteilt. Diese Ausführungsart wird für einen Delta-Phi-Trafo mit Primärfunktion verwendet.2 shows the basic structure of an expanded delta-phi transformer with the stem core SK, the regulating core RK, the stem balancing core SAK and the regulating balancing core RAK with different overall magnetic properties. The primary winding A wraps around the cores SK, RK and SAK. The winding B is on the trunk core SK, the winding C is on the regulating core RK and the regulating compensation core RAK, the winding D is on the trunk compensation core SAK and the winding E is built on the regulating compensation core RAK. The windings B, C, D and E are secondary windings and according to the electrical and magnetic design they are assigned certain functions. This type of design is used for a delta phi transformer with a primary function.

Fig. 5 zeigt eine in mehrere Kerne, mit unterschiedlichen magnetischen Gesamtwirkungseigenschaften aufgeteilte Kernanordnung. Die unterschiedlichen magnetischen Gesamtwirkungseigenschaften werden dadurch erreicht, dass der Kern 1 keine Luftspaltstrecke und die übrigen Kerne unterschiedliche Luftspaltstrecken aufweisen. Die anwendbaren Luftspaltformen sind in Fig. 6 dargestellt. Entsprechend den Figuren 3 und 4 werden die magnetischen Charakteristika in den einzelnen Kernen 1, ..., n beeinflusst. In den Zonen der Luftspaltstrecken streuen die magnetischen Feldlinien aus. Damit die Kerne sich nicht magnetisch gegenseitig beeinflussen, sind die einzelnen Kerne um mindestens die Distanz der grössten benachbarten Luftspaltstrecke, zu distanzieren.5 shows a core arrangement which is divided into a plurality of cores with different overall magnetic properties. The different overall magnetic properties are achieved in that the core 1 has no air gap and the other cores have different air gaps. The applicable air gap shapes are shown in Fig. 6. According to FIGS. 3 and 4, the magnetic characteristics in the individual cores 1, ..., n are influenced. The magnetic field lines scatter in the zones of the air gap out. So that the cores do not influence each other magnetically, the individual cores must be spaced at least by the distance of the largest adjacent air gap.

Wie aus der Fig. 7 ersichtlich ist, muss die Magnetisierungskurve Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung für die Kurve A entsprechend für den Stammkern SK zwischen den Punkten D und E eine Gerade sein. Dasselbe gilt auch für die Kurve B entsprechend für den Regulierkern RK zwischen den Punkten F und G. Ebenso muss auch die Kurve C entsprechend gemeinsam für beide Kerne SK und RK zwischen den Punkten H und I auch eine Gerade sein. Die Punkte D, F und H sind somit die unteren Grenzwerte für den bestimmten Durchflutungsbereich respektive Primärspannungsbereich und die Punkte E, G und I die oberen Grenzwerte. Die Punkte H und I auf der Kurve C müssen so gewählt werden, dass die Induktionen bei diesen Punkten gemäss dem Transformationsgesetz den unteren und oberen Grenzenwertspannungen des bestimmten Primärspannungsbereiches entsprechen.As can be seen from FIG. 7, the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flooding for curve A must be a straight line for the stem core SK between points D and E. The same also applies to curve B correspondingly for the regulating core RK between points F and G. Likewise, curve C must also be a straight line for both cores SK and RK between points H and I. Points D, F and H are thus the lower limit values for the specific flow area or primary voltage range and points E, G and I are the upper limit values. Points H and I on curve C must be selected so that the induction at these points corresponds to the lower and upper limit value voltages of the determined primary voltage range according to the transformation law.

Gemäss den Fig. 8 bis 10 ist die Gesamtmagnetisierungskurve C entsprechend gemeinsam für die beiden Kerne SK und RK gemäss dem Transformationsgesetz U = 4,44 x f x w x A x B x 10000

Figure imgb0001
für B in Tesla immer eine Gerade. Diese ist in gleiche Teile einzuteilen, die entsprechenden Induktionen sind zu bestimmen und in die Kurve C der Magnetisierungskurve Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung gemäss Fig. 7 zu übertragen, womit auch die vorhandenen Durchflutungswerte bei den entsprechenden Induktionen der Kurve C bestimmt sind. Die zugehörigen Induktionen für die Kurven A und B sind somit auch bestimmt und sind in die Magnetisierungskurven Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung zu übertragen.8 to 10, the overall magnetization curve C is correspondingly common for the two cores SK and RK according to the transformation law U = 4.44 xfxwx A x B x 10000
Figure imgb0001
always a straight line for B in Tesla. This is to be divided into equal parts, the corresponding induction is to be determined and transferred to curve C of the magnetization curve induction as a function of the flooding according to FIG. 7, which also determines the flooding values present for the corresponding induction of curve C. The associated induction for curves A and B are thus also determined and are to be transferred to the magnetization curves induction as a function of the primary voltage.

Nach der gleichen Methode sind auch die Gesamtmagnetisierungskurven Induktion in Funktion der Durchflutung und Induktion in Funktion der Primärspannung für eine in Kerne mit unterschiedlichen magnetischen Charakteristiken unterteilte Kernanordnung nach Fig. 5 zu bestimmen.According to the same method, the total magnetization curves are induction as a function of the flow and 5 to determine induction as a function of the primary voltage for a core arrangement subdivided into cores with different magnetic characteristics.

Fig. 11 zeigt die Bereiche der Verhaltensarten der Sekundärspannung. So bedeutet die horizontale Linie A einen konstanten, die strichpunktierte Linie B einen prozentual gleichen, die schraffierte Fläche C einen prozentual kleineren, die schraffierte Fläche D einen prozentual grösseren und die schraffierte Fläche E einen negativen, die Sekundärspannung nimmt bei zunehmender Primärspannung ab resp. die Sekundärspannung nimmt bei abnehmender Primärspannung zu, Verlauf der Sekundärspannung in Funktion der Primärspannungsänderung von U1+v% bis U1-w%.11 shows the ranges of the types of behavior of the secondary voltage. Thus, the horizontal line A means a constant, the dash-dotted line B a percentage equal, the hatched area C a percentage smaller, the hatched area D a percentage larger and the hatched area E a negative, the secondary voltage decreases with increasing primary voltage, respectively. the secondary voltage increases with decreasing primary voltage, the course of the secondary voltage as a function of the primary voltage change from U1 + v% to U1-w%.

Claims (5)

  1. Transformer with at least three cores separated from one another (SK, SK1, SK2, SAK, RK, RAK) which form a magnetic circuit each, with a first coil (A), which winds around at least two of the said cores and at least a second coil (B), at least one of the cores being looped by both the first as well as the second coil, characterized in that at least one of the cores which are looped by the first coil (A) has an air gap, in that at least two of the cores enclosed by the first coil (SK1, SK2, SK, SAK, RK) have differing magnetic characteristics, the resulting magnetic characteristic of these two cores being different from the magnetic characteristic of at least the third core and in that the second coil (B, Fig. 1; C, Fig. 2) also winds around at least two cores.
  2. Transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that at least a third coil (C, Fig. 1; D, E, Fig. 2) is provided, which winds around at least one of the cores.
  3. Transformer according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that adjacent cores of which one has the at least one air gap are separated from each other by at least the distance of the air gap or of the larger air gap if each of the adjacent cores has an air gap.
  4. Transformer according to one of the claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least two coils (B, C, Fig. 1) are connected to each other in series such that the voltages induced therein subtract.
  5. Transformer according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterized in that at most one of the cores (SK2, Fig. 1), which is wound by the first coil (a) 〈sic. (A)〉 has no air gap.
EP88909506A 1988-01-14 1988-11-17 Transformer Expired - Lifetime EP0349604B1 (en)

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DE102010049668A1 (en) * 2010-10-26 2012-04-26 Minebea Co., Ltd. transformer
US8866575B2 (en) 2011-01-28 2014-10-21 Uses, Inc. AC power conditioning circuit
US8791782B2 (en) * 2011-01-28 2014-07-29 Uses, Inc. AC power conditioning circuit
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JP2015233033A (en) * 2014-06-09 2015-12-24 パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 Coil structure and power supply device
CN109671552B (en) * 2017-10-17 2021-04-09 台达电子工业股份有限公司 Integrated magnetic element

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WO1989006860A1 (en) 1989-07-27
ATE105969T1 (en) 1994-06-15

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