EP0294830A1 - Process of making glasses with an increased break resistance - Google Patents
Process of making glasses with an increased break resistance Download PDFInfo
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- EP0294830A1 EP0294830A1 EP88109278A EP88109278A EP0294830A1 EP 0294830 A1 EP0294830 A1 EP 0294830A1 EP 88109278 A EP88109278 A EP 88109278A EP 88109278 A EP88109278 A EP 88109278A EP 0294830 A1 EP0294830 A1 EP 0294830A1
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- Prior art keywords
- coating
- base glass
- hydrolysis
- glass
- condensation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
- C03C17/23—Oxides
- C03C17/25—Oxides by deposition from the liquid phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
- C03C2217/21—Oxides
- C03C2217/229—Non-specific enumeration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
- C03C2217/20—Materials for coating a single layer on glass
- C03C2217/21—Oxides
- C03C2217/23—Mixtures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/10—Deposition methods
- C03C2218/11—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions
- C03C2218/111—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions by dipping, immersion
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/10—Deposition methods
- C03C2218/11—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions
- C03C2218/112—Deposition methods from solutions or suspensions by spraying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing glasses with increased breaking strength and the glasses that can be produced in this way.
- the strength of glass is mainly determined by the condition of the glass surface. Surface defects are primarily responsible for low glass strengths, which lead to microcracks and ultimately to breakage of the glass.
- the aim of the invention is therefore to provide a method for producing glasses with increased strength, in particular breaking strength, which can be carried out simply and quickly and in which there is no risk of softening the base glass.
- the coatings according to the invention produced by the so-called sol-gel process, enable the treated glass to be strengthened up to a factor of 4, even if these coatings are only a few microns thick.
- An increase in strength by a factor of 2 was found even with coatings 0.1 ⁇ m thick. The fact that such a pronounced effect can be achieved with such thin layers was not predictable and based presumably on the beneficial interaction of several mechanisms.
- Suitable starting compounds for the coating composition are compounds of the elements mentioned, e.g. Hydroxides, alkoxides, halides (fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides), acids, salts with organic or inorganic acids or bases and complex compounds.
- hydroxides such as NaOH, KOH, Mg (OH) 2, Ca (OH) 2 and Al (OH) 3
- hydrolyzable alkoxides such as NaOR, KOR, Mg (OR) 2, Ca (OR) 2, Al (OR) 3, B (OR) 3, Si (OR) 4, RSi (OR) 3, R2Si (OR) 2, Ti (OR) 4 and Zr (OR) 4, where R is a straight-chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- Halides such as NaCl, KBr, CaCl2, SiCl4, RSiCl3, R2SiCl2, TiCl4 and ZrCl4
- Acids such as boric acid, salts such as borates, nitrates, phosphates, carboxylates, e.g. Formates, acetates, basic acetates or benzoates, and phenolates; as well as complex compounds such as acetylacet
- the starting compounds are dissolved in water or an organic solvent or a mixture of water and a miscible organic solvent and subjected to the hydrolytic polycondensation.
- Organic solvents are preferred in view of the achievable better coating properties, with water-miscible solvents being particularly preferred.
- Suitable organic solvents are monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, glycol or glycerol, ethers, such as dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, esters, such as dimethylglycol acetate, ketones such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene, halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and dimethylformamide.
- monohydric or polyhydric alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, glycol or glycerol
- ethers such as dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran or
- the hydrolysis and polycondensation can be carried out in one step in the presence of at least the amount of water stoichiometrically required for the complete hydrolysis of the hydrolyzable groups present.
- the polycondensation can optionally be carried out in the presence of a condensation catalyst, for example a compound which releases protons or hydroxyl ions or an amine.
- a condensation catalyst for example a compound which releases protons or hydroxyl ions or an amine.
- organic or inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid or acetic acid
- organic or inorganic bases such as ammonia, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, for example NaOH, KOH or Ca (OH) 2, and amines soluble in the reaction medium, for example lower alkylamines or alkanolamines.
- Volatile acids and bases, especially hydrochloric acid, ammonia and triethylamine are special here prefers.
- the total catalyst concentration can be, for example, up to 5 mol / liter.
- the concentration of the starting compounds, based on the solvent, is adjusted so that a viscosity of the coating solution which is suitable for the subsequent coating is ensured.
- the quantitative ratios of the starting compounds to one another are coordinated such that the coating finally obtained after the thermal compaction represents a glass-like solidified oxide system, the thermal expansion coefficient of which is preferably lower than that of the base glass.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion can e.g. can be suitably adjusted in a manner known per se by varying the alkali content of the coating composition.
- the hydrolysis and partial condensation is usually carried out at room temperature, but higher temperatures, preferably up to the boiling point of the solvent used, can also be used.
- the reaction conditions are set so that the viscosity of the coating solution of 2 to 5 mPas desired over a long period of time, if possible remains constant.
- the coating solution obtained is then applied in a customary manner to the base glass to be treated, preferably by dipping or spraying.
- the coating solution is atomized into an aerosol and the aerosol particles produced in this way are put down on the base glass.
- Conventional devices for example air brushes and spray devices with one or more spray nozzles, are suitable for atomizing the coating solution.
- the aerosol coating can be carried out at normal temperature or elevated temperature. Because of the possible risk of explosion, aqueous coating solutions are preferred at elevated temperatures.
- the coating solution is usually applied in an amount such that the layer thickness of the gel layer obtained is approximately 0.05 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 to 6 ⁇ m and in particular 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the coating applied to the base glass is compressed, e.g. by heat treatment in an oven, by irradiation with laser light (usually from a CO2 laser) or by treatment with a hot flame similar to the fire polishing process, the layer thickness being reduced to a maximum of half of its original value.
- a separate heat treatment step is unnecessary if the aerosol coating is carried out in such a way that the aerosol particles are deposited on a base glass which is kept at a temperature in the transformation range of the coating composition but below its transformation temperature. In this case, coating and thermal compression take place in one process step.
- This embodiment of the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for coating hollow glass, for example bottles. The glass which comes out of the molding process in the hot state can be coated directly, so that there is no need for cumbersome cooling of the raw glass, coating and renewed heat treatment of the coated glass.
- a short-term surface heating with laser beams or a hot flame is preferably used to avoid softening the base glass.
- the method according to the invention thus enables the thermal compression of a coating which has a higher transformation temperature than the base glass.
- the laser intensity is preferably selected so that the surface temperature of the irradiated coating is 10 to 50 ° C above the transformation temperature of the coating composition.
- the treatment time is usually in the range of 0.1 to 1 or more seconds.
- the treatment cycle of coating and compacting described above can optionally be repeated one or more times to form multiple coatings. This enables a particularly pronounced increase in strength to be achieved; for example, an eleven-fold coating with compression in between increases the breaking strength by a factor of 4 (see example 11 and FIG. 2).
- the method according to the invention is suitable for the treatment of any basic glasses.
- Typical examples are commercially available glasses, such as soda-lime glass and borosilicate glasses, for example sodium or Sodium aluminoborosilicate glass.
- the basic glass can be in any form, for example as plates, rods, containers or bottles.
- Various coating solutions can be prepared by varying the HCl content and adding glycerin (2 to 30 percent by weight of the total solution).
- Sodium silicate coatings of the composition given in Table 1 below are prepared by adding small amounts of water to appropriate amounts of tetraethoxysilane and sodium methylate in methanol with stirring. The clear solutions obtained can be used for coating up to 4 hours.
- the solutions obtained are clear and stable for about 30 minutes and can be used for coating during this time.
- Example 5 The procedure of Example 5 is repeated, but using potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.
- Example 7 The preparation is carried out as in Example 7, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide being used instead of titanium tetraethoxide.
- Table 1 below shows the coating compositions from Examples 1 to 6, the starting materials and solvents used, and the transformation temperatures and thermal expansion coefficients of the glass systems formed when these coating compositions were compacted.
- the coating solutions prepared in the preceding examples are applied by dipping on glass rods made of soda-lime glass.
- the coated glass rods are kept at room temperature for 30 minutes and then heated to 600 ° C. in an oven at a rate of 2 K min ⁇ 1. After heat treatment at 600 ° C for 30 minutes, the mixture is allowed to cool at a rate of 0.27 K min ⁇ 1.
- the layer thickness of the coating obtained is 0.35 ⁇ m in each case.
- the layer thickness of the coating is 0.4 ⁇ m.
- heat treatment a means that the thermal compression according to Example 9 has been carried out.
- Heat treatment b refers to a procedure in which the mixture is immediately heated to 650 ° C. and then quenched with air.
- the strength values shown in FIG. 2 show that an increase in strength is associated with each additional coating.
- the coating compositions with high transformation temperature produced in Examples 1, 2, 7 and 8 are applied to float glass plates (Tg 550 ° C.) by dipping in a layer thickness of 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the investigations show that a temperature increase of more than 400 ° C. at a depth of up to 0.5 mm can be achieved within less than 1 second in the case of laser radiation.
- the coatings compacted by laser radiation cause the base glass to increase its strength considerably.
- the sodium borosilicate sol produced is sprayed with an automatic air brush system (A-JUF 3 from Paasche) with compressed air of 1.3 bar to an aerosol with a particle size in the range from 3 to 8 nm.
- the aerosol particles are deposited on a float glass plate at a temperature of 85 cm for 2 seconds for a period of 2 seconds.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gläsern mit erhöhter Bruchfestigkeit und die auf diese Weise herstellbaren Gläser.The invention relates to a method for producing glasses with increased breaking strength and the glasses that can be produced in this way.
Die Festigkeit von Glas wird hauptsächlich durch den Zustand der Glasoberfläche bestimmt. Für niedrige Glasfestigkeiten sind in erster Linie Oberflächendefekte verantwortlich, die zu Mikrorissen und schließlich zum Bruch des Glases führen.The strength of glass is mainly determined by the condition of the glass surface. Surface defects are primarily responsible for low glass strengths, which lead to microcracks and ultimately to breakage of the glass.
Um die Bruchfestigkeit von Glas zu erhöhen, sind verschiedene Methoden bekannt, die auf der Erzeugung von Druckspannungen an der Glasoberfläche beruhen, beispielsweise durch thermisches Abschrecken oder Ionenaustausch. Diese Methoden sind jedoch aufwendig, erfordern hohe Behandlungstemperaturen und lange Austauschzeiten.In order to increase the breaking strength of glass, various methods are known which are based on the generation of compressive stresses on the glass surface, for example by thermal quenching or ion exchange. However, these methods are complex, require high treatment temperatures and long exchange times.
Es ist auch bereits bekannt, daß durch Aufbringen von Druckspannungsschichten auf Glasoberflächen die Festigkeit des Glases deutlich erhöht werden kann. Der Effekt dieser Druckspannungsschichten besteht darin, daß die zur Rißbildung führenden Oberflächendefekte erst bei wesentlich höherer Biegebelastung zum Bruch führen als im Falle von unbeschichteten Gläsern, die keiner Druckspannung unterliegen. Diese Druckspannungsschichten, deren Dicke gewöhnlich 10 bis 50 µm beträgt, werden in der Praxis gelegentlich für Spezialgläser angewandt. Das Verfahren des Ionenaustausches hat jedoch den Nachteil, daß es sehr langwierig ist und manchmal mehrere Stunden beansprucht. Außerdem muß in Salzschmelzen zwischen 300 und 500°C gearbeitet werden,weshalb sich das Verfahren in der Praxis für Massengläser nicht durchsetzen konnte. In Fällen, in denen eine Schicht aus einem Glas mit geringerer thermischer Ausdehnung auf das Grundglas aufgebracht wird, besteht darüber hinaus die Gefahr einer Erweichung des Grundglases, da Gläser mit geringer thermischer Ausdehnung in der Regel eine höhere Transformationstemperatur Tg haben. Hierdurch verliert das Grundglas seine Formbeständigkeit. Bei Anwendung eines Pulver-Sprayverfahrens sind die Temperaturen, bei denen die Formbeständigkeit des Grundglases noch gewährleistet sind, nicht ausreichend für eine homogene Verglasung der Beschichtung, und es kommt zur Bildung einer Orangenhaut.It is also already known that the strength of the glass can be significantly increased by applying compressive stress layers on glass surfaces. The effect of these compressive stress layers is that the surface defects leading to the formation of cracks lead to fracture only at a considerably higher bending load than in the case of uncoated glasses which are not subject to compressive stress. These compressive stress layers, the thickness of which is usually 10 to 50 μm, are occasionally used in practice for special glasses. However, the process of ion exchange has the disadvantage that it is very lengthy and sometimes takes several hours. In addition, salt melts between 300 and 500 ° C must be used, which is why the method was not successful in practice for bulk glasses. In cases where a layer of glass with a lower thermal expansion is applied to the base glass, there is also a risk of the base glass softening, since glasses with a low thermal expansion Expansion usually have a higher transformation temperature Tg. As a result, the base glass loses its dimensional stability. When using a powder spray process, the temperatures at which the shape of the base glass is still guaranteed are not sufficient for homogeneous glazing of the coating, and an orange peel is formed.
Ziel der Erfindung ist es daher, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gläsern mit erhöhter Festigkeit, insbesondere Bruchfestigkeit, bereitzustellen, das einfach und schnell durchführbar ist und bei dem keine Gefahr einer Erweichung des Grundglases besteht.The aim of the invention is therefore to provide a method for producing glasses with increased strength, in particular breaking strength, which can be carried out simply and quickly and in which there is no risk of softening the base glass.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß man
- (a) auf das Grundglas eine Beschichtung aus einer Zusammensetzung aufbringt, die erhalten worden ist durch Hydrolyse und Kondensation von im Reaktionsmedium löslichen Verbindungen mindestens eines Elementes aus der Gruppe Si, Al, Ti und Zr gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit im Reaktionsmedium löslichen Verbindungen mindestens eines Elementes aus der Gruppe der Alkalimetalle, Erdalkalimetalle und Bor in einem Lösungsmittel gegebenenfalls in Gegenwart eines Kondensationskatalysators und
- (b) die erhaltene Beschichtung thermisch verdichtet.
- (a) applying a coating of a composition to the base glass which has been obtained by hydrolysis and condensation of compounds of at least one element from the group Si, Al, Ti and Zr which are soluble in the reaction medium, optionally in combination with compounds of at least one element which are soluble in the reaction medium from the group of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and boron in a solvent, optionally in the presence of a condensation catalyst and
- (b) the coating obtained is thermally compacted.
Überraschenderweise hat sich gezeigt, daß die erfindungsgemäßen, nach dem sogenannten Sol-Gel-Verfahren hergestellten Beschichtungen eine Festigkeitserhöhung des behandelten Glases bis zum Faktor 4 ermöglichen, auch wenn diese Beschichtungen nur einige Mikron stark sind. Selbst bei Beschichtungen von 0,1 µm Dicke konnte eine Festigkeitserhöhung um den Faktor 2 festgestellt werden. Daß mit solch dünnen Schichten ein derart ausgeprägter Effekt erzielt werden kann, war nicht vorhersehbar und beruht vermutlich auf dem günstigen Zusammenwirken mehrerer Mechanismen.Surprisingly, it has been shown that the coatings according to the invention, produced by the so-called sol-gel process, enable the treated glass to be strengthened up to a factor of 4, even if these coatings are only a few microns thick. An increase in strength by a factor of 2 was found even with coatings 0.1 µm thick. The fact that such a pronounced effect can be achieved with such thin layers was not predictable and based presumably on the beneficial interaction of several mechanisms.
Derzeit wird angenommen, daß zum einen ein Rißheilungseffekt und zum anderen ein Druckspannungseffekt vorliegen. Während der erstgenannte Effekt die für die niedrige Ausgangsfestigkeit verantwortlichen Oberflächendefekte und Mikrorisse beseitigt, bewirkt der letztgenannte Effekt eine Festigkeitserhöhung bei Verwendung einer Beschichtungszusammensetzung mit geringerem thermischem Ausdehnungskoeffizienten als das Grundglas, indem sich bei Verdichten der glasartig erstarrten Beschichtung eine Druckspannung an der Glasoberfläche aufbaut.It is currently assumed that there is a crack healing effect and a compressive stress effect. While the former effect eliminates the surface defects and microcracks responsible for the low initial strength, the latter effect increases the strength when using a coating composition with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion than the base glass, in that a compressive stress builds up on the glass surface when the vitreous solidified coating is compacted.
Als Ausgangsverbindungen für die Beschichtungszusammensetzung eignen sich im Reaktionsmedium lösliche Verbindungen der genannten Elemente, z.B. Hydroxide, Alkoxide, Halogenide (Fluoride, Chloride, Bromide, Jodide), Säuren, Salze mit organischen oder anorganischen Säuren oder Basen und Komplexverbindungen.Suitable starting compounds for the coating composition are compounds of the elements mentioned, e.g. Hydroxides, alkoxides, halides (fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides), acids, salts with organic or inorganic acids or bases and complex compounds.
Spezielle Beispiele sind Hydroxide, wie NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)₂, Ca(OH)₂ und Al(OH)₃; hydrolysierbare Alkoxide, wie NaOR, KOR, Mg(OR)₂, Ca(OR)₂, Al(OR)₃, B(OR)₃, Si(OR)₄,RSi(OR)₃, R₂Si(OR)₂, Ti(OR)₄ und Zr(OR)₄, wobei R eine geradkettige oder verzweigte, substituierte oder unsubstituierte Alkylgruppe mit 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen ist; Halogenide, wie NaCl, KBr, CaCl₂, SiCl₄, RSiCl₃, R₂SiCl₂, TiCl₄ und ZrCl₄; Säuren, wie Borsäure, Salze, wie Borate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Carboxylate, z.B. Formiate, Acetate, basische Acetate oder Benzoate, und Phenolate; sowie Komplexverbindungen, wie Acetylacetonate und Salicylate.Specific examples are hydroxides such as NaOH, KOH, Mg (OH) ₂, Ca (OH) ₂ and Al (OH) ₃; hydrolyzable alkoxides, such as NaOR, KOR, Mg (OR) ₂, Ca (OR) ₂, Al (OR) ₃, B (OR) ₃, Si (OR) ₄, RSi (OR) ₃, R₂Si (OR) ₂, Ti (OR) ₄ and Zr (OR) ₄, where R is a straight-chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; Halides such as NaCl, KBr, CaCl₂, SiCl₄, RSiCl₃, R₂SiCl₂, TiCl₄ and ZrCl₄; Acids such as boric acid, salts such as borates, nitrates, phosphates, carboxylates, e.g. Formates, acetates, basic acetates or benzoates, and phenolates; as well as complex compounds such as acetylacetonates and salicylates.
Die Ausgangsverbindungen werden in Wasser oder einem organischen Lösungsmittel oder einer Mischung aus Wasser und einem damit mischbaren organischen Lösungsmittel gelöst und der hydrolytischen Polykondensation unterworfen. Organische Lösungsmittel sind im Hinblick auf die erzielbaren besseren Beschichtungseigenschaften bevorzugt, wobei mit Wasser zumindest teilweise mischbare Lösungsmittel besonders bevorzugt sind. Beispiele für geeignete organische Lösungsmittel sind ein- oder mehrwertige Alkohole, wie Methanol, Ethanol, n-Propanol, Isopropanol, n-Butanol, tert-Butanol, Glykol oder Glycerin, Ether, wie Dimethoxyethan, Tetrahydrofuran oder Ethylenglykolmonomethylether, Ester, wie Dimethylglykolacetat, Ketone, wie Aceton oder Methylethylketon, Kohlenwasserstoffe, wie Benzol oder Toluol, Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe, wie Kohlenstofftetrachlorid, und Dimethylformamid.The starting compounds are dissolved in water or an organic solvent or a mixture of water and a miscible organic solvent and subjected to the hydrolytic polycondensation. Organic solvents are preferred in view of the achievable better coating properties, with water-miscible solvents being particularly preferred. Examples of suitable organic solvents are monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, glycol or glycerol, ethers, such as dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, esters, such as dimethylglycol acetate, ketones such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene, halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and dimethylformamide.
Die Hydrolyse und Polykondensation kann in einem Schritt in Gegenwart mindestens der zur vollständigen Hydrolyse der vorhandenen hydrolysierbaren Gruppen stöchiometrisch erforderlichen Wassermenge durchgeführt werden. Alternativ kann man zunächst eine Vorkondensation in Gegenwart einer geringeren Wassermenge als der zur vollständigen Hydrolyse der vorhandenen hydrolysierbaren Gruppen stöchiometrisch erforderlichen Menge und anschließend eine Weiterkondensation unter Zugabe mindestens der Wassermenge, die zur Hydrolyse der verbliebenen hydrolysierbaren Gruppen erforderlich ist, durchführen.The hydrolysis and polycondensation can be carried out in one step in the presence of at least the amount of water stoichiometrically required for the complete hydrolysis of the hydrolyzable groups present. Alternatively, one can first carry out a precondensation in the presence of a smaller amount of water than the amount stoichiometrically required for the complete hydrolysis of the hydrolyzable groups present, and then further condensation with addition of at least the amount of water required for the hydrolysis of the remaining hydrolyzable groups.
Die Polykondensation kann gegebenenfalls in Gegenwart eines Kondensationskatalysators durchgeführt werden, z.B. einer Protonen oder Hydroxylionen abspaltenden Verbindung oder eines Amins. Spezielle Beispiele sind organische oder anorganische Säuren, wie Salzsäure, Schwefelsäure, Phosphorsäure, Ameisensäure oder Essigsäure, sowie organische oder anorganische Basen, wie Ammoniak, Alkali- oder Erdalkalimetallhydroxide, z.B. NaOH, KOH oder Ca(OH)₂ und im Reaktionsmedium lösliche Amine, z.B. niedere Alkylamine oder Alkanolamine. Hierbei sind flüchtige Säuren und Basen, insbesondere Salzsäure, Ammoniak und Triethylamin, besonders bevorzugt. Die Gesamt-Katalysatorkonzentration kann z.B. bis zu 5 Mol/Liter betragen.The polycondensation can optionally be carried out in the presence of a condensation catalyst, for example a compound which releases protons or hydroxyl ions or an amine. Specific examples are organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid or acetic acid, and organic or inorganic bases, such as ammonia, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, for example NaOH, KOH or Ca (OH) ₂, and amines soluble in the reaction medium, for example lower alkylamines or alkanolamines. Volatile acids and bases, especially hydrochloric acid, ammonia and triethylamine, are special here prefers. The total catalyst concentration can be, for example, up to 5 mol / liter.
Die Konzentration der Ausgangsverbindungen, bezogen auf das Lösungsmittel, wird so eingestellt, daß eine für die anschließende Beschichtung geeignete Viskosität der Beschichtungslösung gewährleistet ist. Die Mengenverhältnisse der Ausgangsverbindungen untereinander werden so abgestimmt, daß die nach der thermischen Verdichtung schließlich erhaltene Beschichtung ein glasartig erstarrtes Oxidsystem darstellt, dessen thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient vorzugsweise niedriger ist als der des Grundglases. Wie vorstehend erläutert wurde, tritt in diesem Fall eine Festigkeitserhöhung aufgrund des Druckspannungseffektes an der Glasoberfläche auf. Der thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizient kann zu diesem Zweck z.B. in an sich bekannter Weise durch Variation des Alkaligehaltes der Beschichtungszusammensetzung geeignet eingestellt werden. Im Rahmen der Erfindung ist es jedoch auch möglich, Beschichtungen mit einem höheren thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten als dem des Grundglases anzuwenden. In diesem Fall beruht die Festigkeitserhöhung allein auf dem genannten Rißheilungseffekt.The concentration of the starting compounds, based on the solvent, is adjusted so that a viscosity of the coating solution which is suitable for the subsequent coating is ensured. The quantitative ratios of the starting compounds to one another are coordinated such that the coating finally obtained after the thermal compaction represents a glass-like solidified oxide system, the thermal expansion coefficient of which is preferably lower than that of the base glass. In this case, as explained above, an increase in strength occurs due to the compressive stress effect on the glass surface. For this purpose, the coefficient of thermal expansion can e.g. can be suitably adjusted in a manner known per se by varying the alkali content of the coating composition. In the context of the invention, however, it is also possible to use coatings with a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than that of the base glass. In this case, the increase in strength is based solely on the crack healing effect mentioned.
Die Hydrolyse und teilweise Kondensation wird üblicherweise bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt, jedoch können auch höhere Temperaturen, vorzugsweise bis zum Siedepunkt des verwendeten Lösungsmittel angewandt werden.Die Reaktionsbedingungen werden so eingestellt, daß die für die Beschichtungslösung gewünschte Viskosität von 2 bis 5 mPas möglichst über einen langen Zeitraum konstant bleibt.The hydrolysis and partial condensation is usually carried out at room temperature, but higher temperatures, preferably up to the boiling point of the solvent used, can also be used. The reaction conditions are set so that the viscosity of the coating solution of 2 to 5 mPas desired over a long period of time, if possible remains constant.
Die erhaltene Beschichtungslösung wird dann auf übliche Weise auf das zu behandelnde Grundglas aufgebracht, vorzugsweise durch Tauchen oder Aufsprühen.The coating solution obtained is then applied in a customary manner to the base glass to be treated, preferably by dipping or spraying.
In einer speziellen Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird die Beschichtungslösung zu einem Aerosol zerstäubt und die auf diese Weise erzeugten Aerosol-Partikel werden auf das Grundglas niedergeschlagen. Zur Zerstäubung der Beschichtungslösung eignen sich herkömmliche Vorrichtungen, z.B. Luftbürsten und Sprüheinrichtungen mit einer oder mehreren Sprühdüsen. Die Aerosol-Beschichtung kann bei Normaltemperatur oder erhöhter Temperatur durchgeführt werden. Wegen der möglichen Explosionsgefahr sind bei erhöhter Temperatur wässrige Beschichtungslösungen bevorzugt.In a special embodiment of the method according to the invention, the coating solution is atomized into an aerosol and the aerosol particles produced in this way are put down on the base glass. Conventional devices, for example air brushes and spray devices with one or more spray nozzles, are suitable for atomizing the coating solution. The aerosol coating can be carried out at normal temperature or elevated temperature. Because of the possible risk of explosion, aqueous coating solutions are preferred at elevated temperatures.
Die Beschichtungslösung wird gewöhnlich in einer Menge aufgetragen, daß die Schichtdicke der erhaltenen Gelschicht etwa 0,05 bis 10 µm, vorzugsweise 0,1 bis 6 µm und insbesondere 0,1 bis 1 µm beträgt.The coating solution is usually applied in an amount such that the layer thickness of the gel layer obtained is approximately 0.05 to 10 μm, preferably 0.1 to 6 μm and in particular 0.1 to 1 μm.
In der anschließenden Verfahrensstufe wird die auf das Grundglas aufgebrachte Beschichtung verdichtet, z.B. durch Wärmebehandlung in einem Ofen, durch Bestrahlen mit Laserlicht (gewöhnlich aus einem CO₂-Laser) oder durch Behandeln mit einer heißen Flamme ähnlich dem Feuerpoliturverfahren, wobei sich die Schichtdicke bis auf maximal die Hälfte ihres ursprünglichen Wertes verringert.In the subsequent process step, the coating applied to the base glass is compressed, e.g. by heat treatment in an oven, by irradiation with laser light (usually from a CO₂ laser) or by treatment with a hot flame similar to the fire polishing process, the layer thickness being reduced to a maximum of half of its original value.
Bei der oben beschriebenen Aerosol-Beschichtung erübrigt sich eine getrennte Wärmebehandlungsstufe, wenn die Aerosol-Beschichtung so durchgeführt wird, daß die Aerosol-Partikel auf ein Grundglas abgeschieden werden, das bei einer Temperatur im Transformationsbereich der Beschichtungszusammensetzung, jedoch unterhalb seiner Transformationstemperatur, gehalten wird. In diesem Fall erfolgen Beschichtung und thermische Verdichtung in einem Verfahrensschritt. Diese Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eignet sich insbesondere zum Beschichten von Hohlglas, z.B. Flaschen. Das im heißen Zustand aus dem Formungsprozeß kommende Glas kann direkt beschichtet werden, so daß sich ein umständliches Abkühlen des Rohglases, Beschichten und erneutes Wärmebehandeln des beschichteten Glases erübrigt.In the aerosol coating described above, a separate heat treatment step is unnecessary if the aerosol coating is carried out in such a way that the aerosol particles are deposited on a base glass which is kept at a temperature in the transformation range of the coating composition but below its transformation temperature. In this case, coating and thermal compression take place in one process step. This embodiment of the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for coating hollow glass, for example bottles. The glass which comes out of the molding process in the hot state can be coated directly, so that there is no need for cumbersome cooling of the raw glass, coating and renewed heat treatment of the coated glass.
Bei Beschichtungszusammensetzungen, die einen ähnlichen Transformationsbereich wie handelsübliche Grundgläser aufweisen (z.B. 500 bis 600°C), genügt eine Wärmebehandlung bei einer Temperatur innerhalb des Transformationsbereiches.For coating compositions that have a similar transformation range to commercially available basic glasses (e.g. 500 to 600 ° C), heat treatment at a temperature within the transformation range is sufficient.
Bei Hochtemperatursystemen, wie SiO₂, SiO₂/TiO₂ oder Al₂O₃, wird vorzugsweise eine kurzzeitige Oberflächenerhitzung mit Laser-Strahlen oder einer heißen Flamme angewandt, um eine Erweichung des Grundglases zu vermeiden. In dieser Ausführungsform ermöglicht somit das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren die thermische Verdichtung einer Beschichtung, die eine höhere Transformationstemperatur als das Grundglas aufweist. Um zu vermeiden, daß sich im Grundglas zu hohe Spannungen aufbauen, hat es sich als zweckmäßig erwiesen, das Grundglas während der Behandlung mit Laser-Strahlen oder einer heißen Flamme bei erhöhter Temperatur unterhalb seiner Transformationstemperatur, vorzugsweise in der Nähe der Transformationstemperatur, zu halten. Die Laser-Intensität wird vorzugsweise so gewählt, daß die Oberflächentemperatur der bestrahlten Beschichtung 10 bis 50°C oberhalb der Transformationstemperatur der Beschichtungszusammensetzung liegt. Die Behandlungszeit liegt gewöhnlich im Bereich von 0,1 bis 1 oder mehr Sekunden.In high-temperature systems such as SiO₂, SiO₂ / TiO₂ or Al₂O₃, a short-term surface heating with laser beams or a hot flame is preferably used to avoid softening the base glass. In this embodiment, the method according to the invention thus enables the thermal compression of a coating which has a higher transformation temperature than the base glass. In order to avoid that excessive voltages build up in the base glass, it has proven expedient to keep the base glass below its transformation temperature, preferably near the transformation temperature, during the treatment with laser beams or a hot flame at an elevated temperature. The laser intensity is preferably selected so that the surface temperature of the irradiated coating is 10 to 50 ° C above the transformation temperature of the coating composition. The treatment time is usually in the range of 0.1 to 1 or more seconds.
Der vorstehend beschriebene Behandlungszyklus aus Beschichten und Verdichten kann gegebenenfalls ein- oder mehrmals wiederholt werden, um Mehrfach-Beschichtungen auszubilden. Hierdurch läßt sich eine besonders ausgeprägte Festigkeitserhöhung erzielen; so ergibt z.B. eine elffache Beschichtung mit jeweils dazwischen erfolgender Verdichtung eine Erhöhung der Bruchfestigkeit um den Faktor 4 (siehe Beispiel 11 und Fig. 2).The treatment cycle of coating and compacting described above can optionally be repeated one or more times to form multiple coatings. This enables a particularly pronounced increase in strength to be achieved; for example, an eleven-fold coating with compression in between increases the breaking strength by a factor of 4 (see example 11 and FIG. 2).
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich zur Behandlung beliebiger Grundgläser. Typische Beispiele sind handelsübliche Gläser, wie Natronkalkglas und Borosilikatgläser,z.B. Natrium- oder Natriumalumoborosilikatglas. Das Grundglas kann in beliebiger Form vorliegen, z.B. als Platten, Stäbe, Behälter oder Flaschen.The method according to the invention is suitable for the treatment of any basic glasses. Typical examples are commercially available glasses, such as soda-lime glass and borosilicate glasses, for example sodium or Sodium aluminoborosilicate glass. The basic glass can be in any form, for example as plates, rods, containers or bottles.
Von besonderem Interesse ist das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren für die Behandlung von Gläsern mit niedriger Festigkeit, z.B. Behälterglas. Es wird nicht nur eine generelle Festigkeitserhöhung erzielt, sondern auch die statistische Festigkeitverteilung der behandelten Gläser wird durch die erfindungsgemäße Beschichtung enger.Of particular interest is the method according to the invention for the treatment of glasses with low strength, e.g. Container glass. Not only is a general increase in strength achieved, but also the statistical distribution of strength of the treated glasses is narrowed by the coating according to the invention.
Die folgenden Beispiele erläutern die Erfindung, ohne sie zu beschränken.The following examples illustrate the invention without restricting it.
212 ml Ethanol, 25 ml Tetramethoxysilan und 12,5 ml 0,01N Salzsäure werden bei Raumtemperatur miteinander vermischt. Die Lösung wird 2 Tage aufbewahrt und dann zum Beschichten verwendet.212 ml of ethanol, 25 ml of tetramethoxysilane and 12.5 ml of 0.01N hydrochloric acid are mixed together at room temperature. The solution is stored for 2 days and then used for coating.
Durch Variation des HCl-Gehalts und durch Zugabe von Glycerin (2 bis 30 Gewichtsprozent der Gesamtlösung) können verschiedene Beschichtungslösungen hergestellt werden.Various coating solutions can be prepared by varying the HCl content and adding glycerin (2 to 30 percent by weight of the total solution).
63,3 ml Ethanol, 47,6 ml Essigsäure, 33,4 ml Tetraethoxysilan, 2,8 ml Tetraethyltitanat und 10,0 ml 1N Salzsäure werden miteinander vermischt. Die Lösung wird bei Raumtemperatur aufbewahrt und kann etwa 6 Stunden zum Beschichten verwendet werden.63.3 ml of ethanol, 47.6 ml of acetic acid, 33.4 ml of tetraethoxysilane, 2.8 ml of tetraethyl titanate and 10.0 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid are mixed together. The solution is kept at room temperature and can be used for coating for about 6 hours.
Natriumsilikat-Beschichtungen der in der folgenden Tabelle 1 genannten Zusammensetzung werden dadurch hergestellt, daß man entsprechende Mengen Tetraethoxysilan und Natriummethylat in Methanol mit Wasser in kleinen Anteilen unter Rühren versetzt. Die erhaltenen klaren Lösungen können bis zu 4 Stunden zum Beschichten verwendet werden.Sodium silicate coatings of the composition given in Table 1 below are prepared by adding small amounts of water to appropriate amounts of tetraethoxysilane and sodium methylate in methanol with stirring. The clear solutions obtained can be used for coating up to 4 hours.
Natriumborosilikat-Beschichtungen werden nach zwei verschiedenen Methoden hergestellt:
- (1) 9,8 ml Tetramethoxysilan werden in 90 ml Methanol gelöst. Daneben wird eine
Lösung von 1,33 g Borsäure in 10 ml Methanol hergestellt.Die Borsäurelösung und 4,8 ml Wasser werden zu der Tetramethoxysilanlösung gegeben. Die 1,5 Stunden in einem geschlossenen Behälter bei Raumtemperatur gerührt und schließlich mit 0,33 g Natriumhydroxid in 1 ml Wasser versetzt.erhaltene Mischung wird - (2) 19,6 ml Tetraethoxysilan in 40 ml Methanol werden
mit 2,87 ml Wasser und 2 ml 1N Salzsäure vermischt. Nachdem 1,5 Stunden gerührt worden ist, gibtman 11,58 ml Borsäuretributylester, 2,32 ml Wasser und 40 ml Methanol zu. Schließlich werden 0,66 g Natriumhydroxid in 6 ml Wasser zugetropft.
- (1) 9.8 ml of tetramethoxysilane are dissolved in 90 ml of methanol. In addition, a solution of 1.33 g of boric acid in 10 ml of methanol is prepared. The boric acid solution and 4.8 ml of water are added to the tetramethoxysilane solution. The mixture obtained is stirred for 1.5 hours in a closed container at room temperature and 0.33 g of sodium hydroxide in 1 ml of water are finally added.
- (2) 19.6 ml tetraethoxysilane in 40 ml methanol are mixed with 2.87 ml water and 2 ml 1N hydrochloric acid. After stirring for 1.5 hours, 11.58 ml of tributyl borate, 2.32 ml of water and 40 ml of methanol are added. Finally, 0.66 g of sodium hydroxide in 6 ml of water are added dropwise.
Die erhaltenen Lösungen sind klar und etwa 30 Minuten stabil und können während dieser Zeit zum Beschichten verwendet werden.The solutions obtained are clear and stable for about 30 minutes and can be used for coating during this time.
1,43 g Borsäure werden in 47,66 g Ethanol gelöst und mit 27,38 g Tetraethoxysilan, 2,50 g Wasser und 0,22 g 1N Salzsäure vermischt und 30 Minuten gerührt. Daneben wird eine Lösung von 5,30 g Borsäuretributylester, 0,48 g Aluminiumtributoxid und 2 g Ethanol hergestellt. Beide Lösungen werden miteinander vermischt und die Mischung wird 5 Minuten bei 25°C gerührt. Schließlich tropft man 0,65 g Natriumhydroxid in 3,00 g Wasser zu. Nach weiterem Rühren für 2 Stunden erhält man eine klare Lösung, die 20 Stunden stabil ist und zur Beschichtung verwendet werden kann.1.43 g of boric acid are dissolved in 47.66 g of ethanol and mixed with 27.38 g of tetraethoxysilane, 2.50 g of water and 0.22 g of 1N hydrochloric acid and stirred for 30 minutes. In addition, a solution of 5.30 g of boric acid tributyl ester, 0.48 g of aluminum tributoxide and 2 g of ethanol is prepared. Both solutions are mixed together and the mixture is stirred at 25 ° C. for 5 minutes. Finally, 0.65 g of sodium hydroxide in 3.00 g of water are added dropwise. After further stirring for 2 hours, a clear solution is obtained which is stable for 20 hours and can be used for coating.
Das Verfahren von Beispiel 5 wird wiederholt, jedoch verwendet man Kaliumhydroxid anstelle von Natriumhydroxid.The procedure of Example 5 is repeated, but using potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.
50 ml Ethanol, 50 ml Essigsäure und 10 ml Titantetraethoxid werden 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur vermischt. In diesem Fall wird kein Wasser zugegeben, da bei der zwischen Ethanol und Essigsäure stattfindenden Veresterungsreaktion Wasser abgespalten wird. Es entsteht eine klare Lösung, die etwa 3 Stunden stabil ist und zur Beschichtung verwendet werden kann.50 ml of ethanol, 50 ml of acetic acid and 10 ml of titanium tetraethoxide are mixed for 3 hours at room temperature. In this case, no water is added since water is split off in the esterification reaction that takes place between ethanol and acetic acid. The result is a clear solution that is stable for about 3 hours and can be used for coating.
Die Herstellung erfolgt wie in Beispiel 7, wobei anstelle von Titantetraethoxid Aluminiumtri-sec-butoxid verwendet wird.The preparation is carried out as in Example 7, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide being used instead of titanium tetraethoxide.
In der folgenden Tabelle 1 sind die Beschichtungszusammensetzungen aus den Beispielen 1 bis 6, die verwendeten Ausgangsmaterialien und Lösungsmittel sowie die Transformationstemperaturen und thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten der beim Verdichten dieser Beschichtungszusammensetzungen entstehenden Glassysteme angegeben.
Die in den vorstehenden Beispielen hergestellten Beschichtungslösungen werden durch Tauchen auf Glasstäbe aus Natronkalkglas aufgebracht. Die beschichteten Glasstäbe werden 30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur bewahrt und dann in einem Ofen mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 2 K min⁻¹ auf 600°C erhitzt. Nach einer Wärmebehandlung von 30 Minuten bei 600°C läßt man mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 0,27 K min⁻¹ abkühlen.The coating solutions prepared in the preceding examples are applied by dipping on glass rods made of soda-lime glass. The coated glass rods are kept at room temperature for 30 minutes and then heated to 600 ° C. in an oven at a rate of 2 K min⁻¹. After heat treatment at 600 ° C for 30 minutes, the mixture is allowed to cool at a rate of 0.27 K min⁻¹.
In der folgenden Tabelle 2 ist die durchschnittliche Biegebruchfestigkeit
Glasstäbe (xi : xo = 15 mm : 45 mm) werden durch Tauchen mit den Natriumsilikat-Beschichtungen aus Beispiel 3 versehen und wie in Beispiel 9 wärmebehandelt. Die Schichtdicke der erhaltenen Beschichtung beträgt jeweils 0,35 µm.Glass rods (x i : x o = 15 mm: 45 mm) are dipped with the sodium silicate coatings from Example 3 and heat-treated as in Example 9. The layer thickness of the coating obtained is 0.35 μm in each case.
Die Verteilung der gemäß Beispiel 9 ermittelten Festigkeitswerte der beschichteten Glasstäbe ist zusammen mit den entsprechenden Werten für unbeschichtete Glasstäbe in Fig. 1 graphisch dargestellt.The distribution of the strength values of the coated glass rods determined according to Example 9 together with the corresponding values for uncoated glass rods is shown graphically in FIG. 1.
Glasstäbe (xi : xo = 30 mm : 45 mm) werden durch Tauchen mit der Natriumalumoborosilikat-Zusammensetzung aus Beispiel 5 beschichtet und dann wie in Beispiel 9 wärmebehandelt. Die Schichtdicke der Beschichtung beträgt 0,4 µm.Glass rods (x i : x o = 30 mm: 45 mm) are coated by dipping with the sodium aluminoborosilicate composition from Example 5 and then heat-treated as in Example 9. The layer thickness of the coating is 0.4 µm.
Um den Einfluß von Mehrfachbeschichtungen auf die Glasfestigkeit zu untersuchen, wurde der Beschichtungs/Verdichtungs-Zyklus 3x, 6x, 8x bzw. 11x wiederholt. Die Ergebnisse sind zusammen mit den Festigkeitswerten von unbeschichteten Glasstäben in Fig. 2 graphisch dargestellt. Hierbei bedeutet "Wärmebehandlung a", daß die thermische Verdichtung gemäß Beispiel 9 durchgeführt worden ist. "Wärmebehandlung b" bezieht sich auf eine Verfahrensweise, bei der sofort auf 650°C erhitzt und anschließend mit Luft abgeschreckt wird.In order to investigate the influence of multiple coatings on the glass strength, the coating / compression cycle was repeated 3x, 6x, 8x and 11x, respectively. The results are shown graphically in FIG. 2 together with the strength values of uncoated glass rods. Here, "heat treatment a" means that the thermal compression according to Example 9 has been carried out. "Heat treatment b" refers to a procedure in which the mixture is immediately heated to 650 ° C. and then quenched with air.
Die in Fig. 2 dargestellten Festigkeitswerte zeigen, daß mit jeder zusätzlichen Beschichtung eine Erhöhung der Festigkeit verbunden ist.The strength values shown in FIG. 2 show that an increase in strength is associated with each additional coating.
Die in den Beispielen 1, 2, 7 und 8 hergestellten Beschichtungszusammensetzungen mit hoher Transformationstemperatur werden auf Floatglasplatten (Tg 550°C) durch Tauchen in einer Schichtdicke von 0,4 µm aufgebracht.The coating compositions with high transformation temperature produced in Examples 1, 2, 7 and 8 are applied to float glass plates (Tg 550 ° C.) by dipping in a layer thickness of 0.4 μm.
Hierauf werden die beschichteten Glasplatten auf 500°C vorerhitzt und unter den in Tabelle 3 genannten Bedingungen mit einem CO₂-Laser ( λ = 10,6 µm) unter Stickstoffschutz bestrahlt.The coated glass plates are then preheated to 500 ° C. and irradiated with a CO₂ laser (λ = 10.6 μm) under nitrogen protection under the conditions specified in Table 3.
Laser-Leistung (W) 600
Brennweite (mm) 150
Energiedichte (W/cm²) 328
Zufuhrgeschwindigkeit (mm/min) 2000
Bestrahlungszeit (ms) 405
Laser power (W) 600
Focal length (mm) 150
Energy density (W / cm²) 328
Feed speed (mm / min) 2000
Irradiation time (ms) 405
Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß bei der Laser-Bestrahlung eine Temperaturerhöhung von mehr als 400°C in einer Tiefe von bis zu 0,5 mm innerhalb weniger als 1 Sekunde erzielbar ist. Die durch Laser-Bestrahlung verdichteten Beschichtungen bewirken eine erhebliche Festigkeitssteigerung des Grundglases.The investigations show that a temperature increase of more than 400 ° C. at a depth of up to 0.5 mm can be achieved within less than 1 second in the case of laser radiation. The coatings compacted by laser radiation cause the base glass to increase its strength considerably.
Wässrige Natriumborosilikat-Sole werden durch Vermischen von 2,66 g Borsäure, gelöst in 200 ml Wasser, mit 20,27 g Tetramethoxysilan hergestellt. Die Lösung wird 15 Minuten gerührt. Hierauf gibt man 0,66 g Natriumhydroxid, gelöst in 20 ml Wasser, zu. Das Sol entspricht einer chemischen Oxidzusammensetzung SiO₂ : Na₂O : B₂O₃ = 80 : 5 : 15 Gewichtsprozent.Aqueous sodium borosilicate brine is prepared by mixing 2.66 g of boric acid, dissolved in 200 ml of water, with 20.27 g of tetramethoxysilane. The solution is stirred for 15 minutes. Then 0.66 g of sodium hydroxide, dissolved in 20 ml of water, is added. The sol corresponds to a chemical oxide composition SiO₂: Na₂O: B₂O₃ = 80: 5: 15 percent by weight.
Das hergestellte Natriumborosilikat-Sol wird mit einem automatischen Luftbürstensystem (A-JUF 3 von der Firma Paasche) mit Druckluft von 1,3 bar zu einem Aerosol mit einer Teilchengröße im Bereich von 3 bis 8 nm versprüht. Die Aerosol-Partikel werden in einem Sprühabstand von 85 cm 2 Sekunden lang auf eine 600°C heiße Floatglasplatte niedergeschlagen.The sodium borosilicate sol produced is sprayed with an automatic air brush system (A-JUF 3 from Paasche) with compressed air of 1.3 bar to an aerosol with a particle size in the range from 3 to 8 nm. The aerosol particles are deposited on a float glass plate at a temperature of 85 cm for 2 seconds for a period of 2 seconds.
Während die durchschnittliche Biegebruchfestigkeit
Claims (14)
gekennzeichnet, daß man
characterized that one
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DE19873719339 DE3719339A1 (en) | 1987-06-10 | 1987-06-10 | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GLASSES WITH INCREASED BURNING RESISTANCE |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0342271A2 (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1989-11-23 | Schott Glaswerke | Process for making solid optical single and multiple interference layers |
WO1990001467A1 (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1990-02-22 | Sri International | Process for increasing strength of glass by forming ceramic coating on surface and product formed thereby |
EP0400796A1 (en) * | 1989-05-30 | 1990-12-05 | Ford Motor Company Limited | Anti-reflective coating comprising light metal fluorides |
DE4230149A1 (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1994-03-17 | Heraeus Noblelight Gmbh | Process for the preparation of oxidic protective layers |
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EP0727396A2 (en) * | 1995-02-16 | 1996-08-21 | QUARTZ & SILICE | Ceramicizable size composition for continuous mineral filaments, filaments coated with composition and sizing process and heat treatment using the composition |
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WO2010112792A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Sgd S.A. | Method for manufacturing a glass container, and corresponding container |
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DE3817240A1 (en) * | 1988-05-20 | 1989-11-23 | Cristalux Kirchberger Glas Gmb | Fire protection safety glass (BSSG) and process for producing fire protection safety glass |
JPH02178601A (en) * | 1988-12-28 | 1990-07-11 | Toshiba Glass Co Ltd | Optical glass |
DE4003627C1 (en) * | 1990-02-07 | 1991-06-13 | Kerasal Oberflaechenschutz Gmbh, 4650 Gelsenkirchen, De | |
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JP2874391B2 (en) * | 1991-06-05 | 1999-03-24 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Manufacturing method of water-repellent glass |
DE4217432A1 (en) * | 1992-05-26 | 1993-12-02 | Inst Neue Mat Gemein Gmbh | Process for the production of glass with improved long-term durability at elevated temperatures |
DE4323654C2 (en) * | 1993-07-15 | 1995-04-20 | Ver Glaswerke Gmbh | Method for producing a coated glass pane having at least one layer of a metal oxide of the n-semiconductor type |
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FI120832B (en) | 2007-12-03 | 2010-03-31 | Beneq Oy | Method for improving the strength of a thin glass |
DE102009058650A1 (en) | 2009-12-16 | 2011-06-22 | Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien gemeinnützige GmbH, 66123 | Magnetic composite particles |
US9976230B2 (en) * | 2014-09-19 | 2018-05-22 | Corning Incorporated | Method for forming a scratch resistant crystallized layer on a substrate and article formed therefrom |
DE102021106783A1 (en) | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-23 | Neotechnology Llc | Device for heating a substance, in particular a fluid |
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EP0072995A1 (en) * | 1981-08-17 | 1983-03-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Clear aluminum oxide solutions and glasses |
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BE754786A (en) * | 1969-08-13 | 1971-01-18 | Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen | PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF MULTIPLE-COMPONENT MATERIALS, TRANSPARENT IN PARTICULAR GLASS |
JPS60131851A (en) * | 1983-12-19 | 1985-07-13 | Hoya Corp | Method for increasing heat and shock resistance of phosphate laser glass |
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1987
- 1987-06-10 DE DE19873719339 patent/DE3719339A1/en not_active Ceased
-
1988
- 1988-06-10 WO PCT/EP1988/000519 patent/WO1988009776A1/en unknown
- 1988-06-10 AT AT88109278T patent/ATE74887T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-06-10 DE DE8888109278T patent/DE3870040D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-06-10 JP JP63505700A patent/JPH01503624A/en active Pending
- 1988-06-10 EP EP88109278A patent/EP0294830B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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EP0072995A1 (en) * | 1981-08-17 | 1983-03-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Clear aluminum oxide solutions and glasses |
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CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Band 106, Nr. 20, 18. Mai 1987, Seite 320, Zusammenfassung Nr. 161369z, Columbus, Ohio, US; & ES-A-545 691 (CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS) 16-04-1986 * |
H.K. PULKER: "Coatings on glass", 1984, Seiten 96-116,391-395, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL * |
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS, Band 82, Nr. 1/3, Juni 1986, Seiten 349-355, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, NL; B.D. FABES et al.: "Strengthening of silica glass by gel-derived coatings" * |
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF GLASSES, Band 25, Nr. 5, Oktober 1984, Seiten 134-141, Huddersfield, GB; I. STRAWBRIDGE et al.: "Characterisation of alkali aluminoborosilicate glass films prepared by the sol-gel process on window glass substrates" * |
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EP0342271A3 (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1990-07-11 | Schott Glaswerke | Process for making solid optical single and multiple interference layers |
WO1990001467A1 (en) * | 1988-08-01 | 1990-02-22 | Sri International | Process for increasing strength of glass by forming ceramic coating on surface and product formed thereby |
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DE4230149A1 (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1994-03-17 | Heraeus Noblelight Gmbh | Process for the preparation of oxidic protective layers |
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US5536857A (en) * | 1994-07-05 | 1996-07-16 | Ford Motor Company | Single source volatile precursor for SiO2.TiO2 powders and films |
FR2730726A1 (en) * | 1995-02-16 | 1996-08-23 | Quartz & Silice | CERAMILABLE ENSIMAGE COMPOSITION FOR MINERAL CONTINUOUS YARNS, THREAD COATED WITH THE SAME, AND METHOD OF SINGING AND THERMALLY TREATING THIS COMPOSITION |
EP0727396A2 (en) * | 1995-02-16 | 1996-08-21 | QUARTZ & SILICE | Ceramicizable size composition for continuous mineral filaments, filaments coated with composition and sizing process and heat treatment using the composition |
EP0727396A3 (en) * | 1995-02-16 | 1996-08-28 | Quartz & Silice | |
US5683812A (en) * | 1995-02-16 | 1997-11-04 | Quartz & Silice | Ceramifiable sizing composition for continuous inorganic yarns, yarns coated with this composition and process for sizing and heat treatment making use of this composition |
EP0978737A1 (en) * | 1998-02-18 | 2000-02-09 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Method of fabricating distributed reflection multilayer mirror |
EP0978737A4 (en) * | 1998-02-18 | 2000-04-05 | Seiko Epson Corp | Method of fabricating distributed reflection multilayer mirror |
US6337222B1 (en) | 1998-02-18 | 2002-01-08 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Methods for fabricating distributed reflection multi-layer film mirrors |
WO2010112792A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Sgd S.A. | Method for manufacturing a glass container, and corresponding container |
FR2944007A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-08 | Sgd Sa | PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING A GLASS CONTAINER AND CORRESPONDING CONTAINER. |
US8852699B2 (en) | 2009-04-03 | 2014-10-07 | Sgd S.A. | Method of fabricating a glass container, and a corresponding container |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3870040D1 (en) | 1992-05-21 |
WO1988009776A1 (en) | 1988-12-15 |
EP0294830B1 (en) | 1992-04-15 |
DE3719339A1 (en) | 1988-12-22 |
ATE74887T1 (en) | 1992-05-15 |
JPH01503624A (en) | 1989-12-07 |
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