EP0237600A1 - Elastic backstop for a print hammer actuator in an impact printer - Google Patents

Elastic backstop for a print hammer actuator in an impact printer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0237600A1
EP0237600A1 EP86103740A EP86103740A EP0237600A1 EP 0237600 A1 EP0237600 A1 EP 0237600A1 EP 86103740 A EP86103740 A EP 86103740A EP 86103740 A EP86103740 A EP 86103740A EP 0237600 A1 EP0237600 A1 EP 0237600A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stop
print hammer
actuator
edge
swivel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP86103740A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0237600B1 (en
Inventor
Winfried Brügmann
Bruno Gantz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IBM Deutschland GmbH
International Business Machines Corp
Original Assignee
IBM Deutschland GmbH
International Business Machines Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IBM Deutschland GmbH, International Business Machines Corp filed Critical IBM Deutschland GmbH
Priority to EP19860103740 priority Critical patent/EP0237600B1/en
Priority to DE8686103740T priority patent/DE3677000D1/en
Publication of EP0237600A1 publication Critical patent/EP0237600A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0237600B1 publication Critical patent/EP0237600B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J9/00—Hammer-impression mechanisms
    • B41J9/42—Hammer-impression mechanisms with anti-rebound arrangements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an elastic stop for a print hammer actuator in impact printers.
  • Print hammer drives often have a swivel arm which drives the print hammer or a plunger which, after the pressure has been actuated, returns to its rest position and thereby hits a stop.
  • This stop is not only used to limit the path of the returning pivot armature or plunger; it also has a damping function. This reduces bouncing of the moving element against the stop.
  • the moving member print hammer actuating member
  • This calming time must be as short as possible for fast printers. A new printing process can only be started after the bruises have subsided and the movement member has come to rest against the stop.
  • page 4290 describes a stop arrangement for a swivel hammer of a printing hammer, in which a deformable energy-absorbing part, preferably made of polyurethane, is also provided.
  • FIG. 1A the schematic, perspective view of a pivot member for a print hammer drive is shown.
  • the swivel member 1 performs a swivel in the double arrow direction about its swivel axis 2.
  • the pivoting can be done by conventional drives, not shown, e.g. B. by an electromagnet.
  • By pivoting the print hammer drive is effected, for. B. by a not shown, coupled to the free end of the pivot member 1 push rod for a print hammer or by acting on a plunger.
  • the direction of action of the swivel member for an impression process is identified by P, its return movement to the rest position by R.
  • the stop 3 is made of elastic material and has the shape of a trough open towards the pivot member 1; d. H. it has a recess 3-1 which is open towards the swivel member.
  • the upper edge 3-2 of the stop rests on the surface of the swivel member.
  • bouncing processes are enormously reduced: on the one hand by the elastic, energy-absorbing property of the stop material and, on the other hand, by a kind of sticking / suction effect, as is known from pressing suction cup-like arrangements onto flat surfaces.
  • This adhesive suction effect is of course not fully effective in its mode of action, since the movement of the swivel member for an impression process must not be made more difficult by stationary adhesion.
  • the geometric shape of the stop can depend on the rectangular box shape selected in the illustration according to FIG. 1A give way. Designs are also conceivable in which the stop assumes a bowl-shaped circular or oval shape; Furthermore, designs are conceivable in which not only the entire edge but only edge parts of the stop bear on the swivel member, and the stop can also have cutouts at the edge through which its interior 3-1 connects to the exterior and a more elastic behavior of its Allow interior volume.
  • FIG. 1B shows the schematic sectional illustration of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1A according to the sectional plane BB.
  • the pivot member 1 in its rest position in which it moves by moving in the direction of arrow R, will lie flat on the edge 3-2 of the stop 3.
  • a spring behavior can also result from the edge parts 3-3 of the stop 3 projecting over the base 3-4, which leads to a quick, as possible bounce-free or low-bounce calming of the returns to its rest position swivel member.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic, perspective view of an electromagnetic pressure hammer drive with the stop according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1. It has a leaf spring 11 made of ferromagnetic material, which is attracted as a swivel armature by an electromagnetic yoke 12. The end of this leaf spring moves in the direction P (pressure direction). This movement can be transmitted to a pressure tappet 13 by appropriate coupling.
  • the excitation of the electromagnetic coil 14 is switched off after a pressure stop has been carried out, the leaf spring returns to its rest position in the direction R, where it strikes the stop 15.
  • this stop is designed in such a way that the Leaf spring pivot anchor 11 comes. A very short settling time, however, enables a very high actuation rate of this swivel anchor, as is required for high printing performance with fast printers.

Landscapes

  • Impact Printers (AREA)

Abstract

In order to achieve very short damping periods of the actuating member (1), the backstop (3) is formed of elastic material having a basin-shaped depression (3-1) facing the actuating member, the lateral face (3-2) of which depression (3-1) completely or partially rests against the actuating member when this is in the rest position. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen elastischen Anschlag für ein Druck­hammerbetätigungsglied in Anschlagdruckern.The invention relates to an elastic stop for a print hammer actuator in impact printers.

Druckhammerantriebe weisen vielfach einen den Druckhammer antreibenden Schwenkarm oder auch einen Stößel auf, der nach erfolgter Druckbetätigung in seine Ruhelage zurückkehrt und dabei auf einen Anschlag trifft. Dieser Anschlag dient nicht nur zur Wegbegrenzung des zurückkehrenden Schwenkankers oder Stößels; er erfüllt darüber hinaus auch eine dämpfende Funktion. Dadurch wird ein Prellen des bewegten Elementes am Anschlag reduziert. Besonders bei Hochleistungs(schnell)-­druckern ist es erforderlich, daß das bewegte Glied (Druck­hammerbetätigungsglied) möglichst schnell und prellfrei zurückkehrt und am Anschlag anliegt. Diese Beruhigungszeit muß bei Schnelldruckern möglichst kurz sein. Erst nach Ab­klingen von Prellungen und Anliegen des Bewegungsgliedes am Anschlag kann ein neuer Druckvorgang gestartet werden. Die Häufigkeit der Betätigung des Bewegungsgliedes pro Zeiteinheit zur Erzielung einer hohen Anzahl von Druckvorgängen ist umso größer je kürzer seine Beruhigungszeit ist. In der "Research Disclosure", October 1985, No. 258 publiziert durch die Kenneth Mason Publications Ltd., England, ist ein Anschlag für Druck­hämmer beschrieben, der Polyurethan als Material mit prellungs­dämpfender und abriebverringernde Funktion aufweist.Print hammer drives often have a swivel arm which drives the print hammer or a plunger which, after the pressure has been actuated, returns to its rest position and thereby hits a stop. This stop is not only used to limit the path of the returning pivot armature or plunger; it also has a damping function. This reduces bouncing of the moving element against the stop. Particularly in the case of high-performance (fast) printers, it is necessary for the moving member (print hammer actuating member) to return as quickly as possible and without bounce and to rest against the stop. This calming time must be as short as possible for fast printers. A new printing process can only be started after the bruises have subsided and the movement member has come to rest against the stop. The frequency of actuation of the movement member per unit of time to achieve a high number of printing processes is greater the shorter its calming time. In "Research Disclosure", October 1985, No. 258 published by Kenneth Mason Publications Ltd., England, a stop for printing hammers is described which has polyurethane as a material with a bruise-absorbing and abrasion-reducing function.

In der "Research Disclosure", August 1985 No. 256, ebenfalls publiziert von Kenneth Mason Publications Ltd., England, ist ein Anschlag für einen Schwenkarm und einen linear wirkenden Stößel beschrieben. Dieser Anschlag besteht aus einem Metallteil und aus energieabsorbierendem Gummi.In "Research Disclosure", August 1985 No. 256, also published by Kenneth Mason Publications Ltd., England, describes a stop for a swivel arm and a linearly acting plunger. This stop consists of a metal part and energy-absorbing rubber.

In dem IBM TDB, Volume 27, No. 7b, Dez. 1984, Seite 4290 ist eine Anschlagsanordnung für einen Schwenkhammer eines Druck­hammers beschrieben, bei der ebenfalls ein deformierbares energie­absorbierendes Teil aus vorzugsweise Polyurethan vorgesehen ist.In the IBM TDB, Volume 27, No. 7b, Dec. 1984, page 4290 describes a stop arrangement for a swivel hammer of a printing hammer, in which a deformable energy-absorbing part, preferably made of polyurethane, is also provided.

Alle diese elastischen, energiedämpfenden Teile (vorzugsweise aus Gummi oder Polyurethan) bisher bekannten Anschlagsanord­nungen weisen keine Hohlräume auf. Bei herkömmlichen Anord­nungen dieser Art ist eine weitere Steigerung der Betätigungs­häufigkeit für die Druckhämmer pro Zeiteinheit nicht möglich.All of these elastic, energy-damping parts (preferably made of rubber or polyurethane) previously known stop arrangements have no cavities. With conventional arrangements of this type, a further increase in the actuation frequency for the print hammers per unit of time is not possible.

Es ist deshalb Aufgabe der Erfindung, die Druckleistung von Schnelldruckern durch eine besondere Ausgestaltung der An­schlagsanordnung für das Betätigungsglied von Druckhämmer­antrieben zu steigern.It is therefore an object of the invention to increase the printing performance of high-speed printers by means of a special configuration of the stop arrangement for the actuating element of printing hammer drives.

Diese Aufgabe der Erfindung wird durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruches 1 genannten Maßnahmen in vorteilhafter Weise gelöst.This object of the invention is achieved in an advantageous manner by the measures mentioned in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausbildungen der Erfindung sind den Unter­ansprüchen zu entnehmen.Further advantageous developments of the invention can be found in the subclaims.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher beschrieben.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings and will be described in more detail below.

Es zeigen:

  • Fign. 1A - 1B eine schematische, perspektivische und Schnittdarstellung eines Schwenkgliedes für den Druckhammerantrieb mit einem zum Schwenk­glied hin offenen muldenförmigen erfindungs­gemäßen Anschlagelement,
  • Fig . 2 eine schematische, Schnittdarstellung eines elektromagnetischen Druckhammerantriebes mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Anschlag gem. Fig. 1.
Show it:
  • Fig. 1A-1B show a schematic, perspective and sectional illustration of a swivel member for the print hammer drive with a trough-shaped stop element according to the invention open towards the swivel member,
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic, sectional illustration of an electromagnetic pressure hammer drive with a stop according to the invention. Fig. 1.

In Fig. 1A ist die schematische, perspektivische Darstellung eines Schwenkgliedes für einen Druckhammerantrieb gezeigt. Das Schwenkglied 1 führt eine Schwenkung in Doppelpfeilrichtung um seine Schwenkachse 2 aus. Die Schwenkung kann durch nicht dargestellte herkömmliche Antriebe, z. B. durch einen Elektro­magneten, bewirkt werden. Durch das Schwenken wird der Druckhammerantrieb bewirkt, z. B. durch eine nicht dargestellte mit dem freien Ende des Schwenkgliedes 1 gekoppelte Schub­stange für einen Druckhammer oder durch Einwirken auf einen Druckstößel. Die Aktionsrichtung des Schwenkgliedes für einen Abdruckvorgang ist mit P, seine Rückkehrbewegung in die Ruhelage mit R gekennzeichnet. Bei Rückkehr in seine Ruhelage schlägt das Schwenkglied 1 gegen den Anschlag 3, der auf einem Basisteil 4 angeordnet ist. Der Anschlag 3 ist aus elastischem Material hergestellt und hat die Form einer zum Schwenkglied 1 hin offenen Mulde; d. h. er weist innen eine zum Schwenkglied hin offene Aussparung 3-1 auf. Beim Auftreffen des Schwenkgliedes 1 auf den Anschlag 3 liegt der obere Rand 3-2 des Anschlages auf der Fläche des Schwenkgliedes auf. Beim Auftreffen des Schwenkgliedes auf den Anschlag 3 sind Prellvorgänge enorm reduziert: zum einen durch die elastische energieabsorbierende Eigenschaft des Anschlagmaterials und zum anderen durch eine Art Haft/Saugeffekt wie man ihn vom Aufdrücken saugnapfähnli­cher Anordnungen auf ebene Flächen kennt. Dieser Haftsaug­effekt ist selbstverständlich in seiner Wirkungsweise nicht voll wirksam, da die Bewegung des Schwenkgliedes für einen Ab­druckvorgang durch ein stationäres Haften nicht erschwert sein darf.In Fig. 1A, the schematic, perspective view of a pivot member for a print hammer drive is shown. The swivel member 1 performs a swivel in the double arrow direction about its swivel axis 2. The pivoting can be done by conventional drives, not shown, e.g. B. by an electromagnet. By pivoting the print hammer drive is effected, for. B. by a not shown, coupled to the free end of the pivot member 1 push rod for a print hammer or by acting on a plunger. The direction of action of the swivel member for an impression process is identified by P, its return movement to the rest position by R. When returning to its rest position, the pivot member 1 strikes the stop 3, which is arranged on a base part 4. The stop 3 is made of elastic material and has the shape of a trough open towards the pivot member 1; d. H. it has a recess 3-1 which is open towards the swivel member. When the swivel member 1 hits the stop 3, the upper edge 3-2 of the stop rests on the surface of the swivel member. When the swivel member strikes the stop 3, bouncing processes are enormously reduced: on the one hand by the elastic, energy-absorbing property of the stop material and, on the other hand, by a kind of sticking / suction effect, as is known from pressing suction cup-like arrangements onto flat surfaces. This adhesive suction effect is of course not fully effective in its mode of action, since the movement of the swivel member for an impression process must not be made more difficult by stationary adhesion.

Die geometrische Form des Anschlages kann von der in der Darstellung nach Fig. 1A gewählten Rechteckschachtelform ab­ weichen. Es sind ebensogut Ausführungen denkbar, in denen der Anschlag eine schüsselförmige Kreis- oder Ovalform annimmt; des weiteren sind Ausführungen denkbar, bei denen nicht der gesamte Rand sondern nur Randteile des Anschlages an dem Schwenkglied anliegen, außerdem kann der Anschlag randwärts auch Aussparungen aufweisen, durch die sein Innenraum 3-1 mit dem Außenraum in Verbindung tritt und die ein elastischeres Verhalten seines Innenraumvolumens ermöglichen.The geometric shape of the stop can depend on the rectangular box shape selected in the illustration according to FIG. 1A give way. Designs are also conceivable in which the stop assumes a bowl-shaped circular or oval shape; Furthermore, designs are conceivable in which not only the entire edge but only edge parts of the stop bear on the swivel member, and the stop can also have cutouts at the edge through which its interior 3-1 connects to the exterior and a more elastic behavior of its Allow interior volume.

Fig. 1B zeigt die schematische Schnittdarstellung der in Fig. 1A gezeigten Anordnung gemäß der Schnittebene BB. In dieser Darstellung ist zu erkennen, daß das Schwenkglied 1 in seiner Ruhelage, in die es sich durch Bewegung in Pfeilrichtung R begibt, flächig auf dem Rand 3-2 des Anschlages 3 anliegen wird. Neben dem erwähnten Haft/Saug-Effekt und dem allgemei­nen elastischen Materialverhalten des Anschlages kann sich auch noch ein Federverhalten durch die den Sockel 3-4 überragende Randteile 3-3 des Anschlages 3 ergeben, was zu einer schnellen, möglichst prellfreien bzw. prellarmen Beruhigung des in seine Ruhelage zurückkehrenden Schwenkgliedes führt.FIG. 1B shows the schematic sectional illustration of the arrangement shown in FIG. 1A according to the sectional plane BB. In this representation it can be seen that the pivot member 1 in its rest position, in which it moves by moving in the direction of arrow R, will lie flat on the edge 3-2 of the stop 3. In addition to the mentioned sticking / suction effect and the general elastic material behavior of the stop, a spring behavior can also result from the edge parts 3-3 of the stop 3 projecting over the base 3-4, which leads to a quick, as possible bounce-free or low-bounce calming of the returns to its rest position swivel member.

Fig. 2 zeigt eine schematische, perspektivische Darstellung eines elektromagnetischen Druckhammerantriebes mit dem erfindungs­gemäßen Anschlag gem. Fig. 1. Er weist eine Blattfeder 11 aus ferromagnetischem Material auf, die als Schwenkanker von einem Elektromagnetjoch 12 angezogen wird. Dabei führt das Ende dieser Blattfeder eine Bewegung in Richtung P (Druckrichtung) aus. Diese Bewegung läßt sich durch entsprechende Kopplung auf einen Druckstößel 13 übertragen. Beim Abschalten der Erregung der Elektromagnetspule 14 nach Ausführung eines Druckanschlages kehrt die Blattfeder in Richtung R in ihre Ruheposition zurück, wobei sie auf den Anschlag 15 trifft. Dieser Anschlag ist wie im Zusammenhang mit Fig. 1A und 1B so ausgebildet, daß es zu einer sehr schnellen Beruhigung des Blattfederschwenkankers 11 kommt. Eine sehr kurze Beruhigungs­zeit ermöglicht jedoch eine sehr hohe Betätigungsrate dieses Schwenkankers wie sie für hohe Druckleistungen bei Schnell­druckern erforderlich ist.Fig. 2 shows a schematic, perspective view of an electromagnetic pressure hammer drive with the stop according to the invention. Fig. 1. It has a leaf spring 11 made of ferromagnetic material, which is attracted as a swivel armature by an electromagnetic yoke 12. The end of this leaf spring moves in the direction P (pressure direction). This movement can be transmitted to a pressure tappet 13 by appropriate coupling. When the excitation of the electromagnetic coil 14 is switched off after a pressure stop has been carried out, the leaf spring returns to its rest position in the direction R, where it strikes the stop 15. As in connection with FIGS. 1A and 1B, this stop is designed in such a way that the Leaf spring pivot anchor 11 comes. A very short settling time, however, enables a very high actuation rate of this swivel anchor, as is required for high printing performance with fast printers.

Modellversuche haben ergeben, daß für eine äußerst effektive Wirkungsweise des Anschlages letzterer so zu positionieren ist, daß seine Ränder den Stoßmittelpunkt des Schwenkgliedes um­fassen.Model tests have shown that for an extremely effective mode of operation of the stop, the latter has to be positioned in such a way that its edges encompass the center of the joint of the swivel member.

Claims (5)

1. Elastischer Anschlag für ein Druckhammerbetätigungsglied in Anschlagdruckern
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß dieser (3, 15) eine muldenförmige dem Betätigungsglied zugewandte Vertiefung (3-1) aufweist, deren Rand (3-2) ganz oder teilweise an den Betätigungsgliedes aufliegt, wenn sich dieses in Ruheposition befindet.1. Elastic stop for a print hammer actuator in impact printers
characterized,
that this (3, 15) has a trough-shaped depression facing the actuator (3-1), the edge (3-2) of which rests fully or partially on the actuator when it is in the rest position. 2. Anordnung nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Rand des Anschlags (3, 15) den Stoßmittelpunkt des Betätigungsgliedes (1, 11) umfaßt.2. Arrangement according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the edge of the stop (3, 15) includes the center of the impact of the actuator (1, 11). 3. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Anschlag (3, 15) randwärts Aussparungen auf­weist.3. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that
that the stop (3, 15) has cutouts at the edge. 4. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Anschlag schachtelförmig oder tellerförmig ausgebildet ist, mit einer kreisförmigen, ovalen oder rechteckförmigen Randbegrenzung.4. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in
that the stop is box-shaped or plate-shaped, with a circular, oval or rectangular border. 5. Anordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Anschlag einen Sockel (3-4) aufweist, der von Randteilen (3-3) des Anschlags überragt wird.5. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in
that the stop has a base (3-4), which is surmounted by edge parts (3-3) of the stop.
EP19860103740 1986-03-19 1986-03-19 Elastic backstop for a print hammer actuator in an impact printer Expired - Lifetime EP0237600B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19860103740 EP0237600B1 (en) 1986-03-19 1986-03-19 Elastic backstop for a print hammer actuator in an impact printer
DE8686103740T DE3677000D1 (en) 1986-03-19 1986-03-19 ELASTIC STOP FOR A PRINT HAMMER ACTUATOR IN STOP PRINTERS.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19860103740 EP0237600B1 (en) 1986-03-19 1986-03-19 Elastic backstop for a print hammer actuator in an impact printer

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0237600A1 true EP0237600A1 (en) 1987-09-23
EP0237600B1 EP0237600B1 (en) 1991-01-16

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19860103740 Expired - Lifetime EP0237600B1 (en) 1986-03-19 1986-03-19 Elastic backstop for a print hammer actuator in an impact printer

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EP (1) EP0237600B1 (en)
DE (1) DE3677000D1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0305916A2 (en) * 1987-09-02 1989-03-08 BULL HN INFORMATION SYSTEMS ITALIA S.p.A. Aerodynamic damper for impact printing actuator

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1081211A (en) * 1953-04-25 1954-12-16 Luxembourg Brev Participations Improvements to elastic anti-vibration suspension devices
US4239401A (en) * 1978-11-01 1980-12-16 Plessey Peripheral Systems Impact printer hammer assembly
WO1982002517A1 (en) * 1981-01-19 1982-08-05 Mattsson Sten Ingemar Print hammer for printers and typewriters

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1081211A (en) * 1953-04-25 1954-12-16 Luxembourg Brev Participations Improvements to elastic anti-vibration suspension devices
US4239401A (en) * 1978-11-01 1980-12-16 Plessey Peripheral Systems Impact printer hammer assembly
WO1982002517A1 (en) * 1981-01-19 1982-08-05 Mattsson Sten Ingemar Print hammer for printers and typewriters

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0305916A2 (en) * 1987-09-02 1989-03-08 BULL HN INFORMATION SYSTEMS ITALIA S.p.A. Aerodynamic damper for impact printing actuator
EP0305916B1 (en) * 1987-09-02 1992-07-29 BULL HN INFORMATION SYSTEMS ITALIA S.p.A. Aerodynamic damper for impact printing actuator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0237600B1 (en) 1991-01-16
DE3677000D1 (en) 1991-02-21

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