EP0228500B1 - Method of and device for contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railway wheel sets - Google Patents

Method of and device for contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railway wheel sets Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0228500B1
EP0228500B1 EP86104027A EP86104027A EP0228500B1 EP 0228500 B1 EP0228500 B1 EP 0228500B1 EP 86104027 A EP86104027 A EP 86104027A EP 86104027 A EP86104027 A EP 86104027A EP 0228500 B1 EP0228500 B1 EP 0228500B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wheel
profile
illumination
light
cameras
Prior art date
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EP86104027A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0228500A3 (en
EP0228500B2 (en
EP0228500A2 (en
Inventor
Harald Dipl.-Phys. Schmalfuss
Friedel Sinsel
Hubertus Dipl.-Ing. Kurpiella
Ulrich Schondorff
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Hegenscheidt MFD GmbH and Co KG
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Wilhelm Hegenscheidt GmbH
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Application filed by Wilhelm Hegenscheidt GmbH filed Critical Wilhelm Hegenscheidt GmbH
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/25Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures by projecting a pattern, e.g. one or more lines, moiré fringes on the object
    • G01B11/2518Projection by scanning of the object
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01BMEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/24Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
    • G01B11/245Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures using a plurality of fixed, simultaneously operating transducers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the non-contact measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railway wheel sets, in which the profile is at least partially illuminated, the profile image resulting from the illumination being captured in contour by at least one imaging optics and fed to an evaluation device for evaluation via a digitizing device. and a device for performing the method.
  • a device of the generic type has become known.
  • a rail profile can be illuminated at an acute angle to its longitudinal extent and can be fed to an evaluation device in a correspondingly distorted manner via imaging optics.
  • imaging optics Such an arrangement is unsuitable for measuring a profile of a railroad wheel, because the worn profiles of the wheels of railroad wheel sets have a very different contour, so that the strong distortion occurring in such an arrangement can no longer be eliminated.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of proposing a method of the type described at the outset with which it is possible to automatically measure wheel sets in their wheel profile.
  • a "good / not good” result is to be achieved as the measurement result, and in the case of the result "not good", the error data are stated in such a way that they can be used for subsequent reprocessing.
  • a device for carrying out said method is to be proposed.
  • each wheel is illuminated at least approximately radially by at least one lighting device which produces a light section or a light edge on the circumferential surface of the wheel and parallel to the wheel axis.
  • Illumination devices that produce a light section or a light edge on an illuminated surface are known, and it is also known to record and evaluate the surface profile that can be recognized with such illumination using a camera.
  • the methods known in this way and the devices developed for carrying them out have only ever measured one stationary object.
  • a straight workpiece was scanned along its longitudinal extension at different points with regard to its profile running transversely to the longitudinal direction.
  • the proposed measures of the invention enable the measurement of the profile of each wheel of a wheelset, if necessary, also in the installed state and during its movement on the rail, but also in a stationary arrangement, e.g. in the case of a shot between the tips of the grain. At least in this case, the diameter can even be additionally determined. Since the lateral position of the profiles relative to one another is also known from the measure mentioned, their lateral spacing can also be dimensionally determined by means of the evaluation device.
  • each wheel moves relative to it within a measuring section and in at least one defined measuring position at least approximately radially from at least one lighting device which produces a light section or a light edge on the circumferential surface of the wheel during the movement in the measuring section is illuminated.
  • the wheel set can, for example, be moved along the measuring section with each wheel and guided into a defined measuring position in which the measurement is to take place. In this measuring position, the achievement of which must be determined, each wheel can then be illuminated approximately radially by the already known lighting devices for producing a light section or a light edge, preferably as a flash light, and it is then possible for at least one imaging optics synchronized with this flash lighting with digitizing device to produce the profile that appears record and the already known Feed processing electronics.
  • the result of this further processing can then be displayed, documented or fed to the controls of other machines.
  • the wheels of a wheelset can be dismantled and their profile condition measured in the track.
  • a single imaging optics can also act on several arrays of sensors, which interact with common driver electronics.
  • the driver electronics can be spatially separated from the sensor head, but electronically connected.
  • the sensors act as digitizing devices, the switching state of the sensors being read and forwarded by the driver electronics.
  • the illumination be carried out at an acute angle to the direction of movement of a wheel through the measuring section.
  • this enables the illumination device and the scanning direction to be brought into such an angle that profile distortion is largely avoided and thus no longer has to be compensated for by the computer, and the area in which the measurement must take place, that is to say the measurement position, to enlarge, so that the positioning accuracy on the measuring position can be greater.
  • this arrangement of the lighting it is very easy to improve the light yield on the receiver if the surface is not completely diffusely reflecting, because any angle smaller than 90 ° can be selected over a wide range.
  • the lighting takes place at right angles to the plane of movement.
  • Such an illumination direction offers various design advantages.
  • a light section illumination is used, the profile image resulting from the illumination being detected on both sides to a radial plane in which the profile image lies by at least one imaging optical system and fed to an evaluation device for evaluation via a digitizing device. Only in the case of light-section lighting is it possible to easily record the resulting profile picture on both sides, the two-sided recording allowing interpolation between the two recorded profile pictures, provided they are not congruent. In this way, a position error of the measured wheel can be compensated for again when recording.
  • the axis of rotation of the wheel set and the imaging plane of the imaging optics are brought into a defined position relative to one another and each wheel profile is measured in this position and the position of the wheel profile on the imaging plane is determined by means of the digitizing device and the evaluation device, whereby the determined position of the wheel profile is used to determine the diameter of the wheel.
  • the method for measuring the profile of the wheel set can be expanded and at the same time used for determining the diameter of the wheels of the wheel set.
  • each imaging optics taking at least two profile recordings in quick succession before the values thus created in the digitizing device are read out and sent to the evaluation device. It is a matter of multiple exposure of a receiver surface or imaging plane of each imaging optics used, whereby the time interval between two exposures can be shortened practically as desired. With this procedure, it is no longer necessary to wait until the digital values of the first shot are read out in order to be ready for the shot again, but instead multiple exposures are possible in almost any short time in succession, and only then are the values read out. This is particularly possible with light section lighting because it creates a bright contour as a line and does not form the line through a light-dark contrast. A double exposure thus creates two clearly defined lines on the receiver surface mentioned. The fast sequence of images enables the correct position of the wheel to be measured to be read out more precisely.
  • At least the illumination device and the imaging optics in the The measuring section is at least temporarily centered on the wheel to be measured and the profile is recorded during this time. In this way it is possible to completely eliminate the problem of the accuracy of the measuring position.
  • the profile is illuminated from two, synchronized lighting sources offset in the direction of the wheelset axis.
  • any shadow effect for example of the wheel flange, is avoided and, at the same time, complete illumination of the profile is achieved.
  • the device according to the invention With such a construction of the device according to the invention, it becomes possible to bring and hold measuring elements and the object to be measured in the correct relative position to one another and to measure in this correct position.
  • the result of the measurement is fed via the imaging optics to a sensor plate located in the imaging plane of the imaging optics as a digitizing device, so that the incoming analog signals are converted there into digital signals.
  • These digital signals are forwarded to an evaluation device.
  • the suitable radial distance from the circumferential surface of the wheel lies approximately where the optical axis of the imaging optics intersect with the direction of illumination of the exposure device. However, this radial distance can be changed to the extent that a sufficient analog image is still reproduced by the imaging optics on the available imaging level.
  • a device which has center points as a means for carrying the wheel set, that the lighting device has optical means for generating a light section or a light edge and is arranged such that the wheel to be measured is at least approximately radially from It is illuminated, each wheel of the wheel set and the associated lighting device being arranged such that they can move radially relative to one another, and each lighting device is assigned an imaging optic with a digitizing device, which in turn is connected to an evaluation device.
  • the lighting device has optical means for generating a light section or a light edge and is arranged such that the wheel to be measured is at least approximately radially from It is illuminated, each wheel of the wheel set and the associated lighting device being arranged such that they can move radially relative to one another, and each lighting device is assigned an imaging optic with a digitizing device, which in turn is connected to an evaluation device.
  • At least the imaging optics can be changed in position so that the point of intersection of its optical axis with the light beam of the lighting device can be changed such that it can be adjusted to the wheel circumferential surface. This allows a certain desired radial distance to be pre-adjusted.
  • a further embodiment then provides that a displacement measuring device is provided for determining the size of the relative movement between the wheel of a wheel set and at least the imaging optics, the displacement measuring device being connected to the evaluation device.
  • This configuration enables the diameter determination to be automated.
  • a further embodiment provides that an auxiliary rail, connected or connectable to a track, is provided for the rolling of a wheel in a measuring section for each wheel of a wheel set, that the lighting device is arranged below a plane of movement of the associated auxiliary rail and that the digitizing device with a Evaluation device and this is connected to an output unit.
  • a device can be provided as part of a track which is passed by a complete train or even by a single car. While each individual wheel set of such a train or a car travels through the measurement section, the profile of each wheel of the wheel set is radially illuminated in the area of the auxiliary rail in a predetermined measuring position so that a known light section or a known light edge is created.
  • At least one imaging optical system is arranged to record the resulting profile picture.
  • imaging optics can be synchronized with the digitizing device and the lighting device be so that the lighting device performs the lighting in the form of a flash of light and at the same time the imaging optics takes the resulting image in the correct time sequence.
  • the means for detecting the measuring position can trigger the desired circuit.
  • the analog image of the imaging optics is digitized via the connection of the digitizing device to an evaluation device, compared with a target profile stored in the computer or in the evaluation device, and the difference to the target profile is determined.
  • An output unit then gives a "good result" or, if required, numerical values or values for documentation or for further processing in a further machine control.
  • the result can also be written out in the form of a curve or displayed on a screen.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides that the imaging optics and the digitizing device are elements of an electronic camera. Such cameras are commercially available and work reliably.
  • the lighting device is arranged and designed such that it illuminates the profile of the wheel at an acute angle to its direction of movement. As a result, the requirement for positioning accuracy can be reduced.
  • a further embodiment of the invention provides that the lighting device and camera are adjustably arranged on a carrying device, wherein the lighting device and camera can be movable relative to the wheel set.
  • the entire system can also be moved past a stationary train or individual wheel set if necessary to carry out the desired measurement.
  • the device can be adapted to the different needs of the lighting and recording direction and the device can be set to different diameters when the lighting direction is not vertical.
  • Another embodiment of the invention in turn provides that means are provided which guide the light beam illuminating the profile vertically to the plane of movement and from below against the profile.
  • This lighting direction has constructive advantages.
  • the specified means which ensure the correct direction of illumination, at the same time allow the light source to be accommodated at a desired location for design reasons.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides that an illumination device for generating a light section with a light beam directed vertically against the profile is provided for each wheel below the plane of movement, with at least one camera for detecting the profile being provided on both sides of the light beam in the direction of movement of the wheel.
  • a camera group of which at least one group is directed directly onto the light section or the light edge and at least one further group is directed via a deflection device onto the light section or the light edge.
  • Another embodiment of the invention in turn provides that all cameras are arranged stationary below the plane of movement. This significantly reduces the design effort.
  • cameras and lighting devices of each measuring section are provided on a device with an at least vertically movable support roller pair rotatably mounted in a support roller carrier for rotatably supporting each wheel. In this way, the entire device is positioned exactly to the wheel to be measured, so that position errors are excluded.
  • each support roller carrier with a pair of support rollers is arranged to be movable in the longitudinal direction of the rail. In this way, the entire facility can be easily followed and an interruption in travel can be avoided.
  • a plurality of cameras are provided, each of which records a different profile section, the evaluation electronics connected to the cameras being devices for parallel preprocessing and for intermediate storage and serial processing of the signals from the cameras.
  • the evaluation electronics connected to the cameras being devices for parallel preprocessing and for intermediate storage and serial processing of the signals from the cameras.
  • This also achieves a higher resolution accuracy on the one hand and it is possible to carry out the overall assessment with only a single computer, because the computer uses the data supplied by the individual cameras one after the other and combines them into an overall profile.
  • this requires preprocessing of the data from the cameras and appropriate intermediate storage.
  • the angle between the lighting device and the recorded radiation direction is less than 90 ° and not less than 60 °. Only profile distortions that are easy to control occur in this area.
  • cameras and lighting devices are arranged on the carrier so as to be movable and adjustable depending on the diameter of the wheel to be measured.
  • the entire device can be set up in a simple manner with different diameters of the wheel to be measured when the profile is not illuminated vertically.
  • the emitted light is fed to the cameras via optical fibers. This means that the camera position and number can be selected almost freely.
  • FIG. 1 shows the schematic structure of a device according to the invention in side view.
  • FIG. 4 shows a view in the direction of arrow A according to FIG. 1, but without the cameras 6-9 being shown.
  • an auxiliary rail 15 is laid as a suspension element for the wheel set, on which a wheel 1 of a wheel set, not shown, rolls on the outer region of the tread.
  • the wheel is part of a wheel set that can be installed in a wagon or as a driven wheel set in a traction vehicle. The respective vehicle moves slowly through the measurement section 2 during the measurement process.
  • a support 27 ' designed as a plate, on which four so-called CCD cameras 6-9 are arranged, which are divided into two assemblies. These are, on the one hand, cameras 6 and 7 and cameras 8 and 9 arranged at an angle thereto. In the illustration according to FIG. 1, these cameras 6-9 are located on the left of a measuring position 3. It is also possible to use the same camera arrangement again on the right of the Provide measuring position 3. Each camera contains imaging optics and a sensor plate as a digitizing device.
  • a lighting device 5 is provided vertically below the measuring position 3 and bears two lighting sources 12 and 13 arranged offset in the direction of the wheel set axis 14. These lighting sources 12 and 13 are optically designed so that their light beam 19 generates a light section or a light edge on the profile of the wheel 1. Both types of lighting are known in the prior art and it is therefore not necessary to explain in more detail here how a light section or a light edge is produced.
  • the use of two lighting sources 12 and 13 in the arrangement shown in FIG. 4 ensures that shadow effects, for example from the wheel flange or from the auxiliary rail 15, are prevented.
  • the cameras 6-9 Since the cameras 6-9 must not impede the passage of a wheel 1 through the measuring section 2, they must be arranged below the plane of motion 10. According to Figure 1, the cameras 6 and 7 are therefore arranged so that they can receive the light emitted under the radiation direction 25, the radiation direction 25 forms an angle with the light beam 19 which is less than 90 ° but greater than 60 °. In this way, however, profile distortion occurs in the arrangement according to FIG. 1, which must later be reversed again in the computer. However, this is easily possible. In order to achieve a higher resolution accuracy of the image, two further cameras 8 and 9 are provided, which, however, are arranged at an angle to the cameras 6 and 7 for reasons of space, as can be seen in the illustration in FIG. A deflection device 20 provides as a beam splitter, for. B. in the form of a semi-transparent mirror that the cameras 8 and 9 are acted upon by the emitted light. However, the use of optical fibers is also possible.
  • the profile In order for the cameras 6-9 to be able to supply correct data for the subsequent evaluation electronics, the profile must be recorded as precisely as possible in measuring position 3. Means must therefore be provided which detect this measuring position and then trigger the camera and lighting. Practice shows that this is possible, for example, with a rail switch. There are commercially available switches for this purpose, the switching point spread is sufficiently small. Such a rail switch does not necessarily have to be constructed mechanically or electromagnetically. Optical switches that can be used for the described purpose are also available, or optical methods are possible. When the wheel 1 reaches its measuring position 3 in the measuring section 2, the described switching device triggers a lighting flash of the lighting device 5 and the cameras 6-9 are activated at the same time. A profile picture has now been created in cameras 6-9, which can be fed to the evaluation electronics for further processing.
  • FIG. 2 shows, a slight change in the arrangement of the lighting device 5 and the cameras 6-9 makes it possible to enlarge the area for the measuring position 4 and at the same time to avoid a distorted image of the profile in the cameras 6-9, which also the corresponding computing effort for the equalization can be avoided.
  • wheel 1 moves in the direction of arrow 17 through the measuring section 2.
  • an opposite direction of movement is also possible.
  • a support device 18 is provided on a support 27 and is arranged on the support 27 so as to be pivotable about the pivot point 29.
  • the lighting device 5 is on the one hand and the cameras 6-9 are arranged on the support device 18.
  • the support device 18 can be pivoted in the direction of arrow 28 by means of the motor 30.
  • Motor 30 is controlled by a control device 31, into which the diameter of the incoming wheel 1 has previously been entered.
  • the diameter information can come from a measuring device arranged in the measuring section 2 or upstream of the measuring section 2.
  • This contour corresponds to the contour to be measured. However, if this is not successful, interpolation between the contours closest to one another can be carried out without any problems. In this embodiment, a higher expenditure on equipment is necessary; With the software, however, it is no longer necessary to take into account the expected contour shift as a function of the diameter of the wheel 1 and the time interval of the image sequence.
  • FIG. 1 An alternative possibility of reaching measurement position 3 as precisely as possible in the instant of the measurement is shown in FIG.
  • a measuring section 2 is again defined there, with a movement plane 10.
  • a wheel 1 is again moved along the measuring section 2.
  • a support roller carrier 22 is provided on the side outside, next to the auxiliary rail 15, in which a pair of support rollers 23 is rotatably mounted.
  • the support roller carrier 22 and thus the support roller pair 23 can be moved horizontally and thus perpendicularly to the plane of the drawing in a slide 33, as indicated by the symbols 32.
  • a carriage 34 movable along the auxiliary rail 15 carries a motor 35 which can drive a spindle 36.
  • two worm gears 37 and 38 are rotatably mounted, each of which is non-rotatably connected to threaded spindles 39 and 40.
  • the spindle 36 works with the worm wheels 38 and 37 so that a rotational movement of the spindle 36 produces a corresponding rotational movement of the worm wheels 37 and 38.
  • the threaded spindles 39 and 40 are then rotated accordingly.
  • nuts 42 and 43 which are attached to the carriage 33 in a rotationally fixed manner.
  • a rotary movement of the threaded spindles 39 and 40 thus results in a lifting and lowering movement of the slide 33 and thus of the support roller carrier 22 with the support roller pair 23 in the direction of arrow 21.
  • the lighting device 5 which can illuminate the circumferential surface of the wheel 1 either directly or via corresponding deflection means, if necessary, vertically from below by means of a rail gap (not specified).
  • a carrier 44 is further arranged on the carriage 34, which carries the cameras 6-9 and the deflection device 20 in an arrangement as has already been described for FIG.
  • the support roller carrier 22 is moved on the slide 33 against the wheel in the region of a moving wheel 1 until the support roller pair 23 is moved e.g. B. has arrived in the tread area or in the flange area of the wheel 1. Then, by actuating the motor 35, the support roller carrier 22 and thus the support roller pair 23 are raised until both support rollers of the support roller pair 23 come to rest on the peripheral surface of the wheel 1. The reaching of this position can be determined by a control device 45 in that the Lines 46 and 47, which are connected to the rollers 23, via the wheel 1 z. B. a pulse of a force sensor is forwarded. This pulse is registered by the control device 45, which then switches off the motor 35.
  • the entire device according to FIG. 5 can now be towed by the moving wheel 1 in the direction of arrow 24. Meanwhile, the profile can be recorded in the manner already described. Thereafter, the support roller carrier 22 with the support roller pair 23 can be lowered somewhat and moved out of the contact area with the wheel 1 again perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in FIG. 5 on the slide 33. The entire device according to FIG. 5 can then be moved back to the starting position and, if necessary, applied to the next wheel 1. Of course, several such devices can also be provided in a measuring section 2.
  • the invention can also be applied to a device 54, for example in the form of a wheel set lathe or measuring machine, in which a wheel set (not shown in more detail) is held in a defined position 51 with its wheel set axis, for example over center tips (FIG. 7). These center points then represent the suspension elements for the wheelset.
  • a device 54 for example in the form of a wheel set lathe or measuring machine, in which a wheel set (not shown in more detail) is held in a defined position 51 with its wheel set axis, for example over center tips (FIG. 7). These center points then represent the suspension elements for the wheelset.
  • the lighting device 5 On a support 55, the movements of which are transmitted in the direction of arrow 56 to a path measuring device 52, the lighting device 5 is again arranged to produce a light section or a light edge parallel to the axis of rotation of the wheelset axis 14.
  • the arrangement here is such that the light beam 19 is reached radially precisely through the grain tips, ie through
  • the position of the cameras 6 and 7 can be changed, for example, by moving the support 55 'in the direction of the arrow 57 and / or by pivoting the cameras in the direction of the arrow 58, so that the position of the intersection of the radiation direction 25 and the light beam 19 changes . In any case, however, the exact position of this intersection can be determined and is therefore known. If the measuring position 3 lies exactly in this intersection - as shown in FIG. 7 - the corresponding profile image is created in the middle area of the imaging plane in the cameras 6 and 7. The location of this profile picture that on the imaging level in the cameras 6 and 7 can thus be dimensionally determined exactly. This does not only apply to the position according to FIG. 7 but also applies to a measuring range 11 '.
  • the measuring position 3 lies within this measuring range 11 ', a profile picture is generated on the imaging plane of the cameras 6', the location of which is thus known on the imaging plane. Since the camera position and position of the lighting device is also known and the travel distance of the support 55 relative to a fixed point, for example relative to the defined position 51, is known via the distance measuring device 52, the diameter of the wheel 1 can also be calculated by utilizing this data.
  • the support 55 moves in the direction of the arrow 56
  • the device on which the support 55 moves in the direction of the arrow 56 for example a bed plate 59, does not move in the direction of the arrow 56 itself. Otherwise the necessary relative movement of the components of the displacement measuring device 52 would not take place.
  • This displacement measuring device must be connected to the stationary component, that is to say the bed plate 59, while the other component must be connected to the moving support 55.
  • a single, removed wheel set in a fixed position for example in a processing machine, such as. B. a wheelset lathe, not only to measure in terms of its profile state, but also in terms of its diameter, thereby gaining control data and machining data for the associated machine tool, so that fully automatic machining of the wheelset is possible.
  • the same device is able to measure the wear condition of the wheels of a wheel set and derive machining data and control data for the re-profiling machine tool, as well as measure the finished re-profiled wheel set with the correct profile without any change, thereby checking whether all values are again within the permissible tolerances.
  • the retraction of the lighting device and the cameras 6 and 7 in the measuring position 3 can be done using external funds, eg. B. be effected via light barriers, as well as on the device itself.
  • the latter can be done by using a certain point on the imaging plane of one of the cameras 6 or 7 as a switching point.
  • This imaging plane is formed by a sensor plate that functions as a digitizing device and is completely filled with so-called pixels. These are arranged very closely in rows and columns and thus form a matrix. In general, each of these pixels can react to light or light of a specific frequency or intensity and change its switching state when it is acted upon accordingly.
  • a profile picture of the workpiece moves from an edge position of the imaging plane into the imaging plane and thus changes the pixels that are on the way during the migration in their switching state.
  • this can be ignored by the computer as long as a specific, defined pixel has not changed its switching status. If this pixel is placed, for example, in the middle of the imaging plane, then when the imaged profile has reached this pixel, and this pixel can thereby be changed in its switching state, so that the computer can be activated, which thereby stops the movement of the support 55 Data from the path measuring device is taken over the connecting line 53 and the cameras 6 and 7 are read out. This enables the computer to determine the profile and diameter of the respective wheel.
  • the measuring process itself and its evaluation can be carried out in the simplest way as described below.
  • a wheel 1 is in a measuring position 3 or 4
  • a light section or a light edge is generated in a manner known per se on the circumference of the wheel 1 via the lighting device 5, as a result of which a profile that can be detected by the semiconductor cameras already described is generated.
  • the cameras can also be arranged at an angle to one another, the image being divided by the semi-transparent mirror 20, which acts as a beam splitter. All cameras 6-9 are supplied by a common synchronous source, which guarantees pixel-precise synchronization.
  • Each camera can be equipped with a zoom lens, whereby a blue filter for suppressing the infrared portion of the flash light can be connected upstream of the lens. In any case, the focal length of the lens must be such that the receiving area of each camera is completely filled.
  • an image signal preprocessing is required separately for each camera.
  • This preprocessing has the advantage that the subsequent effort on the main computer can be kept low. It also enables the connection of almost any number of cameras.
  • the synchronous component of the video signal is separated and a binary image is generated from the gray image via a self-regulating threshold generated.
  • the black and white transition of the profile profile is now detected in each line and saved as a coordinate value. This takes about 40 ms. This process runs in parallel and synchronously for each camera. This means that the complete profile line exists as a data record after such a scrolling.
  • This data is then read into the main computer, so that a profile line is formed internally in the computer, so to speak from these coordinates, in a computer-internal coordinate system, as shown in FIG. 6 as a principle.
  • the profile line can be clearly determined by the computer within the coordinate system (FIG. 6) by defining the so-called measuring circle 48, which forms the point 49 on the profile line.
  • the position of the point 49 in the Y direction from the end face 50 of the profile is defined by definition. This should be the distance Y 2.
  • the computer can determine the distance Y 1 at which the line of the end face 50 extends and the computer can thus determine the position of the measuring circuit 48 with the distance Y 2 from the end face 50.
  • the measuring circle then lies in the coordinate system shown at a distance Y 3 from the abscissa.
  • the distance X 3 from the ordinate of the image point of the contour line, which lies in the measuring circle 48, is also known, so that the position of the point 49 can be clearly determined by the computer in the illustrated coordinate system.
  • the computer can now arrange a target profile in its internal coordinate system such that point 49 of the target profile and point 49 of the actual profile are arranged congruently.
  • the actual profile line could be printed out by a plotter, or the computer-internal data could be forwarded in another meaningful way, for example to a machine controller for post-processing of the wheel set.
  • FIG. 3 shows the schematic structure of the signal processing.
  • the cameras 6, 7, 8 and 9 of one side namely the left side (the cameras that are not shown represent the cameras on the right side) give their signals for signal preprocessing in an interface 41, in which the signal preprocessing already described is carried out.
  • the amount of incoming data is stored in a mass storage device and the interface and the mass storage device each communicate with the central computer, which feeds the result to the respective output unit - the screen 16 in FIG. 3.

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  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur berührungslosen Vermessung des Radprofils der Räder von Eisenbahnradsätzen, bei denen das Profil mindestens teilweise beleuchtet wird, wobei das sich durch die Beleuchtung ergebende Profilbild in Kontur von mindestens einer Abbildungsoptik erfaßt und über eine Digitalisierungseinrichtung einer Auswerteeinrichtung zur Auswertung zugeleitet wird, sowie eine Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for the non-contact measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railway wheel sets, in which the profile is at least partially illuminated, the profile image resulting from the illumination being captured in contour by at least one imaging optics and fed to an evaluation device for evaluation via a digitizing device. and a device for performing the method.

Verfahren der eingangs beschriebenen Art, sowie Einrichtungen zur Durchführung des Verfahrens sind im Stand der Technik seit langem bekannt. Es handelt sich hierbei um die sogen. optischen Meßstände, die in der Welt weitverbreitet im Einsatz sind und sich hervorragend bewährt haben. Bei diesen Einrichtungen wird zur Erfassung des Radprofils der Räder eines Eisenbahnradsatzes der Eisenbahradsatz ausgebaut, zum Meßstand transportiert und dort angehoben und zwischen Körnerspitzen aufgenommen. Das Profil jeden Rades wird dann tangential mit einem planparallelen Lichtbündel beleuchtet und ein vom Profil erzeugtes Schattenbild mit einem als Profillinie vorgegebenen Sollprofil verglichen und es werden die Abweichungen festgestellt und der Beurteilung des Profiles zugrundegelegt. Solche Einrichtungen stehen in sogen. Radsatzaufarbeitungswerkstätten. Sie können jedoch trotz ihrer guten Funktion und ihrer ausezeichneten Prüfergebnisse nicht bei einer automatisierten prophylaktischen Prüfung von Radsätzen verwendet werden.Methods of the type described in the introduction, and devices for carrying out the method have long been known in the prior art. It is the so-called. optical measuring stands, which are widely used in the world and have proven themselves extremely well. In these devices, the Eisenbahradsatz is expanded to detect the wheel profile of the wheels of a railroad wheel set, transported to the measuring stand and lifted there and picked up between center points. The profile of each wheel is then illuminated tangentially with a plane-parallel light beam and a silhouette generated by the profile is compared with a target profile specified as a profile line, and the deviations are determined and the assessment of the profile is used as a basis. Such facilities are in so-called. Wheelset refurbishing workshops. However, despite their good function and excellent test results, they cannot be used in an automated prophylactic test of wheel sets.

Mit der EP-A-007227 ist eine Einrichtung der gattungsgemäßen Art bekannt geworden. Mit einer solchen Einrichtung kann ein Schienenprofil in einem spitzen Winkel zu seiner Längserstreckung beleuchtet und entsprechend verzerrt über eine Abbildungsoptik einer Auswerteeinrichtung zugeführt werden. Eine solche Anordnung ist für die Vermessung eines Profils eines Eisenbahnrades ungeeignet, weil die verschlissenen Profile der Räder von Eisenbahnradsätzen eine sehr unterschiedliche Kontur aufweisen, so daß die bei einer solchen Anordnung auftretende starke Verzerrung nicht mehr herausgerechnet werden kann.With EP-A-007227 a device of the generic type has become known. With such a device, a rail profile can be illuminated at an acute angle to its longitudinal extent and can be fed to an evaluation device in a correspondingly distorted manner via imaging optics. Such an arrangement is unsuitable for measuring a profile of a railroad wheel, because the worn profiles of the wheels of railroad wheel sets have a very different contour, so that the strong distortion occurring in such an arrangement can no longer be eliminated.

Der Erfindung liegt somit die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs beschriebenen Art vorzuschlagen, mit dem es möglich ist, Radsätze in ihrem Radprofil automatisch zu vermessen. Hierbei soll als Meßergebnis zunächst ein Befund "gut/nicht gut" erreicht werden, wobei im Falle des Ergebnisses "nicht gut" die Fehlerdaten so angegeben werden, daß sie für eine nachfolgende Wiederaufbereitung verwendet werden können. Weiterhin soll nach der Erfindung eine Einrichtung zur Durchführung des genannten Verfahrens vorgeschlagen werden.The invention is therefore based on the object of proposing a method of the type described at the outset with which it is possible to automatically measure wheel sets in their wheel profile. In this case, a "good / not good" result is to be achieved as the measurement result, and in the case of the result "not good", the error data are stated in such a way that they can be used for subsequent reprocessing. Furthermore, according to the invention, a device for carrying out said method is to be proposed.

Verfahrensmäßig ist diese Aufgabe, ausgehend von einem Verfahren der eingangs beschriebenen Art, dadurch gelöst, daß jedes Rad mindestens angenähert radial von mindestens einer Beleuchtungseinrichtung, die einen Lichtschnitt oder eine Lichtkante auf der Umfangsfläche des Rades und parallel zur Radachse erzeugt, beleuchtet wird.In terms of method, this task is achieved, starting from a method of the type described in the introduction, in that each wheel is illuminated at least approximately radially by at least one lighting device which produces a light section or a light edge on the circumferential surface of the wheel and parallel to the wheel axis.

Beleuchtungseinrichtungen, die einen Lichtschnitt oder eine Lichtkante auf einer beleuchteten Oberfläche erzeugen, sind bekannt und es ist ebenfalls bekannt, das bei einer solchen Beleuchtung erkennbar werdende Oberflächenprofil über eine Kamera zu erfassen und auszuwerten. Hierzu sei hingewiesen auf den Aufsatz "Qualitätskontrolle durch automatisierte Sichtprüfung" aus Messen und Prüfen, Sonderdruck aus Band 20 (1984), Heft 6. Die hierdurch bekannten Verfahrensweisen und die zur Durchführung entwickelten Vorrichtungen haben jedoch immer nur ein stationär angeordnetes Objekt vermesen. Hierbei wurde ein sich gerade erstreckendes Werkstück entlang seiner Längserstreckung an unterschiedlichen Stellen hinsichtlich seines sich quer zur Längsrichtung verlaufenden Profils abgetastet.Illumination devices that produce a light section or a light edge on an illuminated surface are known, and it is also known to record and evaluate the surface profile that can be recognized with such illumination using a camera. In this regard, reference is made to the essay "Quality control through automated visual inspection" from measuring and testing, special print from volume 20 (1984), number 6. However, the methods known in this way and the devices developed for carrying them out have only ever measured one stationary object. Here, a straight workpiece was scanned along its longitudinal extension at different points with regard to its profile running transversely to the longitudinal direction.

Die vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen der Erfindung hingegen ermöglichen in ihrer Kombination die Vermessung des Profiles jedes Rades eines Radsatzes bei Bedarf auch in eingebautem Zustand und während seiner Bewegung auf der Schiene, aber auch in stationärer Anordnung z.B. bei einer Aufnahme zwischen Körnerspitzen. Mindestens in diesem Fall kann sogar zusätzlich der Durchmesser bestimmt werden. Da durch die genannte Maßnahme auch die Seitenlage der Profile zueinander bekannt ist, kann auch deren Lateralabstand maßlich festgelegt werden mittels der Auswerteeinrichtung.The proposed measures of the invention, however, in combination enable the measurement of the profile of each wheel of a wheelset, if necessary, also in the installed state and during its movement on the rail, but also in a stationary arrangement, e.g. in the case of a shot between the tips of the grain. At least in this case, the diameter can even be additionally determined. Since the lateral position of the profiles relative to one another is also known from the measure mentioned, their lateral spacing can also be dimensionally determined by means of the evaluation device.

Eine Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß jedes Rad innerhalb einer Meßstrecke relativ zu dieser bewegt und in mindestens einer definierten Meßposition mindesten angenähert radial von mindestens einer Beleuchtungseinrichtung, die einen Lichtschnitt oder eine Lichtkante auf der Umfangsfläche des Rades erzeugt, während der Bewegung in der Meßstrecke beleuchtet wird. Der Radsatz kann z.B. mit jedem Rad entlang der Meßstrecke bewegt und in eine definierte Meßposition, in der die Messung erfolgen soll, geführt werden. In dieser Meßposition, deren Erreichen festgestellt werden muß, kann dann jedes Rad etwa radial von den bereits bekannten Beleuchtungseinrichtungen zur Erzeugung eines Lichtschnittes oder einer Lichtkante beleuchtet werden, vorzugsweise als Blitzlicht und es kann dann mindestens eine auf diese Blitzbeleuchtung synchronisierte Abbildungsoptik mit Digitalisierungseinrichtung das erscheinende Profil aufnehmen und den bereits bekannten Weiterverarbeitungselektroniken zuführen. Das Ergebnis dieser Weiterverarbeitung kann dann angezeigt, dokumentiert oder den Steuerungen weiterer Maschinen zugeführt werden. Damit gelingt es auch erstmals die Räder eines Radsatzes unausgebaut und im Schienenstrang in ihrem Profilzustand zu vermessen. Es kann auch eine einzelne Abbildungsoptik auf mehrere Arrays von Sensoren einwirken, welche mit einer gemeinsamen Treiberelektronik zusammenwirken. Die Treiberelektronik kann vom Sensorkopf räumlich getrennt sein, jedoch elektronisch verbunden. Die Sensoren wirken als Digitalisierungseinrichtung, wobei der Schaltzustand der Sensoren von der Treiberelektronik gelesen und weitergeleitet wird.One embodiment of the invention provides that each wheel moves relative to it within a measuring section and in at least one defined measuring position at least approximately radially from at least one lighting device which produces a light section or a light edge on the circumferential surface of the wheel during the movement in the measuring section is illuminated. The wheel set can, for example, be moved along the measuring section with each wheel and guided into a defined measuring position in which the measurement is to take place. In this measuring position, the achievement of which must be determined, each wheel can then be illuminated approximately radially by the already known lighting devices for producing a light section or a light edge, preferably as a flash light, and it is then possible for at least one imaging optics synchronized with this flash lighting with digitizing device to produce the profile that appears record and the already known Feed processing electronics. The result of this further processing can then be displayed, documented or fed to the controls of other machines. For the first time, the wheels of a wheelset can be dismantled and their profile condition measured in the track. A single imaging optics can also act on several arrays of sensors, which interact with common driver electronics. The driver electronics can be spatially separated from the sensor head, but electronically connected. The sensors act as digitizing devices, the switching state of the sensors being read and forwarded by the driver electronics.

Nach einer Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Beleuchtung unter einem spitzen Winkel zur Bewegungsrichtung eines Rades durch die Meßstrecke erfolgt. Hierdurch gelingt es einerseits, Beleuchtungseinrichtung und Abtastrichtung in einen solchen Winkel zueinander zu bringen, daß eine Profilverzerrung weitgehend vermieden wird und somit vom Rechner nicht mehr ausgeglichen werden muß und es gelingt hierdurch gleichzeitig den Bereich, in dem die Messung erfolgen muß, also die Meßposition, zu vergrößern, so daß die Positioniergenauigkeit auf die Meßposition größer sein kann. Bei dieser Anordnung der Beleuchtung ist es sehr einfach möglich bei nicht vollständig diffus reflektierender Oberfläche die Lichtausbeute auf dem Empfänger zu verbessern, weil jeder Winkel kleiner als 90° in einem großen Bereich gewählt werden kann.According to an embodiment of the method, it is proposed that the illumination be carried out at an acute angle to the direction of movement of a wheel through the measuring section. On the one hand, this enables the illumination device and the scanning direction to be brought into such an angle that profile distortion is largely avoided and thus no longer has to be compensated for by the computer, and the area in which the measurement must take place, that is to say the measurement position, to enlarge, so that the positioning accuracy on the measuring position can be greater. With this arrangement of the lighting, it is very easy to improve the light yield on the receiver if the surface is not completely diffusely reflecting, because any angle smaller than 90 ° can be selected over a wide range.

Nach einer Alternativen der Erfindung ist vorgeschlagen, daß die Beleuchtung rechtwinklig zur Bewegungsebene erfolgt. Eine solche Beleuchtungsrichtung bietet verschiedene konstruktive Vorteile.According to an alternative of the invention, it is proposed that the lighting takes place at right angles to the plane of movement. Such an illumination direction offers various design advantages.

Es ist weiterhin nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß eine Lichtschnittbeleuchtung verwendet wird, wobei sich das durch die Beleuchtung ergebende Profilbild beidseitig zu einer Radialebene in der das Profilbild liegt von je mindestens einer Abbildungsoptik erfaßt und über eine Digitalisierungseinrichtung einer Auswerteeinrichtung zur Auswertung zugeleitet wird. Nur bei der Lichtschnittbeleuchtung ist eine beidseitige Erfassung des sich ergebenden Profilbildes einfach möglich, wobei die beidseitige Erfassung es erlaubt, zwischen den beiden erfaßten Profilbildern, sofern diese nicht deckungsgleich sind, zu interpolieren. Hierdurch kann ein Positionsfehler des vermessenen Rades bei der Aufnahme wieder ausgeglichen werden.It is further proposed according to the invention that a light section illumination is used, the profile image resulting from the illumination being detected on both sides to a radial plane in which the profile image lies by at least one imaging optical system and fed to an evaluation device for evaluation via a digitizing device. Only in the case of light-section lighting is it possible to easily record the resulting profile picture on both sides, the two-sided recording allowing interpolation between the two recorded profile pictures, provided they are not congruent. In this way, a position error of the measured wheel can be compensated for again when recording.

Es wird weiterhin nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß in einem Meßbereich in einer schnellen Folge hintereinander alle Abbildungsoptiken mehrere Profilaufnahmen durchführen, die je über eine Digitalisierungseinrichtung der Auswerteeinrichtung zugeführt werden, die das Profil mit der geringsten Verzerrung auswählt und falls nötig extrapoliert oder zwischen zwei Profilen mit geringster Verzerrung interpoliert. Dieses Verfahren kann sowohl bei Lichtschnittbeleuchtung und doppelseitiger oder einseitiger Aufnahme, als auch Lichtkantenbeleuchtung mit einseitiger Aufnahme durchgeführt werden. Durch die verschiedenen Verzerrungsgrade des Profils kann auf die Positionsgenauigkeit des Rades relativ zur exakten Meßposition rückgeschlossen werden und es kann das Bild, das in der erkennbar besten Position aufgenommen wurde, für die Auswertung oder Interpolation verwendet werden.It is further proposed according to the invention that in a measuring range, in rapid succession, all imaging optics perform several profile recordings, each of which is fed to the evaluation device via a digitizing device, which selects the profile with the least distortion and extrapolates if necessary or between two profiles interpolated with minimal distortion. This process can be carried out with light section lighting and double-sided or single-sided exposure, as well as light edge lighting with single-sided exposure. The different degrees of distortion of the profile allow conclusions to be drawn about the positional accuracy of the wheel relative to the exact measuring position, and the image that was recorded in the recognizable best position can be used for evaluation or interpolation.

Auch ist nach der Erfindung vorgeschlagen, daß die Rotationsachse des Radsatzes und die Abbildungsebene der Abbildungsoptik in eine definierte Position relativ zueinander verbracht werden und jedes Radprofil in dieser Position vermessen und die Lage des Radprofils auf der Abbildungsebene mittels der Digitalisierungseinrichtung und der Auswerteeinrichtung ermittelt wird, wobei die ermittelte Lage des Radprofils zur Durchmesserbestimmung des Rades verwendet wird. Hierdurch gelingt es das Verfahren zur Vermessung des Profils des Radsatzes zu erweitern und gleichzeitig zur Durchmesserbestimmung der Räder des Radsatzes zu verwenden.It is also proposed according to the invention that the axis of rotation of the wheel set and the imaging plane of the imaging optics are brought into a defined position relative to one another and each wheel profile is measured in this position and the position of the wheel profile on the imaging plane is determined by means of the digitizing device and the evaluation device, whereby the determined position of the wheel profile is used to determine the diameter of the wheel. As a result, the method for measuring the profile of the wheel set can be expanded and at the same time used for determining the diameter of the wheels of the wheel set.

Es ist weiterhin nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß eine Lichtschnittbeleuchtung verwendet wird, wobei jede Abbildungsoptik kurz hintereinander mindestens zwei Profilaufnahmen macht, bevor die hierdurch in der Digitalisierungseinrichtung entstandenen Werte ausgelesen und der Auswerteeinrichtung zugeleitet werden. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine Mehrfachbelichtung einer Empfängerfläche oder Abbildungsebene jeder verwendeten Abbildungsoptik, wodurch der Zeitabstand zwischen zwei Aufnahmen praktisch beliebig verkürzt werden kann. Bei dieser Verfahrensweise muß nicht mehr das Auslesen der Digitalwerte der ersten Aufnahme abgewartet werden, um wieder aufnahmebereit zu sein, sondern es wird vielmehr in nahezu beliebig kurzer Zeit hintereinander eine Mehrfachbelichtung möglich, und erst danach werden die Werte ausgelesen. Dies ist insbesondere bei der Lichtschnittbeleuchtung möglich, weil diese eine helle Kontur als Linie erzeugt und nicht die Linie durch einen Hell-Dunkelkontrast bildet. Eine Doppelbelichtung erzeugt somit zwei klar definierte Linien auf der genannten Empfängerfläche. Die schnelle Bildfolge ermöglicht eine genauere Auslese der richtigen Position des zu vermessenden Rades.It is further proposed according to the invention that a light section illumination is used, each imaging optics taking at least two profile recordings in quick succession before the values thus created in the digitizing device are read out and sent to the evaluation device. It is a matter of multiple exposure of a receiver surface or imaging plane of each imaging optics used, whereby the time interval between two exposures can be shortened practically as desired. With this procedure, it is no longer necessary to wait until the digital values of the first shot are read out in order to be ready for the shot again, but instead multiple exposures are possible in almost any short time in succession, and only then are the values read out. This is particularly possible with light section lighting because it creates a bright contour as a line and does not form the line through a light-dark contrast. A double exposure thus creates two clearly defined lines on the receiver surface mentioned. The fast sequence of images enables the correct position of the wheel to be measured to be read out more precisely.

In alternativer Verfahrensweise ist nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß mindestens Beleuchtungseinrichtung und Abbildungsoptik in der Meßstrecke mindestens zeitweilig am zu messenden Rad zentriert werden und während dieser Zeit die Profilaufnahme durchgeführt wird. Hierdurch gelingt es, das Problem der Genauigkeit der Meßposition vollständig zu eliminieren.In an alternative procedure it is also proposed according to the invention that at least the illumination device and the imaging optics in the The measuring section is at least temporarily centered on the wheel to be measured and the profile is recorded during this time. In this way it is possible to completely eliminate the problem of the accuracy of the measuring position.

Weiterhin ist nach der Erfindung vorgeschlagen, daß das Profil aus zwei in Richtung der Radsatzachse versetzten, synchronisierten Beleuchtungsquellen beleuchtet wird. Hierdurch wird insbesdondere bei den Radsatzprofilen jede Schattenwirkung, beispielsweise des Spurkranzes, vermieden und gleichzeitig eine vollständige Beleuchtung des Profiles erreicht.Furthermore, it is proposed according to the invention that the profile is illuminated from two, synchronized lighting sources offset in the direction of the wheelset axis. In this way, in particular in the case of the wheel set profiles, any shadow effect, for example of the wheel flange, is avoided and, at the same time, complete illumination of the profile is achieved.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung zur berührungslosen Vermessung des Radprofils der Räder von Eisenbahnradsätzen mit einer Beleuchtungseinrichtung, mit der die Umfangsfläche des Rades mindestens teilweise beleuchtet wird, ist gekennzeichnet durch Mittel zum Tragen des Radsatzes sowie dadurch, daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung optische Mittel zur Erzeugung eines Lichtschnittes oder einer Lichtkante an der Umfangsfläche des zu messenden Rades aufweist und in einem geeigneten Radialabstand zur Umfangsfläche des Rades angeordnet ist, wobei der Beleuchtungseinrichtung mindestens eine Abbildungsoptik zur Erfassung des Profiles des Lichtschnittes oder der Lichtkante und eine Digitalisierungseinrichtung zugeordnet ist, und wobei die optische Achse der Abbildungsoptik mit den wenigstens angenähert radial zum Rad verlaufenden Lichtstrahlen der Beleuchtungsrichtung einen Winkel von kleiner als 900 aber nicht kleiner als 600 bildet und daß Mittel vorgesehen sind zur Positionierung von Abbildungsoptiken mit Beleuchtungseinrichtung relativ zur Umfangsfläche eines Rades und Mittel zur Aktivierung der Einrichtung bei Erreichen einer Meßposition und wobei die Digitalisierungseinrichtung mit einer Auswerteeinrichtung verbunden ist. Mit einem solchen Aufbau der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung wird es möglich, Meßelemente und zu messendes Objekt in die richtige relative Lage zueinander zu bringen und zu halten und in dieser richtigen Lage zu messen. Das Ergebnis der Messung wird über die Abbildungsoptik einer in der Abbildungsebene der Abbildungsoptik liegenden Sensorplatte als Digitalisierungeinrichtung zugeleitet, so daß die ankommenden Analogsignale dort in Digitalsignale verwandelt werden. Diese Digitalsignale werden an eine Auswerteeinrichtung weitergeleitet. Der geeignete radiale Abstand zur Umfangsfläche des Rades liegt etwa da, wo sich die optische Achse der Abbildungsoptik mit der Beleuchtungsrichtung der Beleichtungseinrichtung schneidet. Dieser Radialabstand kann jedoch soweit verändert werden, als von der Abbildungsoptik auf der zur Verfügung stehenden Abbildungssebene noch ein ausreichendes Analogbild abgebildet wird.A device according to the invention for the contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railroad wheel sets with a lighting device with which the peripheral surface of the wheel is at least partially illuminated is characterized by means for carrying the wheel set and in that the lighting device has optical means for generating a light section or a light edge has on the circumferential surface of the wheel to be measured and is arranged at a suitable radial distance from the circumferential surface of the wheel, the illumination device being assigned at least one imaging optics for detecting the profile of the light section or the light edge and a digitizing device, and wherein the optical axis of the imaging optics is associated with the at least approximately radially to the wheel light rays of the direction of illumination forms an angle of less than 900 but not less than 600 and that means are provided for positioning Fig Educational optics with lighting device relative to the circumferential surface of a wheel and means for activating the device when a measuring position is reached and wherein the digitizing device is connected to an evaluation device. With such a construction of the device according to the invention, it becomes possible to bring and hold measuring elements and the object to be measured in the correct relative position to one another and to measure in this correct position. The result of the measurement is fed via the imaging optics to a sensor plate located in the imaging plane of the imaging optics as a digitizing device, so that the incoming analog signals are converted there into digital signals. These digital signals are forwarded to an evaluation device. The suitable radial distance from the circumferential surface of the wheel lies approximately where the optical axis of the imaging optics intersect with the direction of illumination of the exposure device. However, this radial distance can be changed to the extent that a sufficient analog image is still reproduced by the imaging optics on the available imaging level.

Weiterhin wird bei einer erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung der eben beschriebenen Art, die Körnerspitzen als Mittel zum Tragen des Radsatzes aufweist, vorgeschlagen, daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung optische Mittel zur Erzeugung eines Lichtschnittes oder einer Lichtkante aufweist und so angeordnet ist, daß das zu vermessende Rad mindestens angenähert radial von ihr beleuchtet wird, wobei jedes Rad des Radsatzes und die zugeordnete Beleuchtungseinrichtung radial relativ zueinander beweglich angeordnet und jeder Beleuchtungseinrichtung eine Abbildungsoptik mit einer Digitalisierungseinrichtung zugeordnet ist, die ihrerseits mit einer Auswerteeinrichtung verbunden ist. Eine solche Ausbildung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung erlaubt neben der Ermittlungdes Profils auch die Feststellung des Durchmessers der Räder des Radsatzes.Furthermore, it is proposed in a device according to the invention of the type just described, which has center points as a means for carrying the wheel set, that the lighting device has optical means for generating a light section or a light edge and is arranged such that the wheel to be measured is at least approximately radially from It is illuminated, each wheel of the wheel set and the associated lighting device being arranged such that they can move radially relative to one another, and each lighting device is assigned an imaging optic with a digitizing device, which in turn is connected to an evaluation device. In addition to determining the profile, such a design of the device according to the invention also enables the diameter of the wheels of the wheelset to be determined.

In weiterer Ausgestaltung wird dann noch vorgeschlagen, daß mindestens die Abbildungsoptik so lageveränderlich ist, daß der Schnittpunkt ihrer optischen Achse mit dem Lichtstrahl der Beleuchtungseinrichtung veränderbar ist derart, daß er auf die Radumfangsfläche einstellbar ist. Hierdurch kann ein bestimmter gewünschter Radialabstand vorjustiert werden.In a further embodiment it is then proposed that at least the imaging optics can be changed in position so that the point of intersection of its optical axis with the light beam of the lighting device can be changed such that it can be adjusted to the wheel circumferential surface. This allows a certain desired radial distance to be pre-adjusted.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung sieht dann noch vor, daß eine Wegmeßeinrichtung vorgesehen ist, zur Ermittlung der Größe der Relativbewegung zwischen dem Rad eines Radsatzes und mindestens der Abbildungsoptik, wobei die Wegmeßeinrichtung mit der Auswerteeinrichtung verbunden ist. Diese Ausgestaltung ermöglicht eine Automatisierung der Durchmesserbestimmung.A further embodiment then provides that a displacement measuring device is provided for determining the size of the relative movement between the wheel of a wheel set and at least the imaging optics, the displacement measuring device being connected to the evaluation device. This configuration enables the diameter determination to be automated.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung sieht vor, daß für das Abrollen eines Rades in einer Meßstrecke für jedes Rad eines Radsatzes eine Hilfsschiene, angeschlossen oder anschließbar an ein Gleis, vorgesehen ist, daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung unterhalb einer Bewegungsebene der zugeordneten Hilfsschiene angeordnet ist und daß die Digitalisierungseinrichtung mit einer Auswerteeinrichtung und diese mit einer Ausgabeeinheit verbunden ist. Eine solche Einrichtung kann als Teil eines Gleises, welches von einem vollständigen Zug oder auch nur von einem einzelnen Wagen passiert wird, vorgesehen sein. Während jeder einzelne Radsatz eines solchen Zuges oder eines Wagens die Maßstrecke durchläuft, wird im Bereich der Hilfsschiene in vorher festgelegter Meßposition das Profil jedes Rades des Radsatzes radial so beleuchtet, daß ein bekannter Lichtschnitt oder eine bekannte Lichtkante entsteht. In bekannter Relation zu dieser Lichtkante oder dem Lichtschnitt ist mindestens eine Abbildungsoptik zur Aufnahme des sich ergebenden Profilbildes angeordnet. In der Meßposition kann Abbildungsoptik mit Digitalisierungseinrichtung und Beleuchtungseinrichtung synchronisiert sein, so daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung die Beleuchtung in Form eines Lichtblitzes vornimmt und gleichzeitig die Abbildungsoptik in der richtigen Zeitfolge das entstehende Bild aufnimmt. Es ist aber auch denkbar, eine Dauerbeleuchtung vorzusehen und nur z. B. die Abbildungsoptik oder die Digitalisierungseinrichtung in der richtigen Meßposition des Rades für den notwendigen kurzen Zeitraum für die Aufnahme zu aktivieren. Die Mittel zur Erfassung der Meßposition können die gewünschte Schaltung auslösen. Über die Verbindung Digitalisierungseinrichtung mit einer Auswerteeinrichtung wird das Analogbild der Abbildungsoptik digitalisiert, mit einem im Rechner oder in der Auswerteeinrichtung gespeicherten Sollprofil verglichen und es wird die Differenz zum Sollprofil festgestellt. Eine Ausgabeeinheit gibt dann einen "gut-Befund" oder bei Bedarf Zahlenwerte oder Werte für eine Dokumentation oder für eine Weiterverarbeitung in einer weiteren Maschinensteuerung. Gleichzeitig oder einzeln kann das Ergebnis auch in Form einer Kurve ausgeschrieben oder auf einem Bildschirm angezeigt werden.A further embodiment provides that an auxiliary rail, connected or connectable to a track, is provided for the rolling of a wheel in a measuring section for each wheel of a wheel set, that the lighting device is arranged below a plane of movement of the associated auxiliary rail and that the digitizing device with a Evaluation device and this is connected to an output unit. Such a device can be provided as part of a track which is passed by a complete train or even by a single car. While each individual wheel set of such a train or a car travels through the measurement section, the profile of each wheel of the wheel set is radially illuminated in the area of the auxiliary rail in a predetermined measuring position so that a known light section or a known light edge is created. In a known relation to this light edge or the light section, at least one imaging optical system is arranged to record the resulting profile picture. In the measuring position, imaging optics can be synchronized with the digitizing device and the lighting device be so that the lighting device performs the lighting in the form of a flash of light and at the same time the imaging optics takes the resulting image in the correct time sequence. But it is also conceivable to provide permanent lighting and only z. B. to activate the imaging optics or the digitizing device in the correct measuring position of the wheel for the necessary short period of time for the recording. The means for detecting the measuring position can trigger the desired circuit. The analog image of the imaging optics is digitized via the connection of the digitizing device to an evaluation device, compared with a target profile stored in the computer or in the evaluation device, and the difference to the target profile is determined. An output unit then gives a "good result" or, if required, numerical values or values for documentation or for further processing in a further machine control. At the same time or individually, the result can also be written out in the form of a curve or displayed on a screen.

Eine andere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß die Abbildungsoptik und die Digitalisierungseinrichtung Elemente einer elektronischen Kamera sind. Kameras solcher Art sind im Handel erhältlich und arbeiten zuverlässig.Another embodiment of the invention provides that the imaging optics and the digitizing device are elements of an electronic camera. Such cameras are commercially available and work reliably.

Nach einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, daß die Beleuchtungseinrichtung so angeordnet ist und ausgebildet ist, daß sie das Profil des Rades unter einem spitzen Winkel zu dessen Bewegungsrichtung anleuchtet. Hierdurch kann die Anforderung an die Positioniergenauigkeit verringert werden.According to one embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the lighting device is arranged and designed such that it illuminates the profile of the wheel at an acute angle to its direction of movement. As a result, the requirement for positioning accuracy can be reduced.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß Beleuchtungseinrichtung und Kamera verstellbar auf einer Trageinrichtung angeordnet sind, wobei Beleuchtungseinrichtung und Kamera relativ zum Radsatz verfahrbar sein können. Hierdurch kann die ganze Anlage auch bei Bedarf an einen stehenden Zug oder einzelnen Radsatz vorbeibewegt werden zur Durchführung der gemünschten Messung. Hierdurch kann die Einrichtung den verschiedenen Bedürfnissen an die Beleuchtungsund Aufnahmerichtung angepaßt werden und es kann bei nicht vertikaler Beleuchtungsrichtung die Einrichtung auf unterschiedliche Durchmesser eingestellt werden.A further embodiment of the invention provides that the lighting device and camera are adjustably arranged on a carrying device, wherein the lighting device and camera can be movable relative to the wheel set. As a result, the entire system can also be moved past a stationary train or individual wheel set if necessary to carry out the desired measurement. As a result, the device can be adapted to the different needs of the lighting and recording direction and the device can be set to different diameters when the lighting direction is not vertical.

Eine andere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wiederum sieht vor, daß Mittel vorgesehen sind, die den das Profil beleuchtenden Lichtstrahl vertikal zur Bewegungsebene und von unten gegen das Profil führen. Diese Beleuchtungsrichtung hat konstruktive Vorteile. Die angegebenen Mittel, die für die richtige Beleuchtungsrichtung sorgen, erlauben gleichzeitig die Lichtquelle an aus konstruktiven Gründen gewünschter Stelle unterzubringen.Another embodiment of the invention in turn provides that means are provided which guide the light beam illuminating the profile vertically to the plane of movement and from below against the profile. This lighting direction has constructive advantages. The specified means, which ensure the correct direction of illumination, at the same time allow the light source to be accommodated at a desired location for design reasons.

Wiederum eine Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß unterhalb der Bewegungsebene für jedes Rad eine Beleuchtungseinrichtung zur Erzeugung eines Lichtschnittes mit vertikal gegen das Profil gerichtetem Lichtstrahl vorgesehen ist, wobei in Bewegungsrichtung des Rades beiderseits des Lichtstrahls mindestens eine Kamera zur Erfassung des Profils vorgesehen ist. Hierdurch gelingt es, zwei unterschiedliche Profilbilder zu erfassen, bei deren Übereinstimmung das zu vermessende Rad sich exakt in Meßposition befunden hat, wobei die unterschiedlichen Profilbilder dann, wenn keine Übereinstimmung erreicht wird, vom Rechner interpolierbar sind.Another embodiment of the invention provides that an illumination device for generating a light section with a light beam directed vertically against the profile is provided for each wheel below the plane of movement, with at least one camera for detecting the profile being provided on both sides of the light beam in the direction of movement of the wheel. This makes it possible to acquire two different profile pictures, in the case of which the wheel to be measured has been exactly in the measuring position, the different profile pictures being able to be interpolated by the computer if no match is achieved.

Nach der Erfindung ist ebenfalls vorgesehen, daß mehrere Kameras je zu einer Kameragruppe zusammengefaßt sind, von denen mindestens eine Gruppe direkt auf den Lichtschnitt oder die Lichtkante und mindestens eine weitere Gruppe über eine Umlenkeinrichtung auf den Lichtschnitt oder die Lichtkante gerichtet ist. Auf diese Art und Weise wird einerseits eine höhere Auflösegenauigkeit des erfaßten Bildes erreicht und es wird andererseits die Unterbringung der notwendigen Kameras auf dem recht engen Raum ermöglicht.According to the invention it is also provided that several cameras are combined to form a camera group, of which at least one group is directed directly onto the light section or the light edge and at least one further group is directed via a deflection device onto the light section or the light edge. In this way, on the one hand, a higher resolution accuracy of the captured image is achieved and, on the other hand, the necessary cameras can be accommodated in the rather narrow space.

Eine andere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht wiederum vor, daß alle Kameras stationär unterhalb der Bewegungsebene angeordnet sind. Dies verringert den Konstruktionsaufwand ganz erheblich.Another embodiment of the invention in turn provides that all cameras are arranged stationary below the plane of movement. This significantly reduces the design effort.

Es ist ebenfalls nach der Erfindung vorgesehen, daß Kameras und Beleuchtungseinrichtung jeder Meßstrecke an einer Einrichtung mit einem mindestens vertikal beweglichen, in einem Stützrollenträger drehbar gelagerten Stützrollenpaar zum drehbaren Abstützen jeden Rades vorgesehen ist. Auf diese Art und Weise wird die gesamte Einrichtung zum zu messenden Rad exakt positioniert, so daß Positionsfehler ausgeschlossen werden.It is also provided according to the invention that cameras and lighting devices of each measuring section are provided on a device with an at least vertically movable support roller pair rotatably mounted in a support roller carrier for rotatably supporting each wheel. In this way, the entire device is positioned exactly to the wheel to be measured, so that position errors are excluded.

Eine andere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wiederum sieht vor, daß jeder Stützrollenträger mit Stützrollenpaar in Schienenlängsrichtung beweglich angeordnet ist. Auf diese Art und Weise wird ein einfaches Mitlaufen der ganzen Einrichtung ermöglicht und es kann eine Fahrtunterbrechnung vermieden werden.Another embodiment of the invention provides that each support roller carrier with a pair of support rollers is arranged to be movable in the longitudinal direction of the rail. In this way, the entire facility can be easily followed and an interruption in travel can be avoided.

Es ist ergänzend nach der Erfindung vorgeschlagen, daß zwei Beleuchtungsquellen vorgesehen sind, die in Richtung der Radsatzachse versetzt und synchronisiert sind. Hierdurch wird jede Schattenwirkung des Profils, beispielsweise durch den Spurkranz, ausgeschlossen und dennoch eine vollständige Beleuchtung des Profils erreicht.It is additionally proposed according to the invention that two lighting sources are provided which are offset and synchronized in the direction of the wheelset axis. In this way, any shadow effect of the profile, for example due to the wheel flange, is excluded and complete illumination of the profile is nevertheless achieved.

Ergänzend wird nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß mehrere Kameras vorgesehen sind, von denen jede einen anderen Profilabschnitt aufnimmt, wobei die mit den Kameras verbundene Auswerteelektronik Einrichtungen für eine parallele Vorverarbeitung und für eine Zwischenspeicherung und seriellen Verarbeitung der Signale der Kameras enthält. Auch hierdurch wird einerseits eine höhere Auflösegenauigkeit erreicht und es gelingt, die Gesamtbeurteilung mit nur einem einzigen Rechner vorzunehmen, weil der Rechner die von den einzelnen Kameras gelieferten Daten nacheinander verwertet und zu einem Gesamtprofil zusammensetzt. Hierzu ist allerdings eine Vorverarbeitung der Daten der Kameras und eine entsprechende Zwischenspeicherung erforderlich.In addition, it is proposed according to the invention that a plurality of cameras are provided, each of which records a different profile section, the evaluation electronics connected to the cameras being devices for parallel preprocessing and for intermediate storage and serial processing of the signals from the cameras. This also achieves a higher resolution accuracy on the one hand and it is possible to carry out the overall assessment with only a single computer, because the computer uses the data supplied by the individual cameras one after the other and combines them into an overall profile. However, this requires preprocessing of the data from the cameras and appropriate intermediate storage.

Es ist noch nach der Erfindung vorgeschlagen, daß der Winkel zwischen der Beleuchtungseinrichtung und der aufgenommenen Abstrahlrichtung kleiner als 90° und nicht kleiner als 60° ist. In diesem Bereich treten nur Profilverzerrungen auf, die leicht beherrschbar sind.It is also proposed according to the invention that the angle between the lighting device and the recorded radiation direction is less than 90 ° and not less than 60 °. Only profile distortions that are easy to control occur in this area.

Weiterhin ist nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß Kameras und Beleuchtungseinrichtung in Abhängigkeit vom Durchmesser des zu messenden Rades beweglich und einstellbar am Träger angeordnet sind. Hierdurch kann auf einfache Art und Weise bei nicht vertikaler Beleuchtung des Profiles die ganze Einrichtung auf unterschiedliche Durchmesser des zu messenden Rades eingerichtet werden.Furthermore, it is also proposed according to the invention that cameras and lighting devices are arranged on the carrier so as to be movable and adjustable depending on the diameter of the wheel to be measured. As a result, the entire device can be set up in a simple manner with different diameters of the wheel to be measured when the profile is not illuminated vertically.

Schließlich ist nach der Erfindung noch vorgeschlagen, daß das abgestrahlte Licht über Lichtleitfasern den Kameras zugeleitet wird. Hierdruch wird Kameraposition und Kamerazahl nahezu frei wählbar.Finally, it is also proposed according to the invention that the emitted light is fed to the cameras via optical fibers. This means that the camera position and number can be selected almost freely.

Die Erfindung soll nun anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen, die Ausführungsbeispiele zeigen, näher erläutert werden.The invention will now be explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show exemplary embodiments.

Es zeigen:

  • Figur 1: Schematischer Aufbau der Einrichtung in Seitenansicht
  • Figur 2: Alternative Anordnung zu Figur 1
  • Figur 3: Schematischer Aufbau der Rechneranlage mit Kameras für beide Räder eines Radsatzes, dem Kamerainterface zum Zentralrechner, dem Massenspeicher und als Ausgabeeinheit ein Terminal
  • Figur 4: Ansicht in Richtung des Pfeils A nach Figur 1
  • Figur 5: Variante zu Figur 1 mit sich zentrierender Einrichtung
  • Figur 6: Zeichnerische Darstellung der Datenauswertung im Rechner
  • Figur 7: Schematische Seitenansicht einer Hälfte einer Radsatzdrehbank mit in Körnerspitzen aufgenommenem Radsatz
Show it:
  • Figure 1: Schematic structure of the device in side view
  • Figure 2: Alternative arrangement to Figure 1
  • Figure 3: Schematic structure of the computer system with cameras for both wheels of a wheelset, the camera interface to the central computer, the mass storage and a terminal as an output unit
  • Figure 4: View in the direction of arrow A of Figure 1
  • Figure 5: Variant of Figure 1 with centering device
  • Figure 6: Graphic representation of the data evaluation in the computer
  • Figure 7: Schematic side view of half of a wheelset lathe with wheelset picked up in center points

Die Figur 1 zeigt den schematischen Aufbau einer Einrichtung nach der Erfindung in Seitenansicht. Figur 4 zeigt eine Ansicht in Richtung des Pfeils A nach Figur 1, jedoch ohne Darstellung der Kameras 6-9. In einer Meßstrecke 2 ist eine Hilfsschiene 15 als Tragmittel für den Radsatz verlegt, auf der ein Rad 1 eines nicht näher dargestellten Radsatzes am äußeren Bereich der Lauffläche abrollt. Das Rad ist Bestandteil eines Radsatzes, der eingebaut sein kann in einen Waggon oder als angetriebener Radsatz in ein Triebfahrzeug. Das jeweilige Fahrzeug bewegt sich während des Meßvorganges langsam durch die Meßstrecke 2.Figure 1 shows the schematic structure of a device according to the invention in side view. FIG. 4 shows a view in the direction of arrow A according to FIG. 1, but without the cameras 6-9 being shown. In a measuring section 2, an auxiliary rail 15 is laid as a suspension element for the wheel set, on which a wheel 1 of a wheel set, not shown, rolls on the outer region of the tread. The wheel is part of a wheel set that can be installed in a wagon or as a driven wheel set in a traction vehicle. The respective vehicle moves slowly through the measurement section 2 during the measurement process.

Unterhalb einer Bewegungsebene 10 der Hilfsschiene 15 ist ein Träger 27', ausgebildet als Platte, vorgesehen, auf dem vier sog. CCD-Kameras 6-9 angeordnet sind, die in zwei Baugruppen aufgeteilt sind. Es sind dies einerseits die Kameras 6 und 7 und die winklig hierzu angeordneten Kameras 8 und 9. Diese beschriebenen Kameras 6-9 befinden sich in der Darstellung nach Figur 1 links einer Meßposition 3. Es ist auch möglich die gleiche Kameraanordnung noch einmal rechts von der Meßposition 3 vorzusehen. Jede Kamere enthält eine Abbildungsoptik und eine Sensorplatte als Digitalisierungseinrichtung.Below a plane of movement 10 of the auxiliary rail 15 there is a support 27 ', designed as a plate, on which four so-called CCD cameras 6-9 are arranged, which are divided into two assemblies. These are, on the one hand, cameras 6 and 7 and cameras 8 and 9 arranged at an angle thereto. In the illustration according to FIG. 1, these cameras 6-9 are located on the left of a measuring position 3. It is also possible to use the same camera arrangement again on the right of the Provide measuring position 3. Each camera contains imaging optics and a sensor plate as a digitizing device.

Vertikal unterhalb der Meßposition 3 ist eine Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 vorgesehen, die zwei in Richtung der Radsatzachse 14 versetzt angeordnete Beleuchtungsquellen 12 und 13 trägt. Diese Beleuchtungsquellen 12 und 13 sind optisch so ausgestaltet, daß ihr Lichtstrahl 19 auf dem Profil des Rades 1 einen Lichtschnitt oder eine Lichtkante erzeugt. Beide Beleuchtungsarten sind im Stand der Technik bekannt und es muß daher hier nicht näher erläutert werden, wie ein Lichtschnitt oder eine Lichtkante erzeugt wird. Die Verwendung von zwei Beleuchtungsquellen 12 und 13 in der in Figur 4 dargestellten Anordnung sorgt dafür, daß Schattenwirkungen, beispielsweise vom Spurkranz oder von der Hilfsschiene 15, verhindert werden.A lighting device 5 is provided vertically below the measuring position 3 and bears two lighting sources 12 and 13 arranged offset in the direction of the wheel set axis 14. These lighting sources 12 and 13 are optically designed so that their light beam 19 generates a light section or a light edge on the profile of the wheel 1. Both types of lighting are known in the prior art and it is therefore not necessary to explain in more detail here how a light section or a light edge is produced. The use of two lighting sources 12 and 13 in the arrangement shown in FIG. 4 ensures that shadow effects, for example from the wheel flange or from the auxiliary rail 15, are prevented.

Da die Kameras 6-9 den Durchlauf eines Rades 1 durch die Meßstrecke 2 nicht behindern dürfen, müssen sie unterhalb der Bewegungsebene 10 angeordnet sein. Nach Figur 1 sind daher die Kameras 6 und 7 so angeordnet, daß sie das unter der Abstrahlrichtung 25 abgestrahlte Licht empfangen können, die Abstrahlrichtung 25 bildet mit dem Lichtstrahl 19 einen Winkel der kleiner als 90° aber größer als 60° ist. Hierdurch allerdings tritt bei Anordnung nach Figur 1 eine Profilverzerrung auf, die später im Rechner wieder rückgängig gemacht werden muß. Dies ist jedoch ohne weiteres möglich. Zur Erreichung einer höheren Auflösegenauigkeit der Abbildung sind zwei weitere Kameras 8 und 9 vorgesehen, die aus Platzgründen jedoch winklig zu den Kameras 6 und 7 angeordnet sind, wie die Darstellung nach Figur 1 erkennen läßt. Eine Umlenkeinrichtung 20 sorgt als Strahlteiler, z. B. in Form eines halbdurchlässigen Spiegels dafür, daß auch die Kameras 8 und 9 von dem abgestrahlten Licht beaufschlagt werden. Es ist jedoch auch die Verwendung von Lichtleitfasern möglich.Since the cameras 6-9 must not impede the passage of a wheel 1 through the measuring section 2, they must be arranged below the plane of motion 10. According to Figure 1, the cameras 6 and 7 are therefore arranged so that they can receive the light emitted under the radiation direction 25, the radiation direction 25 forms an angle with the light beam 19 which is less than 90 ° but greater than 60 °. In this way, however, profile distortion occurs in the arrangement according to FIG. 1, which must later be reversed again in the computer. However, this is easily possible. In order to achieve a higher resolution accuracy of the image, two further cameras 8 and 9 are provided, which, however, are arranged at an angle to the cameras 6 and 7 for reasons of space, as can be seen in the illustration in FIG. A deflection device 20 provides as a beam splitter, for. B. in the form of a semi-transparent mirror that the cameras 8 and 9 are acted upon by the emitted light. However, the use of optical fibers is also possible.

Damit die Kameras 6-9 richtige Daten für die nachfolgende Auswerteelektronik liefern können, muß eine Profilaufnahme möglichst genau in der Meßposition 3 erfolgen. Es müssen daher Mittel vorgesehen sein, die diese Meßposition erfassen und dann Kamera und Beleuchtung auslösen. Die Praxis zeigt, daß dies beispielsweise mit einem Schienenschalter möglich ist. Es sind im Handel hierzu brauchbare Schalter erhältlich, deren Schaltpunktstreuung ausreichend klein ist. Ein solcher Schienenschalter muß nicht notwendigerweise mechanisch oder elektromagnetisch aufgebaut sein. Es sind auch für den beschriebenen Einsatzzweck anwendbare optische Schalter erhältlich oder optische Verfahren möglich. Erreicht das Rad 1 seine Meßposition 3 in der Meßstrecke 2, so wird von der beschriebenen Schalteinrichtung ein Beleuchtungsblitz der Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 ausgelöst und es werden gleichzeitig die Kameras 6-9 aktiviert. Es ist nun in den Kameras 6-9 ein Profilbild entstanden, das für die Weiterverarbeitung der Auswerteelektronik zugeführt werden kann.In order for the cameras 6-9 to be able to supply correct data for the subsequent evaluation electronics, the profile must be recorded as precisely as possible in measuring position 3. Means must therefore be provided which detect this measuring position and then trigger the camera and lighting. Practice shows that this is possible, for example, with a rail switch. There are commercially available switches for this purpose, the switching point spread is sufficiently small. Such a rail switch does not necessarily have to be constructed mechanically or electromagnetically. Optical switches that can be used for the described purpose are also available, or optical methods are possible. When the wheel 1 reaches its measuring position 3 in the measuring section 2, the described switching device triggers a lighting flash of the lighting device 5 and the cameras 6-9 are activated at the same time. A profile picture has now been created in cameras 6-9, which can be fed to the evaluation electronics for further processing.

Wie Figur 2 zeigt, ist es durch eine geringe Veränderung der Anordnung von Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 und den Kameras 6-9 möglich, den Bereich für die Meßposition 4 zu vergrößern und gleichzeitig eine verzerrte Abbildung des Profils in den Kameras 6-9 zu vermeiden, wodurch auch der entsprechende Rechneraufwand für die Entzerrung vermieden werden kann. Hierzu ist es beispielsweise möglich, die Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 und die Kameras 6-9 so anzuordnen, daß zwischen dem Lichtstrahl 19 und der Abstrahlrichtung 26 ein Winkel β kleiner 90° vorhanden ist. Damit hierbei die Kameras 6-9 unterhalb der Bewegungsebene 10 verbleiben können, muß der Lichtstrahl 19 radial und unter einem spitzen Winkel zur Bewegungsebene 10 auf die Umfangsfläche des Rades 1 auftreffen. Rad 1 bewegt sich bei einer Ausführungsform nach Figur 2 in Richtung des Pfeiles 17 durch die Meßstrecke 2 hindurch. Es ist jedoch auch eine entgegengesetzte Bewegungsrichtung möglich.As FIG. 2 shows, a slight change in the arrangement of the lighting device 5 and the cameras 6-9 makes it possible to enlarge the area for the measuring position 4 and at the same time to avoid a distorted image of the profile in the cameras 6-9, which also the corresponding computing effort for the equalization can be avoided. For this purpose, it is possible, for example, to arrange the lighting device 5 and the cameras 6-9 in such a way that an angle β of less than 90 ° is present between the light beam 19 and the radiation direction 26. So that the cameras 6-9 can remain below the movement plane 10, the light beam 19 must strike the circumferential surface of the wheel 1 radially and at an acute angle to the movement plane 10. In one embodiment according to FIG. 2, wheel 1 moves in the direction of arrow 17 through the measuring section 2. However, an opposite direction of movement is also possible.

Da bei einer Anordnung nach Figur 2 auch die Bedingung erfüllt sein muß, daß im Meßpunkt 4 der Lichtstrahl 19 radial auf die Umfangsfläche des Rades 1 auftrifft, muß der Lichtstrahl 19 seine Neigung in Abhängigkeit vom Durchmesser des ankommenden Rades 1 ändern können. Gleichzeitig aber muß sich entsprechend die Lage der Kameras 6-9 ändern. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, daß an einem Träger 27 eine Trageinrichtung 18 vorgesehen ist, die am Träger 27 um den Drehpunkt 29 schwenkbar angeordnet ist. Auf der Trageinrichtung 18 ist in dargestellter Anordnung die Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 einerseits und sind die Kameras 6-9 andererseits angeordnet. Die Trageinrichtung 18 kann in Richtung des Pfeiles 28 mittels des Motors 30 geschwenkt werden. Die Konstruktion als solche ist nur schematisch dargestellt und kann in ihrer detaillierten Ausführung dem durchschnittlichen Fachmann überlassen werden. Motor 30 wird gesteuert von einer Steuereinrichtung 31, in die vorher der Durchmesser des ankommenden Rades 1 eingegeben wurde. Hierbei kann die Durchmesserangabe von einem in der Meßstrecke 2 angeordneten oder der Meßstrecke 2 vorgeschalteten Meßeinrichtung kommen.Since in an arrangement according to FIG. 2 the condition must also be fulfilled that the light beam 19 strikes the measuring surface 4 radially on the peripheral surface of the wheel 1, the light beam 19 must be able to change its inclination depending on the diameter of the arriving wheel 1. At the same time, however, the position of the cameras 6-9 must change accordingly. This is achieved in that a support device 18 is provided on a support 27 and is arranged on the support 27 so as to be pivotable about the pivot point 29. In the arrangement shown, the lighting device 5 is on the one hand and the cameras 6-9 are arranged on the support device 18. The support device 18 can be pivoted in the direction of arrow 28 by means of the motor 30. The construction as such is only shown schematically and its detailed execution can be left to the average expert. Motor 30 is controlled by a control device 31, into which the diameter of the incoming wheel 1 has previously been entered. Here, the diameter information can come from a measuring device arranged in the measuring section 2 or upstream of the measuring section 2.

Es ist jedoch bei einer Anordnung nach Figur 1 auch möglich, den Bereich für die Meßposition 3 dadurch zu erweitern, daß eine schnelle Mehrfachmessung in einem genügend kleinen Meßbereich 11 vorgenommen wird. Wird eine einseitige Anordnung der Kameras 6-9 wie nach Figur 1 verwendet, so ensteht im Rechner eine anwachsende und danach evtl. wieder abfallende Profilkontur. Da die Geschwindigkeit der hintereinanderfolgenden Aufnahmen bekannt ist und ebenfalls bekannt ist, daß das zu messende Rad 1 eine Kreiskontur hat, die auf der Bewegungsebene 10 entlang der Meßstrekke 2 bewegt wird (sei es geschoben oder gerollt), ist auch das zu erwartende Anwachsen der zunächst verzerrten Profilkontur bekannt. Es kann dann auch festgestellt werden, ob mit einer Aufnahme der genaue Höchstpunkt getroffen wurde oder ob unmittelbar vor und unmittelbar nach dem Höhstpunkt jeweils eine Aufnahme gemacht wurde. Im erstgenannten Fall kann das Ergebnis unmittelbar verwendet werden, im zweitgenannten Fall muß im Rechner zunächst noch eine Korrektur durchgeführt werden.However, in the case of an arrangement according to FIG. 1, it is also possible to expand the range for measuring position 3 by carrying out a rapid multiple measurement in a sufficiently small measuring range 11. If a one-sided arrangement of the cameras 6-9 is used as in FIG. 1, the profile contour increases and then possibly decreases again in the computer. Since the speed of the successive recordings is known and it is also known that the wheel 1 to be measured has a circular contour that is moved along the measuring path 2 on the movement plane 10 (be it pushed or rolled), the expected increase is also the one initially distorted profile contour known. It can then also be determined whether the exact peak was hit with a recording or whether a recording was made immediately before and immediately after the peak. In the former case, the result can be used immediately; in the latter case, a correction must first be made in the computer.

Es ist jedoch auch denkbar, bei einer Ausführungsform nach Figur 1 beidseitig des Lichtstrahls 19 eine Kameraanordnung, wie in Figur 1 nur einseitig gezeichnet, zu verwenden. Während der schnell aufeinanderfolgenden Mehrfachaufnahmen im Meßbereich 11 laufen dann im Rechner zwei unterschiedliche Profilkonturen aus entgegengesetzten Richtungen aufeinander zu. Wird eine Aufnahme genau in Meßposition 3 von allen Kameras gemacht, so muß im Rechner einmal eine dekkungsgleiche Kontur entstehen, weil von beiden Kamerasystemen eine identische Kontur geliefert wird.However, it is also conceivable to use a camera arrangement on both sides of the light beam 19 in an embodiment according to FIG. 1, as shown in FIG. 1 only on one side. During the rapid successive multiple recordings in the measuring area 11, two different profile contours then run towards one another from opposite directions in the computer. If a picture is taken exactly in measuring position 3 by all cameras, then a contour with the same coverage must be created in the computer because an identical contour is supplied by both camera systems.

Diese Kontur entspricht dann der zu messenden Kontur. Gelingt dies jedoch nicht, so kann zwischen den Konturen, die am nächsten zusammenliegen, problemlos interpoliert werden. Es ist bei dieser Ausführung zwar ein höherer apparativer Aufwand nötig; es ist jedoch bei der Software nicht mehr erforderlich, die zu erwartende Konturverschiebung in Abhängigkeit vom Durchmesser des Rades 1 und vom Zeitabstand der Bildfolge zu berücksichtigen.This contour then corresponds to the contour to be measured. However, if this is not successful, interpolation between the contours closest to one another can be carried out without any problems. In this embodiment, a higher expenditure on equipment is necessary; With the software, however, it is no longer necessary to take into account the expected contour shift as a function of the diameter of the wheel 1 and the time interval of the image sequence.

Um eine ausreichend schnelle Bildfolge zu erreichen, ist es denkbar, mehrere Sätze von Kameras im Wechsel hintereinander Aufnahmen machen zu lassen oder aber bei den vorhandenen Kameras und bei Einsatz einer Lichtschnittbeleuchtung eine rasch aufeinanderfolgende Mehrfachbelichtung durchzuführen, bevor die von der Kamera erfaßten Daten ausgelesen werden in den Rechner.In order to achieve a sufficiently fast image sequence, it is conceivable to use several sentences from Kame to let ras take pictures one after the other or, in the case of the existing cameras and when using light section lighting, to carry out a rapid successive multiple exposure before the data recorded by the camera are read out into the computer.

Eine alternative Möglichkeit, möglichst genau die Meßposition 3 im Augenblik der Messung zu erreichen, ist in Figur 5 dargestellt. Auch dort ist wiederum eine Meßstrecke 2 definiert, mit einer Bewegungsebene 10. Ein Rad 1 wird wieder entlang der Meßstrecke 2 bewegt. Innerhalb oder außerhalb der Meßstrecke 2 ist seitlich außen neben der Hilfsschiene 15 ein Stützrollenträger 22 vorgesehen, in dem ein Stützrollenpaar 23 drehbar gelagert ist. Der Stützrollenträger 22 und damit das Stützrollenpaar 23 ist in einem Schlitten 33 horizontal und damit senkrecht zur Zeichenebene verschiebbar, wie dies die Symbole 32 andeuten. Ein entlang der Hilfsschiene 15 beweglicher Wagen 34 trägt einen Motor 35 der eine Spindel 36 antreiben kann. Senkrecht zum Wagen 34 sind drehbar gelagert zwei Schneckenräder 37 und 38 vorgesehen, die jeweils drehfest mit Gewindespindeln 39 und 40 verbunden sind. Die Spindel 36 arbeitet mit den Schneckenrädern 38 und 37 so zusammen, daß eine Drehbewegung der Spindel 36 eine entsprechende Drehbewegung der Schneckenräder 37 und 38 erzeugt. Hierdurch werden dann auch die Gewindespindeln 39 und 40 entsprechend gedreht. Diese wiederum arbeiten zusammen mit Muttern 42 und 43, die drehfest am Schlitten 33 befestigt sind. Eine Drehbewegung der Gewindespindeln 39 und 40 hat somit eine Heb- und Senkbewegung des Schlittens 33 und damit des Stützrollenträgers 22 mit dem Stützrollenpaar 23 in Richtung des Pfeiles 21 zur Folge.An alternative possibility of reaching measurement position 3 as precisely as possible in the instant of the measurement is shown in FIG. A measuring section 2 is again defined there, with a movement plane 10. A wheel 1 is again moved along the measuring section 2. Within or outside the measuring section 2, a support roller carrier 22 is provided on the side outside, next to the auxiliary rail 15, in which a pair of support rollers 23 is rotatably mounted. The support roller carrier 22 and thus the support roller pair 23 can be moved horizontally and thus perpendicularly to the plane of the drawing in a slide 33, as indicated by the symbols 32. A carriage 34 movable along the auxiliary rail 15 carries a motor 35 which can drive a spindle 36. Perpendicular to the carriage 34, two worm gears 37 and 38 are rotatably mounted, each of which is non-rotatably connected to threaded spindles 39 and 40. The spindle 36 works with the worm wheels 38 and 37 so that a rotational movement of the spindle 36 produces a corresponding rotational movement of the worm wheels 37 and 38. As a result, the threaded spindles 39 and 40 are then rotated accordingly. These in turn work together with nuts 42 and 43, which are attached to the carriage 33 in a rotationally fixed manner. A rotary movement of the threaded spindles 39 and 40 thus results in a lifting and lowering movement of the slide 33 and thus of the support roller carrier 22 with the support roller pair 23 in the direction of arrow 21.

Am Wagen 34 ist ebenfalls die Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 angeordnet, die entweder direkt oder über entsprechende Umlenkmittel die Umfangsfläche des Rades 1 bei Bedarf durch eine nicht näher bezeichnete Schienenlücke vertikal von unten anleuchten kann. Am Wagen 34 ist weiter ein Träger 44 angeordnet, der die Kameras 6-9 und die Umlenkeinrichtung 20 trägt in einer Anordnung, wie sie zu Figur 1 bereits beschrieben wurde.Also arranged on the carriage 34 is the lighting device 5, which can illuminate the circumferential surface of the wheel 1 either directly or via corresponding deflection means, if necessary, vertically from below by means of a rail gap (not specified). A carrier 44 is further arranged on the carriage 34, which carries the cameras 6-9 and the deflection device 20 in an arrangement as has already been described for FIG.

Zur Durchführung der gewünschten Messung mit einer Einrichtung nach Figur 5 wird im Bereich eines sich bewegenden Rades 1 der Stützrollenträger 22 auf dem Schlitten 33 gegen das Rad bewegt, solange bis das Stützrollenpaar 23 z. B. im Laufflächenbereich oder im Spurkranzbereich des Rades 1 angekommen ist. Sodann wird durch Betätigung des Motors 35 der Stützrollenträger 22 und damit das Stützrollenpaar 23 angehoben, solange bis beide Stützrollen des Stützrollenpaares 23 an der Umfangsfläche des Rades 1 zur Anlage kommen.Das Erreichen dieser Position kann von einer Steuereinrichtung 45 dadurch festgestellt werden, daß über die Leitungen 46 und 47, die mit den Rollen 23 verbunden sind, über das Rad 1 z. B. ein Impuls eines Kraftsensors weitergeleitet wird. Dieser Impuls wird von der Steuereinrichtung 45 registiert, die daraufhin den Motor 35 abschaltet. Die ganze Einrichtung nach Figur 5 kann nun von dem sich bewegenden Rad 1 in Richtung des Pfeiles 24 mitgeschleppt werden. Währenddessen kann in bereits beschriebener Weise die Profilaufnahme erfolgen. Danach kann der Stützrollenträger 22 mit dem Stützrollenpaar 23 wieder etwas abgesenkt und senkrecht zur Zeichenebene der Figur 5 auf dem Schlitten 33 wieder aus dem Kontaktbereich mit dem Rad 1 ausgefahren werden. Die gesamte Einrichtung nach Figur 5 kann dann zurück in Ausgangsposition gefahren werden und bei Bedarf an das nächste Rad 1 angelegt werden. Natürlich können in einer Meßstrecke 2 auch mehrere solcher Einrichtungen vorgesehen sein.To carry out the desired measurement with a device according to FIG. 5, the support roller carrier 22 is moved on the slide 33 against the wheel in the region of a moving wheel 1 until the support roller pair 23 is moved e.g. B. has arrived in the tread area or in the flange area of the wheel 1. Then, by actuating the motor 35, the support roller carrier 22 and thus the support roller pair 23 are raised until both support rollers of the support roller pair 23 come to rest on the peripheral surface of the wheel 1. The reaching of this position can be determined by a control device 45 in that the Lines 46 and 47, which are connected to the rollers 23, via the wheel 1 z. B. a pulse of a force sensor is forwarded. This pulse is registered by the control device 45, which then switches off the motor 35. The entire device according to FIG. 5 can now be towed by the moving wheel 1 in the direction of arrow 24. Meanwhile, the profile can be recorded in the manner already described. Thereafter, the support roller carrier 22 with the support roller pair 23 can be lowered somewhat and moved out of the contact area with the wheel 1 again perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in FIG. 5 on the slide 33. The entire device according to FIG. 5 can then be moved back to the starting position and, if necessary, applied to the next wheel 1. Of course, several such devices can also be provided in a measuring section 2.

Die Erfindung kann auch angewendet werden auf einer Einrichtung 54, beispielsweise ausgebildet als Radsatzdrehmaschine oder -meßmaschine, bei der ein nicht näher dargestellter Radsatz mit seiner Radsatzachse beispielsweise über Körnerspitzen in einer definierten Position 51 gehalten wird (Fig. 7). Diese Körnerspitzen stellen dann die Tragmittel für den Radsatz dar. Auf einen Support 55, dessen Bewegungen in Richtung des Pfeils 56 auf eine Wegmeßeinrichtung 52 übertragen werden, ist wieder die Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 zur Erzeugung eines Lichtschnitts oder einer Lichtkante parallel zur Rotationsachse der Radsatzachse 14 angegordnet. Die Anordnung ist hierbei so, daß der Lichtstrahl 19 radial genau durch die Körnerspitzen, also durch die Meßposition 3 erreicht wird für die Beleuchtungseinrichtung. Das an der Meßposition 3 an der Umfangsfläche des Rades 1 unter der Abstrahlrichtung 25 abgestrahlte Licht - wobei die Abstrahlrichtung 25 wieder mit dem Lichtstrahl 19 den Winkel a einschließt - wird wiederum von den bereits beschriebenen Kameras 6, 7 aufgenommen und es werden von dort die entsprechenden Digitalsignale an die Auswerteeinrichtung (Figur 3) weitergeleitet.The invention can also be applied to a device 54, for example in the form of a wheel set lathe or measuring machine, in which a wheel set (not shown in more detail) is held in a defined position 51 with its wheel set axis, for example over center tips (FIG. 7). These center points then represent the suspension elements for the wheelset. On a support 55, the movements of which are transmitted in the direction of arrow 56 to a path measuring device 52, the lighting device 5 is again arranged to produce a light section or a light edge parallel to the axis of rotation of the wheelset axis 14. The arrangement here is such that the light beam 19 is reached radially precisely through the grain tips, ie through the measuring position 3, for the lighting device. The light emitted at the measuring position 3 on the circumferential surface of the wheel 1 under the radiation direction 25 - the radiation direction 25 again including the angle α with the light beam 19 - is again recorded by the cameras 6, 7 already described and from there the corresponding ones Digital signals forwarded to the evaluation device (Figure 3).

Die Kameras 6 und 7 können beispielsweise durch Verschiebung des Supportes 55' in Richtung des Pfeiles 57 und/oder durch Schwenkung der Kameras in Richtung des Pfeiles 58 in ihrer Lage verändert werden, so daß sich die Lage des Schnittpunktes von Abstrahlrichtung 25 und Lichtstrahl 19 ändert. In jedem Fall aber kann die exakte Lage dieses Schnittpunktes genau ermittelt werden und ist damit bekannt. Liegt die Meßposition 3 genau in diesem Schnittpunkt - so wie in Figur 7 dargestellt - so entsteht im mittleren Bereich der Abbildungsebene in den Kameras 6 und 7 das entsprechende Profilbild. Der Ort dieses Profilbildes auf der Abbildungsebene in den Kameras 6 und 7 ist damit maßlich genau bestimmbar. Dies gilt aber nicht nur für die Position nach Figur 7 sondern gilt auch für einen Meßbereich 11'. Liegt die Meßposition 3 innerhalb dieses Meßbereiches 11', so wird auf der Abbildungsebene der Kameras 6' ein Profilbild erzeugt, dessen örtliche Lage auf der Abbildungsebene damit bekannt ist. Da auch Kameraposition und Position der Beleuchtungseinrichtung bekannt ist und über die Wegmeßeinrichtung 52 der Verfahrweg des Supportes 55 relativ zu einem Fixpunkt, beispielsweise relativ zu der definierten Position 51, bekannt ist, kann unter Verwertung dieser Daten der Durchmesser des Rades 1 ebenfalls errechnet werden. Hierbei wird bei der Bewegung des Supportes 55 in Richtung des Pfeiles 56 vorausgesetzt, daß die Einrichtung, auf der der Support 55 in Richtung des Pfeiles 56 sich bewegt, beispielsweise eine Bettplatte 59, sich in Richtung des Pfeiles 56 selbst nicht bewegt. Es käme sonst die notwendige Relativbewegung der Bauelemente der Wegmeßeinrichtung 52 nicht zustande. Ein Bauelement dieser Wegmeßeinrichtung muß hierbei mit dem stillstehenden Bauteil, also der Bettplatte 59, verbunden sein, während das andere Bauteil mit dem sich bewegenden Support 55 verbunden sein muß. Es gelingt auf diese Art und Weise auch einen einzelnen, ausgebauten Radsatz in fester Position, beispielsweise in einer Bearbeitungsmaschine, wie z. B. einer Radsatzdrehmaschine, nicht nur hinsichtlich seines Profilzustandes, sondern auch hinsichtlich seines Durchmessers zu vermessen und hierdurch Steuerdaten und Bearbeitungsdaten für die zugeordnete Werkzeugmaschine zu gewinnen, so daß eine vollautomatische Bearbeitung des Radsatzes möglich ist. Hierbei ist die gleiche Einrichtung ohne irgendeine Veränderung in der Lage, sowohl den Verschleißzustand der Räder eines Radsatzes zu vermessen und hieraus Bearbeitungsdaten und Steuerdaten für die reprofilierende Werkzeugmaschine herzuleiten, als auch den fertig reprofilierten Radsatz mit korrektem Profil nachzuvermessen und damit zu überprüfen, ob alle Werte wieder innerhalb der zulässigen Toleranzen liegen.The position of the cameras 6 and 7 can be changed, for example, by moving the support 55 'in the direction of the arrow 57 and / or by pivoting the cameras in the direction of the arrow 58, so that the position of the intersection of the radiation direction 25 and the light beam 19 changes . In any case, however, the exact position of this intersection can be determined and is therefore known. If the measuring position 3 lies exactly in this intersection - as shown in FIG. 7 - the corresponding profile image is created in the middle area of the imaging plane in the cameras 6 and 7. The location of this profile picture that on the imaging level in the cameras 6 and 7 can thus be dimensionally determined exactly. This does not only apply to the position according to FIG. 7 but also applies to a measuring range 11 '. If the measuring position 3 lies within this measuring range 11 ', a profile picture is generated on the imaging plane of the cameras 6', the location of which is thus known on the imaging plane. Since the camera position and position of the lighting device is also known and the travel distance of the support 55 relative to a fixed point, for example relative to the defined position 51, is known via the distance measuring device 52, the diameter of the wheel 1 can also be calculated by utilizing this data. Here, when the support 55 moves in the direction of the arrow 56, it is assumed that the device on which the support 55 moves in the direction of the arrow 56, for example a bed plate 59, does not move in the direction of the arrow 56 itself. Otherwise the necessary relative movement of the components of the displacement measuring device 52 would not take place. One component of this displacement measuring device must be connected to the stationary component, that is to say the bed plate 59, while the other component must be connected to the moving support 55. In this way it is also possible to have a single, removed wheel set in a fixed position, for example in a processing machine, such as. B. a wheelset lathe, not only to measure in terms of its profile state, but also in terms of its diameter, thereby gaining control data and machining data for the associated machine tool, so that fully automatic machining of the wheelset is possible. Here, the same device is able to measure the wear condition of the wheels of a wheel set and derive machining data and control data for the re-profiling machine tool, as well as measure the finished re-profiled wheel set with the correct profile without any change, thereby checking whether all values are again within the permissible tolerances.

Das Einfahren der Beleuchtungseinrichtung und der Kameras 6 und 7 in die Meßposition 3 kann über Fremdmittel, z. B. über Lichtschranken, bewirkt werden, als auch über die Einrichtung selbst. Letzteres kann dadurch geschehen, daß ein bestimmter Punkt auf der Abbildungsebene einer der Kameras 6 oder 7 als Schaltpunkt verwendet wird. Diese Abbildungsebene wird gebildet von einer als Digitalisierungseinrichtung arbeitenden Sensorplatte, die vollständig ausgefüllt ist mit sog. Pixels. Diese sind sehr eng in Reihen und Spalten angeordnet und bilden damit eine Matrix. Jedes dieser Pixel kann ganz allgemein auf Licht oder auf Licht einer bestimmten Frequenz oder Intensität reagieren und bei entsprechender Beaufschlagung seinen Schaltzustand ändern. Wird nun während des Einfahrens in die Meßposition die Abbildungsoptik der Kameras oder einer der Kameras geöffnet und die Beleuchtungseinrichtung eingeschaltet, so wandert ein Profilbild des Werkstückes von einer Randlage der Abbildungsebene in die Abbildungsebene hinein und verändert damit während des Hineinwanders die sozusagen auf dem Wege liegenden Pixels in ihrem Schaltzustand. Dies kann jedoch vom Rechner ignoriert werden, solange nicht ein ganz bestimmtes, definierte Pixel ebenfalls seinen Schaltzustand geändert hat. Wird dieses Pixel beispielsweise in die Mitte der Abbildungsebene gelegt, so kann dann, wenn das abgebildete Profil dieses Pixel erreicht hat, und dieses Pixel dadurch in seinem Schaltzustand geändert wird, damit der Rechner aktiviert werden, der hierdurch die Bewegung des Supportes 55 stoppt, die Daten der Wegmeßeinrichtung über die Verbindungsleitung 53 übernimmt und die Kameras 6 und 7 ausliest. Hierdurch kann dann der Rechner Profil und Durchmesser des jeweiligen Rades bestimmen.The retraction of the lighting device and the cameras 6 and 7 in the measuring position 3 can be done using external funds, eg. B. be effected via light barriers, as well as on the device itself. The latter can be done by using a certain point on the imaging plane of one of the cameras 6 or 7 as a switching point. This imaging plane is formed by a sensor plate that functions as a digitizing device and is completely filled with so-called pixels. These are arranged very closely in rows and columns and thus form a matrix. In general, each of these pixels can react to light or light of a specific frequency or intensity and change its switching state when it is acted upon accordingly. If the imaging optics of the cameras or one of the cameras is opened and the lighting device is switched on while moving into the measuring position, a profile picture of the workpiece moves from an edge position of the imaging plane into the imaging plane and thus changes the pixels that are on the way during the migration in their switching state. However, this can be ignored by the computer as long as a specific, defined pixel has not changed its switching status. If this pixel is placed, for example, in the middle of the imaging plane, then when the imaged profile has reached this pixel, and this pixel can thereby be changed in its switching state, so that the computer can be activated, which thereby stops the movement of the support 55 Data from the path measuring device is taken over the connecting line 53 and the cameras 6 and 7 are read out. This enables the computer to determine the profile and diameter of the respective wheel.

Der Meßvorgang selbst und dessen Auswertung kann in einfachster Art wie nachfolgend beschrieben durchgeführt werden.The measuring process itself and its evaluation can be carried out in the simplest way as described below.

Befindet sich ein Rad 1 in einer Meßposition 3 oder 4 so wird über die Beleuchtungseinrichtung 5 ein Lichtschnitt oder eine Lichtkante in an sich bekannter Weise am Umfang des Rades 1 erzeugt, wodurch ein von den bereits beschriebenen Halbleiterkameras erfaßbares Profil erzeugt wird. Aus Platzgründen können die Kameras auch winklig zueinander angeordnet sein, wobei die Bildaufteilung durch den als Strahlteiler wirkenden, halbdurchlässigen Spiegel 20 vorgenommen wird. Alle Kameras 6-9 werden von einer gemeinsamen Synchronquelle versorgt, die einen bildpunktgenauen Gleichlauf garantiert. Es kann jede Kamera mit einem Zoom-Objektiv ausgerüstet sein, wobei dem Objektiv jeweils ein Blaufilter zur Unterdrückung des Infrarotanteils des Blitzlichtes vorgeschaltet sein kann. Die Brennweite des Objektives muß jedenfalls so sein, daß die Empfängerfläche jeder Kamera vollständig ausgefüllt ist.If a wheel 1 is in a measuring position 3 or 4, a light section or a light edge is generated in a manner known per se on the circumference of the wheel 1 via the lighting device 5, as a result of which a profile that can be detected by the semiconductor cameras already described is generated. For reasons of space, the cameras can also be arranged at an angle to one another, the image being divided by the semi-transparent mirror 20, which acts as a beam splitter. All cameras 6-9 are supplied by a common synchronous source, which guarantees pixel-precise synchronization. Each camera can be equipped with a zoom lens, whereby a blue filter for suppressing the infrared portion of the flash light can be connected upstream of the lens. In any case, the focal length of the lens must be such that the receiving area of each camera is completely filled.

Da die Signale mehrerer Kameras von nur einem Rechner verarbeitet werden sollen, ist für jede Kamera separat eine Bildsignalvorverarbeitung erforderlich. Diese Vorverarbeitung hat den Vorteil, daß der nachfolgende Aufwand beim Hauptrechner niedrig gehalten werden kann. Außerdem wird hierdurch das Zusammenschalten einer nahezu beliebigen Anzahl von Kameras ermöglicht. Bei dieser Vorverarbeitung wird jeweils der Synchronanteil des Video-Signals abgetrennt und über eine selbstregelnde Schwelle aus dem Graubild ein Binärbild erzeugt. In diesem Binärbild wird nun in jeder Zeile der Schwarz- Weiß-Übergang des Profilverlaufs detektiert und als Koordinatenwert abgespeichert. Hierzu sind etwa 40 ms erforderlich. Dieser Prozeß läuft für jede Kamera parallel und synchron ab. Dies bedeutet, daß nach einem solchen Bildurchlauf die komplette Profillinie als Datensatz existiert. Diese Daten werden dann in den Hauptrechner eingelesen, so daß intern im Rechner, sozusagen von diesen Koordinaten gebildet, eine Profillinie in einem rechnerinternen Koordinatensystem entsteht, wie in Figur 6 als Prinzip dargestellt. Die Profillinie ist hierbei innerhalb des Koordinatensystems (Figur 6) vom Rechner eindeutig festlegbar durch die Definition des sog. Meßkreises 48, der auf der Profillinie den Punkt 49 bildet. Die Lage des Punktes 49 in Y-Richtung von der Stirnseite 50 des Profils ist per Definition festgelegt. Es soll dies der Abstand Y 2 sein. Über die im Rechner befindlichen Koordinaten kann der Rechner feststellen, in welchem Abstand Y 1 die Linie der Stirnseite 50 verläuft und es kann damit der Rechner die Lage des Meßkreises 48 mit dem Abstand Y 2 zur Stirnseite 50 festlegen. Der Meßkreis liegt dann im dargestellten Koordinatensystem im Abstand Y 3 von der Abszisse. Es ist aber auch der Abstand X 3 von der Ordinate des Bildpunktes der Konturlinie, der im Meßkreis 48 liegt, bekannt, so daß im dargestellen Kooordinatensystem die Lage des Punktes 49 eindeutig vom Rechner bestimmt werden kann. Es kann nun der Rechner mit diesem Punkt 49 ein Sollprofil in seinem internen Koordinatensystem so anordnen, daß der Punkt 49 des Sollprofils und der Punkt 49 des Istprofils deckungsgleich angeordnet sind. Danach ist es dann problemlos möglich, die Abweichungen der Koordinaten der einzelnen Punkte des Istprofils von den Koordinaten der einzelnen Punkte des Sollprofils zu ermitteln und beispielsweise an einem Bildschirm 16 (Figur 3) als Ausgabeeinheit als Istprofillinie auszugeben. Ebenso könnte die Istprofillinie von einem Plotter ausgedruckt werden oder es könnten die rechnerinternen Daten auf andere sinnvolle Art und Weise weitergeleitet werden, beispielsweise einer Maschinensteuerung zur Nachbearbeitung des Radsatzes zugeleitet werden.Since the signals of several cameras are to be processed by only one computer, an image signal preprocessing is required separately for each camera. This preprocessing has the advantage that the subsequent effort on the main computer can be kept low. It also enables the connection of almost any number of cameras. In this preprocessing, the synchronous component of the video signal is separated and a binary image is generated from the gray image via a self-regulating threshold generated. In this binary image, the black and white transition of the profile profile is now detected in each line and saved as a coordinate value. This takes about 40 ms. This process runs in parallel and synchronously for each camera. This means that the complete profile line exists as a data record after such a scrolling. This data is then read into the main computer, so that a profile line is formed internally in the computer, so to speak from these coordinates, in a computer-internal coordinate system, as shown in FIG. 6 as a principle. The profile line can be clearly determined by the computer within the coordinate system (FIG. 6) by defining the so-called measuring circle 48, which forms the point 49 on the profile line. The position of the point 49 in the Y direction from the end face 50 of the profile is defined by definition. This should be the distance Y 2. Using the coordinates in the computer, the computer can determine the distance Y 1 at which the line of the end face 50 extends and the computer can thus determine the position of the measuring circuit 48 with the distance Y 2 from the end face 50. The measuring circle then lies in the coordinate system shown at a distance Y 3 from the abscissa. However, the distance X 3 from the ordinate of the image point of the contour line, which lies in the measuring circle 48, is also known, so that the position of the point 49 can be clearly determined by the computer in the illustrated coordinate system. With this point 49, the computer can now arrange a target profile in its internal coordinate system such that point 49 of the target profile and point 49 of the actual profile are arranged congruently. Then it is easily possible to determine the deviations of the coordinates of the individual points of the actual profile from the coordinates of the individual points of the target profile and, for example, to output them on a screen 16 (FIG. 3) as an output unit as the actual profile line. Likewise, the actual profile line could be printed out by a plotter, or the computer-internal data could be forwarded in another meaningful way, for example to a machine controller for post-processing of the wheel set.

Figur 3 zeigt den schematischen Aufbau der Signalverarbeitung. Die Kameras 6, 7, 8 und 9 einer Seite, nämlich der linken Seite (die nicht bezeichneten Kameras stellen die Kameras der rechten Seite dar) geben ihre Signale zur Signalvorverarbeitung in ein Interface 41, in dem die bereits beschriebene Signalvorverarbeitung durchgeführt wird. Die Menge der ankommenden Daten wird in einem Massenspeicher abgelegt und es komuniziert das genannte Interface und der Massenspeicher jeweils mit dem Zentralrechner, der der jeweiligen Ausgabeeinheit - in Figur 3 der Bildschirm 16 - das Ergebnis zuführt.Figure 3 shows the schematic structure of the signal processing. The cameras 6, 7, 8 and 9 of one side, namely the left side (the cameras that are not shown represent the cameras on the right side) give their signals for signal preprocessing in an interface 41, in which the signal preprocessing already described is carried out. The amount of incoming data is stored in a mass storage device and the interface and the mass storage device each communicate with the central computer, which feeds the result to the respective output unit - the screen 16 in FIG. 3.

Liste der verwendeten BezugszeichenList of the reference symbols used

  • 1 Rad1 wheel
  • 2 Meßstrecke2 measuring section
  • 3 Meßposition3 measuring position
  • 4 Meßposition4 measuring position
  • 5 Beleuchtungseinrichtung5 lighting device
  • 6 Kamera6 camera
  • 7 Kamera7 camera
  • 8 Kamera8 camera
  • 9 Kamera9 camera
  • 10 Bewegungsebene10 movement level
  • 11 Meßbereich11 measuring range
  • 11' Meßbereich11 'measuring range
  • 12 Beleuchtungsquelle12 lighting source
  • 13 Beleuchtungsquelle13 lighting source
  • 14 Radsatzachse14 wheelset axle
  • 15 Hilfsschiene15 auxiliary rail
  • 16 Ausgabeeinheit16 output unit
  • 17 Bewegungsrichtung17 Direction of movement
  • 18 Trageinrichtung18 carrying device
  • 19 Lichtstrahl19 light beam
  • 20 Umlenkeinrichtung20 deflection device
  • 21 Pfeil21 arrow
  • 22 Stützrollenträger22 support roller supports
  • 23 Stützrollenpaar23 pair of support rollers
  • 24 Pfeil24 arrow
  • 25 Abstrahlrichtung25 direction of radiation
  • 26 Abstrahlrichtung26 Direction of radiation
  • 27 Träger27 carriers
  • 27' Träger27 'carrier
  • 28 Pfeil28 arrow
  • 29 Drehpunkt29 fulcrum
  • 30 Motor30 engine
  • 31 Steuereinrichtung31 control device
  • 32 Symbole32 symbols
  • 33 Schlitten33 sledges
  • 34 Wagen34 cars
  • 35 Motor35 engine
  • 36 Spindel36 spindle
  • 37 Schneckenrad37 worm wheel
  • 38 Schneckenrad38 worm wheel
  • 39 Gewindespindel39 threaded spindle
  • 40 Gewindespindel40 threaded spindle
  • 41 Interface41 interface
  • 42 Mutter42 mother
  • 43 Mutter43 mother
  • 44 Träger44 carriers
  • 45 Steuereinrichtung45 control device
  • 46 Leitung46 line
  • 47 Leitung47 line
  • 48 Meßkreis48 measuring circuit
  • 49 Punkt49 point
  • 50 Stirnseite50 end face
  • 51 def. Position. (Körnerspitze)51 def. Position. (Center point)
  • 52 Wegmeßeinrichtung52 position measuring device
  • 53 Verbindungsleitung53 connecting line
  • 54 Einrichtung54 Setup
  • 55 Support55 Support
  • 55' Support55 'Support
  • 56 Pfeil56 arrow
  • 57 Pfeil57 arrow
  • 58 Pfeil58 arrow
  • 59 Bettplatte59 bed plate

Claims (29)

1. Method of contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels (1) of railway wheel sets, in which the profile is at least partially illuminated, wherein the profile image resulting from the illumination is detected in contour by at least one optical imaging system and is fed by way of a digitalisation device to an evaluation device for evaluation, characterised in that each wheel (1) is illuminated substantially radially by at least one illumination device (5), which produces a light section or a light edge on the peripheral surface of the wheel (1) and parallel to the wheel axis.
2. Method as in claim 1, characterised in that each wheel (1) moves in a measurement path (2) relative thereto and is substantially radially illuminated during movement in the measurement path (2) in at least one defined measurement position (3, 4) by at least one illumination device (5), which produces a light section or a light edge on the peripheral surface of the wheel (1).
3. Method as in claim 2, characterised in that illumination is effected at an acute angle to the direction of movement of a wheel through the measurement path (2).
4. Method as in claim 2, characterised in that illumination is effected at right angles to the plane of movement (10).
5. Method as in claim 4, characterised in that a light section illumination is used, wherein the profile image resulting from the illumination is detected on either side of a radial plane, in which the profile image lies, in each case by at least one optical imaging system, and is fed by way of a digitalisation device to an evaluation device for evaluation.
6. Method as in claim 4 or 5, characterised in that, in a measurement region (11), all the optical imaging systems take a plurality of profile image pictures one after the other in rapid succession, each of which is fed by way of a digitalisation device to the evaluation device, which selects the profile with the least distortion and, if necessary, extrapolates, or interpolates between two profiles having least distortion.
7. Method as in at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the axis of rotation of the wheel set and the imaging plane of the optical imaging system are brought into a defined position relative to one another and each wheel profile is measured in this position, and the position of the wheel profile on the imaging plane is determined by means of the digitalisation device and the evaluation device, wherein the determined position of the wheel profile is used to determine the diameter of the wheel (1 ).
8. Method as in at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that a light section illumination is used, wherein each optical imaging system takes at least two profile pictures in rapid succession, before the values obtained in this way in the digitalisation device are read out and fed to the evaluation device.
9. Method as in at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that at least the illumination device (5) and the optical imaging systems in the measurement path (2) are centred at least temporarily on the wheel (1) to be measured, and during this time the profile picture is taken.
10. Method as in at least one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that the profile is iluminated from two synchronised illumination sources (12, 13), which are offset in the direction of the wheel set axis (14).
11. Device for contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels (1) of railway wheel sets, having an illumination device (5), using which the peripheral surface of a wheel (1) to be measured is at least partially illuminated, for carrying out a method as in claims 1 to 10, characterised by means (15, 51) for carrying the wheel set and also in that the illumination device (5) has optical means for producing a light section or a light edge on the peripheral surface of the wheel (1) to be measured and is disposed at a suitable radial distance from the peripheral surface of the wheel (1), wherein at least one optical imaging system for detecting the profile of the light section or the light edge and a digitalisation device are associated with the illumination device (5), and wherein the optical axis of the optical imaging system forms with the light beams of the illumination device, which are substantially radial to the wheel, an angle (a, 6) of less than 90°, but no less than 60°, and that means are provided for positioning optical imaging systems with the illumination device relative to the peripheral surface of a wheel (1), and means for activating the device on reaching a measurement position, and wherein the digitalisation device is connected to an evaluation device (Fig. 3).
12. Device for contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels (1) of railway wheel sets, having an illumination device (5), using which the peripheral surface of a wheel to be measured is at least partially illuminated, and having dead centres as means for carrying the wheel set, characterised in that the illumination device (5) has optical means for producing a light section or a light edge, and is disposed in such a way that the wheel (1) to be measured is substantially radially illuminated by it, wherein each wheel of the wheel set and the associated illumination device are disposed so as to be radially moveable relative to one another, and at least one optical imaging system, with a digitalisation device, which is in turn connected to an evaluation device, is associated with each illumination device.
13. Device as in either of claims 11 and 12, characterised in that the position of at least the optical imaging system can be changed in such a way that the point of intersection of its optical axis with the light beam (19) of the illumination device can be changed in such a way that it is adjustable to the wheel peripheral surface.
14. Device as in at least one of claims 11 to 13, characterised in that a travel measurement device (52) is provided for ascertaining the magnitude of the relative movement between the wheel of a wheel set and at least the optical imaging system, wherein the travel measurement device is connected to the evaluation device.
15. Device as in claim 11, characterised in that, for rolling a wheel in a measurement path (2), for each wheel (1) of a wheel set, an auxiliary rail (15) is provided, which is connected or connectable to a track, the illumination device (5) is disposed underneath a plane (10) of movement of the associated auxiliary rail (15), and the digitalisation device is connected to an evaluation device, which is connected to an output unit (16).
16. Device as in at least one of claims 11 to 15, characterised in that the optical imaging system and the digitalisation device are elements of an electronic camera (6-9).
17. Device as in claim 15, characterised in that the illumination device (5) is disposed and formed in such a way that it illuminates the profile of the wheel (1) at an acute angle to the direction of movement (17) of the latter.
18. Device as in claim 16 or 17, characterised in that illumination device (5) and camera (6-9) are adjustably disposed on a support device (18), wherein illumination device and camera can be displaced relative to the wheel set.
19. Device as in at least one of claims 15 to 18, characterised in that means are provided which guide the light beam (19), which illuminates the profile, vertically to the plane of movement (10) and from below against the profile.
20. Device as in claim 19, characterised in that, below the plane of movement (10), for each wheel (1) an illumination device (5) is provided for producing a light section with a light beam (19), which is directed vertically against the profile, wherein, in the direction of movement (17) of the wheel (1) at least one camera (6-9) is provided on either side of the light beam (19) for detecting the profile.
21. Device as in at least one of claims 16 to 20, characterised in that a plurality of cameras (6, 7, 8, 9) are combined to form a camera group, at least one group (6, 7) of which is directed directly onto the light section or the light edge, and at least a further group (8, 9) is directed by way of a deflection device (20) onto the light section or light edge.
22. Device as in at least one of claims 16 to 21, characterised in that all cameras (6-9) are disposed in a stationary manner below the plane of movement (10).
23. Device as in at least one of claims 16 to 22, characterised in that cameras (6-9) and illumination device (5) of each measurement path (2) are provided on a device having a pair (23) of supporting rollers, which are at least vertically moveable (21) and are rotatably mounted in a supporting roller carrier (22), for the rotatable support of each wheel.
24. Device as in claim 23, characterised in that each supporting roller carrier (22) with pair (23) of supporting rollers is moveably disposed in the longitudinal direction (24) of the rail.
25. Device as in at least one of claims 16 to 24, characterised in that two illumination sources (12, 13) are provided, which are offset and synchronised in the direction of the wheel set axis (14).
26. Device as in at least one of claims 16 to 24, characterised in that a plurality of cameras (6-9) is provided, each of which photographs a different profile portion, wherein the evaluation electronics connected to the cameras (6-9) contain devices (41) for parallel pre-processing and for intermediate storage and serial processing of the signals of the cameras (6-9).
27. Device as in at least one of claims 12 to 26, characterised in that the angle (a, p) between the illumination device (19) and the photographed emission direction (25, 26) is less than 90 °, and not less than 60 °.
28. Device as in at least one of claims 16 to 24 and 26, characterised in that cameras (6-9) and illumination device (5) are moveable in dependence upon the diameter of the wheel (1) to be measured and are adustably disposed on the carrier (27).
29. Device as in at least one of claims 11 and 28, characterised in that the emitted light is passed by way of image-retaining light-conducting fibres to the cameras (6-9).
EP86104027A 1985-08-12 1986-03-24 Method of and device for contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railway wheel sets Expired - Lifetime EP0228500B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3528873 1985-08-12
DE3528873 1985-08-12

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EP0228500A2 EP0228500A2 (en) 1987-07-15
EP0228500A3 EP0228500A3 (en) 1989-07-19
EP0228500B1 true EP0228500B1 (en) 1991-09-18
EP0228500B2 EP0228500B2 (en) 1994-12-28

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EP86104027A Expired - Lifetime EP0228500B2 (en) 1985-08-12 1986-03-24 Method of and device for contactless measurement of the wheel profile of the wheels of railway wheel sets

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EP (1) EP0228500B2 (en)
DE (1) DE3681575D1 (en)

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EP0228500A3 (en) 1989-07-19
DE3681575D1 (en) 1991-10-24
US4798964A (en) 1989-01-17
EP0228500B2 (en) 1994-12-28
EP0228500A2 (en) 1987-07-15

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