EP0276217B1 - Dispositif respiratoire - Google Patents

Dispositif respiratoire Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0276217B1
EP0276217B1 EP86905884A EP86905884A EP0276217B1 EP 0276217 B1 EP0276217 B1 EP 0276217B1 EP 86905884 A EP86905884 A EP 86905884A EP 86905884 A EP86905884 A EP 86905884A EP 0276217 B1 EP0276217 B1 EP 0276217B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oxygen
breathing apparatus
breathing
oxygen supply
circuit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP86905884A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0276217A1 (fr
Inventor
John Stewart Simpson Stewart
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INTERTEK Ltd
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INTERTEK Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB858524181A external-priority patent/GB8524181D0/en
Priority claimed from GB868602676A external-priority patent/GB8602676D0/en
Priority claimed from GB868613002A external-priority patent/GB8613002D0/en
Application filed by INTERTEK Ltd filed Critical INTERTEK Ltd
Priority to AT86905884T priority Critical patent/ATE66625T1/de
Publication of EP0276217A1 publication Critical patent/EP0276217A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0276217B1 publication Critical patent/EP0276217B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B7/00—Respiratory apparatus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B17/00—Protective clothing affording protection against heat or harmful chemical agents or for use at high altitudes
    • A62B17/006—Protective clothing affording protection against heat or harmful chemical agents or for use at high altitudes against contamination from chemicals, toxic or hostile environments; ABC suits
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B7/00—Respiratory apparatus
    • A62B7/14—Respiratory apparatus for high-altitude aircraft

Definitions

  • This invention relates to breathing apparatus, particularly for aircraft passengers.
  • alveolar burns pulmonary oedema and shock may contribute to acute anoxia which may be of anoxic, anaemic, stagnant or histotoxic type or to a combination of some or all of these. Lives might also have been saved if each passenger had a portable respirator with self contained compressed air cylinder, as used by firemen and subaqua divers, but such apparatus is not practicable because of cost, weight and a high degree of skill and training required to use it.
  • the efficiency of the absorbent material is dependent upon many chemical, physical and other factors. Importantly, the material deteriorates and becomes exhausted if it is exposed to air but frequent replacement is very expensive in maintenance costs. The activity is preserved for many months if the absorbent is sealed to prevent contact with air, which contains carbon dioxide and water vapour, but this is not easy to do. There is a substantial amount of space between absorbent granules and this space is filled with air. If both ends of the container are sealed, the pressure within varies as the aircraft ascends and descends. This fluctuation may rupture the seal, even when there is a minimal volume of retained air.
  • a harness with adjustable straps may be used to retain a face mask in position and obtain a good fit to prevent gas leaks. Provision must also be made for children and for infants.
  • Face masks connected to an oxygen supply are already provided in aircraft in case of sudden decompression at altitude.
  • the user is supplied with a source of pure oxygen until the decompression problem has been solved.
  • an additional respiratory gas source is required which is independent of the oxygen supply already provided in aircraft.
  • This additional respiratory gas source can be used to supplement the existing oxygen source in aircraft during an in-flight fire and/or the additional gas source can be utilised independently when escape from the aircraft on landing is necessary.
  • the breathing apparatus of the present invention can be utilised for situations 1) and/or 2) and/or 3) referred to above. Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention, the breathing apparatus can be utilised to automatically switch from a first oxygen supply system to a second oxygen supply system, when supply of oxygen from said first supply system is terminated. In a further aspect of the present invention, said second oxygen supply system can be brought in to supplement the first oxygen supply system and thereafter the second system can itself continue to operate as a second system when supply of oxygen from the first system is terminated.
  • GB-A-2045090 discloses a breathing apparatus for aircraft passengers comprising means for supplying respiratory gases to the user, said apparatus receiving respiratory gasesfrom first and second respiratory gas sources.
  • a means for absorbing carbon dioxide which becomes operative when the apparatus is converted from a first breathing mode to a second breathing mode.
  • breathing apparatus for persons, including aircraft passengers, said apparatus being operable in a first breathing mode to receive respiratory gases from a first respiratory gas source and in a second breathing mode to receive respiratory gases from a second respiratory gas source, said apparatus comprising:
  • said means for supplying respiratory gases to a user includes means for covering the respiratory apertures of the user selected from a partial face mask, a complete face mask, a hood or a bag.
  • the means for enabling supply of a second respiratory gas source to said supply means comprises a filter arrangement.
  • the means for supplying a second respiratory gas source to said supply means comprises a reservoir for containing respiratory gases and/or expired gases, so that said apparatus includes a rebreathing system and functions as a respirator or ventilator.
  • said automatic switching means includes a release mechanism for rendering said absorption means operative when said supply means is detached from said first respiratory gas source.
  • said automatic switching means comprises a seal/obturator means which renders the absorption means operative when the supply means is detached from said first respiratory gas source.
  • the apparatus of the invention may include one or more of the following:
  • the reservoir may be enlarged to make a combined mother and young child unit.
  • the apparatus of the invention may also include a logic circuit for controlling automatic delivery of apparatus, selection and supply of respiratory gases, broadcasting of instructions to passengers and providing an indication if apparatus has been tampered with or opened.
  • breathing apparatus comprising a face mask attached to but detachable from an oxygen supply tube and connected to an inflatable reservoir or bag held in a deflated rolled up condition but releasable to provide when attached and deflated, an oxygen supply system and, when detached and inflated a portable respirator or ventilator in a closed rebreathing system with rebreathing bag and oxygen supply in a microclimate free from noxious or hot gases.
  • the face mask covers the nose and mouth, and may be extended to cover the eyes, and fits onto the face to provide a seal to prevent inward movement of noxious or hot gases whilst allowing outward movement of the exhaust gases when the rebreathing bag is rolled up.
  • the self closing valve when held open by the oxygen supply tube allows the passage of gases in both directions within the tube. When the oxygen supply tube is removed the valve is closed and does not allow the passage of gases in either direction.
  • the carbon dioxide absorber absorbs carbon dioxide from the expired air.
  • the reservoir may be rolled up and retained thus by a retain/release mechanism in one position or it may be freed and able to be inflated when the retain/release mechanism is in another position.
  • a retain/release mechanism in one position or it may be freed and able to be inflated when the retain/release mechanism is in another position.
  • the retain/release mechanism may be used to retain the bag in a rolled up position or to release it from this position to allow it to be inflated either from the oxygen supply or with expired air.
  • the guide means attached to the oxygen supply tube ensures that pulling the release mechanism first releases the bag reservoir.
  • the mechanism is also designed to ensure that the bag is automatically released when the mask is disconnected from the oxygen supply.
  • the release mechanism may be operated sequentially, firstly to release the inflatable reservoir and to inflate it with oxygen from the oxygen supply tube and secondly after a suitable interval to detach the oxygen supply tube.
  • exhaled gas then passes through the carbon dioxide absorber and inflates or further inflates the reservoir which becomes a rebreathing bag.
  • Rebreathing could take place for several minutes without ill effect in the absence of an absorber but the presence of this extends the time for which rebreathing can take place without dangerous build up of carbon dioxide.
  • each passenger takes with him his own portable breathing apparatus with rebreathing system and oxygen supply in a microclimate at normal temperature, free from noxious or hot gases.
  • the same apparatus can be used by a member of the cabin staff to secure his safe evacuation but with slightly different use. Firstly, the face mask is placed in position and held there by hand. Secondly, the bag release is operated without disconnecting the oxygen supply. Thirdly the reservoir is inflated with oxygen from the oxygen supply. Fourthly, the oxygen supply tube is disconnected from the face mask. The unconscious passenger now has his own portable oxygen supply and rebreathing system. If necessary however, the apparatus can be used as a ventilator to inflate the lungs by manual compression of the reservoir while holding the face mask firmly in contact with the passenger's face.
  • the apparatus of the invention may also include a seal mechanism which is not affected by change of cabin pressure, a co-axial circuit and valve arrangement to ensure efficient elimination of nitrogen with economical use of oxygen, means for switching the carbon dioxide absorber from the closed sealed storage mode to the open unsealed breathing mode, an improved harness for donning and adjustment and a modification for protection of infants and young children. There is automatic unsealing and the apparatus may be used by unskilled and untrained persons.
  • the cover enables breathable gas to be carried to the respiratory apertures and carries expired gas to the carbon dioxide absorber. It may be a half mask covering nose and mouth, a full mask covering in addition eyes and face, a hood covering the head, or otherwise and it may be composed of rubber, plastic or other material.
  • the self closing valve when held open by the oxygen supply tube allows the passage of gases in both directions within the tube. When the oxygen supply tube is removed the valve is closed and does not allow the passage of gases in either direction.
  • the carbon dioxide absorber absorbs carbon dioxide from the expired air. It comprises a container, corrugated plastic tubing or otherwise, which holds absorbent material, soda lime or otherwise.
  • the reservoir a rubber bag or otherwise, holds breathable gas and functions both as an expansion chamber during the storage mode and also, during the breathing mode, as an oxygen collection chamber and rebreathing bag.
  • the oxygen source is a source of breathing oxygen contained in a small pressure vessel, cylinder or otherwise, activated by a cord pull or other mechanism. This may be part of or attached to the release means. Additional or alternative sources may be provided from major fixed storage vessels from chemical generators or from other means. Where necessary a quick release means is provided to disconnect portable from fixed parts of the apparatus.
  • the oxygen source is fixed to the conveyance means to prevent it from obstructing escape.
  • the oxygen supply and delivery means comprising tubes, plastic or otherwise, conveys oxygen from the source and delivers it to the reservoir where it may be most efficiently used. Interposed between these two tubes is part of the seal mechanism described later. To avoid separate tubes which may become entangled one is placed inside the other in a co-axial arrangement.
  • An exit valve spring loaded or otherwise permits gas to escape from the cover to the exterior when pressure within the system rises above a determined amount, preset or otherwise. It must be sited in the cover close to the respiratory apertures to be most efficient.
  • the seal means provides in essence an effective seal at one end of the container which holds the absorbent material.
  • the main seal, rubber or otherwise is attached to an obturator, plastic or otherwise, and these together occlude completely the lumen of the outer case, which is made of plastic or otherwise, when the mechanism is in the closed position. This effectively seals one end of the absorber container but the other end opens into the reservoir which is a closed system not open to the air and in which the absorbent material will keep for many months. Additional seals, rubber or otherwise, are provided near to the ends of the obturator to ensure that the obturator remains parallel to the outer case.
  • the seal nearest to the oxygen source also seals the oxygen supply tube so that the obturator is automatically moved to the open position by oxygen under pressure when the oxygen supply system is activated and the mid seal between the main and pneumatic seals prevents passage of oxygen directly into the mask.
  • An external seal is required where the obturator expansion passes through the case.
  • the switch on means comprises an obturator in which there is an aperture running from proximal to distal in the obturator. Movement of the obturator essentially switches the absorber from the closed storage mode to the open breathing mode. In the storage mode the obturator is close to the oxygen supply tube and the main seal is in the closed position with the obturator aperture on the absorber side of the seal. The obturator cannot move beyond this position because there is an expansion of the obturator at the other end which is prevented by the outside of the outer case from moving further. This expansion, plastic or otherwise, also serves as a handle to move the obturator manually, and to indicate its position.
  • the obturator In the breathing mode the obturator is at the opposite end of the outer case prevented from moving further by the end wall of the case, the seal is broken and the aperture is in line with the channels to mask and absorber so that gases can pass freely to and fro.
  • the conversion means switches the absorber means from the closed storage mode, in which the absorber means is sealed and unavailable for use, to the open breathing mode in which the absorber is unsealed and available for use.
  • the obturator may be moved by a coiled up spring or otherwise between the expanded end of the handle and the outer side of the outer case. The spring may be held in the coiled up position by the wall of the box or container of the breathing apparatus so that it is automatically released when the apparatus is removed from the box.
  • each passenger takes with him his own portable breathing apparatus with rebreathing system and oxygen supply in a microclimate at breathable temperature, free from noxious or hot gases. If a passenger is unconscious the same apparatus can be used by a member of the cabin staff as a ventilator to inflate the lungs by manual compression of the reservoir while holding the face mask firmly in contact with the passenger's face. Since the apparatus is for use in fire and smoke it should be resistant to chemical substances found there and to high temperature.
  • the donning means comprising a strap or straps rubber or otherwise, is used to don the mask, or hood, and to adjust the fit of the mask on the face.
  • the donning straps are held and are used to pull on the mask.
  • the same straps are then pulled through the buckles to tighten the fit on the face but the ends may be difficult to find. This is avoided if each strap is continuous in a figure of eight loop for the strap to be tightened is the same as that used for donning.
  • the passenger protection breathing apparatus may be used as a hood, plastic or otherwise, with a neck seal, plastic or otherwise, for older children. In such a system the dead space is greater and relatively more oxygen will be required to flush out nitrogen.
  • the adult passenger protection breathing apparatus may be modified for babies and small children by attaching a large bag, plastic or otherwise instead of the reservoir.
  • the distal end is sealed in the storage mode but has a means to facilitate tearing it open. It also has a draw string about the middle.
  • a baby is placed completely inside the bag and the end of the bag is folded over several times and held closed with strong spring clips. Alternatively it is placed over the head and body of a small child and the draw string is pulled tight around the abdomen for closure.
  • the mother or other parent has donned her face mask and there is now a dual tandem system in which the mother circulates her expired gases through the absorber. Since the large rebreathing bag may initially be filled with air a larger amount of oxygen will be required to flush out nitrogen.
  • the oxygen supply may be controlled by a manually operated valve for nitrogen washout or otherwise and an "on demand" system may be incorporated for use during exercise.
  • Soda lime, or other absorbent agents may be used and indicators which change colour when the agent is exhausted may be used to confirm at the time of maintenance that the absorbent is active.
  • the breathing apparatus comprises a face mask 1, made for example from plastic or rubber, connected by way of a self closing valve 2, made for example of opposing rubber flaps, to an oxygen supply tube 3, whether plastic or otherwise, and by way of a carbon dioxide absorber 4, whether chemical using soda lime or otherwise, to a rolled up reservoir 5, whether an inflatable rubber bag or otherwise, with a manual release mechanism 6, whether a single cord tied to a rubber band or otherwise, led through a guide means 7, whether a metal ring or otherwise and connected to the oxygen supply tube 3, cord 6A being connected to the reservoir 5.
  • the breathing apparatus is shown attached to the oxygen supply tube 3, and in Fig. 2 the breathing apparatus is shown detached.
  • the oxygen supply tube 3 is detached, that the valve 2 is closed, that the manual release mechanism 6 and the cord 6A are still connected to the oxygen supply tube 3 but not to the reservoir 5 which is now inflated.
  • the face mask 1 In order to detach the oxygen supply tube 3, the face mask 1 is held and the oxygen supply tube 3 is pulled out of the self closing valve 2. The same movement will pull the cord 6A attached to the oxygen supply tube 3 and will automatically release the rolled up reservoir 5 retained by the cord 6A of the release mechanism 6. If desired, the rolled up reservoir 5 can be released for inflation with oxygen via the oxygen supply tube 3 and via the carbon dioxide absorber 4 by manually pulling the release mechanism 6 through the guide means 7 away from the rolled up reservoir 5 without pulling the oxygen supply tube 3 out of the self closing valve 2.
  • a face mask has been utilised in Figs. 1 and 2 to envelope the respiratory apertures
  • the material used to envelope the respiratory apertures or indeed the entire apparatus is fire resistant.
  • the volume of the envelope should be large enough for normal breathing when used as an oxygen supply system and might itself be expansible and contractible as is a bag or hood.
  • an additional reservoir 9 can be added and could for example be placed adjacent to the mask and connected by a side arm 8 to the oxygen supply tube 3.
  • a one way valve 10 between the side arm and the mask would prevent rebreathing into bag 9.
  • Expired air passes along side arm 11 and is vented to the exterior through an additional one way valve 12.
  • the supply tube 3 is connected to a supply source of respiratory gases comprising oxygen either as pure oxygen or air.
  • the choice of gas would be made by the aircrew or cabin staff.
  • the oxygen might be generated chemically or stored under pressure in containers designed for the purpose and with suitable pressure regulation means associated therewith.
  • Such a supply source might serve a plurality of outlets.
  • Air might be similarly stored or obtained from another source free from noxious or hot gases.
  • the valve 2 may be a simple valve to allow free passage of respiratory gases when open and to allow no passage of gases in either direction when closed. However, this or another more complex valve might be used to regulate the gas flow with reduction from source pressure to delivery pressure.
  • the supply tube might be reconnectable as well as disconnectable. Reconnection may be achieved for example simply by pushing the supply tube 3 through the valve 2, for example a valve made from opposed flaps of rubber or otherwise thick at the base and thin at the free edge to preserve the ability to direct flow.
  • valve 2 when closed, prevents admission of noxious or hot gases into said supply means it can operate as an exit valve by removal of the second element of the valve to permit escape of expired air into the atmosphere.
  • the absorber 4 and reservoir 5 are excluded from the breathing circuit when used as an oxygen supply system but both are included in the circuit when used as a portable respirator or ventilator.
  • a hood or a bag there is an enlarged cover 1.
  • respiratory action would probably be sufficient to circulate expired air but if not, as in the bag for an infant, a manually operated bellows could be used.
  • the oxygen supply system utilised in Figs. 4 and 5 is that illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • the face mask 1 is part of the wall of the hood at the dome, or possibly elsewhere, with the oxygen supply tube 3 at the apex.
  • the dome is fixed to the face mask and the hood is folded like a concertina with a neck seal 13 fitted round the face mask to keep the hood interior sealed and therefore to keep the carbon dioxide absorber 4, which is spread out on the inside of the hood, switched out of the circuit.
  • the face mask 1 is used. Additional valves may be provided to prevent back flow or to allow voiding to the external atmosphere and a collecting bag may also be provided.
  • the hood is pulled over the head, using the handles 14 provided, and the oxygen supply tube 3 is pulled out.
  • a release means 6A, attached to the tube 3 and to an integral oxygen cylinder 15 automatically switches on the oxygen supply from source 15.
  • the absorber is dispersed on and fixed to the inside surface of the hood. It is covered by a seal which is peeled back to expose the absorber when it is switched in to the circuit.
  • the oxygen source is activated at the same time as the absorber is switched in to the circuit.
  • a separate oxygen supply and separate absorber might be used with a pure oxygen supply system for decompression.
  • air flow is required with no absorber but it does not matter if an absorber is present provided that there is a sufficiently high air flow rate and that another absorber is available to be switched in for escape.
  • a securing means such as a head harness or body harness, may be used to secure the face mask, hood or bag.
  • the hood may be secured under a jacket or round the neck by an elastic grommet, that is polo neck or turtle neck, or by other means.
  • the bag may be closed by a draw string or otherwise.
  • Additional eye protection means may be an eye shield or goggles with a face mask or may be a transparent hood or bag or with a clear window or visor in it.
  • ancillary portable oxygen or air supply such as a small pressure cylinder which might also be activated by the same release means using a third cord.
  • a separate release means could be used and would make the device more complex and difficult to use but this could be overcome by incorporating a time lapse switch to release the oxygen from the sparklet or a series of sparklets at fixed or presetable time intervals.
  • a circulation means may comprise an additional system of one way valves and/or circuits to ensure passage of expired air through the absorption means.
  • This additional system may be inside the mask or hood and may include a projection attached to one wall of the mask or hood to be an additional securing means when gripped by the teeth.
  • the essence of the invention is a means of switching the absorption means out of or in to the breathing circuit. This may be done in other ways so that the same reservoir may be used for rebreathing and for collecting.
  • This system shown for example in Fig. 6 consists of an arrangement in line of oxygen supply tube 3; self-closing valve 2, common reservoir 61 CO2 absorber 4, additional valve 62 and face mask 1. The additional valve 62 allows gases to pass in to the face mask but not out.
  • This system may be converted to a respirator if a release cord 6A attached to the guide ring 7 removes or holds open the valve 62 or opens a bypass which bypasses it.
  • the bypass may for example be a collapsible rubber tube retained in a folded and closed condition by an elastic band attached by the cord and guide ring 7 to the supply tube 3. When the supply tube 3 is removed the elastic band is pulled off to release the bypass to the open condition.
  • FIG. 7 shows in diagrammatic form a linear arrangement of oxygen supply tube 3, valve 2, dual purpose bag 71, absorber 4, and mask 1.
  • One way valves with air flow direction indicated by arrows are placed in the mask inlet circuit 16 and in the rebreathing circuit 17 near the mask.
  • the circuit 17 is occluded by an extension of the supply tube 18.
  • Incoming air or oxygen enters the bag through holes 19 in the tube which has a fusiform enlargement 20 to prevent it slipping out.
  • Expired air is vented to the cabin round the side of the mask.
  • a guide means 21 may be provided for example from metal rods fixed at each end.
  • the oxygen supply tube 3 is removed together with its extension 18, the rebreathing circuit 17 is no longer occluded.
  • the apparatus is now a rebreathing system with gas flow from bag 71 by way of inlet circuit 16 to mask 1 and by way of rebreathing circuit 17 back to bag 71.
  • the chamber 71 in Figs. 7 and 8 may become a small junction chamber more simple to manufacture and the rebreathing bag may be connected to the surface 8 (Fig. 8).
  • the inlet breathing circuit 16 and rebreathing circuit 17 may be concentric in cross section with the absorber 4 centrally placed so that the extension 18 may be conveniently inserted. Additional valves may be inserted and circuit 16 may be closed during rebreathing to ensure double passage of gases through absorber 4 during inspiration and expiration.
  • the respiratory gases comprise oxygen either as pure oxygen or as air and the choice of gas would be made by the aircrew on the flight deck or by the cabin staff.
  • An embodiment for automatic selection of gas or of gas mixture to conserve oxygen and in particular that stored under pressure for such pressurised oxygen is itself a fire hazard if the delivery or storage system is penetrated by the fire described with reference to Fig. 9.
  • An electronic circuit is shown containing logic gates which are well known in the art.
  • a logic gate having the function OR gives an output signal when there is an input signal in one input line OR in any other input line from a plurality of such inputs.
  • a logic gate having the function AND gives an output signal when there is an input signal in one input line AND in all other input lines from a plurality of such inputs.
  • a logic gate having the function NOT changes the signal state of input and output. Thus, there is NOT an output signal when there is an input signal and vice versa.
  • FIG. 9 An embodiment of the logic circuit required for automatic delivery of apparatus and respiratory gases to aircraft passengers is shown in Fig. 9. It is well known in the art that additional devices all well known in the art are required for operation of said logic circuit.
  • the plurality of additions not shown in the diagram include a power supply means, circuit closing means, for example a manually operated switch, and signal generating means.
  • All input circuits 24-29 are connected to a plurality of alarm switches or detectors each of which generates a signal in the appropriate input circuits when operated manually or automatically to give warning of in flight condition.
  • warning might include an indicator means, visual or auditory or other, to indicate that the receptacle means has been opened and thus detect, in an emergency, that all passengers are using, or attempting to use, breathing apparatus and, in the absence of an emergency, that someone is tampering with passenger protection apparatus.
  • Such manual switches are distributed at convenient sites in the aircraft to be operated by flight deck or cabin staff.
  • Such automatic detectors are also conveniently distributed for exercise of detection function.
  • All output circuits 30-33 are connected to mechanical or electrical devices, whether valves or otherwise, to present breathing apparatus to passengers and to deliver in said oxygen supply tube appropriate gases or mixture of gases.
  • the logical control decisions are made by logic gates 34-40 having inputs from input circuits and/or other logic gates and having outputs connected to other logic gates and/or output circuits. Warning of an in-flight fire is given manually by pressure on switch or automatically by smoke detection means or otherwise to generate a signal in circuit 24. Warning of emergency or precautionary landing is given by similar manual switch or otherwise to generate a signal in circuit 25. Warning of abort of take off similarly gives a signal in circuit 26.
  • Cabin pressure may be detected by pressure sensors in the cabin or otherwise and a signal is generated in circuit 27 when said pressure is low and in circuit 28 when said pressure is normal.
  • Outlet demand may be detected by breaking of a circuit when the box is opened or by pressure detectors in oxygen supply tube, compared if necessary with cabin pressure, to detect lowered pressure resulting from inspiration or otherwise and a signal is generated in circuit 29 when said demand is detected.
  • the purpose of supply, only on demand, is to reduce loss of oxygen which may fuel a fire.
  • the OR gate 34 has four inputs connected to circulate 24, 25, 26 and 27 and an output to secure release of breathing apparatus to passengers in any of the events recognised in said circuits 24 to 27.
  • the OR gate 35 has three inputs connected to circuits 25, 26 and 27 and an output to AND gate 36-. This has a corresponding input, an other input from circuit 29 and an output 31 to secure delivery of pure oxygen to passengers in the event of outlet demand AND one of the events signalled on circuits 25 to 27.
  • the AND gate 37 has three inputs connected to circuits 24, 28 and 29 and output 32 is given to secure delivery of pure air to passengers.
  • the AND gate 40 has an input from the output of NOT gate 36 the input of which is connected to circuit 28 such that AND gate 40 receives an input signal if input circuit 28 is NOT indicative of normal cabin pressure.
  • a similar circuit through NOT gate 39 to input circuit 17 is such that AND gate 40 receives an input signal if input circuit 27 is not indicative of low cabin pressure.
  • the third input to AND gate 40 is connected to the input circuit 29.
  • the output circuit 33 is activated if there is a signal on all three inputs of gate 40 to secure delivery of a mixture of oxygen and air.
  • the modified breathing apparatus comprises face mask 1, self closing valve 2, exit valve 2A, oxygen supply tube 3, carbon dioxide absorber 4, inflatable reservoir 5, oxygen source 15, seal assembly 22 handle and indicator 23 and oxygen delivery tube 3A.
  • a release cord 6A is associated with oxygen source 15 to automatically commence operation thereof when the oxygen supply pipe 3 is pulled out of valve 2.
  • exit valve 2A is in an alternative position to exit valve 12 in Fig. 3.
  • valve 2 may be an exit valve.
  • the seal assembly may be operated to permit the rebreathing cycle to be entered.
  • the device is held firmly against the apparatus container wall. In such arrangement, it is clear that the auxilliary device is not brought into operation.
  • the indicator 23 is allowed to move and a free passage of oxygen is possible between mask 1 and reservoir 5.
  • the seal mechanism includes an obturator and a number of channels.
  • the exit valve 2A is an alternative to 12 in Fig. 3. It should have an adjustable pressure setting with resistance set to be higher that the maximum pressure required for rebreathing but low enough to allow voiding to external atmosphere, when the system is full, to prevent lung damage from too high pressure due, for example, from malfunction of pressurised oxygen supply source.
  • the respiratory gases comprise oxygen either as pure oxygen or as air and the choice of gas would be made by aircrew in the flight deck or by cabin staff.
  • an alternative oxygen supply source includes pure oxygen from a chemical generator or stored oxygen and it also includes oxygen in air.
  • the air supply source may be ram air or bleed air or compressed air or filtered air. Filtered air will not protect against hot gases but filters can provide substantial protection until exhausted, until the air becomes too hot to breathe or until it is time to escape.
  • a filter system with a heat sink added may provide adequate protection against hot gases and may be preferred if it has other advantages, for example lightness of weight.
  • a 500 gram filter may, depending upon smoke density and other factors, provide protection for 20 to 30 minutes and may be suitable for some in flight fires. It is an advantage that filters may be fitted without major engineering alterations to the aircraft. Additionally the filter should, like the carbon dioxide absorber, be sealed and a method of doing this is illustrated in Fig. 11.
  • the cover 1 has a said self closing valve 2 and oxygen supply tube 3 passes therethrough.
  • the proximal end of said oxygen supply tube 3 is sealed by a proximal seal means 41 attached by a proximal cord means 42 to a receptacle means 43 or box or otherwise fixed to the aircraft.
  • the distal end of said oxygen supply tube 3 is connected to or becomes the proximal end of a filter means 44 and a distal seal means 45 seals the distal or air intake end of the filter and is connected by the distal cord means 46 to the receptacle means 43 or otherwise fixed.
  • a filter means 44 seals the distal or air intake end of the filter and is connected by the distal cord means 46 to the receptacle means 43 or otherwise fixed.
  • the filter 44 is also fixed to the receptacle means 43 by an additional cord means 47. This allows the filtered air system to be used by a seated passenger but it automatically separate the filter 44 and oxygen supply tube 3 from the cover 1 and self closing valve 2 when the passenger leaves his seat to escape from the aircraft.
  • the said third cord to activate the stored oxygen source may also be attached to said filter 44 to ensure that said source is activated automatically at the time of escape.
  • the said filter must be capable of removing smoke particles, carbon monoxide gas, cyanide gas and other toxic substances.
  • the combination of a filtered air course with a pure oxygen rebreathing system may be described as a hybrid system.
  • the device of Fig. 11 also includes, but not shown, an exit valve and a release mechanism to bring the rebreathing bag and carbon dioxide absorbing means into operation.
  • the cover, the self-closing valve and the oxygen supply tube are as previously described.
  • the proximal seal means seals the proximal end of the oxygen supply tube.
  • the proximal cord means attaches the proximal seal means to the receptacle means.
  • the receptacle means holds the apparatus and is itself firmly fixed to the aircraft.
  • the filter means is the distal part of the oxygen supply tube and contains substances which remove by filtration noxious gases.
  • the distal seal means seals the distil or air intake end of the filter means.
  • the distal cord means attaches the distal seal means to the receptacle means.
  • the additional cord means attaches the filter means to the receptacle means and the cord is long enough for the apparatus to be removed from the box and used by a seated passenger.
  • the filter may be remote and may serve several passengers. It may have a long connecting tube (not short as shown) which may have an exit valve 12 as in Fig. 4 and/or collecting bag 9 and non-return valve 10. Such might be used with a motorised filter system.
  • the modified reservoir in the mother and baby unit (Fig. 12) is closed by folding over the end and holding it closed with spring clips 48, and in the mother and young child unit it is closed by a drawstring 49 round the abdomen.
  • the self closing valve 2 and oxygen supply tube 3 are connected to the cover means 1, which in turn is connected to the hood.
  • the hood is folded in the horizontal plane so that the absorber 4 is in a fold and the reservoir 5 is empty.
  • the fold is kept in position by a series of radially positioned guide means 7 and by two release means 6A.
  • An additional release means is required to activate the second oxygen supply source 15.
  • Each ring of the guide means is in a vertical plane with alternate rings attached to upper and lower edges of the fold.
  • Each release means is attached at one end to the oxygen supply tube 3 and is threaded through the ipsilateral set of rings to keep the absorber 4 switched out of contact with the inspired and expired gases.
  • the absorber is shown in Fig. 14 in the open circuit state.
  • the oxygen supply tube 3 is withdrawn and automatically pulls out both release means 6A.
  • the opposed surfaces of the absorber 4 are no longer held together by the guide means 7 and the fold is unfolded by the pressure of oxygen to expose the absorber 4 in the cover means 1 and reservoir 5 which are now combined as one enlarged hood.
  • a separate release means may be provided to switch in the absorber without pulling out the oxygen supply tube 3.
  • the fold in the hood may, alternatively or additionally, be in a vertical plane, coronal, sagital or other. A coronal fold would not obstruct vision and any vertical fold would decrease hood volume.
  • the dome may be silvered to reflect heat.
  • the oxygen supply tube 3, shown as sited low down, may be sited in the dome or elsewhere and the diagram is shown by way of example only.
  • one or more portable oxygen supply sources may be attached to the hood, for example a first pure oxygen source and a first absorber for decompression, a high flow air supply source for in flight fire and a second pure oxygen source and second absorber for escape.
  • Fig. 15 is similar to that of Fig. 1, but in which the reservoir 5 has been replaced by a filter 50.
  • the release means 6 and 6A unseal the filter 50 (in the manner as shown in Fig. 11).
  • an exit valve 2A is shown and there are two entrance valves.
  • the first valve 2B is adjacent the carbon dioxide absorber 4 and the second valve is in the oxygen supply tube 3 (as previously described in Fig. 3 as valve 10).
  • valves 2B and 10 should be balanced such that valve 10 opens first and valve 2B does not open until no further gas can be obtained through valve 10, or through oxygen supply tube 3 at the site of valve 10; thus valve 2B will automatically open to supplement breathable gas when required if manual release 6 has been activated.
  • the filter seal is required for the purpose of excluding air from the filter 50 during the storage mode.
  • One further example may be given because of its simplicity and suitability for children of different sizes and ages and particularly for young children.
  • it is a large clear plastic bag connected to the oxygen supply tube through a self closing valve.
  • the bag is placed over the head and shoulders and a seal is provided by putting on a pullover, anorak or jacket fastened up to the neck on top of the bag.
  • the bag is inflated with oxygen and the oxygen and the oxygen supply tube is removed just before the child walks or is carried from the cabin of the aircraft.
  • a carbon dioxide absorber may not be necessary due to the relatively large volume of the microenvironment compared with the lung volume and the relatively short time for which it is required.
  • a young infant could be placed entirely inside the bag which could be closed at the distal end opposite to the oxygen outlet.
  • it is safer to have an oxygen supply and carbon dioxide absorber as shown in the mother and baby unit.
  • the absorption of carbon dioxide is an exothermic reaction and it is obvious that it may be necessary to cool the gas coming out of the absorber or to disperse the heat or both. Cooling may be performed by chemical, physical or other means, for example by combining it with an endothermic reaction. Dispersion may be achieved by using a heat sink, for example contact wich copper mesh or other good heat conductor, or by a circuit arrangement, for example single pass through the absorber from lungs to reservoir and return of mixed gases which bypass the absorber.
  • the body is an efficient heat sink because the latent heat of vapourisation of water is high and expired air contains much water vapour. It is obvious that removal of water vapour by a hygroscopic or deliquescent agent or otherwise will ensure the continued efficiency of this heat sink mechanism.
  • any aircraft system weight is of paramount importance and if, for example, a filter system with a heat sink is found to provide adequate protection against hot gases but is lighter than, for example, a closed rebreathing system then this would be preferred.
  • Breathing apparatus may best be stored overhead and presented to passengers when required but this requires engineering modifications to aircraft.
  • an indication may be given when the container is opened. This will alert cabin staff to unauthorised use by children or others tampering, pilfering or attempting to don hoods for other than emergency use. For example a circuit may be broken when a lid is lifted and an indication given at a crew station.
  • the rebreathing bag may be the floatation chamber of a life jacket so that both life support systems, smoke protection and floatation, are combined.
  • Such apparatus may be used in an industrial environment and in hotel, shop, office and house fires and may be used by firemen, miners, sewage workers, civilians and others and that additional or ancilliary apparatus may be used including means whether automatic or otherwise of delivering the apparatus to passengers when needed, including means of issuing instructions during the emergency, whether by automatic recorded message or otherwise, including indicator means, including means of inflating the reservoir directly from a fixed oxygen supply and including adaptation for use with closed oxygen or air supply systems as well as closed rebreathing systems.
  • additional or ancilliary apparatus may be used including means whether automatic or otherwise of delivering the apparatus to passengers when needed, including means of issuing instructions during the emergency, whether by automatic recorded message or otherwise, including indicator means, including means of inflating the reservoir directly from a fixed oxygen supply and including adaptation for use with closed oxygen or air supply systems as well as closed rebreathing systems.
  • the apparatus may be used in converse sequence that is conversion from portable breathing apparatus, used for example in rescuing people from house or hotel fires or mines or sewers, to an oxygen supply system, when the same apparatus is connected to a static oxygen source, once the victim has been removed from the hostile environment.
  • portable breathing apparatus used for example in rescuing people from house or hotel fires or mines or sewers
  • oxygen supply system when the same apparatus is connected to a static oxygen source, once the victim has been removed from the hostile environment.
  • the addition of a small portable oxygen source would be particularly suitable for this use.
  • the apparatus may be used by firemen and by members of the armed forces during fires in aircraft, ships or buildings and by others. It will also be obvious that in the case of the armed forces the conversion may be from portable gas mask using filtration means to portable respirator using rebreathing bag with microenvironment and with further conversion option to static supply system.
  • the rebreathing system as the first oxygen supply system in the case of decompression and/or in flight fire and to switch to the filter system for escape from the aircraft.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)

Claims (18)

1. Appareil respiratoire pour des personnes, y compris des passagers dans un avion, apte à fonctionner dans un premier mode de respiration pour recevoir des gaz respiratoires provenant d'une première source de gaz respiratoire et, dans un second mode de respiration, pour recevoir des gaz respiratoires provenant d'une seconde source de gaz respiratoire, ledit appareil comprenant:
― des moyens de transfert (1) permettant l'alimentation desdits gaz respiratoires à un utilisateur, et
― des moyens de transformation (6) destinés à passer dudit premier mode de respiration avec lesdits premiers moyens d'alimentation (3), audit second mode de respiration avec les seconds moyens d'alimentation (5), caractérisé en ce que ledit appareil comprend également des moyens d'absorption du dioxyde de carbone (4) qui sont automatiquement commutés dans le circuit de respiration lorsque lesdits moyens de transformation (6) sont mis en action.
2. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que:
lesdits premiers moyens d'alimentation (3) sont aptes à être raccordés de façon amovible à des moyens à valve (2) et auxdits moyens de transfert (1);
des moyens de guidage (7) sont fixés aux moyens de transformation manuels (6a) et auxdits premiers moyens d'alimentation (3), et
lesdits moyens à valve (2) se ferment automatiquement et empêchent l'admission de gaz indésirables dans lesdits moyens de transfert (1) lorsque des parties fixes (3, 6, 6a, 7) dudit appareil respiratoire sont séparées des parties transportables (1, 2, 4, 5) dudit appareil.
3. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de transformation (6) et lesdits moyens de guidage (7) peuvent être mis en action de façon que lesdits seconds moyens d'alimentation (5) fonctionnent pour s'ajouter auxdits premiers moyens d'alimentation (3), lesdits seconds moyens d'alimentation (5) continuant de fonctionner lorsque lesdits premiers moyens d'alimentation (3) sont débranchés desdits moyens de transfert (1).
4. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que toutes les parties dudit appareil sont transportables.
5. Appareil respiratoire selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ladite première source de gaz respiratoire est actionnée lorsque ledit appareil respiratoire est retiré de son site de mise en place.
6. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 3, 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de transformation (6, 6a) sont actionnés lorsque lesdits premiers moyens d'alimentation amovibles (3) sont séparés desdits moyens de transfert (1).
7. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de transformation (6, 6a) sont actionnés lorsque l'une des opérations suivantes est effectuée:
(i) lorsque l'ensemble de l'appareil respiratoire transportable est détaché dudit site de mise en place dudit appareil;
(ii) lorsque l'ensemble de ladite première source de gaz respiratoire portative est épuisée.
8. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisé en ce que ladite seconde source de gaz respiratoire est actionnée lorsque lesdits moyens de transformation (6, 6a) sont actionnés.
9. Appareil respiratoire selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que:
(a) ledit premier mode de respiration comprend un circuit sélectionné à partir
(i) d'un circuit ouvert dans lequel les gaz exhalés sont évacués dudit circuit ouvert, et,
(ii) d'un circuit fermé dans lequel les gaz exhalés sont retenus, au moins partiellement, à l'intérieur dudit circuit fermé, et en ce que
b) ledit second mode de respiration comprend un circuit sélectionné à partir
(i) dudit circuit ouvert, et
(ii) dudit circuit fermé.
10. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que chacun desdits circuits dans les deux modes précités comprend lesdits moyens d'absorption du dioxyde de carbone (4), et en ce qu'une retransformation desdits modes peut se produire.
11. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce l'un
(a) desdits circuits ouverts présente une source d'oxygène sélectionnée parmi
(i) l'oxygène pur;
(ii) l'air filtré;
(iii), l'air comprimé, et en ce que l'un
(b) desdits circuits fermés présente une source d'oxygène sélectionnée parmi
(i) l'oxygène pur comprimé;
(ii) l'oxygène pur produit chimiquement;
(iii) l'oxygène expiré purifié chimiquement.
12. Appareil respiratoire selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de transfert (1) sont choisis parmi un masque facial partiel, un masque facial complet, une cagoule et un sac.
13. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que ledit circuit fermé comprend des moyens formant une réserve (5) pour une respiration renouvelée.
14. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens formant une réserve (5) sont élargis et modifiés de manière à former un sac pour bébé.
15. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens formant une réserve (5) sont élargis et modifiés (48, 49) de manière à former une unité pour une mère et son bébé.
16. Appareil respiratoire selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que des moyens de réserve modifiés (61) et des moyens à valve modifiés (62) permettent auxdits moyens de réserve modifiés (61) de fonctionner à la fois comme moyens collecteurs (9) et comme moyens de respiration renouvelée (5).
17. Appareil respiratoire selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre des moyens formant une unité de commande logique (24 à 40) destinée à contrôler la distribution automatique de l'appareil, la sélection et l'alimentation en gaz respiratoires, la transmission radio d'instructions aux passagers et la communication d'indications au cas où l'appareil a été mal manipulé.
18. Appareil respiratoire selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que ledit appareil est une appareil hybride comprenant une source d'oxygène pur et une source d'air filtré, dans laquelle des moyens de filtration (50), des moyens d'absorption du dioxyde de carbone (4), une valve d'échappement (2a) et une valve d'admission (2b) permettent l'alimentation en air filtré.
EP86905884A 1985-10-01 1986-09-30 Dispositif respiratoire Expired - Lifetime EP0276217B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86905884T ATE66625T1 (de) 1985-10-01 1986-09-30 Atemschutzeinrichtung fuer flugzeugpassagiere.

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8524181 1985-10-01
GB858524181A GB8524181D0 (en) 1985-10-01 1985-10-01 Breathing equipment
GB868601325A GB8601325D0 (en) 1985-10-01 1986-01-21 Breathing equipment
GB8601325 1986-01-21
GB868602676A GB8602676D0 (en) 1986-02-04 1986-02-04 Breathing equipment
GB8602676 1986-02-04
GB8613002 1986-05-29
GB868613002A GB8613002D0 (en) 1986-05-29 1986-05-29 Breathing equipment
GB868616202A GB8616202D0 (en) 1985-10-01 1986-07-02 Breathing equipment
GB8616202 1986-07-02

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0276217A1 EP0276217A1 (fr) 1988-08-03
EP0276217B1 true EP0276217B1 (fr) 1991-08-28

Family

ID=27516618

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86905884A Expired - Lifetime EP0276217B1 (fr) 1985-10-01 1986-09-30 Dispositif respiratoire

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0276217B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE66625T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU611382B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1272935A (fr)
DE (1) DE3681179D1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2182569B (fr)
WO (1) WO1987001949A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2212725A (en) * 1987-11-23 1989-08-02 Cruickshank John S Breathing apparatus
US6340024B1 (en) 1993-01-07 2002-01-22 Dme Corporation Protective hood and oral/nasal mask
GB2275612A (en) * 1993-02-11 1994-09-07 Coal Ind Improvements in or relating to respiratory protective equipment
US6062221A (en) 1997-10-03 2000-05-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Drop-down face mask assembly
US6732733B1 (en) 1997-10-03 2004-05-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Half-mask respirator with head harness assembly
US6343603B1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2002-02-05 Fisher & Paykel Limited Connector
ATE528049T1 (de) * 2008-05-30 2011-10-15 Intertechnique Sa Sauerstoffatmungsvorrichtung mit sauerstoffpuffer
US9119976B2 (en) * 2012-06-28 2015-09-01 Zodiac Aerotechnics Oxygen breathing device and method for maintaining an emergency oxygen system
DE102017127293A1 (de) 2017-11-20 2019-05-23 Airbus Operations Gmbh Sauerstoffversorgungsvorrichtung und Verfahren zum Versorgen einer Passagierkabine eines Luftfahrzeugs mit Sauerstoff

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB426962A (en) * 1933-10-12 1935-04-12 Robert Henry Davis Improvements in or relating to diving apparatus
GB789466A (en) * 1954-12-13 1958-01-22 Aro Equipment Corp Improvements in or relating to emergency oxygen valves for use with aviator's oxygen masks
GB862984A (en) * 1956-07-23 1961-03-15 Drager Otto H Improvements in or relating to breathing apparatus for underwater use
GB944931A (en) * 1960-06-11 1963-12-18 Normalair Ltd Improvements in or relating to breathing apparatus
US3980081A (en) * 1975-06-25 1976-09-14 Mine Safety Appliances Company Self-rescue breathing apparatus
GB2045090B (en) * 1977-11-11 1982-08-25 Secr Defence Respirators
GB8332362D0 (en) * 1983-12-05 1984-01-11 Banyaszati Aknamelyito Rescue device supplying oxygen
GB2169209B (en) * 1984-11-23 1989-02-15 Gas Serv Offshore Ltd Divers life support system including a bail-out rebreather
GB8506341D0 (en) * 1985-03-12 1985-04-11 Krasberg A Driving helmet neck dam/breathing bag

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3681179D1 (de) 1991-10-02
GB8623474D0 (en) 1986-11-05
GB2182569B (en) 1989-09-06
CA1272935A (fr) 1990-08-21
WO1987001949A1 (fr) 1987-04-09
EP0276217A1 (fr) 1988-08-03
ATE66625T1 (de) 1991-09-15
AU6404686A (en) 1987-04-24
AU611382B2 (en) 1991-06-13
GB2182569A (en) 1987-05-20

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