EP0239786B1 - Choke for a high power switching power supply - Google Patents
Choke for a high power switching power supply Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0239786B1 EP0239786B1 EP87102636A EP87102636A EP0239786B1 EP 0239786 B1 EP0239786 B1 EP 0239786B1 EP 87102636 A EP87102636 A EP 87102636A EP 87102636 A EP87102636 A EP 87102636A EP 0239786 B1 EP0239786 B1 EP 0239786B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- choke
- power supply
- chokes
- led
- conductor track
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F37/00—Fixed inductances not covered by group H01F17/00
Definitions
- the invention relates to a high-power switching power supply with a power transformer, the primary branch of which consists of a mains rectifier and a switching stage, in the secondary circuit of which a filter circuit is provided after a rectifier part.
- Switched-mode power supplies have the essential advantage over conventional power supplies that they have a higher degree of efficiency with a lower weight and a smaller volume at a correspondingly lower cost. This is offset by the disadvantages of a somewhat more complicated switching technology, stronger RF interference and greater difficulties in smoothing the output voltage.
- German patent specification DE-C-486 189 shows a choke coil with a winding formed from strip-shaped conductors, two conductor tracks leading currents in the same direction through a common magnetic core.
- the conductors are meandering, with mutual penetration between the legs of the common magnetic core.
- the mutual penetration of the conductors with a comb-like end of one conductor, the prongs of which are inserted through holes in the other conductor and then connected to a further conductor section, is technically very complex. Because of the relatively high space requirement per choke, additional problems arise if several chokes are required for filtering interference.
- the present invention is based on the object of finding a solution that is as optimal as possible also with regard to the necessary space and material requirements for improving smoothing and RF interference suppression in high-performance circuits.
- the arrangement according to the invention corresponds to a choke with two turns, without the winding material having to be wound with its correspondingly large cross section because of the high currents. Another advantage is the good suppression properties of the filter circuit due to the symmetrical structure.
- the basic circuit diagram of a switched-mode power supply shown in FIG. 1 shows a line rectifier NGL on the input side with a subsequent switching stage SST, which generates a square-wave voltage from the direct voltage by chopping and converts it using a transformer.
- the filter circuit consists of a smoothing choke L G switched on along the one output line and a smoothing capacitor C G located in the shunt arm.
- Such a sieve circuit has the disadvantage that the HF interference radiation caused by the switching stage SST and symbolized by lightning arrows is only sufficiently reduced in the choke branch. In the second output line leading to the negative pole, which contains no smoothing choke, the HF interference radiation reaches the output unhindered.
- both chokes L G1 , L G2 each consist of one turn and, moreover, both turns are passed through the coil core SPK in the same winding direction. This means that the currents I flowing from point A to the positive pole or from the negative pole to point B add up through the coil core SPK.
- FIG. 5 A structure which is particularly advantageous for high-power switching power supplies for the filter chokes according to FIGS. 3 and 4 is shown in FIG. 5. It shows in perspective Representation of a conductor track assigned to the choke L G1 in the form of a copper strip.
- This copper strip is divided into three partial webs connected at one end, of which the middle partial web is guided as the first turn W1 through the bore of a tubular coil core SPK, while the two outer partial webs are returned on the outside of the core.
- These two outer partial tracks are extended beyond the core and, with their extended ends bent at right angles to the core axis, are connected to one of the two output terminals - here with the positive pole.
- the beginning of the middle partial web is also bent at right angles to the core axis and preferably in the opposite direction to the two outer partial webs.
- the conductor track assigned to the other choke L G2 is likewise a copper strip and, starting from the second output terminal, initially runs between the two outer partial tracks of the other choke L G1 and then as a second turn W2 through the coil core SPK.
- the bent ends of the two outer sub-paths of inductor L G1 and the intermediate conductor path of inductor L G2 suitably serve as mounting surfaces for one or more smoothing capacitors C G connected in parallel.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Power Conversion In General (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Details Of Television Scanning (AREA)
- Filters And Equalizers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Hochleistungs-Schaltnetzteil mit einem Leistungsübertrager, dessen Primärzweig aus einem Netzgleichrichter und einer Schaltstufe besteht, in dessen Sekundärkreis nach einem Gleichrichterteil eine Siebschaltung vorgesehen ist.The invention relates to a high-power switching power supply with a power transformer, the primary branch of which consists of a mains rectifier and a switching stage, in the secondary circuit of which a filter circuit is provided after a rectifier part.
Schaltnetzteile haben gegenüber herkömmlichen Netzteilen den wesentlichen Vorteil, daß sie bei niedrigerem Gewicht und geringerem Volumen bei entsprechend geringerem Kostenaufwand einen höheren Wirkungsgrad haben. Dem stehen als Nachteile eine etwas kompliziertere Schalttechnik, eine stärkere HF-Störstrahlung und größere Schwierigkeiten bei der Glättung der Ausgangsspannung gegenüber.Switched-mode power supplies have the essential advantage over conventional power supplies that they have a higher degree of efficiency with a lower weight and a smaller volume at a correspondingly lower cost. This is offset by the disadvantages of a somewhat more complicated switching technology, stronger RF interference and greater difficulties in smoothing the output voltage.
Stärkere HF-Störungen treten insbesondere bei Schaltnetzteilen auf, die nur in einem der zu den beiden Ausgangsklemmen führenden Leitungen eine Siebdrossel aufweisen mit der Folge, daß die HF-Störung über die jeweils andere drosselfreie Leitung bis zum Verbraucher gelangt. Der Einbau zusätzlicher HF-Drosseln in die beiden Ausgangsleitungen, ggfs. in Verbindung mit Y-Entstörkondensatoren, ist zwar grundsätzlich möglich, bedingt aber bei Hochleistungsgeräten einen erheblichen Aufwand, weil diese HF-Drosseln wegen ihrer Größe sehr teuer sind.Stronger HF interference occurs in particular in the case of switched-mode power supplies which have a filter choke only in one of the lines leading to the two output terminals, with the result that the HF interference reaches the consumer via the respective other choke-free line. The installation of additional RF chokes in the two output lines, possibly in conjunction with Y interference suppression capacitors, is in principle possible, but requires a lot of effort in the case of high-performance devices, because these RF chokes are very expensive because of their size.
Dies gilt auch für den Fall, daß in jeder der beiden Ausgangsleitungen eine Leistungsdrossel zwischengeschaltet wird, weil die zweite Leistungsdrossel zwangsläufig einen zusätzlichen Raumbedarf und entsprechende Mehrkosten erfordert. Bei Hochleistungs-Schaltnetzteilen kommt erschwerend hinzu, daß Leistungsdrosseln wegen des großen Leitungsquerschnitts praktisch nicht "bewickelt" werden können.This also applies in the event that a power choke is interposed in each of the two output lines because the second power choke inevitably requires additional space and corresponding additional costs. In the case of high-power switching power supplies, this is made more difficult by the fact that power chokes can practically not be “wound” because of the large line cross section.
Aus der Druckschrift Elektronik, Bd. 34, Nr. 15, Juli 1985, Seiten 94 - 96, München; H. Panse: "Verringerung der Restwelligkeit bei Schaltnetzteilen" ist das Prinzip eines Leistungs-Schaltnetzteiles bekannt, dessen Schaltstufe einen nachgeschalteten Gleichrichterteil und danach eine Siebschaltung hat. Die Siebschaltung besteht aus einer Drossel und einem nachgeschalteten Kondensator. Bei diesem Schaltnetzteil wird die durch die Schaltstufe verursachte Störungsstrahlung nur im Drosselzweig ausreichend reduziert, nicht aber auch in den auf das Massepotential bezogenen Leitungen.From the publication Elektronik, vol. 34, no. 15, July 1985, pages 94-96, Munich; H. Panse: "Reduction of ripple in switching power supplies" is known the principle of a power switching power supply, the switching stage has a downstream rectifier section and then a filter circuit. The filter circuit consists of a choke and a downstream capacitor. In this switching power supply, the interference radiation caused by the switching stage is reduced sufficiently only in the choke branch, but not in the lines related to the ground potential.
Die deutsche Patentschrift DE-C-486 189 zeigt eine Drosselspule mit einer aus streifenförmigen Leitern gebildeten Wicklung, wobei zwei Leiterbahnen in der gleichen Richtung Ströme durch einen gemeinsamen Magnetkern führen. Die Leiter sind mäanderartig unter gegenseitiger Durchdringung zwischen den Schenkeln des gemeinsamen Magnetkerns hindurchgeführt. Die gegenseitige Durchdringung der Leiter mit kammartigem Ende des einen Leiters, dessen Zinken durch Löcher des anderen Leiters hindurchgesteckt und anschließend mit einem weiterführenden Leiterstück verbunden werden, ist technisch sehr aufwendig gelöst. Wegen des relativ hohen Platzbedarfes pro Drossel ergeben sich zusätzliche Probleme, wenn zum Filtern von Störungen mehrere Drosseln benötigt werden.German patent specification DE-C-486 189 shows a choke coil with a winding formed from strip-shaped conductors, two conductor tracks leading currents in the same direction through a common magnetic core. The conductors are meandering, with mutual penetration between the legs of the common magnetic core. The mutual penetration of the conductors with a comb-like end of one conductor, the prongs of which are inserted through holes in the other conductor and then connected to a further conductor section, is technically very complex. Because of the relatively high space requirement per choke, additional problems arise if several chokes are required for filtering interference.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt nun die Aufgabe zugrunde, für die Verbesserung der Glättung und HF-Entstörung bei Hochleistungs-Schaltkreisen eine auch im Hinblick auf den notwendigen Raum- und Materialbedarf möglichst optimale Lösung zu finden.The present invention is based on the object of finding a solution that is as optimal as possible also with regard to the necessary space and material requirements for improving smoothing and RF interference suppression in high-performance circuits.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruches 1 gelöst. Die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung entspricht einer Drossel mit zwei Windungen, ohne daß das Wicklungsmaterial mit seinem wegen der hohen Stromstärken entsprechend großen Querschnitt gewickelt werden muß. Ein weiterer Vorteil sind die aufgrund des symmetrischen Aufbaus guten Entstöreigenschaften der Siebschaltung.This object is achieved by the features of
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des Erfindungsgedankens ergeben sich durch die Merkmale der Unteransprüche.Advantageous developments of the inventive concept result from the features of the subclaims.
Im folgenden wird ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Dabei zeigen:
- FIG 1
- das Prinzipschaltbild eines Schaltnetzteils mit einem im Ausgangskreis vorgesehenen LC-Siebglied
- FIG 2
- eine Siebschaltung gemäß der Erfindung mit zwei Siebdrosseln
- FIG 3, 4
- den prinzipiellen Aufbau einer Siebdrosselanordnung nach FIG 2
- FIG 5
- eine vorteilhafte Realisierung einer Siebdrosselanordnung nach den FIG 3 und 4.
- FIG. 1
- the basic circuit diagram of a switching power supply with an LC filter element provided in the output circuit
- FIG 2
- a screen circuit according to the invention with two screen chokes
- 3, 4
- the basic structure of a screen throttle arrangement according to FIG. 2
- FIG 5
- an advantageous realization of a screen throttle arrangement according to FIGS. 3 and 4.
Das in Fig. 1 dargestellte Prinzipschaltbild eines Schaltnetzteils zeigt eingangsseitig einen Netzgleichrichter NGL mit nachfolgender Schaltstufe SST, die aus der Gleichspannung durch Zerhacken eine Rechteckspannung erzeugt und diese mit Hilfe eines Transformators übersetzt. Auf der Sekundärseite des Transformators, der gleichzeitig für eine Netztrennung sorgt, erfolgt zunächst eine Gleichrichtung mit Hilfe der beiden Gleichrichter D1, D2 und anschließend eine Siebung. Die Siebschaltung besteht aus einer längs der einen Ausgangsleitung eingeschalteten Glättungsdrossel LG und aus einem im Querzweig liegenden Glättungskondensators CG. Eine derartige Siebschaltung hat den Nachteil, daß die durch die Schaltstufe SST verursachte und durch Blitzpfeile symbolisierte HF-Störstrahlung nur im Drosselzweig ausreichend reduziert wird. In der zweiten, zum Minuspol führenden Ausgangsleitung, die keine Glättungsdrossel enthält, gelangt die HF-Störstrahlung nämlich ungehindert bis zum Ausgang.The basic circuit diagram of a switched-mode power supply shown in FIG. 1 shows a line rectifier NGL on the input side with a subsequent switching stage SST, which generates a square-wave voltage from the direct voltage by chopping and converts it using a transformer. On the secondary side of the transformer, which at the same time ensures mains separation, rectification takes place with the aid of the two rectifiers D1, D2 and then screening. The filter circuit consists of a smoothing choke L G switched on along the one output line and a smoothing capacitor C G located in the shunt arm. Such a sieve circuit has the disadvantage that the HF interference radiation caused by the switching stage SST and symbolized by lightning arrows is only sufficiently reduced in the choke branch. In the second output line leading to the negative pole, which contains no smoothing choke, the HF interference radiation reaches the output unhindered.
Die Siebschaltung nach Fig. 2 begegnet diesen Schwierigkeiten in vorteilhafter Weise dadurch, daß nun in beiden Ausgangsleitungen je eine Glättungsdrossel LG1, LG2 enthalten ist und daß beide Drosseln auf einem gemeinsamen Spulenkern angeordnet sind.2 meets these difficulties in an advantageous manner in that a smoothing choke L G1 , L G2 is now contained in each of the two output lines and in that both chokes are arranged on a common coil core.
Wie der in den Fig. 3 und 4 dargestellte Spulenaufbau zeigt, bestehen beide Drosseln LG1, LG2 aus je einer Windung und außerdem sind beide Windungen in gleichem Wicklungssinn durch den Spulenkern SPK geführt. Dies bedeutet, daß sich die vom Punkt A zum Pluspol bzw. vom Minuspol zum Punkt B jeweils durch den Spulenkern SPK fließenden Ströme I addieren.As the coil structure shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 shows, both chokes L G1 , L G2 each consist of one turn and, moreover, both turns are passed through the coil core SPK in the same winding direction. This means that the currents I flowing from point A to the positive pole or from the negative pole to point B add up through the coil core SPK.
Ein für Hochleistungs-Schaltnetzteile besonders vorteilhafter Aufbau für die Siebdrosseln nach den Fig. 3 und 4 ist in Fig. 5 dargestellt. Sie zeigt in perspektivischer Darstellung eine der Drossel LG1 zugeordnete Leiterbahn in Form eines Kupferbandes. Dieses Kupferband ist in drei an einem Ende zusammenhängende Teilbahnen unterteilt, von denen die mittlere Teilbahn als erste Windung W1 durch die Bohrung eines rohrförmigen Spulenkerns SPK geführt ist, während die beiden äußeren Teilbahnen außen am Kern zurückgeführt sind. Diese beiden äußeren Teilbahnen sind über den Kern hinaus verlängert und mit ihren verlängerten rechtwinkelig zur Kernachse abgebogenen Enden mit einer der beiden Ausgangsklemmen - hier mit dem Pluspol -verbunden. Der Anfang der mittleren Teilbahn ist ebenfalls rechtwinkelig zur Kernachse und zwar vorzugsweise in entgegengesetzter Richtung zu den beiden äußeren Teilbahnen abgebogen.A structure which is particularly advantageous for high-power switching power supplies for the filter chokes according to FIGS. 3 and 4 is shown in FIG. 5. It shows in perspective Representation of a conductor track assigned to the choke L G1 in the form of a copper strip. This copper strip is divided into three partial webs connected at one end, of which the middle partial web is guided as the first turn W1 through the bore of a tubular coil core SPK, while the two outer partial webs are returned on the outside of the core. These two outer partial tracks are extended beyond the core and, with their extended ends bent at right angles to the core axis, are connected to one of the two output terminals - here with the positive pole. The beginning of the middle partial web is also bent at right angles to the core axis and preferably in the opposite direction to the two outer partial webs.
Die der anderen Drossel LG2 zugeordnete Leiterbahn ist ebenfalls ein Kupferband und verläuft zunächst, ausgehend von der zweiten Ausgangsklemme, zwischen den beiden äußeren Teilbahnen der anderen Drossel LG1 und anschließend als zweite Windung W2 durch den Spulenkern SPK. Die abgebogenen Enden der beiden äußeren Teilbahnen von Drossel LG1 und die dazwischen liegende Leiterbahn von Drossel LG2 dienen zweckmäßig als Montageflächen für einen oder mehrere parallel geschaltete Glättungskondensatoren CG.The conductor track assigned to the other choke L G2 is likewise a copper strip and, starting from the second output terminal, initially runs between the two outer partial tracks of the other choke L G1 and then as a second turn W2 through the coil core SPK. The bent ends of the two outer sub-paths of inductor L G1 and the intermediate conductor path of inductor L G2 suitably serve as mounting surfaces for one or more smoothing capacitors C G connected in parallel.
- NGLNGL
- NetzgleichrichterLine rectifier
- SSTSST
- SchaltstufeSwitching stage
- D1, D2D1, D2
- GleichrichterRectifier
- LG L G
- GlättungsdrosselSmoothing choke
- CG C G
- GlättungskondensatorSmoothing capacitor
- LG1, LG2 L G1 , L G2
- GlättungsdrosselSmoothing choke
- SPKSPK
- SpulenkernCoil core
- A, BA, B
- Anschlüsse für LG1, LG2 Connections for L G1 , L G2
- W1, W2W1, W2
- Windungen der Glättungsdrosseln LG1, LG2 Smoothing chokes L G1 , L G2
- II.
- Stromelectricity
Claims (3)
- High power switching power supply having a power transformer whose primary branch consists of a mains rectifier and a switching stage, in the secondary circuit of which a filter circuit is provided downstream of a rectifier component, said filter circuit being composed of two chokes (LG1, LG2) arranged in each case in the longitudinal branch in lines leading to the two output terminals and of at least one transverse capacitor (CG), the two chokes (LG1, LG2) consisting of a winding constructed as a strip-shaped conductor track, which windings are led in the same winding direction through a common magnetic core (SPK), the winding (W1) of one choke (LG1) consisting of a conductor track subdivided into three track sections, the central conductor track of which is led through the magnetic core and the two outer track sections of which are led back to the core on the outside and are connected to one of the two output terminals.
- High power switching power supply according to Claim 1, characterised in that the conductor track, connected to the other output terminal, of the other choke (LG2) is led between the two track sections of the first choke (LG1) and subsequently through the magnetic core (SPK).
- High power switching power supply according to Claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the extended ends of the two outer track sections of one choke (LG1) and the section of the conductor track, running between these two track sections, for the other choke (LG2) serves as a mounting surface for one or more smoothing capacitors (CG) connected in parallel.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT87102636T ATE80493T1 (en) | 1986-02-28 | 1987-02-25 | CHOKE FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3606592 | 1986-02-28 | ||
| DE3606592 | 1986-02-28 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0239786A2 EP0239786A2 (en) | 1987-10-07 |
| EP0239786A3 EP0239786A3 (en) | 1988-10-12 |
| EP0239786B1 true EP0239786B1 (en) | 1992-09-09 |
Family
ID=6295208
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP87102636A Expired - Lifetime EP0239786B1 (en) | 1986-02-28 | 1987-02-25 | Choke for a high power switching power supply |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4791543A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0239786B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE80493T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3781578D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2033704T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE464001B (en) * | 1989-06-20 | 1991-02-18 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | GLOVING FILTER PUTS A RECTIFIER |
| GB2243258B (en) * | 1990-04-20 | 1994-09-07 | Gold Star Co | Magnetron for microwave oven |
| DE4222068C1 (en) * | 1992-07-04 | 1993-06-09 | Abb Patent Gmbh, 6800 Mannheim, De | |
| US6874708B2 (en) * | 2003-02-13 | 2005-04-05 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Automatic air-assisted manifold mounted gun |
| DE102005037616A1 (en) * | 2005-08-09 | 2007-02-15 | Rohde & Schwarz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Line transformer for impedance matching |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE486189C (en) * | 1929-11-12 | Siemens Schuckertwerke Akt Ges | In the course of the forward and backward transmission of strong currents, there is a choke coil to increase the inductive voltage drop | |
| US3340458A (en) * | 1964-06-16 | 1967-09-05 | Roy M Keller | Filter choke with self-desaturating magnetic core |
| FR1422994A (en) * | 1964-11-17 | 1966-01-03 | Simple rectifier circuit providing two symmetrical DC voltages | |
| US3611233A (en) * | 1969-08-14 | 1971-10-05 | Atomic Energy Commission | Pulse transformer using stripline windings |
| US3916286A (en) * | 1974-09-19 | 1975-10-28 | United Technologies Corp | Switching power supply common output filter |
| SU982163A1 (en) * | 1981-03-24 | 1982-12-15 | Предприятие П/Я В-8466 | Converter |
| US4586120A (en) * | 1983-12-30 | 1986-04-29 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Current limit shutdown circuit with time delay |
-
1987
- 1987-02-25 ES ES198787102636T patent/ES2033704T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-25 AT AT87102636T patent/ATE80493T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-02-25 EP EP87102636A patent/EP0239786B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-25 DE DE8787102636T patent/DE3781578D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-03-03 US US07/168,592 patent/US4791543A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE80493T1 (en) | 1992-09-15 |
| US4791543A (en) | 1988-12-13 |
| DE3781578D1 (en) | 1992-10-15 |
| EP0239786A3 (en) | 1988-10-12 |
| EP0239786A2 (en) | 1987-10-07 |
| ES2033704T3 (en) | 1993-04-01 |
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