EP0237623A1 - A circuit breaker - Google Patents
A circuit breaker Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0237623A1 EP0237623A1 EP86115278A EP86115278A EP0237623A1 EP 0237623 A1 EP0237623 A1 EP 0237623A1 EP 86115278 A EP86115278 A EP 86115278A EP 86115278 A EP86115278 A EP 86115278A EP 0237623 A1 EP0237623 A1 EP 0237623A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- arc
- circuit breaker
- contactor
- contacts
- conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 185
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000896 Manganin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneiron Chemical compound [C].[Fe] QMQXDJATSGGYDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 copper- manganes Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 abstract description 25
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 62
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HPDFFVBPXCTEDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Cu] HPDFFVBPXCTEDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H77/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting
- H01H77/02—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism
- H01H77/10—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening
- H01H77/102—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with electrodynamic opening characterised by special mounting of contact arm, allowing blow-off movement
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H73/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
- H01H73/02—Details
- H01H73/04—Contacts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H73/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
- H01H73/02—Details
- H01H73/18—Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H77/00—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting
- H01H77/02—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism
- H01H2077/025—Protective overload circuit-breaking switches operated by excess current and requiring separate action for resetting in which the excess current itself provides the energy for opening the contacts, and having a separate reset mechanism with pneumatic means, e.g. by arc pressure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved circuit breaker, more particularly to a circuit breaker which is so constructed as to increase the separating speed of its contacts and to effectively increase the arc voltage of an electric arc struck across the contacts to thus attain an enhanced current-limiting performance.
- the invention as claimed is intended to provide a circuit breaker wherein a pair of rigid conductors which are disposed therein and at least one of which has a movable portion that separates a pair of contacts under the action of the electromagnetic force of an excess current flowing through the contacts adapted to come into and out of contact with and from each other, are provided with arc shields of a high restistivity material in a manner to surround the contacts.
- the feet of an electric arc are prevented from spreading to the parts of the rigid conductors near the contacts, thereby to effectively inject the metal particles of the contacts into the arc and to raise the arc voltage of the electric arc, and the pressure of the arc space of the electric arc is increased, thereby to raise the separating speed of the contacts.
- Figures 1(a) and 1(b) illustrate a conventional circuit breaker.
- Figures 1(a) and 1(b) assuming now that a movable contact 302 of a movable contactor 3 and a stationary contact 202 of a stationary contactor 2 are closed, current flows along the path from a stationary rigid conductor 201 to the stationary contact 202, to the movable contact 302 and to a movable rigid conductor 301.
- an operating mechanism 4 works to separate the movable contact 302 from the stationary contact 202.
- an electric arc A appears across the stationary contact 202 and the movable contact 302, and an arc voltage develops thereacross.
- the arc voltage rises as the distance of separation of the movable contact 302 from the stationary contact 202 increases.
- the arc A is drawn toward arc extinguishing plates 5 by a magnetic force and is stretched, so that the arc voltage rises still further. In this manner, the arc current reaches the current zero point to extinguish the arc A, so that the interruption is completed.
- the circuit breaker and its internal constituent parts perform the operations as described above. Now, the operation of the stationary contact 202 and the movable contact 302 will be especially explained.
- the arc resistance R is given by the following expression:
- the arc space is occupied by the metal particles of rigid conductors with arc feet (bases) existing on their surfaces.
- the emission of the metal particles occurs orthogonally to the conductor surfaces.
- the emitted metal particles have a temperature close to the boiling point of the metal of the rigid conductors.
- the arc resistivity p and the arc sectional area S in the arc space are determined by the quantity of the metal particles produced and the direction of emission thereof. Accordingly, the arc voltage is determined by the behaviour of such metal particles.
- the behaviour of such metal particles will be described with reference to Figure 2. Even when surfaces X are constructed of contact members, the behaviour of metal particles to be described below holds quite similarly.
- a pair of rigid conductors 201 and 301 are ordinary conductors in the form of metallic cylinders confronting each other.
- the rigid conductor 201 is an anode
- the rigid conductor 301 is a cathode.
- the surfaces X of the respective conductors 201 and 301 are opposing surfaces which serve as contacting surfaces when the conductors 201 and 301 come into contact
- the surfaces Y of the respective conductors 201 and 301 are conductor surfaces which are electrically contacting surfaces other than the opposing surfaces X.
- a contour 2 indicated by a dot-and-dash line in the Figure 2 is the envelope of the arc A struck across the rigid conductors 201 and 301.
- metal particles a and metal particles b are typically representative of the metal particles which are respectively emitted from the surfaces'X and Y of the conductors 201 and 301 by vaporization, etc.
- the directions of emission of the metal particles a and b are the directions of flow lines indicated by arrows m and n, respectively.
- Such metal particles a and b emitted from the conductors 201 and 301 have their temperature raised by the energy of the arc space from approximately 3,000°C, being the botiing point of the metal of the conductors, to a temperature at which the metal particles bear a conductivity, i.e., at least 8,000°C, or to a still higher temperature of approximately 20,000°C.
- the metal particles take energy out of the arc space and thus lower the temperature of the arc space, resulting in an increased arc resistance R.
- the quantity of energy which the metal particles a and b take from the arc space increases with the extent of the temperature rise of the metal particles.
- the extent of the temperature rise is determined by the positions and emission paths in the arc space, of the metal particles a and b emitted from the conductors 201 and 30 1 .
- the paths of the metal particles a and b emitted from the conductors 201 and 301 are determined depending upon the pressure distribution of the arc space.
- the pressure of the arc space is determined by the mutual relationship between the pinch force of the current itself and the thermal expansion of the metal particles a and b.
- the pinch force is a quantity which is substantially determined by the density of the current. In other words, it is determined by the size of the foot of the arc A on the conductors 201 and 301.
- the metal particles a and b may be considered to fly in the space determined by the pinch force while thermally expanding.
- the movement of the metal particle a emitted from the conductor 201 and that of the metal particle a emitted from the conductor 301 are different as indicated by the flow lines of the arrawa m and m' in Figure 2. As stated before, this is based on the difference between the pressures caused by the pinch forces on the conductor surfaces.
- the unidirectional blow from the conductor 301 heats the conductor 201 on the blown side and expands the foot (anode spot or cathode spot) of the arc on the surface of the conductor 201 from the front surface X thereof to the other surface thereof.
- the current density on the conductor surface of the conductor 201 lowers, same as the pressure of the arc, Accordingly, the unidirectional blow from the conductor 3P1 is increasingly intensified.
- the metal particles b emitted from the surfaces Y of the respective conductors 201 and 301 do not deprive the arc A of sufficient heat, as indicated by arrows n in Figure 2. Moreover, they increase the arc sectional area S, resulting in a lowered resistance R of the arc A.
- the efficiency of the cooling of the positive column by the metal particles a is impaired.
- the metal particles b emitted from the non-opposing surfaces Y of both conductors 201 and 301 do not contribute to the cooling of the positive column at all, and they even lower the arc resistance R by increasing the arc sectional area S.
- the stationary rigid contactor and the movable rigid contactor used in the conventional circuit breaker are large in the surface area of the opposing surfaces, similarly to the rigid conductors of the model of Figure 2, so that they cannot limit the size of the foot of the struck arc, disadvantageously.
- the contactors have the exposed surfaces such as side surfaces besides the opposing surfaces, so that as explained with reference to Figure 2, the position and size of the feet (anode spot and cathode spot) of the arc appearing on the surfaces of both conductors cannot be limited.
- the unidirectional blow of the metal particles a from one contactor against the other contactor proceeds and therefore the arc sectional area increases, so that as stated above,the current-limiting performance at the tripping cannot be enhanced.
- the metal particles having appeared in the feet of the arc need to be effectively injected into the positive column from both electrodes.
- the force which injects the metal particles into the positive column is the pressure based on the pinch force arising in the foot of the arc. Since the pinch force changes greatly depending upon the size of the foot of the arc on the contactor or upon the current density, it can be controlled. For example, in the conventional contactors, the area of the surface X of at least one contactor is large, and it does not limit the size of the foot of the arc to an effective degree.
- the serious disadvantage of the conventional contactors is that, on account of the spread of the foot of the arc to the surface Y, the foot of the arc is liable to spread directly to the joint part between the contact and the conductor as is usually set on the surface Y, so tkP joint member of low fusing point is melted by the heat of the arc, the contact being prone to fall off.
- the invention provides a circuit breaker which has a high arc voltage and exhibits a good current-limiting performance at the tripping thereof and which is free from the risk of the falling-off of contacts.
- the circuit breaker of this invention is characterized in that, except for a part of the electrically contacting surface of either contact of the circuit breaker, the part of a rigid conductor adjacent to the contact as projects to the surrounding space is concealed behind an arc shield (a plate-shaped pressure reflector or a covering such as taping and coating) which is made of a substance of a highly resistive material (called the "high resistivity material” hereinbelow) having a resistivity higher than that of a material forming the rigid conductor,lthereby to forcibly inject metal particles into an arc space, and that the electrodes are separated at high speed by a high pressure established owing to the provision of the arc shield.
- an arc shield a plate-shaped pressure reflector or a covering such as taping and coating
- the high resistivity material there can be used, for example, an organic or inorganic insulator, or a high resistivity metal such as copper-nickel, copper- manganese, manganin, iron-carbon, iron-nickel and iron- chromium. It is also possible to use iron whose resistance increases abruptly in accordance with a temperature rise.
- Figures 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate one embodiment of the circuit breaker according to this invention.
- an enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with an exhaust port 101.
- a first movable contactor 2 comprises a first movable rigid conductor 201 with the part intermediate its ends being turnably (pivotally) supported by a pivot pin 103 on a holder 102 that is fixed to the enclosure 1, as well as a first contact 202 which is mounted to one end part of the first conductor 201.
- a second movable contactor 3 comprises a second movable rigid conductor 301 which moves relative to the first movable rigid conductor 201 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, and a second contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the second conductor 301 in a manner to confront the first contact 202.
- An conventional operating mechanism 4 operates the second movable contactor 3 relative to the first movable contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker (compare e.g. U.S. Patent 3,171,922).
- this mechanism comprises a supporter 402 which turnably (pivotally) supports the other end part of the second movable rigid conductor 301 by means of a pivot pin 401, a lower link 404 one end part of which is turnably mounted to the intermediate or central part of the second movable rigid conductor 301 by a pivot pin 403, an upper link 406 one end of which is turnably mounted to the other end part of the lower link 404 by a pivot pin 405, and an operating handle 407 which is tumably mounted to the other end part of the upper link 406 by a pivot pin (not shown).
- Arc extinguishing plates 5 which extinguish an electric arc struck when the second contact 302 is separated from the first contact 202, are supported by a pair of side plates 501 and 502.
- Arc shields 6 and 7, made of the aforementioned high reaistivity material, are respectively mounted on the first and second movable rigid conductors 201 and 301 in a manner to have the first and second contacts 202 and 302 projecting therethrough end to oppose to the electric arc.
- a spring 8 being interposed between the enclosure 1 and the first movable rigid conductor 201 urges the first contact 202 against the second contact 302.
- a connection terminal 9 is connected to the first movable rigid conductor 201 through a flexible conductor 10, and also to an external conductor (not shown).
- the linkage composed of the upper and lower links 406 and 404 operates to engage the first and second contacts 202 and 302 as illustrated in Figure 7. Accordingly, current flows from a power supply side onto a load side from the connection terminal 9, to flexible conductor 10, to first movable rigid conductor 201, to first contact 202, to second contact 302 and to second movable rigid conductor 301.
- a high current such as a short-circuit current
- the second contact 302 is separated from the first contact 202 by an electromagnetic repulsive force based on current concentration in the contacting points of the contacts 202 and 302.
- Figure 8 is an explanatory model diagram of the behaviour of the metal particles in the circuit breaker of Figures 6(a) and 6(b). Even in a case where surfaces X are formed of contact members, the behaviour of the metal particles does not differ from the ensuing explanation at all.
- a pair of rigid conductors 201 and 301 are constructed in the same shape as in Figure 2, and the arc shields 6 and 7 are respectively mounted on the conductors 201 and 301 in a manner to expose the surfaces X, i.e. the mutually confronting surfaces of the conductors 201 and 301, and to oppose to the arc A.
- the metal particles a and c emitted from the surfaces X are effectively injected into the arc space.
- the metal particles a and c effectively injected in large quantities deprive the arc space of large quantities of energy beyond comparison with those in the prior device, to therefore cool the arc space remarkably.
- the resistivity f or the arc resistance R is raised remarkably, and the arc voltage is raised very greatly.
- the arc shields 6 and 7 are installed closely around the contacting surfaces of the first contact 202 and the second contact 302 as shown by way of example in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), i.e. the opposing surfaces X according to Figure 8, the arc A is prevented from moving to the conductor surfaces Y, so that the size of the feet of the arc A is also limited. For this reason, the generation of the metal particles a and c can be concentrated on the surfaces X, and also the arc sectional area S can be reduced, whereby the effective injection of the metal particles a and c into the arc space can be further promoted. Accordingly, the cooling of the arc space, the rise of the arc resistivity p and the rise of the arc resistance R are further promoted, and the arc voltage can be raised further.
- the first movable rigid conductor 201 is turnably held on the holder 102 by the pivot pin 103, so that when the arc A has developed immediately after the separation of the first and second contacts 202 and 302, this first conductor 201 is separated from the second movable rigid conductor 301 at very high speed by the forces produced by the pressures of the spaces Q rendered very high owing to the effect of the arc shields 6 and 7. This state immediately after the separation is shown in Figure 9.
- the second movable rigid conductor 301 can have only a comparatively low separating speed on account of the inertia of the operating mechanism 4, whereas the first movable rigid conductor 201 has the very high separating speed owing to the pressure of the space Q. Therefore, the rise of the arc voltage immediately after the separation of the first and second contacts 202 and 302 becomes abrupt, and the peak value of the current to flow through the circuit is suppressed.
- a magnetic material may be employed so as to attract the arc A and to consequently raise the arc voltage; alternatively, a nonmagnetic material may be employed so as to split the arc A and to consequently raise the arc voltage.
- the magnetic material With the magnetic material, the arc A is favorably cooled, but a temperature rise attributed to eddy current due to the magnetic material poses a problem in a circuit break er of a high rated current. With the non-magnetic material, this problem is avoided.
- Figures 10 and 11 are perspective views showing another embodiment of the arc shields, which can be applied also to other embodiments to be described later.
- grooves or arc runways 601 and 701 are respectively provided in the arc shields 6 and 7 to extend from the'first and second contacts 202 and 302 toward the arc extinguishing plates 5, so as to expose the first and second movable rigid conductors 201 and 301.
- the arc A runs toward the arc extinguishing plates 5 within these grooves, to become effectively extinguished in direct contact with the arc extinguishing plates 5.
- This described embodiment of the circuit breaker according to the invention is adapted to separate the first movable rigid conductor 201 at high speed by mounting the arc shields 6 and 7, so that the arc voltage can be remarkably raised far beyond the limit thereof in the prior circuit breaker, and so that a high current-limiting performance can be attained.
- FIGS 12(a) and 12(b) show another embodiment of the circuit breaker according to this invention, in which an enclosure 1 forming the outer frame of a switching device is made of an insulator and is provided with an exhaust port 101.
- a first contactor 2 is constructed of a first rigid conductor 201 which is turnably supported by a pivot pin 2b on a holder 2a that is fixed to the enclosure 1, and a first contact 202 which is counted on one end part of the first rigid conductor 201.
- the first rigid conductor 201 is connected to a connection terminal 204 through a flexible conductor 203.
- a second contactor 3 moves relative to the first contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, and it comprises a second rigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the first rigid conductor 201 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and a second contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the second rigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront the first contact 202.
- the second rigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through a flexible conductor 303, and the other end part thereof is turnably held by a pivot pin 305 on a holder 304 that is fixed to the enclosure 1.
- a spring 2A being interposed between the first rigid conductor 20 1 and the enclosure 1 urges the first contact 202 against the second contact 302.
- An operating mechanism 4 for operating the second contactor 3 so as to close or open the circuit breaker is formed so that one end part of a lower link 401 constituting a linkage is turnably coupled to the second rigid conductor 301 by a pivot pin 402, that one end part of an upper link 403 is turnably coupled to the other end part of the lower link 401 by a pivot pin 404, and that an cperating handle 405 is turnably coupled to the other end part of the upper link 403 by a pivot pin (not shown).
- Arc extinguishing plates 5 extinguish an electric arc struck when the second contact 302 is separated from the first contact 202, and they are supported by a pair of side plates 501 and 502.
- Arc shields 6 and 7 made of the aforementioned high resistivity material are respectively mounted on the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 in a manner to have the first and second contacts 202 and 302 projecting therethrough and to oppose to the electric arc.
- the first rigid ; conductor 201 is turnably held on the holder 2a by the pivot pin 2b. Therefore, when the high current, such as a short-circuit current flows, the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 202 are electrcmagnetically repelled by the currents flowing therethrough, without waiting for the operation of the operating mechanism 4, so that the first rigid conductor 201 is separated to generate the arc A.
- the pressure of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7 becomes very high, and hence, the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 can be separated at very high speed by the effect of the arc shields 6 and 7 in addition to the electromagnetic repellent force, so that the arc voltage starts rising very quickly and rises very greatly. Accordingly, the peak value of the current to flow through the circuit can be made very small, the arc voltage can be made remarkably higher than in the prior circuit breaker, and a very high current-limiting performance can be attained.
- Figures 15(a) and 15(b) show still another embodiment, in which an enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with an exhaust port 101.
- a first contactor 2 is constructed of a first rigid conductor 201, and a first contact 202 which is mounted on one end part of the first rigid conductor 201, the other end part of which is turnably supported by a pivot pin 2b on a holder 2a fixed to the enclosure 1.
- the first rigid conductor 20 1 is connected to a connection terminal 204 through a flexible conductor 203.
- a second contactor 3 being movable relative to the first contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, is constructed of a second rigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the first rigid conductor 201 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and a second contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the second rigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront the first contact 202.
- the second rigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through a flexible conductor 303, and the intermediate part thereof is turnably supported on one end part of a movable -frame member 305 by a pivot pin 304.
- the other end part of the movable frame member 305 is turnably supported on a supporter 306 by a pivot pin 307.
- a spring 2A is interposed between the first rigid conductor 201 and the enclosure 1, and a torsion spring 3A is applied to the pivot pin 304 and has its respective end parts held in engagement with the second rigid conductor 301 and the movable frame member 305. These springs bias the first and second contacts 202 and 302, respectively.
- An operating mechanism 4 for operating the second contactor 3 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, is formed so that one end part of a lower link 401 constituting a linkage is turnably coupled to the pivot pin 304 and that also an operating handle 402 is turnably coupled to the linkage.
- Arc extinguishing plates 5 extinguish an electric arc struck when the second contact 302 is separated from the first contact 202, and they are supported by a pair of side plates 501 and 502.
- Arc shields 6 and 7 made of the aforementioned high resistivity material are respectively mounted on the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 in a manner to have the first and second contacts 202 and 302 projecting therethrough and to oppose to the electric arc A.
- the first and second contacts 202 and 302 are engaged as illustrated in Figure 16.
- a high current such as a short-circuit current flows under these conditions
- the first and second rigid conductors 201 and.301 are electromagnetically repelled on account of parallel currents flowing in senses opposite to each other through these rigid conductors, and the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 are both separated, so that the electric arc A develops across the first and second contacts 202 and 302 as illustrated in 1 Figure 17.
- the operating mechanism 4 works to completely separate the second rigid conductor 301.
- metal particles are reflected by the arc shields 6 and 7 to render the pressure of the arc space high, with the result that the arc is effectively cooled and extinguished.
- the other end part of the second rigid conductor 301 is turnably supported on the movable frame member 305 by the pivot pin 304
- the other end part of the first rigid conductor 201 is turnably supported on the supporter 2a by the pivot pin 2b
- the currents flowing through the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 are in parallel and opposite in sense to each other. Therefore, when the high current, such as short-circuit current flows, the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 are electromagnetically repelled by the currents flowing therethrough, without waiting for the operation of the operating mechanism 4.
- the electromagnetic repellence separates both the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301, to generate the arc A.
- the rigid conductors Upon the generation of the arc A, the rigid conductors can be separated at very high speed by the pressure rise of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7, in addition to the electromagnetic repellent force. Accordingly, the arc voltage starts rising very quickly. Since both the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 separate, the arc length stretches, and this raises the arc voltage very greatly conjointly with the effect of the arc shields 6 and 7, so that the peak value of the current to flow through the circuit can be'made very small.
- the circuit breaker of the present embodiment can prevent the polarity effect on the current-limiting performance from becoming different in dependence on whether the polarity on the contact to be separated by the electromagnetic repellence is a cathode or an anode, and it can stabilize the current-limiting performance. That is, such beneficial result is achieved by the measure that both the first rigid conductor 201 and the second rigid conductor 301 on which the first contact 202 and the second contact 302 are respectively mounted, are formed of the turnable electromagnetic repulsion type.
- Figure 18(a) and 18(b) show yet another embodiment, wherein an enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with an exhaust port 101.
- a stationary contactor 2 is constructed of a stationary rigid conductor 201 which is fixed to the enclosure 1, and a stationary-side contact 202 which is mounted on one end part of the stationary rigid conductor 201.
- a movable contactor 3 being movable relative to the stationary contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, is formed of a movable rigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the stationary contactor 2 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and a movable-side contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the movable rigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront the stationary-side contact 202.
- the movable rigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through / a flexible conductor 303, and the intermediate part tnereor ls turnably supported on one end part of a movable frame member 305 by a pivot pin 304.
- a cross bar 306 is penetratingly inserted in the other end part of the movable frame member 305 in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, and it turnably supports the movable frame member 305 in each phase.
- An operating mechanism 4 for operating the movable contactor 3 so as to close or open the circuit breaker is constructed of a lower link 401 one end part of which is turnably mounted on the intermediate part of the movable rigid conductor 301 by the pivot pin 304, an upper link 403 one end part of which is turnably mounted on the other end part of the lower link 401 by a pivot pin 402, an operating handle 404 which is turnably mounted on the other end part of the upper link 403 by a pivot pin (not shown), and a torsion spring 405 which is applied to the pivot pin 304 and has its respective end parts held in engagement with the movable rigid conductor 301 and the movable frame member 305.
- Arc extinguishing plates 5 extinguish an electric arc struck when the movable contact 302 is separated from the stationary contact 202, and they are held by a pair of side plates 501 and 502.
- Arc shields 6 and 7 are made of the aforementioned high resistivity material, and are respectively mounted on the stationary rigid conductor 201 and the movable rigid conductor 301 in a manner to project the stationary contact 202 and the movable contact 302 and to oppose to the electric arc A.
- the movable rigid conductor,301 is turnably held on the movable frame member 305 by the pivot pin 304; further, the arc shields 6 and 7 are provided. Accordingly, although the operating mechanism 4 affords a low separating speed of the movable rigid conductor 201 on account of its inertia, the pressure of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7 becomes very high and the movable rigid conductor 201 is therefore separated at very high speed without waiting for the drive of the operating mechanism 4.
- Figures 21(a) and 21(b) show a further embodiment, wherein an enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with an exhaust port 101.
- a first contactor 2 is constructed of a first rigid conductor 201 which is turnably supported by a pivot pin 2b on a holder 2a, fixed to the enclosure 1, and a first contact 202 which is mounted on one end part of the first rigid conductor 201.
- the first rigid conductor 201 is connected to a connection terminal 2C Y 4 through a flexible conductor 203.
- a second contactor 3 being movable relative to the first contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, is constructed of a second rigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the first rigid conductor 201 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and a second contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the second rigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront the first contact 202.
- the second rigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through a flexible conductor 303, and the intermediate part thereof is turnably held on one end part of a movable frame member 304 by a pivot pin 305.
- a cross bar 306 is mounted on the other end part of the movable frame member 304 in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, and acts to move the movable frame member simultaneously in each phase.
- a torsion spring 307 is applied to the pivot pin 305 and has its respective end parts held in engagement with the second rigid conductor 301 and the movable frame member 304.
- a spring 2A being interposed between the first rigid conductor 201 and the enclosure 1 urges the first contact 202 against the second contact 302.
- An operating mechanism 4 operates the second contactor 3 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, and is formed so that.one end part of a lower link 401 constituting a linkage is turnably coupled to the second rigid conductor 301 by the pivot pin 305, that one end part of an upper link 402 is turnably coupled to the other end part of the lower link 401 by a pivot pin 403, and that an operating handle 414 is turnably coupled to the other end part of the upper link 402 by a pivot pin (not shown).
- Arc extinguishing plates 5 to extinguish an electric arc struck when the second contact 302 is separated from the first contact 202 are supported by a pair of side plates 501 and 502.
- Arc shields 6 and 7 made of the aforementioned high resistivity material are respectively mounted on the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 302 in a manner to have the first and second contacts 2C2 and 302 passing therethrough and to oppose to the electric arc.
- the operating handle 404 is turned clockwise, the first and second contacts 202 and 302 are engaged as illustrated in Figure 22.
- a high current such as a short-circuit current flows in this state, the first and second rigid conductors 201 and 301 are not repelled electromagnetically because parallel currents flow in an identical sense through these rigid conductors, and the first rigid conductor 201 is separated as illustrated in Figure 23, so that the electric arc A develops across the first and second contacts 202 and 302.
- the operating mechanism 4 works to completely separate the second rigid conductor 301.
- metal particles are reflected by the arc shields 6 and 7 to render the pressure of the arc space high, with the result that the arc is effectively cooled and extinguished.
- the first rigid conductor 201 is turnably held on the movable frame member 304 by the pivot pin 305; further the arc shields 6 and 7 are provided. Accordingly, although the operating mechanism 4 affords a low separating speed of the movable rigid conductor 201 on account of its inertia, the pressure of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7 becomes very high and the movable rigid conductor 201 is therefore separated at very high speed without waiting for the drive of the operating mechanism 4.
- the circuit breaker of the present embodiment can prevent the polarity effect on the current-limiting performance from becoming different depending upon whether the polarity on the contact to be separated by the electromagnetic repellence is a cathode or an anode, and it can stabilize the current-limiting performance. That is, such beneficial result is achieved by the measure that both the first rigid conductor 201 and the second rigid conductor 301 on which the first contact 202 and the second contact 302 are respectively mounted are formed of the turnable electromagnetic repulsion type.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to an improved circuit breaker, more particularly to a circuit breaker which is so constructed as to increase the separating speed of its contacts and to effectively increase the arc voltage of an electric arc struck across the contacts to thus attain an enhanced current-limiting performance.
- Prior circuit breakers have the disadvantage that an electric arc struck across contacts expands its feet (base) to the parts of rigid conductors near the contacts, so that metal particles of the contacts cannot be effectively injected into the arc. With the prior devices, it has been impossible to achieve the aforementioned effects of the circuit breaker according to the present invention.
- The invention as claimed is intended to provide a circuit breaker wherein a pair of rigid conductors which are disposed therein and at least one of which has a movable portion that separates a pair of contacts under the action of the electromagnetic force of an excess current flowing through the contacts adapted to come into and out of contact with and from each other, are provided with arc shields of a high restistivity material in a manner to surround the contacts. Owing to the arc shields, the feet of an electric arc are prevented from spreading to the parts of the rigid conductors near the contacts, thereby to effectively inject the metal particles of the contacts into the arc and to raise the arc voltage of the electric arc, and the pressure of the arc space of the electric arc is increased, thereby to raise the separating speed of the contacts.
- Preferred ways of carrying out the invention are described in detail below with reference to drawings, in which: -
- Figure 1a is a sectional plan view of a conventional circuit breaker to which the present invention is applicable,
- Figure 1b is a sectional side view taken along line b - b in Figure 1a,
- Figure 2 is a model diagram showing the behaviour of an electric arc which is struck across the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 1a,
- Figure 3a is a side view showing a known contactor,
- Figure 3b is a plan view of the contactor in Figure 3a,
- Figure 3c is a sectional front view taken along line c - c in Figure 3b,
- Figure 4a is a side view showing in a model fashion the state of an electric arc in the case where the contactor in Figure 3a is used in a circuit breaker,
- Figure 4b is a front view corresponding to Figure 4a,
- Figure 5 is a model diagram showing the behaviour of the arc in Figure 4a,
- Figure 6a is a sectional plan view showing an embodiment of a circuit breaker according to the present invention,
- Figure 6b is a sectional side view taken along line b - b in Figure 6a and showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit greaker are disengaged,
- Figure 7 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 6a are engaged,
- Figure 8 is a model diagram showing the action of arc shields for use in the circuit breaker according to the present invention,
- Figure 9 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 6a have started to separate,
- Figure 10 is a perspective view of one contactor showing another embodiment of the arc shield for use in the circuit breaker of the present invention,
- Figure 11 is a perspective view of the other contactor which corresponds to the contactor in Figure 10,
- Figure 12a is a sectional plan view showing another embodiment of the circuit breaker according to the present invention,
- Figure 12b is a sectional side view taken along line b - b in Figure 12a and showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker are disengaged,
- Figure 13 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 12a are engaged,
- Figure 14 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 12a have started to separate,
- Figure 15a is a sectional plan view showing still another embodiment of the circuit breaker according to the present invention,
- Figure 15b is a sectional side view taken along line b - b in Figure 15a and showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker are disengaged,
- Figure 16 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 15a are engaged,
- Figure 17 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 15a have started to separate,
- Figure 18a is a sectional plan view showing a further embodiment of the circuit breaker according to the present invention,
- Figure 18b is a sectional side view taken along line b - b in Figure 18a and showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker are disengaged,
- Figure 19 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 18a are engaged, .
- Figure 20 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 18a have started to separate,
- Figure 21a is a sectional plan view showing a still further embodiment of the circuit breaker according to the present invention,
- Figure 21b is a sectional side view taken along line b - b in Figure 21a and showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker are disengaged,
- Figure 22 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 21 are engaged, and
- Figure 23 is a sectional side view showing the state in which the contacts of the circuit breaker in Figure 21a have started to separate.
- In the drawings, the same symbols indicate identical or corresponding parts.
- Figures 1(a) and 1(b) illustrate a conventional circuit breaker. In Figures 1(a) and 1(b), assuming now that a
movable contact 302 of amovable contactor 3 and astationary contact 202 of astationary contactor 2 are closed, current flows along the path from a stationaryrigid conductor 201 to thestationary contact 202, to themovable contact 302 and to a movablerigid conductor 301. - When, under this state, a high current such as short-circuit current flows through the circuit, an
operating mechanism 4 works to separate themovable contact 302 from thestationary contact 202. At this time, an electric arc A appears across thestationary contact 202 and themovable contact 302, and an arc voltage develops thereacross. The arc voltage rises as the distance of separation of themovable contact 302 from thestationary contact 202 increases. Simultaneously therewith, the arc A is drawn toward arcextinguishing plates 5 by a magnetic force and is stretched, so that the arc voltage rises still further. In this manner, the arc current reaches the current zero point to extinguish the arc A, so that the interruption is completed. During such interrupting operation, large quantities of energy are generated by the arc A across themovable contact 302 and thestationary contact 202 in a short time of several milliseconds. In consequence, the temperature of a gas within anenclosure 1 rises, and also the pressure thereof rises abruptly, but the gas at the high temperature and under the high pressure is emitted into the atmosphere through anexhaust port 101. - In case of the interruption, the circuit breaker and its internal constituent parts perform the operations as described above. Now, the operation of the
stationary contact 202 and themovable contact 302 will be especially explained. In general, the arc resistance R is given by the following expression: - where f: arc resistivity (Ω·cm)
- 1: arc length (cm)
- S: arc sectional area (cm 2)
- In general, in a short arc A which has a high current of at least several kA and an
arc length 1 of at most 50 mm, the arc space is occupied by the metal particles of rigid conductors with arc feet (bases) existing on their surfaces. Moreover, the emission of the metal particles occurs orthogonally to the conductor surfaces. At the emission, the emitted metal particles have a temperature close to the boiling point of the metal of the rigid conductors. Further, as soon as the metal particles are injected into the arc space, they are supplied with electrical energy to be raised in temperature and pressure and to bear a conductivity, and they flow away from the rigid conductors at high speed while expanding in a direction conforming with the pressure distribution of the arc space. The arc resistivity p and the arc sectional area S in the arc space are determined by the quantity of the metal particles produced and the direction of emission thereof. Accordingly, the arc voltage is determined by the behaviour of such metal particles. Next, the behaviour of such metal particles will be described with reference to Figure 2. Even when surfaces X are constructed of contact members, the behaviour of metal particles to be described below holds quite similarly. - Referring to Figure 2, a pair of
rigid conductors rigid conductor 201 is an anode, while therigid conductor 301 is a cathode. The surfaces X of therespective conductors conductors respective conductors contour 2 indicated by a dot-and-dash line in the Figure 2 is the envelope of the arc A struck across therigid conductors conductors - Such metal particles a and b emitted from the
conductors conductors - Further, the paths of the metal particles a and b emitted from the
conductors - The pressure of the arc space is determined by the mutual relationship between the pinch force of the current itself and the thermal expansion of the metal particles a and b. The pinch force is a quantity which is substantially determined by the density of the current. In other words, it is determined by the size of the foot of the arc A on the
conductors - It is also known that, in case the feet of the arc A on the
conductors conductor 301 against theother conductor 201 in the form of vapor jet. When, in this manner, the metal particles a fly unidirectionally from the oneconductor 301 toward theother conductor 201, the metal particles a to be injected into the positive column of the arc A are supplied substantially from only the conductor on oneside 301. While Figure 2 illustrates by way of example the case where the metal particles are flying strongly from the cathode against the anode, they sometimes fly in the opposite direction. - The above circumstances will now be described. In Figure 2, it is supposed that the metal particles fly unidirectionally from the
conductor 301 toward theconductor 201 for any reason. The metal particles a starting from the surface X, the opposing surface ofconductor 301, tend to fly orthogonally to the conductor surface, i.e. toward the positive column of the arc. At this time, the metal particle a having started from the surface X of oneconductor 301 is injected into the positive column by the pressure caused by the pinch force. In contrast, the metal particle a having started from the surface X of theother conductor 201 is pushed by the particle stream in the positive column and ejected outside the surface X, and it is immediately forced out of the system without entering the positive column. In this manner, the movement of the metal particle a emitted from theconductor 201 and that of the metal particle a emitted from theconductor 301 are different as indicated by the flow lines of the arrawa m and m' in Figure 2. As stated before, this is based on the difference between the pressures caused by the pinch forces on the conductor surfaces. Thus, the unidirectional blow from theconductor 301 heats theconductor 201 on the blown side and expands the foot (anode spot or cathode spot) of the arc on the surface of theconductor 201 from the front surface X thereof to the other surface thereof. In consequence, the current density on the conductor surface of theconductor 201 lowers, same as the pressure of the arc, Accordingly, the unidirectional blow from the conductor 3P1 is increasingly intensified. The discrepancy of the flight paths of the metal particles a emitted from therespective conductors conductor 301 can absorb energy from the positive column sufficiently, whereas the metal particle a having started from the surface X of theconductor 201 cannot absorb energy sufficiently and is ejected out of the system without cooling the arc A effectively. On the other hand, the metal particles b emitted from the surfaces Y of therespective conductors - In this manner, in the presence of the'blow from one
conductor 301, the efficiency of the cooling of the positive column by the metal particles a is impaired. In addition, the metal particles b emitted from the non-opposing surfaces Y of bothconductors - Accordingly, the presence of the unidirectional blow of the metal particles from one conductor to the other is disadvantageous for raising the arc voltage and renders it impossible to enhance the current-limiting performance at the tripping.
- In general, the stationary rigid contactor and the movable rigid contactor used in the conventional circuit breaker are large in the surface area of the opposing surfaces, similarly to the rigid conductors of the model of Figure 2, so that they cannot limit the size of the foot of the struck arc, disadvantageously. Moreover, the contactors have the exposed surfaces such as side surfaces besides the opposing surfaces, so that as explained with reference to Figure 2, the position and size of the feet (anode spot and cathode spot) of the arc appearing on the surfaces of both conductors cannot be limited. In the mechanism explained with reference to Figure 2, accordingly, the unidirectional blow of the metal particles a from one contactor against the other contactor proceeds and therefore the arc sectional area increases, so that as stated above,the current-limiting performance at the tripping cannot be enhanced.
- As an example of another contactor used in a prior circuit breaker, there has been one in'wh1ch the part of a conductor surface adjacent to a contact is covered with an
insulator 11 in order to prevent the fusion of a conductor to the area around the contact. Figures 3(a) to 3(c) showsuch contactor 2. In the example shown, the fore end part of the conductor is not covered with theinsulator 11. - In a circuit breaker constructed as shown in Figures 4(a) and 4(b) and including a pair of rigid conductors of such construction, an electric arc A as illustrated in these Figures develops across the paired
stationary contactor 2 andmovable contactor 3. In the arc A, its feet or the positions of an anode spot and a cathode spot flare greatly toward the fore ends of the rigid conductors as appears from Figures 4(a) and (b), so there has been the disadvantage that the current-limiting performance at the tripping cannot be enhanced for the same reason as explained with reference to Figure 2. Further, regarding a case where, as shown in Figure 5, only one of a pair of contacts is provided with a coating which has a plate-shapedmember 11 of an insulator covering the peripheral part of the contacting surface thereof, the state of the surface has been examined. In this example, metal the particles a/flow directions of which are confined are injected into an arc positive column portion from the surface X of arigid conductor 301 which has the contact enclosed with theinsulator 11. However, as regards metal particles from the surface X of arigid conductor 201 which has the contact not coated with theinsulator 11, the foot of an arc or the anode spot or cathode spot thereof spreads on the whole conductor surface without being limited, and further spreads to surfaces Y, i.e. the side surfaces of the contact, so that the current density decreases. It is accordingly the same as in Figure 2 that the pinch force weakens and that the metal particles run out of the arc. Therefore, even when the insulator is disposed in the vicinity of one conductor, the aspect of the arc positive column portion eventually becomes the phenomenon of the unidirectional blow of the metal particles. Accordingly, both conductors are subject to the same circumstances as in the case where the size of the foot of the arc is not limited, and the arc voltage does not show any especially great rise, so that the current-limiting performance is not enhanced. - As explained above, in order to raise the arc voltage, the metal particles having appeared in the feet of the arc need to be effectively injected into the positive column from both electrodes. The force which injects the metal particles into the positive column is the pressure based on the pinch force arising in the foot of the arc. Since the pinch force changes greatly depending upon the size of the foot of the arc on the contactor or upon the current density, it can be controlled. For example, in the conventional contactors, the area of the surface X of at least one contactor is large, and it does not limit the size of the foot of the arc to an effective degree. Even in such contactors employing no insulator, however, when the opposing surfaces X of both contactors are made sufficiently small, the density of current on the surfaces X rises to some extent, to increase the pinch forces, and the metal particles of the respective contactors are injected from both sides into the positive column to some extent, unlike the situations of the prior devices, whereby the arc voltage becomes higher than in the prior devices.
- Merely with this measure, however, the spread of the foot of the arc to the other parts than the surfaces X or to the surfaces Y cannot be checked, and the current density on the surfaces X decreases by a component correspanding to the spread of the foot of the arc to the surfaces Y, so that the injection pressure of the metal particles lowers. In the case of the conventional contactors, accordingly, the effect of cooling the positive column by the metal particles is not obtained to maximum degree.
- Further, the serious disadvantage of the conventional contactors is that, on account of the spread of the foot of the arc to the surface Y, the foot of the arc is liable to spread directly to the joint part between the contact and the conductor as is usually set on the surface Y, so tkP joint member of low fusing point is melted by the heat of the arc, the contact being prone to fall off.
- Now, the invention provides a circuit breaker which has a high arc voltage and exhibits a good current-limiting performance at the tripping thereof and which is free from the risk of the falling-off of contacts.
- The circuit breaker of this invention is characterized in that, except for a part of the electrically contacting surface of either contact of the circuit breaker, the part of a rigid conductor adjacent to the contact as projects to the surrounding space is concealed behind an arc shield (a plate-shaped pressure reflector or a covering such as taping and coating) which is made of a substance of a highly resistive material (called the "high resistivity material" hereinbelow) having a resistivity higher than that of a material forming the rigid conductor,lthereby to forcibly inject metal particles into an arc space, and that the electrodes are separated at high speed by a high pressure established owing to the provision of the arc shield.
- As the high resistivity material, there can be used, for example, an organic or inorganic insulator, or a high resistivity metal such as copper-nickel, copper- manganese, manganin, iron-carbon, iron-nickel and iron- chromium. It is also possible to use iron whose resistance increases abruptly in accordance with a temperature rise.
- Figures 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate one embodiment of the circuit breaker according to this invention. In Figures 6(a) and 6(b), an
enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with anexhaust port 101. A firstmovable contactor 2 comprises a first movablerigid conductor 201 with the part intermediate its ends being turnably (pivotally) supported by apivot pin 103 on aholder 102 that is fixed to theenclosure 1, as well as afirst contact 202 which is mounted to one end part of thefirst conductor 201. A secondmovable contactor 3 comprises a second movablerigid conductor 301 which moves relative to the first movablerigid conductor 201 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, and asecond contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of thesecond conductor 301 in a manner to confront thefirst contact 202. Anconventional operating mechanism 4 operates the secondmovable contactor 3 relative to the firstmovable contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker (compare e.g. U.S. Patent 3,171,922). In the present embodiment, this mechanism comprises asupporter 402 which turnably (pivotally) supports the other end part of the second movablerigid conductor 301 by means of apivot pin 401, alower link 404 one end part of which is turnably mounted to the intermediate or central part of the second movablerigid conductor 301 by apivot pin 403, anupper link 406 one end of which is turnably mounted to the other end part of thelower link 404 by apivot pin 405, and anoperating handle 407 which is tumably mounted to the other end part of theupper link 406 by a pivot pin (not shown).Arc extinguishing plates 5 which extinguish an electric arc struck when thesecond contact 302 is separated from thefirst contact 202, are supported by a pair ofside plates rigid conductors second contacts spring 8 being interposed between theenclosure 1 and the first movablerigid conductor 201 urges thefirst contact 202 against thesecond contact 302. Aconnection terminal 9 is connected to the first movablerigid conductor 201 through aflexible conductor 10, and also to an external conductor (not shown). - Now, when the
operating handle 407 is turned clockwise according to Figure 6(b), the linkage composed of the upper andlower links second contacts connection terminal 9, toflexible conductor 10, to first movablerigid conductor 201, tofirst contact 202, tosecond contact 302 and to second movablerigid conductor 301. When, under this state, a high current, such as a short-circuit current, flows through the circuit, thesecond contact 302 is separated from thefirst contact 202 by an electromagnetic repulsive force based on current concentration in the contacting points of thecontacts first contact 202 and thesecond contact 302. As illustrated in Figure 8, metal particles are reflected in the arc by the arc shields 6 and 7 to render the pressure of the arc space high, with the result that the separation of the contacts is promoted and that the arc is effectively cooled. - Figure 8 is an explanatory model diagram of the behaviour of the metal particles in the circuit breaker of Figures 6(a) and 6(b). Even in a case where surfaces X are formed of contact members, the behaviour of the metal particles does not differ from the ensuing explanation at all. In Figure 8, a pair of
rigid conductors conductors conductors - Further, when the arc shields 6 and 7 are installed closely around the contacting surfaces of the
first contact 202 and thesecond contact 302 as shown by way of example in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), i.e. the opposing surfaces X according to Figure 8, the arc A is prevented from moving to the conductor surfaces Y, so that the size of the feet of the arc A is also limited. For this reason, the generation of the metal particles a and c can be concentrated on the surfaces X, and also the arc sectional area S can be reduced, whereby the effective injection of the metal particles a and c into the arc space can be further promoted. Accordingly, the cooling of the arc space, the rise of the arc resistivity p and the rise of the arc resistance R are further promoted, and the arc voltage can be raised further. - The first movable
rigid conductor 201 is turnably held on theholder 102 by thepivot pin 103, so that when the arc A has developed immediately after the separation of the first andsecond contacts first conductor 201 is separated from the second movablerigid conductor 301 at very high speed by the forces produced by the pressures of the spaces Q rendered very high owing to the effect of the arc shields 6 and 7. This state immediately after the separation is shown in Figure 9. More specifically, before the open state shown in Figure 6(b) is established, the second movablerigid conductor 301 can have only a comparatively low separating speed on account of the inertia of theoperating mechanism 4, whereas the first movablerigid conductor 201 has the very high separating speed owing to the pressure of the space Q. Therefore, the rise of the arc voltage immediately after the separation of the first andsecond contacts - For the
arc extinguishing plates 5, a magnetic material may be employed so as to attract the arc A and to consequently raise the arc voltage; alternatively, a nonmagnetic material may be employed so as to split the arc A and to consequently raise the arc voltage. With the magnetic material, the arc A is favorably cooled, but a temperature rise attributed to eddy current due to the magnetic material poses a problem in a circuit break er of a high rated current. With the non-magnetic material, this problem is avoided. - Figures 10 and 11 are perspective views showing another embodiment of the arc shields, which can be applied also to other embodiments to be described later. Referring to Figures 10 and 11, grooves or
arc runways second contacts arc extinguishing plates 5, so as to expose the first and second movablerigid conductors grooves arc extinguishing plates 5 within these grooves, to become effectively extinguished in direct contact with thearc extinguishing plates 5. - This described embodiment of the circuit breaker according to the invention is adapted to separate the first movable
rigid conductor 201 at high speed by mounting the arc shields 6 and 7, so that the arc voltage can be remarkably raised far beyond the limit thereof in the prior circuit breaker, and so that a high current-limiting performance can be attained. - Figures 12(a) and 12(b) show another embodiment of the circuit breaker according to this invention, in which an
enclosure 1 forming the outer frame of a switching device is made of an insulator and is provided with anexhaust port 101. - A
first contactor 2 is constructed of a firstrigid conductor 201 which is turnably supported by apivot pin 2b on a holder 2a that is fixed to theenclosure 1, and afirst contact 202 which is counted on one end part of the firstrigid conductor 201. The firstrigid conductor 201 is connected to aconnection terminal 204 through aflexible conductor 203. Asecond contactor 3 moves relative to thefirst contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, and it comprises a secondrigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the firstrigid conductor 201 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and asecond contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the secondrigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront thefirst contact 202. The secondrigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through aflexible conductor 303, and the other end part thereof is turnably held by apivot pin 305 on aholder 304 that is fixed to theenclosure 1. Aspring 2A being interposed between the firstrigid conductor 201 and theenclosure 1 urges thefirst contact 202 against thesecond contact 302. Anoperating mechanism 4 for operating thesecond contactor 3 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, is formed so that one end part of alower link 401 constituting a linkage is turnably coupled to the secondrigid conductor 301 by apivot pin 402, that one end part of anupper link 403 is turnably coupled to the other end part of thelower link 401 by apivot pin 404, and that ancperating handle 405 is turnably coupled to the other end part of theupper link 403 by a pivot pin (not shown).Arc extinguishing plates 5 extinguish an electric arc struck when thesecond contact 302 is separated from thefirst contact 202, and they are supported by a pair ofside plates rigid conductors second contacts - Next, the operation of this embodiment will be described. When the
operating handle 405 is turned clockwise, the first andsecond contacts 202und 302 are engaged as illustrated in Figure 13. When in this state a high current such as short-circuit current flows, the first and secondrigid conductors rigid conductor 201 is separated as shown in Figure 14, so that the electric arc A develops across the first andsecond contacts operating mechanism 4 works to completely separate the secondrigid conductor 301. In the arc A in this case, as illustrated in Figure 8, metal particles are reflected by the arc shields 6 and 7 to render the pressure of the arc space high, with the result that the arc is effectively cooled and extinguished. - In the embodiment as described above, the first rigid ; conductor 201 is turnably held on the holder 2a by the
pivot pin 2b. Therefore, when the high current, such as a short-circuit current flows, the first and secondrigid conductors operating mechanism 4, so that the firstrigid conductor 201 is separated to generate the arc A. Upon the generation of the arc A, the pressure of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7 becomes very high, and hence, the first and secondrigid conductors - Figures 15(a) and 15(b) show still another embodiment, in which an
enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with anexhaust port 101. Afirst contactor 2 is constructed of a firstrigid conductor 201, and afirst contact 202 which is mounted on one end part of the firstrigid conductor 201, the other end part of which is turnably supported by apivot pin 2b on a holder 2a fixed to theenclosure 1. The firstrigid conductor 201 is connected to aconnection terminal 204 through aflexible conductor 203. Asecond contactor 3 being movable relative to thefirst contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, is constructed of a secondrigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the firstrigid conductor 201 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and asecond contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the secondrigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront thefirst contact 202. The secondrigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through aflexible conductor 303, and the intermediate part thereof is turnably supported on one end part of a movable -frame member 305 by apivot pin 304. The other end part of themovable frame member 305 is turnably supported on asupporter 306 by apivot pin 307. Aspring 2A is interposed between the firstrigid conductor 201 and theenclosure 1, and atorsion spring 3A is applied to thepivot pin 304 and has its respective end parts held in engagement with the secondrigid conductor 301 and themovable frame member 305. These springs bias the first andsecond contacts operating mechanism 4 for operating thesecond contactor 3 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, is formed so that one end part of alower link 401 constituting a linkage is turnably coupled to thepivot pin 304 and that also anoperating handle 402 is turnably coupled to the linkage.Arc extinguishing plates 5 extinguish an electric arc struck when thesecond contact 302 is separated from thefirst contact 202, and they are supported by a pair ofside plates rigid conductors second contacts - When the
operating handle 402 is turned clockwise, the first andsecond contacts rigid conductors 201 and.301 are electromagnetically repelled on account of parallel currents flowing in senses opposite to each other through these rigid conductors, and the first and secondrigid conductors second contacts operating mechanism 4 works to completely separate the secondrigid conductor 301. In the arc A in this case, as illustrated in Figure 8, metal particles are reflected by the arc shields 6 and 7 to render the pressure of the arc space high, with the result that the arc is effectively cooled and extinguished. - In the embodiment as described above, the other end part of the second
rigid conductor 301 is turnably supported on themovable frame member 305 by thepivot pin 304, the other end part of the firstrigid conductor 201 is turnably supported on the supporter 2a by thepivot pin 2b, and the currents flowing through the first and secondrigid conductors rigid conductors operating mechanism 4. The electromagnetic repellence separates both the first and secondrigid conductors rigid conductors - In a circuit breaker for alternating current, the polarity of the current on a contact during arcing is not decided; moreover, the polarity on the same contact changes even during arcing. In this regard, the circuit breaker of the present embodiment can prevent the polarity effect on the current-limiting performance from becoming different in dependence on whether the polarity on the contact to be separated by the electromagnetic repellence is a cathode or an anode, and it can stabilize the current-limiting performance. That is, such beneficial result is achieved by the measure that both the first
rigid conductor 201 and the secondrigid conductor 301 on which thefirst contact 202 and thesecond contact 302 are respectively mounted, are formed of the turnable electromagnetic repulsion type. - Figure 18(a) and 18(b) show yet another embodiment, wherein an
enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with anexhaust port 101. Astationary contactor 2 is constructed of a stationaryrigid conductor 201 which is fixed to theenclosure 1, and a stationary-side contact 202 which is mounted on one end part of the stationaryrigid conductor 201. Amovable contactor 3 being movable relative to thestationary contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, is formed of a movablerigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to thestationary contactor 2 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and a movable-side contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the movablerigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront the stationary-side contact 202. The movablerigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through/aflexible conductor 303, and the intermediate part tnereor ls turnably supported on one end part of amovable frame member 305 by apivot pin 304. Across bar 306 is penetratingly inserted in the other end part of themovable frame member 305 in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, and it turnably supports themovable frame member 305 in each phase. Anoperating mechanism 4 for operating themovable contactor 3 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, is constructed of alower link 401 one end part of which is turnably mounted on the intermediate part of the movablerigid conductor 301 by thepivot pin 304, anupper link 403 one end part of which is turnably mounted on the other end part of thelower link 401 by apivot pin 402, anoperating handle 404 which is turnably mounted on the other end part of theupper link 403 by a pivot pin (not shown), and atorsion spring 405 which is applied to thepivot pin 304 and has its respective end parts held in engagement with the movablerigid conductor 301 and themovable frame member 305.Arc extinguishing plates 5 extinguish an electric arc struck when themovable contact 302 is separated from thestationary contact 202, and they are held by a pair ofside plates rigid conductor 201 and the movablerigid conductor 301 in a manner to project thestationary contact 202 and themovable contact 302 and to oppose to the electric arc A. - When the
operating handle 404 is turned clockwise, themovable contact 302 and thestationary contact 202 are engaged as illustrated in Figure 19. In this state, current flows from a power supply side to a load side via the stationaryrigid conductor 201tthestationary contact 202, themovable contact 302 and the movablerigid conductor 301. In this state, the directions of currents flowing through the movablerigid conductor 301 and the stationaryrigid conductor 201 are the same. Therefore, even when a comparatively great current flows, the repulsion between the movablerigid conductor 301 and the stationaryrigid conductor 201 as caused by the currents flowing therethrough does not take place. That is, even when a comparatively great instantaneous current flows, the repulsion between the stationary-side contact 202 and the movable-side contact 302 does not occur unnecessarily, so that thestationary contact 202 and themovable contact 302 experience little wear and can be prevented from fusing and depositing. Now, when a high current, such as short-circuit current, flows through the circuit, theoperating mechanism 4 works to separate themovable contact 302 from thestationary contact 202. At this time, the electric arc A develops acrosscontacts - In the embodiment as described above, the movable rigid conductor,301 is turnably held on the
movable frame member 305 by thepivot pin 304; further, the arc shields 6 and 7 are provided. Accordingly, although theoperating mechanism 4 affords a low separating speed of the movablerigid conductor 201 on account of its inertia, the pressure of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7 becomes very high and the movablerigid conductor 201 is therefore separated at very high speed without waiting for the drive of theoperating mechanism 4. In consequence, the rise of the arc voltage immediately after the separation is rapid, and this suppresses the peak value of the current to flow through the circuit, conjointly with the effect of narrowing the arc A by the arc shields 6 and 7, so that a high current-limiting effect can be attained. - Figures 21(a) and 21(b) show a further embodiment, wherein an
enclosure 1 made of an insulator forms the outer frame of a switching device and is provided with anexhaust port 101. Afirst contactor 2 is constructed of a firstrigid conductor 201 which is turnably supported by apivot pin 2b on a holder 2a, fixed to theenclosure 1, and afirst contact 202 which is mounted on one end part of the firstrigid conductor 201. The firstrigid conductor 201 is connected to aconnection terminal 2C Y4 through aflexible conductor 203. Asecond contactor 3 being movable relative to thefirst contactor 2 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, is constructed of a secondrigid conductor 301 which is operated relative to the firstrigid conductor 201 so as to close or open the circuit breaker, and asecond contact 302 which is mounted on one end part of the secondrigid conductor 301 in a manner to confront thefirst contact 202. The secondrigid conductor 301 is connected to an external conductor (not shown) through aflexible conductor 303, and the intermediate part thereof is turnably held on one end part of amovable frame member 304 by apivot pin 305. Across bar 306 is mounted on the other end part of themovable frame member 304 in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, and acts to move the movable frame member simultaneously in each phase. Atorsion spring 307 is applied to thepivot pin 305 and has its respective end parts held in engagement with the secondrigid conductor 301 and themovable frame member 304. Aspring 2A being interposed between the firstrigid conductor 201 and theenclosure 1 urges thefirst contact 202 against thesecond contact 302. Anoperating mechanism 4 operates thesecond contactor 3 in order to close or open the circuit breaker, and is formed so that.one end part of alower link 401 constituting a linkage is turnably coupled to the secondrigid conductor 301 by thepivot pin 305, that one end part of anupper link 402 is turnably coupled to the other end part of thelower link 401 by apivot pin 403, and that an operating handle 414 is turnably coupled to the other end part of theupper link 402 by a pivot pin (not shown).Arc extinguishing plates 5 to extinguish an electric arc struck when thesecond contact 302 is separated from thefirst contact 202 are supported by a pair ofside plates rigid conductors operating handle 404 is turned clockwise, the first andsecond contacts rigid conductors rigid conductor 201 is separated as illustrated in Figure 23, so that the electric arc A develops across the first andsecond contacts operating mechanism 4 works to completely separate the secondrigid conductor 301. In the arc A in this case, as illustrated in Figure 8, metal particles are reflected by the arc shields 6 and 7 to render the pressure of the arc space high, with the result that the arc is effectively cooled and extinguished. - In this embodiment, the first
rigid conductor 201 is turnably held on themovable frame member 304 by thepivot pin 305; further the arc shields 6 and 7 are provided. Accordingly, although theoperating mechanism 4 affords a low separating speed of the movablerigid conductor 201 on account of its inertia, the pressure of the space Q between the arc shields 6 and 7 becomes very high and the movablerigid conductor 201 is therefore separated at very high speed without waiting for the drive of theoperating mechanism 4. In consequence, the rise of the arc voltage immediately after the separation is rapid, and this suppresses the peak value of the current to flow through the circuit, conjointly with the effect of narrowing the arc A by the arc shields 6 and 7, so that a high current-limiting effect can be attained. further, even when a comparatively great instantaneous current flows, the repulsion between the first andsecond contacts - In a circuit breaker for alternating current, the polarity of the current on a contact during arcing is not decided, and moreover, the polarity on the same contact changes even during arcing. In this regard, the circuit breaker of the present embodiment can prevent the polarity effect on the current-limiting performance from becoming different depending upon whether the polarity on the contact to be separated by the electromagnetic repellence is a cathode or an anode, and it can stabilize the current-limiting performance. That is, such beneficial result is achieved by the measure that both the first
rigid conductor 201 and the secondrigid conductor 301 on which thefirst contact 202 and thesecond contact 302 are respectively mounted are formed of the turnable electromagnetic repulsion type.
Claims (6)
characterized in, that the arc shields <6, 7) are made of a high resistivity material and are disposed in a manner to fully surround the peripheries of said first and second contacts (202, 302) and to conceal parts of that first and second contactor arms (2, 3) adjacent to that contacts (202, 302), respectively, whereby magnetic fluxes based on currents respectively flowing through that first and second contactor arm (2, 3) repel each other.
characterized in , that the resistivity material of the arc shields is an organic or inorganic isolator.
characterized in , that the resistivity material of the arc shields is a high resistivity metal such as copper-nickel, copper- manganes, manganin, iron-carbon, iron-nickel, iron- cromium and iron.
characterized in, that at least one of said arc shields (6, 7) is provided with a groove (601, 701) extending from the respective contact (202, 302) towards the arc extinguishing plates <5) and exposing the respective conducting contactor arms (2, 3).
characterized in , that the first and second contactor arms (2, 3) are connected to external connection terminals <e.g. 204) through flexible conductors (203, 303).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP86115278A EP0237623B1 (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1982-03-12 | A circuit breaker |
Applications Claiming Priority (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP35552/81U | 1981-03-12 | ||
JP35556/81U | 1981-03-12 | ||
JP35557/81U | 1981-03-12 | ||
JP1981035554U JPH0218516Y2 (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1981-03-12 | |
JP35555/81U | 1981-03-12 | ||
JP3555581U JPS57147551U (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1981-03-12 | |
JP3555281U JPS57147548U (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1981-03-12 | |
JP35554/81U | 1981-03-12 | ||
JP3555781U JPS57147553U (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1981-03-12 | |
JP3555681U JPS57147552U (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1981-03-12 | |
EP86115278A EP0237623B1 (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1982-03-12 | A circuit breaker |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP82102015.3 Division | 1982-03-12 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0237623A1 true EP0237623A1 (en) | 1987-09-23 |
EP0237623B1 EP0237623B1 (en) | 1991-08-28 |
Family
ID=27545383
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86115278A Expired - Lifetime EP0237623B1 (en) | 1981-03-12 | 1982-03-12 | A circuit breaker |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0237623B1 (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3402273A (en) * | 1965-12-01 | 1968-09-17 | Ite Circuit Breaker Ltd | Arc chamber for circuit breakers |
DE1765050B2 (en) * | 1968-03-26 | 1976-08-05 | Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler, 6000 Frankfurt | ELECTRICAL CONTACT OR ELECTRODE ARRANGEMENT FOR THE FIXED STABILIZATION OF THE ARC FLOOR POINTS AND TO REDUCE THE BURN-ON LOSS |
US3997746A (en) * | 1974-04-23 | 1976-12-14 | Airpax Electronics, Incorporated | Circuit breaker with arc chamber screen |
DE2928823A1 (en) * | 1978-08-10 | 1980-02-21 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Automatic protective circuit breaker - has stationary and moving contacts parallel in closed state and sliding pin for sprung stationary contact |
EP0054833A1 (en) * | 1980-12-09 | 1982-06-30 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Arc restricting device for a circuit breaker |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE944566C (en) * | 1951-02-08 | 1956-06-21 | Starkstrom Schaltgeraetefabrik | Arc extinguishing device |
-
1982
- 1982-03-12 EP EP86115278A patent/EP0237623B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3402273A (en) * | 1965-12-01 | 1968-09-17 | Ite Circuit Breaker Ltd | Arc chamber for circuit breakers |
DE1765050B2 (en) * | 1968-03-26 | 1976-08-05 | Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler, 6000 Frankfurt | ELECTRICAL CONTACT OR ELECTRODE ARRANGEMENT FOR THE FIXED STABILIZATION OF THE ARC FLOOR POINTS AND TO REDUCE THE BURN-ON LOSS |
US3997746A (en) * | 1974-04-23 | 1976-12-14 | Airpax Electronics, Incorporated | Circuit breaker with arc chamber screen |
DE2928823A1 (en) * | 1978-08-10 | 1980-02-21 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | Automatic protective circuit breaker - has stationary and moving contacts parallel in closed state and sliding pin for sprung stationary contact |
EP0054833A1 (en) * | 1980-12-09 | 1982-06-30 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Arc restricting device for a circuit breaker |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0237623B1 (en) | 1991-08-28 |
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