EP0260436B1 - Closing device for loading or unloading openings of transport tanks, especially for tank or hopper vehicles - Google Patents

Closing device for loading or unloading openings of transport tanks, especially for tank or hopper vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0260436B1
EP0260436B1 EP87111616A EP87111616A EP0260436B1 EP 0260436 B1 EP0260436 B1 EP 0260436B1 EP 87111616 A EP87111616 A EP 87111616A EP 87111616 A EP87111616 A EP 87111616A EP 0260436 B1 EP0260436 B1 EP 0260436B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lid
linkage
control lever
locking
locking hook
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87111616A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0260436A2 (en
EP0260436A3 (en
Inventor
Hans-Peter Schimoch
Bernard Dipl.-Ing. Seidenstücker
Gerhard Dipl.-Ing. Umbach
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alstom Transport Deutschland GmbH
Original Assignee
Linke Hofmann Busch Waggon Fahrzeug Maschinen GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Linke Hofmann Busch Waggon Fahrzeug Maschinen GmbH filed Critical Linke Hofmann Busch Waggon Fahrzeug Maschinen GmbH
Priority to AT87111616T priority Critical patent/ATE62634T1/en
Publication of EP0260436A2 publication Critical patent/EP0260436A2/en
Publication of EP0260436A3 publication Critical patent/EP0260436A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0260436B1 publication Critical patent/EP0260436B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D90/00—Component parts, details or accessories for large containers
    • B65D90/10—Manholes; Inspection openings; Covers therefor

Definitions

  • Closing device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks in particular for rail-bound tank and bulk goods wagons
  • the invention relates to a closure device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks, in particular for rail-bound tank and bulk goods wagons, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • lids which are to be designed according to the requirements for different pressure loads.
  • the operating personnel must generally remove the Press the bulk wagon to operate the container locks. Climbing onto the transport containers and actuating the locking devices is associated with a considerable risk to personnel, because with transport containers the work platform can often not be provided with a railing in view of a fully used standard light room.
  • the closure devices also come into contact with adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, slippery surfaces and the like. Like., To be operated outside protected shelters.
  • opening and closing the locking devices manually directly on the locks can be dangerous or even hazardous to health due to the nature of the cargo.
  • US-A-2,669,250 therefore suggests filling and emptying transport tanks from below and ensuring necessary pressure equalization from below via remote-controlled ventilation on the lids.
  • the aforementioned arrangement cannot be used as intended for loading from above, for example in the case of bulk goods.
  • a closure device for the lid for remote-controlled opening and closing of the lid is missing, which in particular enables and ensures a required opening angle.
  • the US-C-4,327,522 shows a generic closure device which has a remotely controllable adjusting means and a pivotable cover which is actuated and secured by means of articulated linkage, with a control lever of the linkage which can be acted upon by the adjusting means via parts of the linkage on the one hand diametrically to the pivot bearing of the cover for generation and the pivoting movement is articulated on the lid and is also articulated on parts of the linkage on a locking hook and unlocks the locking hook before pivoting on the closed lid and locked after the lid has been pivoted closed. Parts of the linkage protrude considerably in the closed position.
  • the locking hook is unlocked via a linkage chain with an adjusting means, a lower and a lever arm and an actuating arm for opening against the force of a spring arranged between the lower and upper parts of the lever arm and against the force of an elastic bending element arranged between the cover and the actuating arm.
  • the same actuating arm causes the cover to swing open when the adjusting means acts against the force of the spring.
  • the adjusting means releases the lower lever arm, whereupon the relaxing spring pivots the lever arms, the actuating arm and the cover hinged to it via a locking lever.
  • Such a closure device the linkage parts of which The lid and the boiler shell protrude significantly, is uneconomical and unsuitable for transport boilers, since the maximum height of the loading space and thus the volume of the transport boiler must be reduced if the standard light room is specified and complied with.
  • the linkage parts for the pivoting movement of the cover for the actuation of the locking hook are connected in a row arrangement or are largely identical, reliable functioning of the locking device requires a precise adjustment of the linkage parts and an exact adjustment and compliance with the spring characteristics of the spring and the bending element.
  • the linkage for the actuation of the locking hook in the closed position is not in an appropriate top dead center position against forces acting on the locking hook, caused, for example, by a cover subjected to internal pressure, but is only held and secured by spring forces.
  • DE-Al-35 03 544 shows a closure device which meets the requirements for a flat design.
  • a pivotable cover In the closed position, a pivotable cover is pressed onto its seat via a linkage which is supported on the one hand on the boiler jacket and on the other hand engages the cover, whereby a Angle lever is supported on the boiler casing and can be operated by remote control by the working lever acting on the short lever arm, the long lever arm, which is connected to another rod part, which acts on the cover and secures it by a dead center position of the rod.
  • the rod parts in the closed position extend approximately parallel and at a short distance from the boiler shell.
  • This locking device is only intended for unpressurized or lightly loaded loads and cannot ensure the required tightness of the locking device in the case of pressurized loads, in particular in the event of pressure unloading of bulk goods wagons, since the rod parts act too resilient in the closed position and there is only two-point support for the lid. A locking hook and linkage for remote-controlled operation is not provided.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of designing a generic closure device in such a way that, in the case of a flat design in the closed position, the tightness in the specified pressure range is ensured even with pressurized loads, in particular when pressure is being discharged from bulk goods wagons, and pivoting of the cover by remote-controlled actuating means when the opening angle is required remains feasible.
  • the closure device according to the invention essentially has a cover 1, a linkage 2 which pivots and secures the cover 1 and a remote-controlled actuating means 3.
  • the closure device according to the invention additionally has a crossbar 4 connecting the linkage 2 and actuated by this adjusting means 3.
  • the crossmember is arranged in the closed position on the top of the boiler 5 in the transverse axis of the closure device above the cover 1 on the side of the pivot axis 6 of the cover 1.
  • the linkage 2 arranged on the crossbeam 4 at both ends is advantageously mirror-symmetrical to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle or to the longitudinal axis of the locking device.
  • a pivot bearing 7 is arranged parallel to the pivot axis 6, about which a lever triangle 8, pivoted approximately in the region of the knee, can be pivoted.
  • the lever triangle 8 is supported in a bearing block 9 and the associated bearing 10 on the boiler side, while the opposite corner of the lever triangle 8 guides a control lever 11 by means of a bolt 12 arranged thereon in an elongated hole 13 that extends from this end of the lever triangle 8 extends towards the bearing 10.
  • the control lever 11 is supported at one end by means of a bearing 14 in the bearing block on the boiler side.
  • a control lever rod 16 is attached via a joint 15, which is connected to the control lever rod 16 of the mirror-symmetrical linkage 2 and extends beyond the cover 1 in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the closure device.
  • a pull-push rod 18 engages in the joint 17, which actuates a locking hook 19 via a joint 20, which positively locks the cover.
  • the locking hook 19 is supported on the boiler side via a joint 21 and bearing block 22.
  • the control lever rod 16 is provided on the part projecting above the cover with a guide 23, for example with an elongated hole arrangement, into which the cover 1 engages by means of a guide element 24. In the closed position, the bolt 12 is arranged below the pivot bearing 7.
  • the actuating means 3 is actuated, whereupon the cross member 4 acts on the linkage 2 arranged on both sides.
  • Each linkage is 2 operated simultaneously and with the same effect.
  • the crossbar 4 engages via the pivot bearing 7 on the lever triangle 8 and rotates it in the bearing 10 in the direction of rotation of the following lid pivoting movement.
  • the lever triangle 8 guides the control lever 11 by means of bolts 12 and slot 13 during the forced rotation about its boiler-side support in the bearing 14.
  • the control lever rod 16 is raised in its articulation point in the joint 15 on the control lever 11 and at the same time pivoted in the direction of rotation of the lever triangle 8 .
  • control lever rod 16 moves upward and the cover-side guide element 24 into the inner end position of the articulation (guide element 24 / guide 23) of the control lever rod 16 on the cover 1 which is displaceable longitudinally in the direction of the control lever rod 16.
  • the control lever 11 engages when it rotates about its pivot point in bearing 14 at its other end in the joint 15 on the cover 1 and rotates it beyond its approximately vertical center of gravity position.
  • the cover 1 falls due to the force of gravity acting on it with its guide element 24 in the direction of the outer stop 23a in the guide 23.
  • the time at which this stop 23a is reached by the guide element 24 depends on the angular velocity of the control lever 11 following this cover pivoting in the joint 15, ie at the articulation point of control lever 11 and control lever rod 16, since with the variation in the angular velocity of the joint 15 the position of the stop 23a in relation to the position of the guide element 24 of the cover 1 is definable.
  • the cover movement is intercepted or damped via the control lever rod 16 or ultimately by the actuating means 3, for example a working cylinder.
  • the guide element 24 of the cover 1 bears against the inner stop 23b of the guide 23.
  • the bolt 12 arranged on the control lever 11 pivots about the bearing 14.
  • One end of the pull and push rod 18 acts on the joint 17.
  • the other end of the pull and push rod 18 pivots the locking hook 19 in the locked position and engages over the cover 1 in a form-fitting manner.
  • the actuating means 3 acts on the linkage 2 until the linkage 2, with its control lever 11 and its pull and push rod 18, assumes an over-center position with respect to the joint 17.
  • the joint 17 is arranged in the locked position below the connecting straight line through the bearing 14 and the joint 20.
  • the locking hook 19 is locked against pivoting until the joint 17 is arranged above the connecting straight line through the bearing 14 and the joint 20.
  • Forces on the locking hook 19, caused by the cover 1 pressurized with internal pressure can, as is known, by expediently self-locking arrangement and design of the contact surfaces between the locking hook 19 and cover 1, ie by creating an over-center position of the locking hook 19 in the sense of a reinforcement of the clamping forces can also be used.
  • the point of application of the locking hook 19 on the cover 1 is adjustable in height, whereby the contact pressure of the cover 1 on the dome neck 26 is adjustable.
  • the actuating means 3 pivots the control lever 11 in the direction of rotation of the cover 1 via the lever triangle 8.
  • the joint 17 arranged on the control lever 11 is pivoted out of its over-center position, the pull and push rod 18 arranged on the joint 17 closing the locking hook 19 unlocked and the lid 1 releases.
  • This unlocking process is always completed before the cover 1 is lifted. Therefore, during the unlocking process of the locking hook 19, the guide element 24 slides in the guide 23 from the inner stop 23b to the outer stop 23a.
  • a further pivoting of the control lever 11 pivots the cover 1 beyond its equilibrium position via the outer stop 23a. The cover 1 falls into its end position “opened” by gravity
  • the time interval between the unlocking process and the application of the cover 1 can instead of with the guide element 24 and the guide 23, d. H. by moving a bolt in an elongated hole, also by means of an articulated scissors arranged at the end of the control lever rod 16, which is only brought into the locked position after the complete release of the locking hook 19 and lifts the cover 1.
  • Locking device can be configured, in which the actuating means 3 acts directly on the control lever 11 while leaving the lever triangle 8 which enables variable lever ratios.
  • actuating means 3 acts directly on the control lever 11 while leaving the lever triangle 8 which enables variable lever ratios.
  • a considerably longer adjustment path of the adjusting means 3 is to be realized or a different gear is to be provided.
  • the cover 1 can still be operated by manually moving the control lever 11.
  • the joint 17 is to be levered out of its over-center position using simple tools, for example a rod.
  • the closing movement of the cover 1 and the placing of the locking hooks 19 in the locked position is carried out by manually pivoting the cover 1 and pivoting the control lever 11.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Superstructure Of Vehicle (AREA)
  • Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)
  • Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
  • Machines For Laying And Maintaining Railways (AREA)
  • Chain Conveyers (AREA)
  • Air Transport Of Granular Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The closing device for swivel lids (1), which are actuated by remote control via a linkage (2), has a control lever (11) as a constituent of the linkage (2), which lever on the one hand produces the swivel movement of the lid (1) and, on the other hand, controls the actuation of a locking hook (19). The actuation of the control lever (11) is advantageously effected via a lever triangle (8), on which the actuator (3) acts, and which transmits the actuation path of the actuator (3). After locking of the locking hook (19), the control lever (11) assumes an above dead centre position. <IMAGE>

Description

Verschlußeinrichtung für Lade- oder Entladeöffnungen in Transportkessel, insbesondere für schienengebundene Kessel-une SchüttgutwagenClosing device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks, in particular for rail-bound tank and bulk goods wagons

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verschlußeinrichtung für Lade, oder Entladeöffnungen in Transportkessel, insbesondere für schienengebundene Kessel- und Schüttgutwagen, entsprechend dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a closure device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks, in particular for rail-bound tank and bulk goods wagons, according to the preamble of claim 1.

Die Öffnungen von Befülldomen und Mannlöchern an Kessel- und Schüttgutwagen werden üblicherweise durch Deckel verschlossen, die entsprechend den Erfordernissen für unterschiedliche Druckbeanspruchungen auszubilden sind. Bei bisher üblichen Verschlußeinrichtungen muß das Bedienungspersonal in der Regel den Kessel-bzw. Schüttgutwagen beteigen, um die Verschlußsicherung der Behälterverschlüsse zu betätigen. Das Besteigen der Transportbehälter und das Betätigen der Verschlußeinrichtungen ist mit einer erheblichen Gefährdung des Personals verbunden, denn bei Transportbehältern kann die Arbeitsbühne mit Rücksicht auf einen voll ausgeschöpften Regellichtraum oft nicht mit einem Geländer versehen werden. Erschwerend für das Bedienungspersonal kommt hinzu, daß die Verschlußeinrichtungen auch bei ungünstiger Witterung wie Regen, Schnee, Glätte u. dgl., außerhalb geschützter Unterstände zu betätigen sind.The openings of filling domes and manholes on tank wagons and bulk goods wagons are usually closed by lids which are to be designed according to the requirements for different pressure loads. In the case of locking devices which have been customary up to now, the operating personnel must generally remove the Press the bulk wagon to operate the container locks. Climbing onto the transport containers and actuating the locking devices is associated with a considerable risk to personnel, because with transport containers the work platform can often not be provided with a railing in view of a fully used standard light room. To make it more difficult for the operating personnel, the closure devices also come into contact with adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, slippery surfaces and the like. Like., To be operated outside protected shelters.

Andererseits kann auch das Öffnen und Schließen der Uerschlußeinrichtungen manuell direkt an den Verschlüssen aufgrund der Ladegutbeschaffenheit gefährlich oder gar gesundheitsgefährdend sein.On the other hand, opening and closing the locking devices manually directly on the locks can be dangerous or even hazardous to health due to the nature of the cargo.

Die US-A-2,669,250 schlägt deshalb vor, Transportkessel von unten zu befüllen und zu entleeren und einen notwendigen Druckausgleich von unten über fernbedienbare Belüftung an den Deckeln sicherzustellen. Dazu wird vorgeschlagen, die Deckel über Gestänge und Hebel oder mittels Arbeitszylinder fernbedienbar aus ihren Dichtungen teilweise auszuheben, bzw. zu kippen, wobei die vorgesehene Verschlußeinrichtung den Deckel weiterhin in Schließlage hält und gegen Aufschlagen sichert. Für ein Beladen von oben, beispielsweise bei Schüttgütern üblich, ist die vorgenannte Anordnung bestimmungsgemäß nicht verwendbar. Es fehlt eine Verschlußeinrichtung für die Deckel zum fernbedienbaren öffnen und Schließen der Deckel, die insbesondere einen geforderten öffnungswinkel ermöglicht und sicherstellt.US-A-2,669,250 therefore suggests filling and emptying transport tanks from below and ensuring necessary pressure equalization from below via remote-controlled ventilation on the lids. To this end, it is proposed to cover the linkage and Some of the levers or remote control can be lifted or tilted from their seals by means of a working cylinder, the intended locking device still holding the lid in the closed position and securing it against being opened. The aforementioned arrangement cannot be used as intended for loading from above, for example in the case of bulk goods. A closure device for the lid for remote-controlled opening and closing of the lid is missing, which in particular enables and ensures a required opening angle.

Die US-C-4,327,522 zeigt eine gattungsgemäße Verschlußeinrichtung, die ein fernbedienbares Stellmittel und einen schwenkbaren Deckel aufweist, der mittels angelenktem Gestänge betätigt und gesichert wird, wobei ein durch das Stellmittel beaufschlagbarer Steuerhebel des Gestänges über Teile des Gestänges zum einen diametral zum Schwenklager des Deckels zur Erzeugung und der Schwenkbewegung am Deckel angelenkt ist und zum anderen über Teile des Gestänges an einem Verschlußhaken angelenkt ist und den Verschlußhaken vor dem Auf schwenken des geschlossenen Deckels entriegelt und nach dem Zuschwenken des Deckels verriegelt. Teile des Gestänges überragen den Deckel in Verschlußlage erheblich. Der Verschlußhaken wird über eine Gestängekette mit einem Stellmittel, einem unteren und einem Hebelarm und einem Betätigungsarm zum öffnen gegen die Kraft einer zwischen den unteren und oberen Teilen des Hebelarms angeordneten Feder und gegen die Kraft eines zwischen Deckel und Betätigungsarm angeordneten elastischen Biegeelementes entriegelt. Nach der Entriegelung bewirkt der gleiche Betätigungsarm bei weiterer Einwirkung des Stellmittels gegen die Kraft der Feder das Aufschwenken des Deckels. Zum Rückschwenken des Deckels gibt das Stellmittel den unteren Hebelarm frei, woraufhin die sich entspannende Feder die Hebelarme, den Betätigungsarm und den an diesem über einen Verriegelungshebel angelenkten Deckel verschwenkt. Eine derartige Verschlußeinrichtung, deren Gestängeteile teilweise den Deckel und den Kesselmantel zum Teil deutlich überragen, ist für Transportkessel unwirtschaftlich und unzweckmäßig, da bei vorgeschriebenem und einzuhaltendem Regellichtraum die maximale Höhe des Laderaums und damit das Volumen des Transportkessels reduziert werden muß. Da die Gestängeteile für die Schwenkbewegung des Deckels für die Betätigung des Verschlußhakens in Reihenanordnung verbunden oder weitgehend identisch sind, erfordert eine zuverlässige Funktionsfähigkeit der Verschlußeinrichtung eine genaue Abstimmung der Gestängeteile und ein genaues Abstimmen und Einhalten der Federkennwerte der Feder und des Biegeelementes. Weiter befindet sich das Gestänge für die Betätigung des Verschlußhakens in Schließlage nicht in einer zweckmäßigen übertotpunktlage gegen auf den Verschlußhaken wirkende Kräfte, hervorgerufen beispielsweise durch einen mit Innendruck beaufschlagten Deckel, sondern wird lediglich durch Federkräfte gehalten und gesichert.The US-C-4,327,522 shows a generic closure device which has a remotely controllable adjusting means and a pivotable cover which is actuated and secured by means of articulated linkage, with a control lever of the linkage which can be acted upon by the adjusting means via parts of the linkage on the one hand diametrically to the pivot bearing of the cover for generation and the pivoting movement is articulated on the lid and is also articulated on parts of the linkage on a locking hook and unlocks the locking hook before pivoting on the closed lid and locked after the lid has been pivoted closed. Parts of the linkage protrude considerably in the closed position. The locking hook is unlocked via a linkage chain with an adjusting means, a lower and a lever arm and an actuating arm for opening against the force of a spring arranged between the lower and upper parts of the lever arm and against the force of an elastic bending element arranged between the cover and the actuating arm. After unlocking, the same actuating arm causes the cover to swing open when the adjusting means acts against the force of the spring. To pivot the cover back, the adjusting means releases the lower lever arm, whereupon the relaxing spring pivots the lever arms, the actuating arm and the cover hinged to it via a locking lever. Such a closure device, the linkage parts of which The lid and the boiler shell protrude significantly, is uneconomical and unsuitable for transport boilers, since the maximum height of the loading space and thus the volume of the transport boiler must be reduced if the standard light room is specified and complied with. Since the linkage parts for the pivoting movement of the cover for the actuation of the locking hook are connected in a row arrangement or are largely identical, reliable functioning of the locking device requires a precise adjustment of the linkage parts and an exact adjustment and compliance with the spring characteristics of the spring and the bending element. Furthermore, the linkage for the actuation of the locking hook in the closed position is not in an appropriate top dead center position against forces acting on the locking hook, caused, for example, by a cover subjected to internal pressure, but is only held and secured by spring forces.

Eine Verschlußeinrichtung, die den Anforderungen nach flacher Bauweise gerecht wird, zeigt die DE-Al-35 03 544. In Schließlage wird ein schwenkbarer Deckel über ein Gestänge auf seinen Sitz gedrückt, das sich einerseits am Kesselmantel abstützt und andererseits am Deckel angreift, wobei ein Winkelhebel sich am Kesselmantel abstützt und durch am kurzen Hebelarm angreifende Arbeitszylinder fernbedienbar den langen Hebelarm betätigt, der mit einem weiteren Gestängeteil verbunden ist, das am Deckel angreift und diesen durch eine übertotpunktlage des Gestänges sichert. Dabei erstrecken sich die Gestängeteile in Verschlußlage annähernd parallel und in geringem Abstand zum Kesselmantel. Diese Verschlußeinrichtung ist nur für drucklose oder gering beaufschlagte Ladegüter vorgesehen und kann bei druckbeaufschlagten Ladegütern, insbesondere bei einer Druckentladung von Schüttgutwagen, nicht die erforderliche Dichtheit der Verschlußeinrichtung sicherstellen, da die Gestängeteile in Schließlage zu nachgiebig wirken und nur eine Zweipunktabstützung des Deckels gegeben ist. Ein Verschlußhaken und ein Gestänge zum fernbedienbaren Betätigen ist nicht vorgesehen.DE-Al-35 03 544 shows a closure device which meets the requirements for a flat design. In the closed position, a pivotable cover is pressed onto its seat via a linkage which is supported on the one hand on the boiler jacket and on the other hand engages the cover, whereby a Angle lever is supported on the boiler casing and can be operated by remote control by the working lever acting on the short lever arm, the long lever arm, which is connected to another rod part, which acts on the cover and secures it by a dead center position of the rod. The rod parts in the closed position extend approximately parallel and at a short distance from the boiler shell. This locking device is only intended for unpressurized or lightly loaded loads and cannot ensure the required tightness of the locking device in the case of pressurized loads, in particular in the event of pressure unloading of bulk goods wagons, since the rod parts act too resilient in the closed position and there is only two-point support for the lid. A locking hook and linkage for remote-controlled operation is not provided.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine gattungsgemäße Verschlußeinrichtung so auszubilden, daß bei flacher Bauweise in Schließlage die Dichtheit im vorgegebenen Druckbereich auch bei druckbeaufschlagten Ladegütern, insbesondere bei der Druckentladung von Schüttgutwagen, sichergestellt wird und ein Verschwenken des Deckels durch fernbedienbare Stellmittel bei gefordertem öffnungswinkel durchführbar bleibt.The invention is therefore based on the object of designing a generic closure device in such a way that, in the case of a flat design in the closed position, the tightness in the specified pressure range is ensured even with pressurized loads, in particular when pressure is being discharged from bulk goods wagons, and pivoting of the cover by remote-controlled actuating means when the opening angle is required remains feasible.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einer Verschlußeinrichtung gemäß dem Oberbegriff durch die im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved in a closure device according to the preamble by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Zweckmäßige Aus- und Weiterbildungen des Gegenstandes der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.Appropriate training and further developments of the subject matter of the invention are specified in the subclaims.

Die Erfindung ist anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert:
Es zeigt

Fig. 1
die Verschlußeinrichtung in Schließlage in Draufsicht,
Fig. 2
die Verschlußeinrichtung in Schließlage in Seitenansicht, und
Fig. 3
die Verschlußeinrichtung in geöffneter Stellung in Seiten ansicht.
The invention is explained in more detail using an exemplary embodiment:
It shows
Fig. 1
the closure device in the closed position in plan view,
Fig. 2
the closure device in the closed position in side view, and
Fig. 3
the closure device in the open position in side view.

Die erfindungsgemäße Verschlußeinrichtung weist im wesentlichen einen Deckel 1, ein den Deckel 1 schwenkendes und sicherndes Gestänge 2 und ein fernbedienbares Stellmittel 3 auf. Bei paariger Ausbildung des Gestänges 2 weist die erfindungsgemäße Verschlußeinrichtung zusätzlich eine das Gestänge 2 verbindende durch dieses Stellmittel 3 beaufschlagbare Traverse 4 auf.The closure device according to the invention essentially has a cover 1, a linkage 2 which pivots and secures the cover 1 and a remote-controlled actuating means 3. When the linkage 2 is configured in pairs, the closure device according to the invention additionally has a crossbar 4 connecting the linkage 2 and actuated by this adjusting means 3.

Die Traverse ist in Schließlage auf dem Scheitel des Kessels 5 in der Querachse der Verschlußeinrichtung oberhalb des Deckels 1 auf der Seite der Schwenkachse 6 des Deckels 1 angeordnet. Das an der Traverse 4 an beiden Enden angeordnete Gestänge 2 ist vorteilhaft spiegelsymmetrisch zur Fahrzeuglängsachse bzw. zur Längsachse der Verschlußeinrichtung ausgebildet.The crossmember is arranged in the closed position on the top of the boiler 5 in the transverse axis of the closure device above the cover 1 on the side of the pivot axis 6 of the cover 1. The linkage 2 arranged on the crossbeam 4 at both ends is advantageously mirror-symmetrical to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle or to the longitudinal axis of the locking device.

An jeder Seite der Traverse 4 ist parallel zur Schwenkachse 6 ein Schwenklager 7 angeordnet, um das sich ein Hebeldreieck 8, etwa im Bereich des Knies angelenkt, schwenken läßt. An seiner einen Ecke ist das Hebeldreieck 8 in einem Lagerbock 9 und dem zugeordneten Lager 10 kesselseiting abgestützt, während die gegenüberliegende Ecke des Hebeldreiecks 8 einen Steuerhebel 11 mittels eines daran angeordneten Bolzen 12 in einem Langloch 13 führt, das sich von diesem Ende des Hebeldreiecks 8 in Richtung auf das Lager 10 erstreckt. Der Steuerhebel 11 ist an seinem einen Ende mittels Lager 14 im Lagerbock kesselseitig abgestützt. An seinem anderen Ende ist über ein Gelenk 15 eine Steuerhebelstange 16 angebracht, die mit der Steuerhebelstange 16 des spiegelsymmetrischen Gestänges 2 verbunden ist und sich in Richtung der Längsachse der Verschlußeinrichtung über den Deckel 1 hinaus erstreckt. Zwischen dem Lager 14 und dem Gelenk 15 greift im Gelenk 17 eine Zug- Druckstange 18 an, die über ein Gelenk 20 einen Verschlußhaken 19 betätig, der den Deckel formschlüssig sperrt. Der Verschlußhaken 19 ist über ein Gelenk 21 und Lagerbock 22 kesselseitig abgestützt. Die Steuerhebelstange 16 ist am den Deckel überragenden Teil mit einer Führung 23, beispielsweise mit einer Langlochanordnung, versehen, in die der Deckel 1 mittels Führelement 24 greift. In Verschlußstellung ist der Bolzen 12 unterhalb des Schweklagers 7 angeordnet.On each side of the crossmember 4, a pivot bearing 7 is arranged parallel to the pivot axis 6, about which a lever triangle 8, pivoted approximately in the region of the knee, can be pivoted. At one corner, the lever triangle 8 is supported in a bearing block 9 and the associated bearing 10 on the boiler side, while the opposite corner of the lever triangle 8 guides a control lever 11 by means of a bolt 12 arranged thereon in an elongated hole 13 that extends from this end of the lever triangle 8 extends towards the bearing 10. The control lever 11 is supported at one end by means of a bearing 14 in the bearing block on the boiler side. At its other end, a control lever rod 16 is attached via a joint 15, which is connected to the control lever rod 16 of the mirror-symmetrical linkage 2 and extends beyond the cover 1 in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the closure device. Between the bearing 14 and the joint 15, a pull-push rod 18 engages in the joint 17, which actuates a locking hook 19 via a joint 20, which positively locks the cover. The locking hook 19 is supported on the boiler side via a joint 21 and bearing block 22. The control lever rod 16 is provided on the part projecting above the cover with a guide 23, for example with an elongated hole arrangement, into which the cover 1 engages by means of a guide element 24. In the closed position, the bolt 12 is arranged below the pivot bearing 7.

Zum Schließen des Deckels 1 (Fig. 3) wird das Stellmittel 3 betätigt, woraufhin die Traverse 4 das an beiden Seiten angeordnete Gestänge 2 beaufschlagt. Jedes Gestänge 2 wird dabei gleichzeitig und gleichwirkend betätigt. Die Traverse 4 greift über das Schwenklager 7 am Hebeldreieck 8 an und dreht dieses im Lager 10 im Drehsinn der folgenden Deckelschwenkbewegung. Das Hebeldreieck 8 führt beim Drehen den Steuerhebel 11 mittels Bolzen 12 und Langloch 13 bei der Zwangsdrehung um seine kesselseitige Abstützung im Lager 14. Die Steuerhebelstange 16 wird in ihrem Anlenkpunkt im Gelenk 15 an den Steuerhebel 11 angehoben und dabei gleichzeitig im Drehsinn des Hebeldreiecks 8 geschwenkt.To close the cover 1 (FIG. 3), the actuating means 3 is actuated, whereupon the cross member 4 acts on the linkage 2 arranged on both sides. Each linkage is 2 operated simultaneously and with the same effect. The crossbar 4 engages via the pivot bearing 7 on the lever triangle 8 and rotates it in the bearing 10 in the direction of rotation of the following lid pivoting movement. The lever triangle 8 guides the control lever 11 by means of bolts 12 and slot 13 during the forced rotation about its boiler-side support in the bearing 14. The control lever rod 16 is raised in its articulation point in the joint 15 on the control lever 11 and at the same time pivoted in the direction of rotation of the lever triangle 8 .

Durch die Drehbewegung des Steuerhebels 11 bewegt sich die Steuerhebelstange 16 nach oben und das deckelseitige Führelement 24 in die innere Endlage der längsverschieblich in Richtung der Steuerhebelstange 16 verschieblichen Anlenkung (Führelement 24/Führung 23) der Steuerhebelstange 16 am Deckel 1.Due to the rotary movement of the control lever 11, the control lever rod 16 moves upward and the cover-side guide element 24 into the inner end position of the articulation (guide element 24 / guide 23) of the control lever rod 16 on the cover 1 which is displaceable longitudinally in the direction of the control lever rod 16.

Der Steuerhebel 11 greift bei seiner Drehung um seinen Drehpunkt in Lager 14 an seinem anderen Ende im Gelenk 15 am Deckel 1 an und dreht diesen bis über seine annähernd senkrechte Schwerpunktlage hinaus. Der Deckel 1 fällt durch die auf ihn einwirkende Schwerkraft mit seinem Führelement 24 in Richtung auf den äußeren Anschlag 23a in der Führung 23. Der Zeitpunkt des Erreichens dieses Anschlags 23a durch das Führelement 24 ist abhängig von der Winkelgeschwindigkeit des dieser Deckelschwenkung nachlaufenden Steuerhebels 11 im Gelenk 15, d. h. im Anlenkpunkt von Steuerhebel 11 und Steuerhebelstange 16, da mit der Variation der Winkelgeschwindigkeit des Gelenkes 15 die Stellung des Anschlages 23a in Bezug zur Stellung des Führelementes 24 des Deckels 1 festlegbar ist. Falls das Führelement 24 den äußeren Anschlag 23a erreicht, bevor der Deckel 1 am Domhals 26 aufliegt, ist ein Abfangen bzw. Dämpfen der Deckelbewegung über die Steuerhebelstange 16 bzw. letztendlich durch das Stellmittel 3, beispielsweise ein Arbeitszylinder, gegeben. In der Endlage des Gestänges 2 liegt das Führelement 24 des Deckels 1 am inneren Anschlag 23b der Führung 23 an.The control lever 11 engages when it rotates about its pivot point in bearing 14 at its other end in the joint 15 on the cover 1 and rotates it beyond its approximately vertical center of gravity position. The cover 1 falls due to the force of gravity acting on it with its guide element 24 in the direction of the outer stop 23a in the guide 23. The time at which this stop 23a is reached by the guide element 24 depends on the angular velocity of the control lever 11 following this cover pivoting in the joint 15, ie at the articulation point of control lever 11 and control lever rod 16, since with the variation in the angular velocity of the joint 15 the position of the stop 23a in relation to the position of the guide element 24 of the cover 1 is definable. If the guide element 24 reaches the outer stop 23a before the cover 1 rests on the dome neck 26, the cover movement is intercepted or damped via the control lever rod 16 or ultimately by the actuating means 3, for example a working cylinder. In the end position of the linkage 2, the guide element 24 of the cover 1 bears against the inner stop 23b of the guide 23.

Mit dem Verschwenken des Hebeldreiecks 8 und dem Verschwenken des Steuerhebels 11 schwenkt der am Steuerhebel 11 angeordnete Bolzen 12 um das Lager 14. Am Gelenk 17 greift ein Ende der Zug- und Druckstange 18 an. Das andere Ende der Zug- und Druckstange 18 verschwenkt den Verschlußhaken 19 in Sperrstellung und übergreift den Deckel 1 formschlüssig. Das Stellmittel 3 beaufschlagt das Gestänge 2 solange, bis das Gestänge 2 mit seinem Steuerhebel 11 und seiner Zug- und Druckstange 18 eine Übertotpunktlage bezüglich des Gelenkes 17 einnimmt. Das Gelenk 17 ist in Sperrstellung unterhalb der Verbindungsgeraden durch das Lager 14 und das Gelenk 20 angeordnet. Der Verschlußhaken 19 ist so lange gegen Verschwenken gesperrt, bis das Gelenk 17 oberhalb der Verbindungsgeraden durch das Lager 14 und das Gelenk 20 angeordnet ist. Kräfte auf den Verschlußhaken 19, hervorgerufen durch den mit Innendruck beaufschlagten Deckel 1, können, wie bekannt, durch zweckmäßig selbsthemmend wirkende Anordnung und Ausbildung der Anlageflächen, zwischen dem Verschlußhaken 19 und Deckel 1, d. h. durch Erzeugung einer Übertotpunktlage des Verschlußhakens 19 im Sinne einer Verstärkung der Schließkräfte, ebenfalls genutzt werden. Durch einen am Maul des Verschlußhakens 19 angeordneten Exzenter 25 ist der Angriffspunkt des Verschlußhakens 19 am Deckel 1 höhenverstellbar, wodurch die Anpreßkraft des Deckels 1 auf den Domhals 26 einstellbar wird.With the pivoting of the lever triangle 8 and the pivoting of the control lever 11, the bolt 12 arranged on the control lever 11 pivots about the bearing 14. One end of the pull and push rod 18 acts on the joint 17. The other end of the pull and push rod 18 pivots the locking hook 19 in the locked position and engages over the cover 1 in a form-fitting manner. The actuating means 3 acts on the linkage 2 until the linkage 2, with its control lever 11 and its pull and push rod 18, assumes an over-center position with respect to the joint 17. The joint 17 is arranged in the locked position below the connecting straight line through the bearing 14 and the joint 20. The locking hook 19 is locked against pivoting until the joint 17 is arranged above the connecting straight line through the bearing 14 and the joint 20. Forces on the locking hook 19, caused by the cover 1 pressurized with internal pressure, can, as is known, by expediently self-locking arrangement and design of the contact surfaces between the locking hook 19 and cover 1, ie by creating an over-center position of the locking hook 19 in the sense of a reinforcement of the clamping forces can also be used. Through one on the mouth of the locking hook 19 arranged eccentric 25, the point of application of the locking hook 19 on the cover 1 is adjustable in height, whereby the contact pressure of the cover 1 on the dome neck 26 is adjustable.

Zum Öffnen des Deckels 1 verschwenkt das Stellmittel 3 über das Hebeldreieck 8 den Steuerhebel 11 im Drehsinn des zu öffnenden Deckels 1. Das am Steuerhebel 11 angeordnete Gelenk 17 wird aus seiner Übertotpunktlage verschwenkt, wobei die am Gelenk 17 angeordnete Zug- und Druckstange 18 den Verschlußhaken 19 entriegelt und den Deckel 1 freigibt. Dieser Entriegelungsvorgang ist immer abgeschlossen, bevor der Deckel 1 angehoben wird. Während des Entriegelungsvorganges des Verschlußhakens 19 gleitet deswegen das Führelement 24 in der Führung 23 vom inneren Anschlag 23b zum äußeren Anschlag 23a. Ein weiteres Verschwenken des Steuerhebels 11 schwenkt über den äußeren Anschlag 23a den Deckel 1 über seine Gleichgewichtslage hinaus. Durch Schwerkraft fällt der Deckel 1 in seine Endlage "geöffnet"To open the cover 1, the actuating means 3 pivots the control lever 11 in the direction of rotation of the cover 1 via the lever triangle 8. The joint 17 arranged on the control lever 11 is pivoted out of its over-center position, the pull and push rod 18 arranged on the joint 17 closing the locking hook 19 unlocked and the lid 1 releases. This unlocking process is always completed before the cover 1 is lifted. Therefore, during the unlocking process of the locking hook 19, the guide element 24 slides in the guide 23 from the inner stop 23b to the outer stop 23a. A further pivoting of the control lever 11 pivots the cover 1 beyond its equilibrium position via the outer stop 23a. The cover 1 falls into its end position “opened” by gravity

Der Zeitabstand zwischen dem Entriegelungsvorgang und dem Anhaben des Deckels 1 kann anstelle mit dem Führelement 24 und der Führung 23, d. h. durch Verschiebung eines Bolzens in einem Langloch, auch durch eine am Ende der Steuerhebelstange 16 angeordnete Gelenkschere verwirklicht werden, die erst nach der vollständigen Entriegelung des Verschlußhakens 19 in Sperrstellung gebracht wird und den Deckel 1 anhebt.The time interval between the unlocking process and the application of the cover 1 can instead of with the guide element 24 and the guide 23, d. H. by moving a bolt in an elongated hole, also by means of an articulated scissors arranged at the end of the control lever rod 16, which is only brought into the locked position after the complete release of the locking hook 19 and lifts the cover 1.

Es ist eine weitere nicht dargestellte Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Verschlußeinrichtung ausbildbar, in der das Stellmittel 3 unter Fortlassung des variable Hebelverhältnisse ermöglichendes Hebeldreiecks 8 dirket am Steuerhebel 11 angreift. In dieser Ausführungsform ist allerdings zur Betätigung des Dekkels 1 ein erheblich längerer Stellweg des Stellmittels 3 zu verwirklichen oder ein anderes Getriebe vorzusehen.It is another embodiment of the Locking device according to the invention can be configured, in which the actuating means 3 acts directly on the control lever 11 while leaving the lever triangle 8 which enables variable lever ratios. In this embodiment, however, to actuate the cover 1, a considerably longer adjustment path of the adjusting means 3 is to be realized or a different gear is to be provided.

Bei abgeschaltetem oder nicht funktionsfähigem Stellmittel 3 bleibt der Deckel 1 bedienbar, indem die Bewegung des Steuerhebels 11 manuell ausführbar ist. Zum Öffnen des Deckels 1 ist das Gelenk 17 aus seiner Übertotpunktlage mittels einfacher Hilfsmittel, beispielsweise einer Stange, auszuhebeln. Die Schließbewegung des Deckels 1 und das Verbringen der Verschlußhaken 19 in Sperrstellung erfolgt durch manuelles Verschwenken des Deckels 1 und Verschwenken des Steuerhebels 11.When the actuating means 3 is switched off or inoperative, the cover 1 can still be operated by manually moving the control lever 11. To open the cover 1, the joint 17 is to be levered out of its over-center position using simple tools, for example a rod. The closing movement of the cover 1 and the placing of the locking hooks 19 in the locked position is carried out by manually pivoting the cover 1 and pivoting the control lever 11.

Claims (8)

  1. A locking device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks, in particular for rail operated bulk goods - and tank wagons with remote-operated adjusting means (3) and a pivoting lid (1) which is operated and secured by means of linkage (2), where a control lever (11), which can be acted upon by the adjusting means (3), of the linkage (2) on the one hand is articulated to the lid (1) via parts of the linkage (2), diametrically to the pivot bearing (7) of the lid (1), in order to produce the pivot movement of the lid (1), and the control lever (11) is on the other hand articulated via parts of the linkage (2) to a locking hook (19) and unlocks the locking hook (19) prior to the opening of the closed lid (1) and locks the locking hook (19) after the closure of the lid (1), characterised in that the part of the linkage (2) which is arranged after the control lever (11) and which produces the pivot movement of the lid (1), and the part of the linkage (2) which is arranged after the control lever (11) and which serves to lock and unlock the locking hook (19) are formed by a linkage chain which lies flat in the closed position, wherein on the one hand the control lever (11) is connected via a hinge (15) to a control lever rod (16) which is articulated to the lid (1) so as to be longitudinally displaceable in parts (guide 23), and wherein on the other hand the control lever (11) is connected via a hinge (17) to a pull/push rod (18) which is itself articulated via a hinge (20) to the locking hook (19) which is supported on the side of the tank via a hinge (21) and a bearing block (22), and that in the closed position, in a manner knoun per se, the linkage (2) assumes an over-centre position with respect to the introduction of force from the direction of an opening movement initiated by the lid (19).
  2. A locking device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that a lever triangle (8) is articulated between the adjusting means (3) and the control lever (11), which lever triangle (8) reduces the required adjustment path of the adjusting means (3) in order to pivot the lid (1) through the equilibrium positions.
  3. A locking device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks as claimed in Claim 2, characterised in that the lever triangle (8) is supported at one corner in the bearing (10) so as to be pivotable and from its opposite corner a slot (7) extends towards the bearing (10), in which slot the control lever (11) is guided by means of pins (12) and that the adjusting means (3) act on the third corner.
  4. A locking device for loading or unloading openings in transport tanks as claimed in at least one of the preceding Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the linkage (2) is formed in pairs and is arranged homologously to the longitudinal axis of the locking device, where the adjusting means (3) act an a cross-bar (4) which is arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and which is articulated to the linkage (2) and drives the linkage (2).
  5. A locking device for openings in transport tanks as claimed in at least one of the preceding Claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the pull/push rod (18) locks the locking hook (19) after the closure of the lid (1) and thereby assumes an over-centre position with respect to the introduction of force in the longitudinal direction of the traction and pressure rod (18) towards the hinge (17).
  6. A locking device for openings in transport tanks as claimed in at least one of the preceding Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that after the locking of the lid (1) the control lever (11) assumes an over-centre position with respect to the introduction of force in the longitudinal direction of the pull/push rod (18) towards the hinge (17).
  7. A locking device for openings in transport tanks as claimed in at least one of the preceding Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that in the locking position the locking hook (19) assumes an over-centre position with respect to the introduction of force from the lid (1).
  8. A locking device for openings in transport tanks as claimed in at least one of the preceding Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that a cam (25) is arranged at the mouth of the locking hook (19), which cam (25) renders adjustable the distance between the hinge (21) and the point of engagement of the locking hook (19) with the lid (1).
EP87111616A 1986-08-16 1987-08-11 Closing device for loading or unloading openings of transport tanks, especially for tank or hopper vehicles Expired - Lifetime EP0260436B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87111616T ATE62634T1 (en) 1986-08-16 1987-08-11 CLOSING DEVICE FOR LOADING OR UNLOADING OPENINGS IN TRANSPORT BOILER, PARTICULARLY FOR RAIL-MOUNTED BOILER AND BULK CARRIAGES.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19863627871 DE3627871A1 (en) 1986-08-16 1986-08-16 LOCKING DEVICE FOR LOADING OR UNLOADING OPENINGS IN TRANSPORT BOILERS, ESPECIALLY FOR RAIL-MOUNTED BOILER AND BOWL WAGONS
DE3627871 1986-08-16

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0260436A2 EP0260436A2 (en) 1988-03-23
EP0260436A3 EP0260436A3 (en) 1988-10-05
EP0260436B1 true EP0260436B1 (en) 1991-04-17

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87111616A Expired - Lifetime EP0260436B1 (en) 1986-08-16 1987-08-11 Closing device for loading or unloading openings of transport tanks, especially for tank or hopper vehicles

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EP (1) EP0260436B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE62634T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3627871A1 (en)

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DE4240382C2 (en) * 1993-04-28 1996-06-27 Helmut G Scholl Maschinen Und Butterfly valve
DE4315505C2 (en) * 1993-05-10 1998-09-17 Aicher Max Entsorgungstechnik Device for opening a lid, especially for a lying garbage container
DE19516876C1 (en) * 1995-05-09 1996-11-28 Daimler Benz Ag Drive arrangement for moving a lockable vehicle part
CN101973421A (en) * 2010-09-30 2011-02-16 张家港市益成机械有限公司 Mounting structure of upper cover in dip coating barrel
DE102013219233A1 (en) 2013-09-25 2015-03-26 Waggonbau Graaff Gmbh Quick-release lid for a dome
CN105127938B (en) * 2015-10-09 2018-01-19 湖南万通科技股份有限公司 A kind of hood-opening device
DE102016003038B3 (en) * 2016-03-14 2017-05-11 Waggonbau Graaff Gmbh Schnellverschlussdom
PT3492406T (en) * 2017-12-01 2021-08-19 Grifols Worldwide Operations Ltd Device for opening and closing container lids, container
CN108584195A (en) * 2017-12-08 2018-09-28 浙江山丰智能科技股份有限公司 A kind of automatic open-close manhole cover and its application method
CN108584196B (en) * 2018-07-12 2023-12-12 安徽星马专用汽车有限公司 Powder tank car and manhole cover thereof

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US2669230A (en) * 1947-07-30 1954-02-16 Becton Dickinson Co Injection apparatus
US4327522A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-05-04 Westeel-Rosco Limited Assembly for actuation of openable closure lid
GB2083160B (en) * 1981-08-28 1984-05-23 Rigg Brothers Tools Ltd A man lid for a fluid container
GB2134060A (en) * 1983-01-27 1984-08-08 Sp K Byuro Transprogress A pneumatic conveyer gate
DE3503544A1 (en) * 1985-02-02 1986-08-07 Linke-Hofmann-Busch Waggon-Fahrzeug-Maschinen Gmbh, 3320 Salzgitter Closure device for container apertures, in particular for the dome on rail-bound tank wagons and bulk freight wagons

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3769415D1 (en) 1991-05-23
DE3627871C2 (en) 1989-10-12
ATE62634T1 (en) 1991-05-15
EP0260436A2 (en) 1988-03-23
DE3627871A1 (en) 1988-02-18
EP0260436A3 (en) 1988-10-05

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