EP0257804A2 - The method of and apparatus for the positional detection of objects - Google Patents
The method of and apparatus for the positional detection of objects Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0257804A2 EP0257804A2 EP87306606A EP87306606A EP0257804A2 EP 0257804 A2 EP0257804 A2 EP 0257804A2 EP 87306606 A EP87306606 A EP 87306606A EP 87306606 A EP87306606 A EP 87306606A EP 0257804 A2 EP0257804 A2 EP 0257804A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- detecting
- coincidence
- image
- holographic
- electrically
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001093 holography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007687 exposure technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
- G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for the positional detection of objects.
- Holography offers the capability of recording the spatial detail of an object from many different perspectives.
- a second approach which is adopted by the present invention utilises a real focused image hologram of the "perfect object".
- the image is of the pseudoscopic form (i.e. inside-out and back-to-front) and allows a real "test object” to be positioned within the confines of the focused image formed in space by the hologram.
- a measure of coincidence can be detected.
- the present invention thus makes use of the holographic techniques discussed in connection with Figures 1 to 4 in order to provide a holographic positional detection system which overcomes the problems and disadvantages of the known and proposed methods referred to above.
- a method of positional detection of objects including the steps:
- the step of detecting the coincidence of the object may be performed by detecting either visually or electrically a "null" or substantially zero optical signal.
- a combination of the maximum optical signal detection and the null methods may be employed as a double check.
- apparatus for the positional detection of objects including;
- the means for illuminating the holographic plate is peferably a laser.
- the supporting and displacement means is preferably a displacement translator which can move the object along the X, Y and Z co-ordinate directions with respect to the holographic plate.
- the detection is carried out electrically, a stereoscopic microscope and photo-diode are used, the microscope focusing the optical output signal onto a photo-diode.
- the object as chosen to demonstrate the system of the present invention is in the form of three thin wires 10, 12 and 14 of equal diameter (approximately 1mm). These three wires are mounted on a base 16 so as to project perpendicularly therefrom, the wires being approximately parallel to one another and are provided with a matt white surface.
- a holographic recording of these three wires was made using apparatus which includes a laser 20, a beam splitter 22, a mirror 24, a pair of lenses 25 and 26, a collinating mirror 28 and a holographic recording plate 30.
- the laser 20 is a Krypton laser which generates a coherent radiation at a wavelength of 647 nm.
- the beam splitter 22 divides the coherent radiation into two paths.
- the first path which comprises 90% of the radiation passes through the beam splitter 22 and is reflected by the mirror 24 towards the concave lens 26.
- the lens 26 causes the rays to diverge and illuminate the object which comprises the groups of three wires 10, 12 and 14.
- the second path which comprises 10% of the radiation forms the reference beams and after passing through the concave lens 25, the diverging rays are reflected towards the plate 30 as parallel rays, by means of the concave collinating mirror 28. Due to the interference between light emitted from the illuminating object and the reference beam, a holographic image of the object (the three wires 10, 12 and 14) is formed in the recording emulsion of the plate 30.
- the object which comprises the three wires 10, 12 and 14 has its base 16 mounted on a translator 32.
- This translator can be moved in the X, Y and Z directions.
- the translator 32 is positioned so as to be perpendicular to the plate 30 on which the holographic has been formed as described above.
- the plate 30 containing the holographic image is illuminated by means of a Helium/Neon or Krypton laser 34 after the coherent light generated therefrom has passed through a collimating optic comprising a concave lens 36 and a convex lens 38 to form parallel rays of coherent light.
- a pin hole diaphragm 40 may optionally be provided adjacent the concave lens 36 in order to clean up the image.
- Figure 7 shows both methods of detecting a maximum optical signal.
- a stereoscopic microscope 42 is positioned as shown.
- a second stereoscopic microscope 44 focuses the optical signal onto a photo-diode 46. This provides an electrical output at the terminals 48 which can be measured by any suitable electrical detector, for detecting a maximum optical signal.
- a third stereoscopic microscope 50 is positioned perpendicular to the holographic plate 30.
- the null can either be detected visually with the aid of a trained observer or electrically by means of the photo-diode 52.
- the measured analogue optical signal can be simply interpolated into a decision of acceptance or rejection.
- a comparison of measured signal with a pre-set, but variable reference voltage offers the means from which a binary electrical signal can be extracted. This signal may therefore be used to activate a warning, indicating rejection of a particular sample.
- the variable reference voltage thus performs the role of setting a threshold level of acceptance which may be directly related to the degree of superimposition between the holographic image and the test objection.
- a calibration curve has to be prepared to relate the measured optical signal to the absolute spatial displacement of a "standard" object from its "standard” spatial position. It should be noted that the system obtains a differential signal for one of two reasons:-
- an object with one or more re-entrant surfaces could be checked by means of a plurality of holographic images whose insertion into the reference beam of coherent light could be synchronized with movement of the object on its displacement translator.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
- Holo Graphy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for the positional detection of objects.
- In particular it is directed to a holographic technique for the detection of position of known items (such as wires) and the rejection of those samples that do not lie within certain defined spatial parameters.
- The practical problem that illustrates the need for such a system is in the inspection of the physical connections between silicon integrated circuit "chips" and their mechanical carriers. These connections are made by thin wires (10-500 µm) running between small solder pads on the wafer and pins in the casing. The positioning of these wires is critical and must be maintained within certain limits. At present this is done manually by human operators who visually inspect each chip and reject those that lie outside the acceptable limits. The ideal system would, however, comprise a relatively cheap mechanical apparatus that would give a simple pass or fail test to each item.
- With this problem in mind a programme of experiments was devised to see if holography could be utilised as a tool in this type of inspection. Holography offers the capability of recording the spatial detail of an object from many different perspectives.
- An approach was tried to see if the "test object" could be compared by super-imposition with a virtual image hologram of the "perfect object" on a microscopic level. Several problems were soon encountered:
- (a) It was discovered that for any comparison to be possible, either a human operator or a very sophisticated image analysis device was required.
- (b) When smaller (less than 0.5 mm) objects were examined microscopically the problem of laser speckle soon limited the optical resolution.
- A second approach which is adopted by the present invention, utilises a real focused image hologram of the "perfect object". The image is of the pseudoscopic form (i.e. inside-out and back-to-front) and allows a real "test object" to be positioned within the confines of the focused image formed in space by the hologram. By simply measuring, for example, the light scattered back by the real object, a measure of coincidence can be detected.
- Before describing the system of the present invention in detail, a brief theoretical discussion will be given with reference to figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.
- In Figures 1 to 4, the components shown are as follows:-
A - a laser
B - a beam splitter
L1 and L2 - lenses
M1 - a flat mirror
M2 - a collimating mirror
O - an object
P - a plate
Q - back scattered light
H - a hologram
D - viewer or detector
R - collimated reference light. - Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, if a laser-lit hologram, made in Figure 1, and is "time-reversed" on replay, a pseudoscopic image V is produced in the same position as the original object 0.
- However, referring to Figure 3, if the viewer of detector D is placed as shown, he will observe nothing, since no light can reach him at this position. If as shown in Figure 4, the object is replaced in the same position approximately, then where the image and object overlap in space the object will scatter light back to the viewer of a detector D where such a device is provided.
- Thus, if the object is reasonably "simple" in shape, a maximum will only be obtained in the scattered back light when the image and object are exactly coincident. This is partly as a result of the degree of accuracy to which the light is brought to focused points in the image. This is a direct result of the size of the hologram and the quality of the processing chemistry used to make it.
- One known method of and apparatus for comparing an object with a reference specimen is disclosed in British Patent Specification No. 1,570,428. One application is to compare workpieces in respect of their form with a specimen. However, the system described is only a two dimensional system it relies on the technique of using a photographic plate which stores the interference pattern of the Fourier transform of the specimen object with the reference beam.
- Another known holographic testing apparatus is disclosed in United States Patent Specification No. 3,711,202, which is specifically detected to holographic analysers for inspecting aircraft structural sections. It relies on a double exposure technique involving an interferometric interference of waves between two exposures.
- A further measurement device permitting measurement of the displacement is disclosed in British Patent Specification No. 1,367,740. However, in this technique only a virtual image of a graduated rule can be formed and there is no possibility of being able to form a focused image.
- The present invention thus makes use of the holographic techniques discussed in connection with Figures 1 to 4 in order to provide a holographic positional detection system which overcomes the problems and disadvantages of the known and proposed methods referred to above.
- According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of positional detection of objects, including the steps:
- (a) preparing a hologram which records the three dimensional image of an object by means of a single exposure;
- (b) positioning the prepared hologram in parallel reference beams of coherent light to allow the reconstruction of a real focused image of the object;
- (c) positioning the object to coincide with the image formed by the hologram which has been excited by the coherent light; and
- (d) detecting optically or electrically the coincidence of object and its holographic image.
- Alternately, the step of detecting the coincidence of the object may be performed by detecting either visually or electrically a "null" or substantially zero optical signal.
- In another form, a combination of the maximum optical signal detection and the null methods may be employed as a double check.
- According to a second aspect of the present invention mthere is provided apparatus for the positional detection of objects, including;
- (a) a plate which contains a single exposure of the three dimensional holographic image of an object whose positional detection is to be ascertained;
- (b) means for illuminating said holographic plate in parallel reference beams of coherent light to allow the reconstruction of a real focused image of the object;
- (c) means for supporting said object and being capable of displacing said object in any one or more of three directions all at right angles to one another; and
- (d) means for detecting optically or electrically, the coincidence of the object and its holographic image.
- The means for illuminating the holographic plate is peferably a laser.
- The supporting and displacement means is preferably a displacement translator which can move the object along the X, Y and Z co-ordinate directions with respect to the holographic plate.
- In the case where the detection is carried out optically, a stereoscopic microscope is used, and the detection of coincidence is made visually by a skilled observer.
- In the case where the detection is carried out electrically, a stereoscopic microscope and photo-diode are used, the microscope focusing the optical output signal onto a photo-diode.
- For detecting the coincidence of the object with its holographic image, one may either utilize the detection of a maximum optical output signal or a "null" or substantially zero output signal, depending on where the detection means is located in relation to the object and its holographic image recorded on the plate.
- A combination of the two above methods of detection may be used with advantageous results.
- The present invention will now be described in greater detail by way of examples with reference to the remaining Figures of the accompanying drawings, wherein;-
- Figures 5A and 5B are respectively a plan section and side elevation view of an example of an object which is suitable for testing in the system of the present invention;
- Figure 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of one preferred method of making the hologram of the object in question;
- Figure 7 is a diagrammatic illustration of one preferred form of holographic positional detection system; and
- Figure 8 is a diagrammatic illustration of an alternative form of holographic positional detection system;
- Referring first to Figure 5, the object as chosen to demonstrate the system of the present invention is in the form of three
thin wires - Referring next of Figure 6, a holographic recording of these three wires was made using apparatus which includes a
laser 20, abeam splitter 22, a mirror 24, a pair oflenses collinating mirror 28 and aholographic recording plate 30. - The
laser 20 is a Krypton laser which generates a coherent radiation at a wavelength of 647 nm. Thebeam splitter 22 divides the coherent radiation into two paths. The first path which comprises 90% of the radiation passes through thebeam splitter 22 and is reflected by the mirror 24 towards theconcave lens 26. Thelens 26 causes the rays to diverge and illuminate the object which comprises the groups of threewires concave lens 25, the diverging rays are reflected towards theplate 30 as parallel rays, by means of theconcave collinating mirror 28. Due to the interference between light emitted from the illuminating object and the reference beam, a holographic image of the object (the threewires plate 30. - Referring now to Figure 7, the object which comprises the three
wires base 16 mounted on atranslator 32. This translator can be moved in the X, Y and Z directions. Thetranslator 32 is positioned so as to be perpendicular to theplate 30 on which the holographic has been formed as described above. Theplate 30 containing the holographic image is illuminated by means of a Helium/Neon orKrypton laser 34 after the coherent light generated therefrom has passed through a collimating optic comprising aconcave lens 36 and aconvex lens 38 to form parallel rays of coherent light. - A pin hole diaphragm 40 may optionally be provided adjacent the
concave lens 36 in order to clean up the image. - In order to detect a maximum optical signal, this can either be done visually using a trained observer or electrically using a photodiode. Figure 7 shows both methods of detecting a maximum optical signal. In the first case a
stereoscopic microscope 42 is positioned as shown. In the second case a second stereoscopic microscope 44 focuses the optical signal onto a photo-diode 46. This provides an electrical output at the terminals 48 which can be measured by any suitable electrical detector, for detecting a maximum optical signal. - It should be noted that a maximum optical signal will only be detected when there is co-incidence between the replayed holographic image from the
holographic plate 30 and the object itself. As shown in Figure 7, the dotted circles (1ʹ, 2ʹ and 3ʹ) represent the holographic images of the threewires displacement translator 32 has to be moved in the X, Y and Z directions by appropriate amounts. - In the alternative system shown in Figure 8, where a null is detected where there is coincidence between the holographic image and the object, a third
stereoscopic microscope 50 is positioned perpendicular to theholographic plate 30. The null can either be detected visually with the aid of a trained observer or electrically by means of the photo-diode 52. - In order to verify the satisfactory operation of the system disclosed in Figure 7, a number of tests with the object shown in Figure 5 as well as other objects were carried out in detail. A brief summary of these tests is set out hereunder:-
- (a) A visual examination was made of the coincidence of the test object and image and a dramatic effect was observed. Unless the image overlaid the object accurately, little light was scattered back to the observer. However, when coincidence was achieved a very bright back scatter occured.
- (b) Using the stereoscopic microscope 44 at lower power, a small part of the object (one wire only) was observed and simultaneously a reading of image intensity was made using the large area photodiode 46 in the image plane. A series of plots was made of intensity of back scatter versus position of real object, moving the wires along one of the three perpendicular axes at any time. From the plots obtained it was possible to note that moving the wire by half a diameter away from coincidence was sufficient to produce a substantial effect (of the order of 50% reduction) even in the direction roughly parallel with the wires.
- (c) A visual observation using a single relatively "thick-wire" image in coincidence with a real thin wire also produced a good distinction between the case where the real wire lay within the image or outside it. The intensity effect was not quite as marked as one would expect because with the thick wire light was being focused to all points around a relatively larger cylindrical surface, hence the positioning of the real small wire was less critical within those limits.
- In both cases (a) and (b) above, the measured analogue optical signal can be simply interpolated into a decision of acceptance or rejection. A comparison of measured signal with a pre-set, but variable reference voltage offers the means from which a binary electrical signal can be extracted. This signal may therefore be used to activate a warning, indicating rejection of a particular sample. The variable reference voltage thus performs the role of setting a threshold level of acceptance which may be directly related to the degree of superimposition between the holographic image and the test objection. In practice, for this setting to have any meaning in absolute terms, a calibration curve has to be prepared to relate the measured optical signal to the absolute spatial displacement of a "standard" object from its "standard" spatial position. It should be noted that the system obtains a differential signal for one of two reasons:-
- (a) The test object is physically identical to the standard object, but is displaced from the standard spatial position.
- (b) The test object is not exactly physically identical to the standard object, but its surfaces occupy sufficient of the standard space to produce an identical degree of reflective light to that observed in (a).
- Thus, it will be appreciated that the system shown in Figure 7 cannot differentiate the above cases by means of a single measurement and/or single threshold setting. In order to decide which of cases (a) and (b) above apply, it is necessary to use a combination of the system shown in Figure 7 with the "null" detection system shown in Figure 8.
- The systems described above with reference to Figures 7 and 8, enable one to examine a volume of space defined by the solid angle projected from the position of the focused surface points of the object to the boundary of the hologram plate. A degree of enhanced sophistication in the detection of spatial position could be obtained by the use of more than one hologram, arranged to view difference perspectives of the "standard" object. This would be particularly necessary for non simple objects containing re-entrant surfaces and/or surface features which could not be "seen" via a single viewing aperture (i.e. hologram).
- Thus an object with one or more re-entrant surfaces could be checked by means of a plurality of holographic images whose insertion into the reference beam of coherent light could be synchronized with movement of the object on its displacement translator.
- Thus, the industrial application of the above described systems could be almost limitless. Already there are plenty of uses in the field of positioning and quality control of simply shaped objects. For example, it has been found that spiral shapes are very easily positioned using this technique and hence there could be a use in the accurate positioning of lamp filaments automatically. Another use could be in the inspection of drawn wires or tapes, as kinks will easily be detected. The technique is particularly sensitive in regard to two dimensional grids and as such, suggests itself as a useful method for the control or micropositioning of gauzes or grid type electrodes in thermionic devices etc. Further possibilities exist in using the technique to detect faults and/or holes in micro-filters, etc.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8619006 | 1986-08-04 | ||
GB868619006A GB8619006D0 (en) | 1986-08-04 | 1986-08-04 | Positional detection of objects |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0257804A2 true EP0257804A2 (en) | 1988-03-02 |
EP0257804A3 EP0257804A3 (en) | 1989-05-31 |
Family
ID=10602201
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87306606A Ceased EP0257804A3 (en) | 1986-08-04 | 1987-07-27 | The method of and apparatus for the positional detection of objects |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4917497A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0257804A3 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS6338105A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1320655C (en) |
GB (1) | GB8619006D0 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4917477A (en) * | 1987-04-06 | 1990-04-17 | Gentex Corporation | Automatic rearview mirror system for automotive vehicles |
JP6392044B2 (en) * | 2014-09-12 | 2018-09-19 | 株式会社ミツトヨ | Position measuring device |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1142702A (en) * | 1965-06-15 | 1969-02-12 | Nat Res Dev | Interferometric examination of objects and materials |
US3526505A (en) * | 1967-11-06 | 1970-09-01 | Fairchild Camera Instr Co | Holographic method of forming and aligning patterns on a photosensitive workpiece |
US3748048A (en) * | 1971-11-01 | 1973-07-24 | Gen Motors Corp | Method of detecting changes of a specular surface |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3592548A (en) * | 1969-01-22 | 1971-07-13 | Gen Motors Corp | Holographic method of dimensional inspection |
US3711202A (en) * | 1969-12-08 | 1973-01-16 | Rohr Corp | Holographic testing apparatus |
BE789607A (en) * | 1971-07-29 | 1973-04-03 | D Comp Gen | DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE DISPLACEMENT OF A BODY IN RELATION TO ANOTHER |
CH614053A5 (en) * | 1976-08-27 | 1979-10-31 | Lasag Ag | Method and device for automatic monitoring of workpieces by means of a holographic comparison technique |
-
1986
- 1986-08-04 GB GB868619006A patent/GB8619006D0/en active Pending
-
1987
- 1987-07-24 CA CA000542984A patent/CA1320655C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-07-27 EP EP87306606A patent/EP0257804A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-07-31 US US07/080,458 patent/US4917497A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-08-03 JP JP62194289A patent/JPS6338105A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1142702A (en) * | 1965-06-15 | 1969-02-12 | Nat Res Dev | Interferometric examination of objects and materials |
US3526505A (en) * | 1967-11-06 | 1970-09-01 | Fairchild Camera Instr Co | Holographic method of forming and aligning patterns on a photosensitive workpiece |
US3748048A (en) * | 1971-11-01 | 1973-07-24 | Gen Motors Corp | Method of detecting changes of a specular surface |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 7, no. 9, September 1968, pages 1863-1864; R.L. HANSLER; "A holographic foucault knife-edge test for optical elements of arbitrary design" * |
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 11, no. 9, 1st November 1967, pages 289, 291; A.J. DEVANEY et al.: "A technique for obtaining a nonpseudoscopic real image from holograms" * |
JAPAN. J. APPL. PHYS., vol. 14, 1975, Suppl. 14-1, pages 217-222, Tokyo, JP; & Proc. ICO, Conf. Opt. Methods in Sci. and Ind. Meas 1974; A.D. GARA: "Holographic technique for measuring surfaces" * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB8619006D0 (en) | 1986-09-17 |
CA1320655C (en) | 1993-07-27 |
US4917497A (en) | 1990-04-17 |
EP0257804A3 (en) | 1989-05-31 |
JPS6338105A (en) | 1988-02-18 |
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