EP0252801A1 - Detektionsvorrichtung für einen elektromagnetischen Impuls, insbesondere hervorgerufen durch eine Kernexplosion - Google Patents

Detektionsvorrichtung für einen elektromagnetischen Impuls, insbesondere hervorgerufen durch eine Kernexplosion Download PDF

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Publication number: EP0252801A1
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: detection; picking; value; time; electrical signal
Prior art date: 1986-06-26
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

EP87401453A

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English (en)

French (fr)

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EP0252801B1 (de

Inventor

Jean-Pierre Climent

Georges Petelet

Jean-Claude Tronel

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA

Original Assignee

Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

1986-06-26

Filing date

1987-06-24

Publication date

1988-01-13

1987-06-24 Application filed by Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA filed Critical Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA

1988-01-13 Publication of EP0252801A1 publication Critical patent/EP0252801A1/de

1991-08-21 Application granted granted Critical

1991-08-21 Publication of EP0252801B1 publication Critical patent/EP0252801B1/de

2007-06-24 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21J—NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES; APPLICATIONS THEREOF
- G21J5/00—Detection arrangements for nuclear explosions

Definitions

the present invention relates to a device for detecting an electromagnetic pulse due in particular to a nuclear explosion.
the invention applies to the detection of all determined electromagnetic pulses and in particular to the detection of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion, the detection of an electromagnetic pulse of this type allowing for example the implementation of protection against nuclear attacks.
the invention aims to provide a device for detecting electromagnetic pulses and to differentiate the electromagnetic pulse to be detected from parasitic electromagnetic pulses.
the subject of the invention is a device for detecting an electromagnetic pulse of determined origin, characterized in that it comprises at least one detection assembly comprising: means for picking up the electrical component of an electromagnetic pulse, said means delivering an electrical signal proportional to the sensed electrical component, - Differentiation means connected to the means for picking up, to differentiate an electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up coming from an electromagnetic pulse of determined origin to be detected, from another electromagnetic pulse.
the original electromagnetic pulse determined to be detected is advantageously an electromagnetic pulse originating from a nuclear explosion, such as a high altitude nuclear explosion, this electromagnetic pulse having to be differentiated from another electromagnetic pulse such as a pulse. electromagnetic due to lightning.
nuclear explosions there are two types of nuclear explosion, the nuclear explosions near the Earth's surface or low altitude and extra-atmospheric nuclear explosions or high altitude.
a low altitude nuclear explosion produces electromagnetic pulses in a hemisphere a few kilometers in diameter as well as significant destructive effects while a high altitude nuclear explosion practically generates only electromagnetic pulses, but over a very large area.
a nuclear explosion at an altitude of 300 km produces electromagnetic pulses over an area of around 1,500 km in diameter and 20 km in thickness. These electromagnetic pulses are then radiated to the Earth's surface due to the Earth's magnetic attraction, causing destruction or disturbance of electronic devices, power supply network, command or even communication control.
the detection device according to the invention must also make it possible to differentiate an electromagnetic pulse due to a high altitude nuclear explosion, from another electromagnetic pulse notably due to lightning . It is understood that the same is true for the detection of electromagnetic pulses due to other phenomena.
the detection device therefore takes into account at least one of the differences presented by the phenomena to be differentiated.
an electromagnetic pulse due to a high altitude nuclear explosion and that due to lightning can be used.
Lightning is preceded by the appearance of an electrostatic field and it is accompanied by noise and light whereas a nuclear explosion has no precursor phenomenon and is accompanied neither by noise nor by light. Also, the use of means for detecting an electrostatic field and / or noise and / or light makes it possible to distinguish these two phenomena.
the rise time of the corresponding electrical signal is of the order of 10 ns and from 10 to 90% of its maximum value, of l order of 5 ns
the width at half-height of this signal in other words, the time elapsed between the two successive passages of the signal at 50% of its maximum value is of the order of 100 to 200 ns, this signal having completely disappeared after 2 ⁇ s.
the amplitude of this signal is approximately 20 kV / m to 50 kV / m and the polarization of this signal is of the order of 0 to 27 ° relative to a horizontal axis.
the electrical signal corresponding to an electromagnetic pulse produced by lightning has a rise time as a function of the distance between the detection device and the discharge (for a distance of 200 m, the rise time from zero to the maximum value is of the order of 200 ns), the width at half height of this signal is of the order of 1 ms and the duration of this signal is greater than 2 ms, of the order generally of a second.
the amplitude of this signal is also a function of the distance from the detection device and the discharge (for a distance of 200 m, the amplitude is 10 kV / m and for a distance of 3 km, the amplitude is from 30 to 200 V / m); the polarization of this signal is perpendicular to a horizontal axis.
the detection device makes it possible to differentiate an electromagnetic pulse due in particular to a nuclear explosion, from another electromagnetic pulse originating for example from lightning by taking into account the total duration of the electrical signal corresponding to the pulse detecting , its width at half height, its energy as well as its polarization.
additional criteria can of course be taken into account such as the rise time of the electrical signal, the magnetic component of the electromagnetic pulse and in the case where the electromagnetic pulse to be differentiated is lightning, noise, light and the electrostatic field associated with lightning.
the means for picking up comprise a sensor formed by a first and a second antenna arranged in two perpendicular vertical planes and connected to each other, the first antenna being further connected to the differentiation means, the first antenna forming a angle ranging from 80 to 135 ° with the second antenna and the second antenna making an angle ranging from 450 ° to 650 ° with a vertical axis.
the position of these two antennas has been calculated to ensure that an electrical signal is always obtained at the output of the first antenna, in the event of a nuclear explosion, regardless of the position of these antennas relative to the center of the explosion.
the calculation takes into account in particular the polarization of the electrical component of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion.
the angle between the first and second antennas is equal to 90 ° and the angle between the second antenna and a vertical axis is equal to 54 °.
the senor To protect the sensor from natural aggressions, it is preferably placed in an enclosure transparent to electromagnetic waves such as a radome.
the first antenna is connected to the means of differentiation by means of an impedance adapter effecting the transfer of the electrical signal delivered by the sensor at high impedance to the means of differentiation at low impedance.
the means for picking up formed by the two antennas and the impedance adapter, deliver an image of the sensed electrical component, the signal delivered by these means being proportional to this component.
the differentiation means include reset means to allow the detection device to operate continuously.
the differentiation means include: first detection means connected to the means for picking up, for detecting the passage of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up at a value greater than a determined threshold value, a first time counter connected to the first detection means, triggered by these said means upon detection of the passage of the electrical signal to a value greater than the threshold value, integration means connected to the means for picking up to integrate the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up, and - First comparison means connected to the integration means and to the first time counter, for comparing the value of the integrated electrical signal up to a time t1 after the triggering of the first counter with a first reference value.
the time t1 and the first reference value are chosen for example so that when the value of the integrated electrical signal up to the time t1 after the triggering of the first counter is less than the reference value, the electrical signal corresponds to a nuclear explosion and, if not, to lightning.
This time t1 is, for example, equal to 1 ms and the first reference value corresponds to a value greater than the value that an electrical signal from a nuclear explosion would have, integrated until time t1 after the triggering of the first counter .
This embodiment allows a differentiation on the energy of the electrical signal.
the differentiation means further comprise: a second time counter connected to the first detection means and triggered by these said means during the detection of the passage of the electrical signal to a value greater than the threshold value, - second detection means connected to the means for sensing and to the second time counter, for detecting the maximum value of the electrical signal delivered by said means for sensing, up to a time t2 after the triggering of the second counter, the time t2 being less than time t1, - second comparison means, connected to the second detection means, for comparing the maximum value detected by said second detection means with a second reference value, said reference, said second comparison means controlling the reset by means of reset, integration means and the first counter when the output signal of said second comparison means does not correspond to the detection of an electromagnetic pulse of determined origin.
the time t2 is taken for example equal to 0.2 ms when the time t1 is equal to 1 ms, in the case of the differentiation of signals corresponding to a nuclear explosion and to lightning.
the second reference value corresponds to the minimum value of the signal to be reached for the detection device to continue integration, otherwise there is reset to zero of the integration means and of the first time counter.
This alternative embodiment makes it possible to eliminate electrical signals of low amplitudes due to parasitic electromagnetic pulses. The same can also be done by increasing the threshold value.
the differentiation means include: detection means connected to the means for picking up to detect the passage of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up at a value greater than a determined threshold value, a time counter connected to the detection means and triggered by these means when the passage of the electrical signal to a value greater than the threshold value is detected, - Comparison means connected to the means for picking up and to the time counter, for comparing the value of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up a time t le after the triggering of said counter with a reference value.
the time t3 is taken for example greater than the duration of the electrical signal corresponding to a nuclear explosion (t3 is for example equal to 2 ⁇ s) and the reference value is zero.
the electromagnetic pulse will be due to lightning and if not, it will be due to a nuclear explosion.
This embodiment allows differentiation from the total duration of the electrical signal.
the means of differentiation include: first detection means connected to the means for picking up, for detecting the passage of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up at a value greater than a determined threshold value, a first time counter connected to the first detection means and triggered by these means when the passage of the electrical signal to a value greater than the threshold value is detected, second detection means connected to the means for picking up, for detecting the maximum value of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up, - calculation means connected to the second detection means for calculating the value of the electrical signal at 50% of its maximum value, - third detection means connected to the means for picking up, to the calculation means and to the first time counter, for detecting the passage of the electric signal delivered by the means for picking up at a value corresponding to 50% of its maximum value and controlling the '' stop of the first time counter upon detection of this passage, and - first comparison means connected to the first time counter, for comparing the time elapsed between the triggering and stopping of the first counter and a reference time.
the reference time is taken greater than the width at half height of the electrical signal from an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion and less than that of the electrical signal of an electromagnetic pulse due to lightning. Also, when the time elapsed between the triggering and the stopping of the first counter is less than this reference time, the electrical signal delivered corresponds to a nuclear explosion and in the opposite case to lightning.
This embodiment allows differentiation from the width at half height of the electrical signal.
the differentiation means further comprise: a second time counter connected to the first comparison means and triggered by said means when the output signal from said means corresponds to the detection of an electromagnetic pulse of determined origin, and - second comparison means connected to the means for picking up and to the second time counter, for comparing the value of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up a time t6 after the triggering of the second time counter, and a reference value.
time t6 time t3 and for reference value a zero value.
This variant allows differentiation from the total duration of the electrical signal and from the half-height width of the latter.
the differentiation means are preferably shielded.
the means for picking up include an impedance adapter, the latter is also shielded, the shielding of the differentiation means and of the impedance adapter can be common. This shield constitutes a Faraday cage.
the detection device of the invention also advantageously comprises autonomous supply means such as batteries, solar cells, located inside the shielding of the differentiation means and of the impedance adapter.
autonomous supply means such as batteries, solar cells, located inside the shielding of the differentiation means and of the impedance adapter.
the detection device can be supplied by an external network, but in this particular case, the network must preferably be protected against the ingress of parasites.
the detection device of the invention advantageously comprises means for accounting for the detection of an electromagnetic pulse of determined origin and / or of another electromagnetic pulse connected to the differentiation means.
These means for accounting for the detection comprise, for example, audible and / or visual means preferably located in the shielding, to allow, for example, humans to use protection devices in the case of the detection of a electromagnetic pulse of nuclear origin.
These means may also include means for automatically controlling devices, for example protection devices. In the latter case, these means are external to the shielding and connected to the differentiation means by optical or wired links, the wired links being preferably protected against the penetration of spurious signals.
FIG. 1 schematically represents a first embodiment of a detection device according to the invention.
This device includes means for picking up 1 the electrical component of an electromagnetic pulse, differentiation means 3 and means for accounting for detection 5.
the means 1 making it possible to pick up the electrical component of an electromagnetic pulse deliver an electrical signal proportional to the sensed electrical component.
the differentiation means 3 are connected at the output of the means for picking up 1; they make it possible to differentiate an electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up coming from an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion from an electromagnetic pulse due to lightning.
the means for reporting on detection 5 are connected at the output of the differentiation means and make it possible to report on the detection of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion and / or lightning.
the differentiation means 3 comprise detection means 7 connected to the means for sensing 1, a time counter 9 connected to the detection means 7, integration means 11 connected to the means for sensing 1, means comparison 13 connected to the means of integration with the time counter 9 and the means 5 and reset means 23a connected to the time counter, the integration means and the comparison means.
the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up 1 is sent both to the detection means 7 and to the integration means 11.
these means 7 trigger the time counter 9.
the triggering of the time counter 9 is defined by the time t0.
the means 11 calculate the integral of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up, whatever the value of this signal.
the value of the integrated signal is compared by the means 13 to a reference value V R1 this comparison being validated at time t1 after the triggering of the counter.
the time t1 and the reference value V R1 are chosen for example, so that the integrated value of the electrical signal at the time t1 after the triggering of the counter is less than V R1 , in the case of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion.
the means for reporting the detection 5 comprise visual and / or audible means for notifying the man of the result of the comparison and / or means for automatically controlling, for example, protective devices as a function of the result of the comparison.
the threshold value V S of the detection means 7 is chosen so as to eliminate all the electrical signals of low amplitudes, due to parasitic electromagnetic pulses. The validation of the comparison is therefore carried out only for signals of amplitude greater than the value V S.
the reset means 23a are triggered by the time counter after validation of the comparison, the reset of the integration means and of the comparison means being carried out with an adjustable delay time, after the trigger of the counter.
the differentiation means 3 of this embodiment allow discrimination with respect to the energy of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up 1.
FIG. 2 gives a more detailed embodiment of the embodiment of the detection device shown in FIG. 1.
the means for picking up 1 comprising a sensor 19 and an impedance adapter 21, connected to the detection means 7 and to the integration means 11, the comparison means 13 connected to the means 11, a time counter 9 connected to the detection means 7, to the reset means 23a and to the comparison means 13, the means 23a being also connected to the integration 11 and comparison means 13.
the sensor 19 of the means for picking up 1 comprises a first and a second antenna 15, 17, represented in the space in FIG. 3.
the arrangement of these two antennas in space has been calculated so as to obtain in the case of a nuclear explosion an electrical signal at the output of the means for picking up 1, whatever the orientation of these antennas relative to the explosion.
the arrangement of these antennas has therefore been calculated in particular as a function of the polarization of the electrical component of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion.
the electrical component of an electromagnetic pulse of this type is polarized at an angle ranging from zero to 27 ° relative to a horizontal axis while the polarization of an electrical component due to lightning is perpendicular to a horizontal axis.
the antenna 15 and the antenna 17 are in two perpendicular vertical planes, the antenna 15 making an angle ⁇ of approximately 90 ° with antenna 17 and antenna 17 an angle ⁇ of the order of 54 ° with a vertical axis.
These two antennas have a length of approximately 3 cm respectively.
the means for picking up 1 include an impedance adapter 21 connected to the output of the antenna 15 is advantageous.
This impedance adapter is at high impedance on the side of the sensor 19, thus making it possible not to deform the signal by large time constants and at low impedance on the side of the differentiation means 3, making it possible to adapt the high impedance of the sensor 19 at the low impedance of the differentiation means 3 without deriving the signal delivered by the sensor 19.
the impedance adapter 21 of the means for picking up 1 comprises for example a power transistor T1.
two resistors R1, R2 are arranged in series, the resistor R1 being connected to the antenna 15 and the resistor R2 to ground, two resistors R3, R4, also in series , the resistor R3 being connected to a positive power source, and the resistor R4 to ground, and two capacitors C1, C2 in parallel connected between the midpoint of the resistors R1, R2 and the midpoint of the resistors R3, R4, the midpoint of the resistors R3, R4 being further connected to the power transistor T1 by a resistor R5.
This power transistor T1 is connected to the detection means 7 and to the integration means 11 by two parallel capacitors C3, C4.
a resistor R7 is further connected between a terminal of the transistor T1 and the ground.
the resistance R5 makes it possible to attenuate the rebounds and the over-oscillations without thereby excessively increasing the rise time of the electrical signal.
an inductance L1 is advantageously used connected on the one hand to the end of the resistor R3 and on the other hand both to the ground via a capacitor C5 and to the transistor of power T1 by a resistor R6 to better respond to the current peaks delivered by the sensor.
the main power sources have been represented by an arrow. These power sources are part of the power means described above. Next to each arrow is shown a + sign when this supply is positive and a - sign when this supply is negative.
the table below gives an example of the values assigned to the various components of the impedance adapter 21 for a power transistor of the DV 2805 type and a power source of +13.5 volts.
the means 7 for detecting the passage of the electrical signal a value greater than a determined threshold value V S , connected at the output of the means for picking up 1, must preferably satisfy the following conditions: - have an adjustable trigger threshold, - trigger the time counter 9 as quickly as possible on the appearance of a value of the electrical signal delivered, greater than the threshold value V S , - have a high input impedance so as not to disturb the electrical signal, and finally, - have an output level compatible with the other elements of the differentiation means 3.
These detection means 7 therefore advantageously comprise a fast comparator such as an AD 9685 comparator manufactured by ANALOG DEVICES, the propagation time of which is around 2.2 ns.
a fast comparator such as an AD 9685 comparator manufactured by ANALOG DEVICES, the propagation time of which is around 2.2 ns.
this component being part of the family of ECL logic levels, 11 must be followed by a translator 27 making it possible to make the transition between the ECL logic levels of the comparator AD 9685 and the TTL logic levels of the other elements of the differentiation means 3
This translator is for example an MC 10125.
the positive terminal of the comparator 25 is connected at the output of the means for picking up 1 and its negative terminal is connected to a potentiometer formed by a variable resistor ⁇ 1, in series with a resistor R8, the other end of the resistor R8 being connected to a positive power source and the other end of the variable resistor ⁇ 1 to ground.
the threshold value V S is therefore adjusted by the variable resistance ⁇ 1.
the output of this comparator 25 is connected to the time counter 9 via the translator 27.
the output signal of the means 7 has for example a rising edge which will trigger the time counter 9; the role of this time counter 9 is to validate the comparison between the value of the energy of the signal delivered, in other words the value of the integrated electrical signal up to time t1 after the triggering of this counter and the reference value V R1 .
This time counter must therefore trigger a signal offset by a fixed time t1 with respect to time t0.
This time counter 9 therefore advantageously comprises a monostable 29.
the time t1 is fixed in the particular case of the detection of a nuclear explosion, for example at 1 ms.
the validation of the comparison carried out by the means 13 is therefore carried out a millisecond after the time t0.
the time t1 fixed by the monostable is adjusted by means of external components such as, for example, a capacity and a resistance. Moreover by choosing a variable resistance, one can obtain a variable time t1. It is understood that the time counter can trigger at time t0 as well on a rising edge as on a falling edge of the electrical signal delivered by the means 7 and validate the comparison made by the means 13 as well on a rising edge as on a falling edge, depending on the settings made.
the time counter 9 used is for example the component 74 LS 123. This component comprises two monostables 29 and 31.
the monostable 29 is connected on the one hand to the output of the means 7 and on the other hand to an input of the means 13 and to the monostable 31, the monostable 31 is connected to the means 13 and to the reset means 23a.
the monostable 29 triggers the validation of the comparison carried out by the means 13 and the monostable 31.
the monostable 31 triggered by the monostable 29 makes it possible to maintain the comparison result for a certain time after its triggering, in particular to allow the visualization of the result of the detection.
the integration means 11 of the detection device advantageously include an integrator such as an operational amplifier 33 having a high input impedance of the ADLH 0032 type manufactured in particular by ANALOG DEVICE.
the positive terminal of this amplifier 33 is connected to ground while its negative terminal is connected to the output of the means for picking up 1 via two resistors in series R9 and R10 (for example of the order of 1 k ⁇ and 2 respectively , 2 k ⁇ ).
the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up 1 is integrated continuously by the integrator 33 whatever the value of this signal. The integrated value of the signal is therefore sent continuously to the comparison means 13.
the comparison means 13 comprise a comparator 37 such as a differential amplifier.
This comparator is for example an LM 311. Its negative terminal is connected to the output of the integrator 33 and its positive terminal to a variable resistance ⁇ 2. Resistor ⁇ 2 is also connected to a negative power source and to ground. It allows you to adjust the reference value V R1 .
the output signal from comparator 37 is zero when the signal delivered by the integrator is less than V R1, in other words when it corresponds to a nuclear explosion and not zero when it is greater than V R1 otherwise.
the comparison means 13 also include a NAND logic gate 39 connected to the output of the comparator 37 and to a positive power source. This logic gate makes it possible to reverse the electrical signal delivered by the comparator, in other words, the output signal of this gate will be non-zero when the output signal of the comparator will be zero and vice versa.
the means 13 further comprise a flip-flop 41 for example of the MC 14013B type connected to the output of the door 39 and to the output of the time counter 9.
the flip-flop 41 copies the level logic of gate 39, in other words flip-flop 41 will be at the high level when the output signal of gate 39 is non-zero and a low level when it is zero.
the monostable 29 therefore validates the comparison for a time t1 after its triggering, by sending a signal having either a rising edge or a falling edge on an input of the rocker.
the means 5 for reporting on the detection comprise for example display means such as two light-emitting diodes 43, 45; these diodes are advantageously of different colors.
the diode 43 is connected for example between the output Q of the flip-flop 41 of the means 13 and the ground and the diode 45 is connected between the output of this seesaw and mass.
the reset means 23a comprise a monostable 32, for example of the type 74 LS 123.
This monostable 32 is connected to the monostable 29 and it is triggered by the latter after the display time; the monostable 32 is also connected to the input of an OR logic gate 49, for example of the 74 HC 32 type.
the other input of this gate 49 is connected to a switch 50 controlled by a push button 48 and the output of this door is connected to the lever 41 of the means 13.
the logic gate 49 is connected to a positive power source and if not, it is connected to earth.
the output signal from gate 49 will be non-zero (high level) if at least one of the signals sent on its input is non-zero in other words, after the triggering of the monostable 32 (i.e. when the signal monostable outlet 32 has a rising edge) or when the push button is pressed manually. If the two signals at the input of gate 49 are zero, the signal at the output of this gate will also be zero.
the monostables 31 and 32 are adjusted so that the reset of the flip-flop 41 takes place long enough after validation of the comparison by the monostable 29, so that the display means can be read.
the time between validation of the comparison and resetting to zero is for example of the order of 5 s.
the means 23a further comprise, between the midpoint of the resistors R9 and R10 and the output of the operational amplifier 33 of the integration means 11, a capacitor C5 for example of 2.2 nF in parallel with a component 35 for allow the operational amplifier 33 to be reset.
This component 35 comprises two analog switches I1, I2 in series, respectively connected to the monostable 32; the midpoint of these switches being connected to ground by a resistance R11 for example of 2.2 k ⁇ .
This component is for example of the type MC 4016.
FIGS. 4a and 4b schematically respectively represent timing diagrams of electrical signals originating from an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion and due to lightning, delivered by the detection device represented in FIG. 2.
the signals V a , V a1 , V a2 , V a3 , V a4 , V a5 , V a6 , V a7 correspond to a nuclear explosion and the signals V b , V b1 , V b2 , V b3 , V b4 , V b5 , V b6 and V b7 correspond to the lightning.
the signals V a and V b represent the electrical signals delivered by the means for picking up 1
the signals V a1 and V b1 represent the electrical signals delivered by the operational amplifier of the detection means 7
the signals V a2 and V b2 represent the signals at the output of the translator of the means 7
the signals V a3 and V b3 represent the signals at the output of the monostable 29
the signals V a4 and V b4 represent the signals at the output of the integrator of the means 11
the signals V a5 and V b5 represent the signals at the output of the comparator
the signals V a6 and V b6 represent the signals at the output of the NAND gate 39 and the signals V a7 and V b7 the signals at the output of the flip-flop of the means 5.
the signals V a1 and V b1 therefore have a rising edge as soon as the value of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up 1 is greater than the threshold value V S , which corresponds to the time t0 and a falling edge as soon as the value of the electrical signal delivered by the means 1 is again less than this threshold value V S. Because this amplifier is of the ECL family, these signals are negative.
the electrical signals V a2 and V b2 are proportional to the signals V a1 and V b1 delivered by the operational amplifier but positive: they correspond to logic levels TTL.
the monostable 29 is triggered, in other words, the signals V a3 and V b3 have a rising edge as soon as the value of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up is greater than the threshold value V S ; at a time t1 fixed after its triggering, the monostable 29 is stopped and the signals V a3 and V b3 have a falling edge.
the integrator 33 continuously integrates the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up 1 whatever its value, the electrical signals V a4 and V b4 delivered by the integrator are therefore continuous since the appearance of a non-zero electrical signal at the output of the means 1 until it disappears.
the comparator 37 continuously compares the value delivered at the output of the integrator 33 with a reference value V R1 .
the signal V a4 delivered by the integrator being always lower than the reference value, the corresponding signal V a5 will be zero (low level).
the electrical signal V b4 delivered by the integrator 33 being greater than the reference value V R1 , a time t b after the appearance of the signal V b will present a rising edge at time t b , in other words will be at high level as soon as the value of the integrated signal exceeds the reference value.
the electrical signals V a6 and V b6 are at the high level when the corresponding signals V a5 and V b5 are at the low level and vice versa.
the flip-flop takes the same logic level as gate 39 at time t1 after the monostable 29 is triggered. Therefore, the signal V a7 is at the high level at from time t0 + t1 and the signal V b7 remains at the low level.
the output of the flip-flop at time t0 + t1, there will be a non-zero electrical signal in the case of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion and a zero signal in the case of an electromagnetic pulse due to lightning .
FIG. 5 represents an alternative embodiment of the detection device shown in FIG. 1.
This embodiment differs from that shown in FIG. 1 by the use of a time counter 51, detection means 53 and additional comparison means 55.
the time counter 51 is connected at the output of the detection means 7; the detection means 53 are connected at the output of the means for picking up 1 and at the output of the time counter 51; and the comparison means 55 are connected at the output of the detection means. Furthermore, the reset means 23b of this device are connected at the output of the comparison means 55 and of the time counter 9 and at the input of the integration means 11, of the time counter 9 and of the comparison means 13.
the time counter 51 is triggered upon detection of a value of the electrical signal greater than the threshold value V S.
the detection means 53 make it possible to detect the maximum value of the electrical signal delivered by the means for picking up 1 until the time t2 after the triggering of the counter 51.
This time t2 is fixed by the counter 51 in the same way as the time t1 for counter 9.
the comparison means 55 compare the maximum value detected by these means 53 and a reference value V R2 . If the maximum detected value is lower than this reference value, the time counter 9 and the integration means 11 are reset to zero by the means 23b triggered by the means 55. Otherwise, the integration is continued.
This particular embodiment makes it possible to stop the integration and to reset the detection device to zero, when the detection means have detected signals. electrics with a value greater than the value V S , but having no significant peak values after a time t2 after the triggering of the counter 51, this device amounts to determining a threshold value greater than V S.
FIG. 6 represents another embodiment of a detection device according to the invention.
the differentiation means comprise detection means 7 of the same type as those described above, connected to the means for capturing 1, a time counter 61 connected to the means 7, comparison means 62 connected to the means for receiving 1, to the counter of 61 and the means 5, and reset means 23c connected to the time counter 61 and to the comparison means 62.
the time counter 61 advantageously comprises a monostable triggered at time t0 by the detection of a value of the electrical signal, delivered by the means for picking up 1, greater than the threshold value V S.
the comparison means 62 comprise for example a comparator such as a differential amplifier connected to a flip-flop.
the reference signal V R3 is for example zero and the time t3 is equal to 2 ⁇ s. Indeed, we saw previously that after 2 ⁇ s. the electrical signal corresponding to a nuclear explosion has disappeared, unlike the signal electric corresponding in particular to lightning.
the signal at the output of the comparison means 62 will also be zero and the means 5 will account for the detection of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion. Otherwise, the signal at the output of the means 62 will be non-zero and the means 5 will account for the detection of an electromagnetic pulse due to lightning.
the reset means 23c triggered with a certain delay after validation of the comparison control the reset of the means 62.
FIG. 7 represents another embodiment of a detection device of the invention.
This device includes means for picking up 1 and means 5 for accounting for the detection of an electromagnetic pulse of determined origin and / or of another pulse, of the same type as those described above, as well as differentiation means. 3.
These means 3 include detection means 7 connected to the means for picking up 1, a time counter 64 connected to the means 7, detection means 63 connected to the means 1 for detecting the maximum value of the electrical signal delivered by the means 1, calculation means 65 connected to the means 63 for calculating the value of the signal at 50% of its maximum value, detection means 67 connected on the one hand to the means for picking up 1 and to the calculation means 65 and on the other hand, to the time counter 64 and to reset means 23d, for detecting the passage of the electrical signal delivered by the means 1, at 50% of its maximum value during the falling edge of this signal and comparison means 69 connected to on the one hand to the time counter 64 and to the means 23d and on the other hand to the means 5, the means 23d being further connected to the time counter 64.
the means 7 are for example of the same type as those described above, the means 63, 67 and 69 include by example a comparator.
the means 67 compare the value of the signal delivered by the means 1 and the maximum value of the signal delivered, divided by two. As soon as the value of the signal delivered is equal to the maximum value divided by two, (in other words as soon as the signal delivered is lowered halfway up its maximum value), the means 67 command the stop of the counter 64. Between the triggering and stopping of this counter, a time t4 has elapsed characterizing the width at half height of the electrical signal delivered.
This time t4 is therefore compared by the means 69 to a reference time t5, such as for example, when t4 is less than t5, the electrical signal corresponds to a nuclear explosion and when t4 is greater than t5, the electrical signal corresponds to another phenomenon such as lightning.
the means 5 account for the detection of these phenomena.
the time t5 is taken for example equal to 250 ns.
the reset means 23d triggered by the means 67 upon detection of the passage of the signal delivered by the means 1, at 50% of its maximum value, control the reset of the time counter 64 and of the comparison means 69 with a certain delay compared to the validation of the comparison.
FIG. 8 represents a variant of the detection device of FIG. 7.
the differentiation means 3 comprise, in addition to those shown in FIG. 7, detection means 62 and a second time counter 68 of the same type as the means 62 and the counter 61 described in FIG. 6, the detection means 62 being connected to the means 1 and to the means 5 and the time counter 68 to the means 69 and 62.
the counter 68 is triggered not by the means 7 as in the case of FIG. 6, but by the comparison means 69 only in the case where the output signal of said means 69 corresponds to the detection of a nuclear explosion.
This counter is therefore triggered for a time t4 after the triggering of the counter 64 and stopped for a time t6 after this time t4.
the time t6 is for example of the order of 2 ⁇ s.
the detection means 62 compare the value of the signal delivered by the means for picking up 1 at times t6 after the triggering of the counter 68 at a zero value. When the signal at the output of the means 62 is zero, the means 5 report the detection of an electromagnetic pulse due to a nuclear explosion and in the opposite case to an electromagnetic pulse due to lightning.
the means 69 and 62 are connected to the means 5, the latter can therefore comprise, for example, first and second different display means, connected respectively to the means 69 and 62, but they can also include comparison means connected to means 69 and 62 and include display means displaying the result of the comparison.
This variant therefore makes it possible to give a double diagnosis and therefore to avoid inadvertent triggering of protective devices.
FIG. 9 schematically represents a detection device comprising several detection assemblies in parallel, the means 5 of these assemblies being for example grouped together to allow a comparison of the different diagnoses originating from the differentiation means 3 used and to give the most reliable report possible of the detection result.
the differentiation means used are preferably different, but they can of course be identical.
FIG. 9 shows three detection assemblies in parallel, but of course a detection device can include more than three. Furthermore, this detection device can also be added, with the aim of improving its reliability, as we have seen previously, of devices for detecting electrostatic field, noise, light or magnetic field.

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Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)

EP87401453A 1986-06-26 1987-06-24 Detektionsvorrichtung für einen elektromagnetischen Impuls, insbesondere hervorgerufen durch eine Kernexplosion Expired - Lifetime EP0252801B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
FR8609294A FR2600777B1 (fr)	1986-06-26	1986-06-26	Dispositif de detection d'une impulsion electromagnetique, due notamment a une explosion nucleaire
FR8609294		1986-06-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP0252801A1 true EP0252801A1 (de)	1988-01-13
EP0252801B1 EP0252801B1 (de)	1991-08-21

Family

ID=9336759

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP87401453A Expired - Lifetime EP0252801B1 (de)	1986-06-26	1987-06-24	Detektionsvorrichtung für einen elektromagnetischen Impuls, insbesondere hervorgerufen durch eine Kernexplosion

Country Status (5)

Country	Link
US (1)	US4876551A (de)
EP (1)	EP0252801B1 (de)
JP (1)	JPS6358200A (de)
DE (1)	DE3772286D1 (de)
FR (1)	FR2600777B1 (de)

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DE69023324T2 (de) *	1990-01-02	1996-06-27	Max Planck Gesellschaft	Verfahren und System zur Messung von atmosphärischen Windfeldern mittels räumlich versetzten, schräg strahlenden Antennen.
US5828334A (en) *	1994-11-10	1998-10-27	Deegan; Thierry	Passive aircraft and missile detection device
US5856803A (en) *	1996-07-24	1999-01-05	Pevler; A. Edwin	Method and apparatus for detecting radio-frequency weapon use
US6788043B2 (en) *	2002-02-13	2004-09-07	Vaisala Oyj	Lightning detection and data acquisition system
DE102006037209B4 (de) *	2006-08-09	2010-08-12	Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg	Einrichtung zum Detektieren von Hochleistungs-Mikrowellenpulsen
JP6053520B2 (ja) *	2009-10-16	2016-12-27	エンプリマス、エルエルシー	電磁場検出システムおよびその方法
DE102009057733A1 (de) *	2009-12-10	2011-06-16	Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg	Detektor zum Detektieren hochenergetischer elektromagnetischer Pulse
DE102011102568A1 (de)	2011-05-26	2012-11-29	Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, vertreten durch das Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung	Vorrichtung zur Lokalisierung von pulsbasierten Hochleistungsmikrowellen-Waffen
KR101973517B1 (ko) *	2018-01-29	2019-09-02	한국과학기술원	핵폭발 검출기용 신호처리회로
CN113960376B (zh) *	2021-10-20	2023-04-28	中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所	一种用于柱面内爆压缩下材料金属化相变表征结构及方法

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1986
- 1986-06-26 FR FR8609294A patent/FR2600777B1/fr not_active Expired
1987
- 1987-06-24 DE DE8787401453T patent/DE3772286D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-24 EP EP87401453A patent/EP0252801B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-06-25 JP JP62158782A patent/JPS6358200A/ja active Pending
- 1987-06-26 US US07/066,760 patent/US4876551A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
FR2600777A1 (fr)	1987-12-31
JPS6358200A (ja)	1988-03-12
DE3772286D1 (de)	1991-09-26
FR2600777B1 (fr)	1988-11-25
US4876551A (en)	1989-10-24
EP0252801B1 (de)	1991-08-21

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