EP0211779B1 - Nuclear-radiation absorber - Google Patents

Nuclear-radiation absorber Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0211779B1
EP0211779B1 EP86420187A EP86420187A EP0211779B1 EP 0211779 B1 EP0211779 B1 EP 0211779B1 EP 86420187 A EP86420187 A EP 86420187A EP 86420187 A EP86420187 A EP 86420187A EP 0211779 B1 EP0211779 B1 EP 0211779B1
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absorber according
aluminium
absorber
gadolinium
nuclear
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EP0211779A1 (en
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Claude Planchamp
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Fonderies Montupet
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Fonderies Montupet
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F1/00—Shielding characterised by the composition of the materials
    • G21F1/02—Selection of uniform shielding materials
    • G21F1/08—Metals; Alloys; Cermets, i.e. sintered mixtures of ceramics and metals

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a nuclear radiation absorber.
  • the best known are cadmium, samarium, europium, boron and gadolinium.
  • Cadmium has the disadvantage of being a very toxic product and of having a very low melting temperature (321 ° C) and a boiling temperature (765 ° C).
  • the samarium and europium have practically not given rise to industrial development because of their too high price.
  • boron which is used in different forms: elemental boron, borides, boron carbide, boric acid, etc.
  • this material has very poor mechanical properties and must be strongly diluted in a metallic matrix such as aluminum, for example, in order to acquire the qualities necessary to be able to take the shape required by each type of absorber. But thus, its absorbency is greatly reduced and must be compensated by an increase in the volume of material used which, ultimately, significantly increases the price of the absorber.
  • the material obtained is a composite product, the production of which requires the use of very elaborate manufacturing processes if it is desired to obtain a regular dispersion of the boron in the aluminum matrix and avoid heterogeneity of absorption capacity.
  • Gadolinium and its oxide have already been used for many years in various nuclear installations where, mixed with the fuel, they act as moderators. However, their application to the manufacture of radiation absorbers poses problems.
  • the oxide generally available in powder form, it must be mixed with other products using very complex technologies and its very poor mechanical properties make its application when producing absorbers of complex shape. , both delicate and expensive. In addition, this oxide has poor thermal conductivity and its absorption capacity is relatively reduced compared to that of elementary gadolinium.
  • gadolinium has the highest capture cross section of all known absorbers in the slow neutron spectrum.
  • its cross-section for thermal neutrons of energy 10 -2 eV is 100 times greater.
  • fast neutrons its efficiency is as good as that of boron.
  • This absorber is characterized in that it consists of an alloy of gadolinium with an aluminum chosen from the group comprising pure aluminum, alloyed aluminum, pure or alloyed aluminum containing a dispersed phase.
  • the aluminum used can. be pure either because it has been refined by any means such as three-layer electrolysis or fractional crystallization or simply as it is collected at the outlet of the electrolysis cells with its usual impurities such as iron and silicon .
  • this aluminum can also be a conventional alloy such as those designated by the numbers 1000, 5000 and 6000 in the standards of the Aluminum Association, which makes it possible to reinforce the mechanical properties of the absorbers obtained, or alternatively an aluminum alloy with at least one other metal also having absorbent qualities such as cadmium, samarium, europium, lithium, hafnium, tantalum, the latter alloys can also be obtained from alloys of types 1000, 5000 and 6000.
  • aluminum, alloyed or not may contain a dispersed phase such as carbon fibers or the like intended to reinforce the mechanical strength of the absorbers, or alternatively, combined or not with these fibers, a product absorbing radiation such as, for example. example, boron and its derivatives which can represent ter up to 30% of the mass of aluminum used.
  • a dispersed phase such as carbon fibers or the like intended to reinforce the mechanical strength of the absorbers, or alternatively, combined or not with these fibers, a product absorbing radiation such as, for example. example, boron and its derivatives which can represent ter up to 30% of the mass of aluminum used.
  • the gadolinium-aluminum alloys thus produced allow, due to their good mechanical properties, to be easily transformed into absorbers of any shape by at least one of the manufacturing processes chosen from molding, whether in sand, in shell, under low or high pressure, hot or cold rolling, extrusion and forging.
  • the aluminum matrix gives finished products excellent thermal conductivity (from 120 to 180 W / m o K 2 depending on the aluminum matrix chosen), thus allowing the heat created by absorption to be quickly dissipated towards external cooling systems.
  • the starting point of melting of the AI-Gd alloys tested is very high, in most cases greater than 620 ° C; this characteristic allows the neutron barriers thus manufactured to easily withstand the heating caused by the absorption of neutrons or other radiation.
  • the atomic mass of Gd being very high (156.9 g), the rays y and X in particular are strongly absorbed.
  • Corrosion resistance in general, is not or little affected by the presence of gadolinium, and the corrosion properties are close to those of the aluminum matrices used.
  • the alloys of the 1000, 5000 and 60 series have excellent resistance to corrosion against atmospheric agents or in a marine atmosphere. This resistance can be further improved by suitable surface treatments (anodization, alodin, paint, plastic coatings).
  • the mechanical characteristics are high and depend on the aluminum matrix chosen.
  • the mechanical properties vary with the gadolinium content; Table II gives results obtained on cast alloys, one with a Gd content of 12% by weight, the other with a weight percentage of 25%.
  • Table III presents the results obtained on alloys rolled to 11% Gd by weight.
  • the level of resistance and elastic limit can be greatly increased to reach the following values: The higher values above are not limitative, it being understood that compositions of ternary, quaternary, quinary alloys, etc., comprising gadolinium could give values much higher than these.
  • the applications of this invention are multiple and touch all the fields where a problem of absorption of radiation arises (neutrons, y rays, X rays, whether these fields are military or civil.
  • Examples of applications include: baskets for transporting and storing nuclear waste, pool racks for storing the fuel elements of nuclear reactors, shielding decontamination installations, shielding military vehicles , atomic shelters, nuclear reactor components, the shielding of control devices using radiation or radioactive sources, etc. This list cannot in any way be limiting.

Abstract

1. An absorber for nuclear radiations characterised in that it is formed by an alloy of gadolinium with an aluminium selected from the group comprising pure aluminium, alloyed aluminium and pure or alloyed aluminium containing a dispersed phase.

Description

La présente invention est relative à une absorbeur de radiations nucléaires.The present invention relates to a nuclear radiation absorber.

Avec le développement des techniques nucléaires, de nombreuses recherches ont été menées à travers le monde pour concevoir et fabriquer des absorbeurs de radiations efficaces et compétitifs. Pour atteindre ce but, il faut que les matériaux mis en oeuvre pour les réaliser répondent aux critères suivants :

  • - posséder des propriétés nucléaires particulières : grande section efficace de capture, faible émission secondaire, bonne stabilité dans le temps par rapport au rayonnement.
  • - avoir un point de fusion élevé pour supporter l'échauffement engendré par l'absorption des rayonnements, notamment des rayonnements neutroniques.
  • - être bons conducteurs de chaleur pour assurer une évacuation rapide des calories créées.
  • - présenter des caractéristiques mécaniques permettant une mise en forme aisée.
  • - résister à la corrosion dans l'atmosphère ou le milieu de travail.
  • - coûter le moins cher possible.
With the development of nuclear techniques, much research has been carried out around the world to design and manufacture efficient and competitive radiation absorbers. To achieve this goal, the materials used to make them must meet the following criteria:
  • - possess specific nuclear properties: large effective cross-section, low secondary emission, good stability over time with respect to radiation.
  • - have a high melting point to withstand the heating generated by the absorption of radiation, in particular neutron radiation.
  • - be good heat conductors to ensure rapid evacuation of the calories created.
  • - have mechanical characteristics allowing easy shaping.
  • - resist corrosion in the atmosphere or the working environment.
  • - cost as little as possible.

Parmi tous les matériaux utilisés pour absorber les neutrons, les plus connus sont le cadmium, la samarium, l'europium, le bore et le gadolinium.Among all the materials used to absorb neutrons, the best known are cadmium, samarium, europium, boron and gadolinium.

Le cadmium a l'inconvénient d'être un produit très toxique et d'avoir une température de fusion (321°C) et une température d'ébullition (765°C) très basses. Le samarium et l'europium n'ont pratiquement pas donné lieu à un développement industriel à cause de leur prix trop élevé.Cadmium has the disadvantage of being a very toxic product and of having a very low melting temperature (321 ° C) and a boiling temperature (765 ° C). The samarium and europium have practically not given rise to industrial development because of their too high price.

Le plus largement répandu d'entre eux est le bore qui est utilisé sous différentes formes : bore élémentaire, borures, carbure de bore, acide borique, etc... D'ailleurs, de nombreux brevets ont été déposés à ce sujet. Toutefois, ce matériau a de très mauvaises propriétés mécaniques et doit être fortement dilué dans une matrice métallique telle que l'alumi nium, par exemple, afin d'acquérir les qualités nécessaires pour pouvoir prendre la forme requise par chaque type d'absorbeur. Mais ainsi, son pouvoir absorbant se trouve grandement diminué et doit être compensé par une augmentation du volume de matériau utilisé ce qui, en définitive, élève sensiblement le prix de l'absorbeur. De toute façon, le bore étant pratiquement insoluble dans l'aluminium, le matériau obtenu est un produit composite dont la réalisation nécessite de recourir à des procédés de fabrication très élaborés si on veut obtenir une dispersion régulière du bore dans la matrice d'aluminium et éviter une hétérogénéité de la capacité d'absorption.The most widely used of these is boron, which is used in different forms: elemental boron, borides, boron carbide, boric acid, etc. Besides, numerous patents have been filed on this subject. However, this material has very poor mechanical properties and must be strongly diluted in a metallic matrix such as aluminum, for example, in order to acquire the qualities necessary to be able to take the shape required by each type of absorber. But thus, its absorbency is greatly reduced and must be compensated by an increase in the volume of material used which, ultimately, significantly increases the price of the absorber. In any case, since the boron is practically insoluble in aluminum, the material obtained is a composite product, the production of which requires the use of very elaborate manufacturing processes if it is desired to obtain a regular dispersion of the boron in the aluminum matrix and avoid heterogeneity of absorption capacity.

Le gadolinium et son oxyde sont déjà utilisés depuis de nombreuses années dans diverses installations nucléaires où, mélangés au combustible, ils jouent le rôle de modérateurs. Mais, leur application à la confection d'absorbeurs de radiation pose des problèmes.Gadolinium and its oxide have already been used for many years in various nuclear installations where, mixed with the fuel, they act as moderators. However, their application to the manufacture of radiation absorbers poses problems.

En ce qui concerne l'oxide, généralement disponible sous forme de poudre, il doit être mélangé à d'autres produits en utilisant des technologies très complexes et ses propriétés mécaniques très mauvaises rendent son application, lors de la réalisation d'absorbeurs de forme complexe, à la fois délicate et coûteuse. De plus, cet oxyde a une mauvaise conductibilité thermique et sa capacité d'absorption est relativement réduite par rapport à celle du gadolinium élémentaire.Regarding the oxide, generally available in powder form, it must be mixed with other products using very complex technologies and its very poor mechanical properties make its application when producing absorbers of complex shape. , both delicate and expensive. In addition, this oxide has poor thermal conductivity and its absorption capacity is relatively reduced compared to that of elementary gadolinium.

Quant au métal lui-même, son prix reste élevé et sa mise en oeuvre difficile à cause de sa très grande oxydabilité.As for the metal itself, its price remains high and its implementation difficult because of its very high oxidability.

Cependant, le gadolinium présente dans le spectre de neutrons lents la section efficace de capture la plus élevée de tous les absorbeurs connus. Notamment, comparée au bore, sa section pour des neutrons thermiques d'énergie 10-2 eV est 100 fois plus grande. Quant aux neutrons rapides, son efficacité est aussi bonne que celle du bore.However, gadolinium has the highest capture cross section of all known absorbers in the slow neutron spectrum. In particular, compared to boron, its cross-section for thermal neutrons of energy 10 -2 eV is 100 times greater. As for fast neutrons, its efficiency is as good as that of boron.

C'est pourquoi la demanderesse, consciente de l'intérêt du gadolinium, mais aussi de ses inconvénients, a cherché et trouvé le moyen d'en faire des absorbeurs de radiation nucléaires intéressants.This is why the plaintiff, aware of the interest of gadolinium, but also of its drawbacks, has sought and found a way to make it attractive nuclear radiation absorbers.

Cet absorbeur est caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué par un alliage de gadolinium avec un aluminium choisi dans le groupe comprenant l'aluminium pur, l'aluminium allié, l'aluminium pur ou allié contenant une phase dispersée.This absorber is characterized in that it consists of an alloy of gadolinium with an aluminum chosen from the group comprising pure aluminum, alloyed aluminum, pure or alloyed aluminum containing a dispersed phase.

Il s'agit donc d'un alliage à base de gadolinium et d'aluminium dans lequel la proportion de gadolinium se situe entre 0,05 % et 70 % en poids. En-dessous de 0,05 % l'effet absorbant s'avère trop réduit et au-dessus de 70 % se produisent des difficultés d'élaboration de l'alliage. De préférence, cette fourchette se situe entre 0,1 et 15 % et dépend de la nature et du flux de radiations à absorber.It is therefore an alloy based on gadolinium and aluminum in which the proportion of gadolinium is between 0.05% and 70% by weight. Below 0.05% the absorbent effect proves to be too reduced and above 70% there are difficulties in developing the alloy. Preferably, this range is between 0.1 and 15% and depends on the nature and the flux of radiation to be absorbed.

L'aluminium utilisé peut. être pur soit qu'il ait été raffiné par un moyen quelconque tel que l'électrolyse trois couches ou la cristallisation fractionnée ou simplement tel qu'il est recueilli à la sortie des cuves d'électrolyse avec ses impuretés habituelles comme le fer et le silicium.The aluminum used can. be pure either because it has been refined by any means such as three-layer electrolysis or fractional crystallization or simply as it is collected at the outlet of the electrolysis cells with its usual impurities such as iron and silicon .

Mais cet aluminium peut aussi être un alliage classique tel que ceux désignés par les nombres 1000, 5000 et 6000 dans les normes de l'Aluminium Association, ce qui permet de renforcer les propriétés mécaniques des absorbeurs obtenus, ou encore un alliage d'aluminium avec au moins un autre métal ayant également des qualités absorbantes tel que le cadmium, le samarium, l'europium, le lithium, l'hafnium, le tantale, ces derniers alliages pouvant également être obtenus à partir d'alliage des types 1000, 5000 et 6000.But this aluminum can also be a conventional alloy such as those designated by the numbers 1000, 5000 and 6000 in the standards of the Aluminum Association, which makes it possible to reinforce the mechanical properties of the absorbers obtained, or alternatively an aluminum alloy with at least one other metal also having absorbent qualities such as cadmium, samarium, europium, lithium, hafnium, tantalum, the latter alloys can also be obtained from alloys of types 1000, 5000 and 6000.

De plus, l'aluminium allié ou non peut contenir une phase dispersée telle que des fibres de carbone ou autres destinées à renforcer la tenue mécanique des absorbeurs, ou encore, combiné ou non à ces fibres, un produit absorbant des radiations tel que, par exemple, le bore et ses dérivés qui peut représenter jusqu'à 30 % de la masse d'aluminium mise en oeuvre.In addition, aluminum, alloyed or not, may contain a dispersed phase such as carbon fibers or the like intended to reinforce the mechanical strength of the absorbers, or alternatively, combined or not with these fibers, a product absorbing radiation such as, for example. example, boron and its derivatives which can represent ter up to 30% of the mass of aluminum used.

Les alliages de gadolinium-aluminium ainsi réalisés permettent, en raison de leurs bonnes propriétés mécaniques, d'être facilement transformés en absorbeurs de forme quelconque par l'un au moins des procédés de fabrication choisi parmi le moulage, que ce soit en sable, en coquille, sous basse ou haute pression, le laminage à chaud ou à froid, l'extrusion et le forgeage.The gadolinium-aluminum alloys thus produced allow, due to their good mechanical properties, to be easily transformed into absorbers of any shape by at least one of the manufacturing processes chosen from molding, whether in sand, in shell, under low or high pressure, hot or cold rolling, extrusion and forging.

Ces alliages donnent des structures parfaitement homogènes avec des sections efficaces de capture très régulières. De plus, leur densité, qui est variable en fonction du pourcentage de Gd donne, pour des teneurs en Gd allant jusqu'à 30 % en poids, une valeur proche de celle de l'aluminium, ce qui permet la réalisation de barrières neutroniques très légères. Le Tableau donne des valeurs de densité pour deux alliages binaires AI-Gd, l'un à 11 % de Gd, l'autre à 23 % de Gd.

Figure imgb0001
These alloys give perfectly homogeneous structures with very regular effective cross-sections. In addition, their density, which is variable as a function of the percentage of Gd, gives, for Gd contents of up to 30% by weight, a value close to that of aluminum, which allows the creation of very neutron barriers. light. The Table gives density values for two binary alloys AI-Gd, one at 11% Gd, the other at 23% Gd.
Figure imgb0001

Le matrice aluminium confère aux produits finis une excellente conductibilité thermique (de 120 à 180 W/mo K2 suivant la matrice aluminium choisie) permettant ainsi d'évacuer rapidement la chaleur créée par l'absorption vers des systèmes refroidisseurs extérieurs.The aluminum matrix gives finished products excellent thermal conductivity (from 120 to 180 W / m o K 2 depending on the aluminum matrix chosen), thus allowing the heat created by absorption to be quickly dissipated towards external cooling systems.

Le point de début de fusion des alliages AI-Gd testés est très élevé, dans la plupart des cas supérieur à 620°C; cette caractéristique permet aux barrières neutroniques ainsi fabriquées de supporter aisément l'échauffement provoqué par l'absorption des neutrons ou d'autres rayonnements.The starting point of melting of the AI-Gd alloys tested is very high, in most cases greater than 620 ° C; this characteristic allows the neutron barriers thus manufactured to easily withstand the heating caused by the absorption of neutrons or other radiation.

La masse atomique de Gd étant très élevée (156,9 g), les rayons y et X notamment sont fortement absorbés.The atomic mass of Gd being very high (156.9 g), the rays y and X in particular are strongly absorbed.

La résistance à la corrosion, d'une manière générale, n'est pas ou peu affectée par la présence de gadolinium, et les propriétés de corrosion sont proches de celles des matrices aluminium utilisées. Les alliages de série 1000, 5000 et 60 résentent une excellente tenue à la corrosion contre les agents atmosphériques ou en atmosphère marineCette tenue peut encore être améliorée par des traitements de surface appropriés (anodisation, alodin, peinture, revêtements plastiques).Corrosion resistance, in general, is not or little affected by the presence of gadolinium, and the corrosion properties are close to those of the aluminum matrices used. The alloys of the 1000, 5000 and 60 series have excellent resistance to corrosion against atmospheric agents or in a marine atmosphere. This resistance can be further improved by suitable surface treatments (anodization, alodin, paint, plastic coatings).

Les caractéristiques mécaniques sont élevées et sont fonction de la matrice aluminium choisie. Dans le cas d'alliages aluminium-gadolinium binaires, les propriétés mécaniques varient avec la teneur en gadolinium; le tableau Il donne des résultats obtenus sur alliages moulés, l'un avec une teneur en Gd de 12 % en poids, l'autre avec un pourcentage pondéral de 25 %.

Figure imgb0002
The mechanical characteristics are high and depend on the aluminum matrix chosen. In the case of binary aluminum-gadolinium alloys, the mechanical properties vary with the gadolinium content; Table II gives results obtained on cast alloys, one with a Gd content of 12% by weight, the other with a weight percentage of 25%.
Figure imgb0002

Le Tableau III présente les résultats obtenus sur alliages laminés à 11% de Gd en poids.

Figure imgb0003
En utilisant des matrices aluminium dopées avec des éléments tels que le cuivre, le silicium, le zinc, le magnésium, etc..., le niveau de résistance et de limite élastique peut être fortement augmenté pour atteindre les valeurs suivantes:
Figure imgb0004
Les valeurs supérieures ci-dessus ne sont pas limitatives, étant bien entendu que des compositions d'alliages ternaire, quaternaire, quinaire, etc..., comportant du gadolinium pourraient donner des valeurs bien supérieures à celles-là.Table III presents the results obtained on alloys rolled to 11% Gd by weight.
Figure imgb0003
 By using aluminum matrices doped with elements such as copper, silicon, zinc, magnesium, etc ..., the level of resistance and elastic limit can be greatly increased to reach the following values:
Figure imgb0004
 The higher values above are not limitative, it being understood that compositions of ternary, quaternary, quinary alloys, etc., comprising gadolinium could give values much higher than these.

L'usinage de ces alliages métalliques ne pose aucun problème, les paramètres et les vitesses de travail à prendre en compte étant les mêmes que celles généralement utilisées pour les alliages d'aluminium.The machining of these metal alloys poses no problem, the parameters and the working speeds to be taken into account being the same as those generally used for aluminum alloys.

Les applications de cette invention sont multiples et touchent tous les domaines où un problème d'absorption de rayonnement se pose (neutrons, rayons y, rayons X, que ces domaines soient militaires ou civils.The applications of this invention are multiple and touch all the fields where a problem of absorption of radiation arises (neutrons, y rays, X rays, whether these fields are military or civil.

A titre d'exemples d'application on peut citer : les paniers de transport et de stockage de déchets nucléaires, les racks de piscine pour le stockage des éléments combustibles de réacteurs nucléaires, le blindage d'installation de décontamination, le blindage de véhicules militaires, les abris anti-atomiques, les éléments de réacteurs nucléaires, le blindage d'appareils de contrôle utilisant des rayonnements ou des sources radioactives, etc... Cette liste ne saurait en aucun cas être limitative.Examples of applications include: baskets for transporting and storing nuclear waste, pool racks for storing the fuel elements of nuclear reactors, shielding decontamination installations, shielding military vehicles , atomic shelters, nuclear reactor components, the shielding of control devices using radiation or radioactive sources, etc. This list cannot in any way be limiting.

Claims (11)

1. An absorber for nuclear radiations characterised in that it is formed by an alloy of gadolinium with an aluminium selected from the group comprising pure aluminium, alloyed aluminium and pure or alloyed aluminium containing a dispersed phase.
2. An absorber according to claim 1 characterised in that the proportion of gadolinium is from 0.05% to 70% by weight.
3. An absorber according to claim 2 characterised in that the proportion of gadolinium is from 0.01 to 15%.
4. An absorber according to claim 1 characterised in that the alloyed aluminium is selected from the alloys denoted by the numbers 1000, 5000 and 6000 in the Aluminium Association standards.
5. An absorber according to claim 1 characterised in that the alloyed aluminium contains at least on nuclear radiation absorber metal.
6. An absorber according to claim 5 characterised in that the metal belongs to the group formed by cadmium, samarium, europium, lithium, hafnium and tantalum.
7. An absorber according to claim 1 characterised in that the dispersed phase contains at least one nuclear radiation absorber product.
8. An absorber according to claim 7 characterised in that the dispersed phase is formed by boron or one of the derivatives thereof.
9. An absorber according to claim 8 characterised in that the boron represents up to 30% by weight of the aluminium.
10. An absorber according to claim 1 characterised in that the dispersed phase is in the form of fibres.
11. An absorber according to claim 1 characterised in that it is produced by one at least of the production processes selected from casting, rolling, extrusion and forging.
EP86420187A 1985-07-11 1986-07-09 Nuclear-radiation absorber Expired EP0211779B1 (en)

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AT86420187T ATE40763T1 (en) 1985-07-11 1986-07-09 RADIATION ABSORBER.

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FR8510983A FR2584852B1 (en) 1985-07-11 1985-07-11 NUCLEAR RADIATION ABSORBER
FR8510983 1985-07-11

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JPS6055460B2 (en) * 1980-08-12 1985-12-05 東芝セラミツクス株式会社 Alumina sintered pellets for neutron absorption
CA1183613A (en) * 1980-12-27 1985-03-05 Koichiro Inomata Neutron absorber, neutron absorber assembly utilizing the same, and other uses thereof
FR2533943B1 (en) * 1982-10-05 1987-04-30 Montupet Fonderies PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITE ALLOYS BASED ON ALUMINUM AND BORON AND ITS APPLICATION
DE3335888A1 (en) * 1983-10-03 1985-04-18 Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH, 5170 Jülich METHOD FOR REDUCING THE REACTIVITY OF A GAS-COOLED BULLET HEAD REACTOR AND SHUT-OFF ELEMENT
JPS6212895A (en) * 1985-07-10 1987-01-21 株式会社神戸製鋼所 Aluminum alloy having excellent neutron absorptivity

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AU580177B2 (en) 1989-01-05
GR861792B (en) 1986-11-04
NO862793D0 (en) 1986-07-10
AU6004886A (en) 1987-01-15
DK327786A (en) 1987-01-12
FR2584852B1 (en) 1987-10-16
ZA865168B (en) 1987-03-25
KR910007461B1 (en) 1991-09-26
KR870001611A (en) 1987-03-14
IE861851L (en) 1987-01-11
PT82958B (en) 1993-03-31
IE58952B1 (en) 1993-12-01
JPS6270799A (en) 1987-04-01
NO862793L (en) 1987-01-12
FI862902A0 (en) 1986-07-10
NO169035C (en) 1992-04-29
DK327786D0 (en) 1986-07-10
DE3662078D1 (en) 1989-03-16
PT82958A (en) 1986-08-01
FI85923C (en) 1992-06-10
FR2584852A1 (en) 1987-01-16
NO169035B (en) 1992-01-20
IL79385A0 (en) 1986-10-31
EP0211779A1 (en) 1987-02-25
FI85923B (en) 1992-02-28
ES2001015A6 (en) 1988-04-16
FI862902A (en) 1987-01-12
NZ216802A (en) 1989-06-28
BR8603239A (en) 1987-02-24
ATE40763T1 (en) 1989-02-15
CA1268031A (en) 1990-04-24

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