EP0308899A2 - Transducteur à ultrasons avec une caractéristique d'émission et réception astigmatique - Google Patents
Transducteur à ultrasons avec une caractéristique d'émission et réception astigmatique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0308899A2 EP0308899A2 EP88115485A EP88115485A EP0308899A2 EP 0308899 A2 EP0308899 A2 EP 0308899A2 EP 88115485 A EP88115485 A EP 88115485A EP 88115485 A EP88115485 A EP 88115485A EP 0308899 A2 EP0308899 A2 EP 0308899A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- grooves
- transducer according
- bending transducer
- plate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000009310 astigmatism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zirconate titanate Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2] HFGPZNIAWCZYJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052451 lead zirconate titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K9/00—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers
- G10K9/12—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers electrically operated
- G10K9/122—Devices in which sound is produced by vibrating a diaphragm or analogous element, e.g. fog horns, vehicle hooters or buzzers electrically operated using piezoelectric driving means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/18—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound
- G10K11/26—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning
- G10K11/32—Sound-focusing or directing, e.g. scanning characterised by the shape of the source
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K13/00—Cones, diaphragms, or the like, for emitting or receiving sound in general
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ultrasonic bending transducer, as specified in the preamble of claim 1.
- a sensor for carrying out a distance measurement according to the ultrasound echo principle is known.
- This sensor is intended to determine and display proximity distances between a vehicle and nearby obstacles.
- It is a pot converter with a piezoceramic oscillator arranged in it.
- damping material is provided on the inside of the diaphragm of this pot converter on two horizontal, opposite circular sections to prevent high-energy ultrasound or signal output.
- the damping material is e.g. Soft rubber.
- it is provided to arrange the pot converter in a horn.
- the membrane of the pot converter is the bottom of the pot. Because the damping material is distributed asymmetrically to the normal to the membrane or the pot bottom, this converter has a correspondingly asymmetrical transmission and reception characteristic or transmission and reception lobe.
- this pot converter one can imagine a connecting line between the portions of the damping material asymmetrically attached inside the pot converter. This connecting line runs perpendicular to the surface normal of the membrane (pot bottom). This connecting line and the surface normal mentioned form a plane. The sound propagation or the sound reception characteristic in this plane is essentially a single radiation lobe with the normal mentioned as the center line.
- the radiation characteristic has a plurality of radiation lobes, of which the central radiation lobe, like the radiation lobe specified above, has the surface normal of the membrane as the center line.
- the central radiation lobe like the radiation lobe specified above, has the surface normal of the membrane as the center line.
- this vertical plane in addition to this center lobe, there is another radiation lobe on each side in the manner of secondary maxima.
- the size of such a secondary maximum is essentially the same size as the central radiation lobe.
- such a pot converter has a broad radiation field for transmission and / or reception in one plane (namely the vertical plane mentioned above). In the plane perpendicular to this, this transducer has a relatively narrow characteristic, so that an astigmatic sound characteristic results overall.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a structure for a transducer with the most improved astigmatic radiation characteristic, which is easier and more reproducible to manufacture and which is free from aging.
- damping material as is known, has the disadvantage that there is considerable scatter in the large series of the characteristic values of such transducers and / or adequate aging resistance cannot be achieved.
- the invention is therefore based on the idea of giving the actual pot converter those characteristic properties which always ensure reproducible and / or reliably maintained predetermined characteristic values.
- the membrane is designed to achieve the anisotropy of the sound radiation in such a way that it has anisotropic elastic properties in mutually perpendicular (main) directions lying in the plane of the membrane. Corresponding transition behavior is present in this membrane for the directions between these two main planes.
- these anisotropic elastic properties are achieved in that the values of the speed of sound in the material of this membrane are substantially different from one another in these two main directions.
- the pot converter can still have the round shape that is technically easy to manufacture.
- these different sound velocities are brought about by mechanical changes in the surface of the membrane thereof. For example, the membrane is changed into the surface of the membrane by scoring, embossing, sawing or milling grooves and the like, the direction of these operations being in each case parallel to one another and parallel to the one main direction.
- Damping materials can also be used for damping, without this being a contradiction to the above statements regarding the prior art.
- material changes in the damping material have a far less serious and in particular practically no effect on the astigmatic radiation or reception property.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of the membrane of a pot transducer according to the invention, which has an astigmatic sound lobe for transmission and reception.
- the membrane of the converter 1 is designated 2.
- This membrane consists of e.g. a pan bottom, plate 11, made of piezoelectrically inactive material, preferably made of metal, and a plate 10 made of piezo material, such as e.g. Piezoceramic.
- 3 denotes grooves or cracks (as one of the relevant configurations) which are located in the outer surface of the membrane 2 of the pot converter 1.
- N denotes the normal direction of the membrane 2, which is also the central axis of the sound lobe.
- Figure 2 shows a side view of the transducer 1, namely this view in section. With 7 the edge of this pot converter is designated.
- the grooves or cracks 3, for example embossed, sawn or milled into the surface of the membrane 2, can be clearly seen.
- the disc 10 for example glued on, on the inside of the pot converter 1 on the surface of the membrane 2 and made of polarized piezoceramic, for example a lead zirconate titanate is the piezoelectric vibrator.
- 14 is an electrode and 12 is an adhesive.
- FIG. 3 shows an image corresponding to FIG. 2 with grooves or cracks 13 provided on the inside of the pot converter 101 in the surface of the membrane 2. These grooves or cracks 13 can be used instead of the grooves or cracks 3 or together with such grooves or Cracks 3 may be provided. In any case, grooves 3 and 13 are at least substantially parallel.
- the disk of piezoceramic belonging to the membrane 2 is designated by 110. The associated electrode is not shown.
- the grooves, crevices 3, 13 can be distributed uniformly equidistantly over the surface. They can preferably be arranged symmetrically to the center line (parallel to direction 4), distributed over direction 5, as shown in FIG. 1. Analogously, this distribution can also be non-uniformly dense, as can be seen from FIG. 1.
- These grooves or cracks 3, 13 preferably extend from edge to edge of the plate 11 and / or the plate 10. However, they can also begin or end at a distance from such an edge. They can also have interruptions in their longitudinal direction.
- a transducer according to the invention the coupling of the vibration modes of the two directions 4 and 5 is so large that a mode spectrum can essentially be observed for the round pot transducer that has a fundamental frequency and harmonics that occur in pairs. These harmonics can be clearly distinguished from one another in a converter according to the invention.
- a transducer according to the invention can be operated reliably on one of the paired harmonics without the risk that the transducer could jump into the vibration of the other harmonic.
- FIG. 4 shows the basic distribution of the sound lobe in the middle plane, which is perpendicular to the representation plane of FIG. 1 and parallel to direction 4.
- FIG. 5 shows the sound lobe in the central plane perpendicular to the drawing plane and the direction 4. It can be clearly seen that the radiation lobe of FIG. 4 is considerably wider than that of FIG. 5, i.e. the transducer according to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 covers a wide field in a plane containing the direction 4, whereas in the direction perpendicular thereto the transducer has such a narrow lobe that locations further away from its axis direction are no longer detected by the astigmatic radiation lobe .
- a transducer of the type according to the invention is particularly suitable as a detection transducer for land and watercraft, in which broad “illumination” is desired parallel to the driving level, but on the other hand, as little sound as possible is to be emitted (and received back as an echo)
- Such a transducer can be used equally as a transmitter and receiver.
- Another advantage of a transducer according to the invention is that the choice, the distribution and the dimensioning of the grooves or cracks 3 in the surface of the membrane 2 make a relative This means that for a transducer according to the invention, blind directions within the overall beam lobe can be minimized, in the direction of which the transducer has a very narrow obstacle, for example a lamppost , could not detect.
- a preferred application of a converter according to the invention is that as a reversing aid, in particular for heavy vehicles with a rearward view or for vehicles (excavators and the like) that frequently move back and forth.
- the membrane or possibly also the pot will preferably have a circular shape.
- a rectangular or preferably oval shape can also be provided, namely depending on which vibration behavior of the membrane is preferred.
- the oval shape can be an elliptical shape. But it can also take the form of an ancient Egyptian cartridge, i.e. a circle that is elongated in one direction.
- the membrane can be dimensioned so large in relation to the desired oscillation frequency that (as already mentioned above) the resonance frequency of its (a) first harmonic is used.
- the ceramic plate so large that it, when attached to the plate of the membrane, only reaches from the center up to the vibration node line (e.g. vibration node circle) of this first harmonic. It is therefore unnecessary to design the plate or the arrangement and shape of the electrodes on the plate in such a way that corresponding portions of the same (as a transmitter) are excited piezoelectrically in the required manner in antiphase.
- this converter has e.g. a pot with a diameter of 25 mm and a thickness of 0.4 mm of the plate 11 of the membrane 2.
- the ceramic plate 10 has a thickness of 0.25 or 0.4 mm and a diameter of approximately 9 mm (diameter of the oscillation node circle). Without grooves, this converter has a natural frequency at 40 kHz. With grooves 3 according to the invention with a depth of 0.2 mm and a width of about 0.2 mm at a distance of 1 mm, a natural frequency of 36 to 33 kHz results.
- angles of the radiation in directions 4 and 5, that is the extent of the astigmatism, are 120 to 140 ° to 60 to 65 ° in such a transducer.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19873732410 DE3732410A1 (de) | 1987-09-25 | 1987-09-25 | Ultraschallwandler mit astigmatischer sende-/empfangscharakteristik |
DE3732410 | 1987-09-25 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0308899A2 true EP0308899A2 (fr) | 1989-03-29 |
EP0308899A3 EP0308899A3 (fr) | 1990-03-14 |
Family
ID=6336916
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88115485A Withdrawn EP0308899A3 (fr) | 1987-09-25 | 1988-09-21 | Transducteur à ultrasons avec une caractéristique d'émission et réception astigmatique |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0308899A3 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH01119200A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3732410A1 (fr) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0393225A1 (fr) * | 1989-04-20 | 1990-10-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Détection ultrasonique pour véhicule à faisceau ultrasonique dirigé transversalement à la direction de conduite |
DE3939387A1 (de) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-06-06 | Swf Auto Electric Gmbh | Abstandswarnanlage, insbesondere fuer kraftfahrzeuge |
US5229748A (en) * | 1989-04-12 | 1993-07-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Monitoring system for monitoring the window panes of an interior, for example a motor vehicle interior |
EP0678853A2 (fr) | 1994-04-21 | 1995-10-25 | ITT Automotive Europe GmbH | Transducteur à ultrason ayant une charactéristique de radiation asymmétrique |
DE10138892A1 (de) * | 2001-08-08 | 2003-02-20 | Valeo Schalter & Sensoren Gmbh | Ultraschallwandler |
EP1906383A1 (fr) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-02 | Tung Thih Electronic Co., Ltd. | Appareil de transducteur à ultrasons |
DE102010002282A1 (de) | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH, 84137 | Innenausstattungsteil sowie Außenverkleidungsteil eines Fahrezeugs mit einem Ultraschallsensor |
DE102015205950A1 (de) * | 2015-04-01 | 2016-10-06 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung, Verfahren und Computerprogramm zur Erfassung akustischer Steueranweisungen |
WO2016184952A1 (fr) * | 2015-05-20 | 2016-11-24 | Valeo Schalter Und Sensoren Gmbh | Capteur à ultrasons pour un véhicule automobile, véhicule automobile ainsi que procédé de fabrication d'un capteur à ultrasons |
WO2017089609A3 (fr) * | 2015-11-26 | 2017-09-28 | Elmos Semiconductor Aktiengesellschaft | Élément oscillant pour un transducteur ultrasonore à résonance multiple |
CN114728311A (zh) * | 2019-09-12 | 2022-07-08 | 艾科索成像公司 | 经边缘凹槽、虚拟枢轴和自由边界提高mut耦合效率和带宽 |
US12019155B2 (en) | 2020-03-05 | 2024-06-25 | Exo Imaging, Inc. | Ultrasonic imaging device with programmable anatomy and flow imaging |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10009129A1 (de) * | 2000-02-26 | 2001-08-30 | Volkswagen Ag | Ultraschallsensor |
JP4724561B2 (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2011-07-13 | 株式会社川上鉄工所 | 塗布装置 |
JP4618165B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-06 | 2011-01-26 | 株式会社デンソー | 超音波センサ |
EP2011113A4 (fr) * | 2006-04-19 | 2012-06-20 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | Systèmes de transducteurs ultrasonores |
EP2661099B1 (fr) * | 2010-12-28 | 2018-10-17 | NEC Corporation | Transducteur électroacoustique |
JP5023244B1 (ja) * | 2012-01-13 | 2012-09-12 | 浩平 速水 | 振動力発電装置 |
JP5458421B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-07 | 2014-04-02 | 浩平 速水 | 振動力発電装置 |
JP5228136B1 (ja) * | 2012-11-21 | 2013-07-03 | 浩平 速水 | 振動力発電装置 |
DE102015106240A1 (de) | 2015-04-23 | 2016-10-27 | Valeo Schalter Und Sensoren Gmbh | Ultraschallsensor für ein Kraftfahrzeug mit einer Durchgangsöffnungen aufweisenden Membran, Verkleidungsanordnung sowie Kraftfahrzeug |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2716708A (en) * | 1950-11-17 | 1955-08-30 | Nat Res Dev | Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves |
FR2293844A1 (fr) * | 1974-12-02 | 1976-07-02 | Barcus Lester | Transducteur acoustique |
EP0037620A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-07 | 1981-10-14 | North American Philips Corporation | Dispositif d'adaptation d'impédance acoustique |
EP0075302A1 (fr) * | 1981-09-23 | 1983-03-30 | Egon Gelhard | Dispositif pour mesurer des distances au moyen d'échos ultrasonores |
JPS59230224A (ja) * | 1983-06-13 | 1984-12-24 | 三菱電機株式会社 | ガス絶縁開閉装置 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2855143C2 (de) * | 1978-12-20 | 1980-11-06 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Ultraschallwandlers und entsprechend hergestellter Wandler |
JPS5642493A (en) * | 1979-09-13 | 1981-04-20 | Toray Ind Inc | Acoustic-wave converging type transducer using high-molecular piezoelectric body |
DE3407980A1 (de) * | 1983-04-20 | 1984-10-25 | Tadashi Tokio/Tokyo Sawafuji | Kristallschallerzeuger |
-
1987
- 1987-09-25 DE DE19873732410 patent/DE3732410A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1988
- 1988-09-21 EP EP88115485A patent/EP0308899A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1988-09-22 JP JP23866388A patent/JPH01119200A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2716708A (en) * | 1950-11-17 | 1955-08-30 | Nat Res Dev | Apparatus for launching ultrasonic waves |
FR2293844A1 (fr) * | 1974-12-02 | 1976-07-02 | Barcus Lester | Transducteur acoustique |
EP0037620A1 (fr) * | 1980-04-07 | 1981-10-14 | North American Philips Corporation | Dispositif d'adaptation d'impédance acoustique |
EP0075302A1 (fr) * | 1981-09-23 | 1983-03-30 | Egon Gelhard | Dispositif pour mesurer des distances au moyen d'échos ultrasonores |
JPS59230224A (ja) * | 1983-06-13 | 1984-12-24 | 三菱電機株式会社 | ガス絶縁開閉装置 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, Band 102, Nr. 90 (P-503), 2. Oktober 1982; & JP-A-59 230 224 (HITACHI LTD) 28-05-1986 * |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5229748A (en) * | 1989-04-12 | 1993-07-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Monitoring system for monitoring the window panes of an interior, for example a motor vehicle interior |
EP0393225A1 (fr) * | 1989-04-20 | 1990-10-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Détection ultrasonique pour véhicule à faisceau ultrasonique dirigé transversalement à la direction de conduite |
DE3939387A1 (de) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-06-06 | Swf Auto Electric Gmbh | Abstandswarnanlage, insbesondere fuer kraftfahrzeuge |
EP0678853A2 (fr) | 1994-04-21 | 1995-10-25 | ITT Automotive Europe GmbH | Transducteur à ultrason ayant une charactéristique de radiation asymmétrique |
EP0678853A3 (fr) * | 1994-04-21 | 1997-05-21 | Teves Gmbh Alfred | Transducteur à ultrason ayant une charactéristique de radiation asymmétrique. |
DE4413894C2 (de) * | 1994-04-21 | 2002-12-12 | Teves Gmbh Alfred | Biegewandler in Topfform |
DE10138892A1 (de) * | 2001-08-08 | 2003-02-20 | Valeo Schalter & Sensoren Gmbh | Ultraschallwandler |
EP1906383A1 (fr) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-02 | Tung Thih Electronic Co., Ltd. | Appareil de transducteur à ultrasons |
DE102010002282A1 (de) | 2010-02-24 | 2011-08-25 | Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH, 84137 | Innenausstattungsteil sowie Außenverkleidungsteil eines Fahrezeugs mit einem Ultraschallsensor |
WO2011104185A1 (fr) | 2010-02-24 | 2011-09-01 | Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH | Partie d'équipement intérieur et partie d'habillage extérieur d'un véhicule avec un capteur à ultrasons |
US9340167B2 (en) | 2010-02-24 | 2016-05-17 | Lisa Draexlmaier Gmbh | Interior trim part and exterior facing part of a vehicle having an ultrasonic sensor |
DE102015205950A1 (de) * | 2015-04-01 | 2016-10-06 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung, Verfahren und Computerprogramm zur Erfassung akustischer Steueranweisungen |
DE102015205950B4 (de) | 2015-04-01 | 2017-02-02 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung, Verfahren und Computerprogramm zur Erfassung akustischer Steueranweisungen |
WO2016184952A1 (fr) * | 2015-05-20 | 2016-11-24 | Valeo Schalter Und Sensoren Gmbh | Capteur à ultrasons pour un véhicule automobile, véhicule automobile ainsi que procédé de fabrication d'un capteur à ultrasons |
WO2017089609A3 (fr) * | 2015-11-26 | 2017-09-28 | Elmos Semiconductor Aktiengesellschaft | Élément oscillant pour un transducteur ultrasonore à résonance multiple |
CN114728311A (zh) * | 2019-09-12 | 2022-07-08 | 艾科索成像公司 | 经边缘凹槽、虚拟枢轴和自由边界提高mut耦合效率和带宽 |
US12019155B2 (en) | 2020-03-05 | 2024-06-25 | Exo Imaging, Inc. | Ultrasonic imaging device with programmable anatomy and flow imaging |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3732410A1 (de) | 1989-04-13 |
EP0308899A3 (fr) | 1990-03-14 |
JPH01119200A (ja) | 1989-05-11 |
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